The Relationship Between Values, Environmental Concern &

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Research on Humanities and Social

ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 222

Vol.3, No.5, 2013

The Relationship

Beh

Faculty of Arts, Petra U

Faculty of Arts, Petra U

Abstract

This study aimed at identifying the

of values; it also aimed at identifyin

consisted of 218 students, using

paragraphs using Schwarz model;

concern depending on the scale of

measure the environmental behavio

tend more to be towards the traditionature. Findings also showed a po

self-transcendence), and environm

between the general values in two d

Keywords: eco-centric, anthropoce

1. Introduction

Since the beginning of the environ

that lead people to express concern

suggested that values should be c

research on environmentalism with

Therefore, we find that recent res

environmental concern and pro-enenvironmental behavior can includ

participation in a pro-environmental

(Snelgar,2006).Whereas Jordanian

environmental literacy (knowledge

but very few studies tried to explo

values and behavior , as in this stud

Jordan has taken lots of steps in re

Education developed an environme

students with the necessary infor

enriching them with environmental

Noting that, Jordan is facing a lot

demand on energy. Also we can not

awareness towards better environm

Over the years, researchers who stu

value theory. Schwartz considers

others. He proposes five main featu

3) they refer to desirable goals; 4)

ordered by relative importance (Sch

Schwartz identified ten types of val

direction), conservation (conform

transcendence (welfare for others, u

domains are culturally universal in

2003).

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162

etween Values, Environmental

aviour: A Jordanian sampleAmani Jarrar

iversity, PO box 961343, Amman, Jordan E-mail: aj8

Eman Gheith

iversity, PO box 961343, Amman, Jordan E-mail: e

ystem of human values of Petra university students a

g the correlation between environmental concern & b

three questionnaires to collect data. The first que

the second questionnaire included 20 paragraphs

hompson and Barton, whereas the third questionnair

ur. Results showed that students own a system of val

nal values and less towards the human values; studenitive correlation between general values in two dim

ntal values whether (eco-centric, or anthropocentri

mensions (Openness, Self enhancement) and the envi

tric, environmental concern, values, Environmental b

ental movement, in mid 1970s, researchers have atte

for environmental issues. Over the last two decades

onsidered a core concept in the study of environm

social psychological literature on values (Schultz and

arches worldwide tried to explore underlying valu

ironmental behavior instead of exploring general e personal buying behavior, travel behavior, recyclin

organization

studies focused on studying either environment

, attitudes and concerns) or how environmental value

e the values and environmental concern, or dealt wi

.

spect to environmental concern over twenty years a

tal educational strategy , developing curricula of sci

ation on environment , aiming at raising their env

alues and attitudes , affecting their behavior positivel

of environmental problems, such as scarcity in wat

ice that most Jordanian universities introduce courses

ntal practices and behaviors.

died values have used different theories, but the mos

alues as criteria that people use to select and justif

es of values: 1) they are beliefs; 2) they transcend spe

they guide the selections or evaluation of behaviors

wartz, 2002).

e ordered in terms of four values clusters: openness t

ity, tradition, security), self-enhancement (power,

niversalism, benevolence) , (Dietz et al, 2005). Schw

their content and structure and applicable across cul

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concern &

[email protected]

[email protected]

cording to Schwartz theory

ehaviour. The study sample

tionnaire included the 40

to measure environmental

included 22 paragraphs to

ues in four dimensions, but

s' interests were centred onensions (conservatism, and

c) and a weak correlation

ronmental values.

ehavior

pted to identify the forces

, a number of studies have

entalism, and tried to link

elezny, 1999).

s that provide a basis for

vironmental concern. Pro-and use of resources, and

l attitudes or assessing

s are in curricula contexts ,

h the relationship between

go. So that the Ministry of

nce in all levels to provide

ironmental awareness, and

y.

r resources and increasing

that may raise the student's

t notable one is Schwartz’s

their behavior and judge

cific actions and situations;

and events and; 5) they are

o change (stimulation, self-

achievement), and self-

artz proposed that these ten

ures (Schultz and Zelezny,





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

There is no doubt that the process

friends, governments ,religious pe

individual’s value system (Harstell,

The significance of values for behaare self-centered and social –cente

society (Grunert & Juhl, 1995).

Stern and Dietz developed value bel

is an extension of Schawrtz norm-

Dietz theory states that environme

proposed that environmental conce

consequences of environmental cha

is based on beliefs about the effect

environmental values are based on

natural environment (Schultz and Z

Thompson and Barton used diff

environment in different individual

eco-centrism, predisposes individua

its intrinsic value regardless of its

humans are the centre of the univer

its value in enhancing the quality

individuals who are apathetic about

Kempton said that environmental

anthropocentric (human-centered),

In surveying the relevant literature,

between general values, and buyi

theory on the universal content an

theory in explaining specific aspe

structure of value were replicated i

with environmental concerns.

In another study conducted by (Cas

related to demographic features, res

with higher level of eco-centric co

showed a positive correlation betw

negative correlation between enviro

As for the study conducted by (

consequences ,environmental conc

self, others, and biosphere were rel

respectively. Also, each of aware

benevolence. and universalism resp

In Jordan we have found a study

(knowledge, attitudes and concern) possessed an inadequate knowledge

expressed high levels of concern on

2. Problem and objectives of the s

Since over 40 years, researches hav

and a lot of study approaches were t

Whereas when reviewing the educa

level, it was noticed that very min

studying how values and environm

Petra University students .And to

values.

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163

of socialization determines our values, which contr

rsonalities, and the media, all these participate i

2006).

ior lies in their function that helps to understand theed in the sense that they are at the crossroads bet

ief norm (VBN) theory of environmental concern (Ha

ctivation theory of altruistic behavior (Kortenkamp

tal concerns are the result of person’s general set

n is related to social-altruistic, egoistic, and bio-sphe

nges for valued objects (Stern and Dietz, 1994). Egoi

of environmental destruction that may have on the

human benefits or human goals, while bio-centric o

lezny, 1999).

rent terminology, and said that different values

s: eco-centric and anthropocentric .Eco-centric conc

ls to value nature for its own sake, judging that it des

usefulness to humans. While anthropocentric conc

se. The individuals believe that the environment sho

of life for humans. Anthropocentrism also notes th

the environmental issues (Casey and Scott, 2006).

value (concern) may be derived from three sourc

r bio-centric (living-thing-centered) (Kempton et al, 1

we have found a study conducted by (Grunert & Juhl

g of organic foods aimed to investigate the replicati

d structure of values in Denmark, and the assessme

cts of consumer behavior. The result showed that

n Danish sample. Results also showed a correlation

y & Scott, 2006) on environmental concern and beha

ults showed that female gender, better education and

cern for the environment and reporting more ecolog

en environmental behavior and levels of eco-centric

mental behaviors with levels of anthropocentric conc

ansla et al, 2008) in Sweden about the relations

rn and value orientations , results showed that the

ted to their awareness of consequences beliefs for o

ess- of - consequences beliefs corresponded to on

ctively.

conducted by (Dajeh, 2012), aimed to investigate

of pro-vocational education teacher in Jordan. The reof environmental issues, but demonstrated positive

environmental issues.

udy

tried to understand the reasons behind people's inter

here to study the values that are the basis for environ

tional literature in this area of values and behavior o

or studies were there in Jordan as such. And thus

ental concern relate to environmental behavior of Jo

study the impact of gender, religious commitment,

www.iiste.org

ibutes to parents, teachers,

the proliferation of an

nterpersonal world. Valueseen the individual and the

nsla et al,2008).The theory

Moore ,2001). Stern and

f values. Specifically they

rical value and belief about

stic environmental concern

individual. Social-altruistic

n the inherent value of the

underlie concern for the

rn for the environment, or

erves protection because of

ern refers to the idea that

ld be protected because of

t there is a third group of

es: religion or spirituality,

995).

,1995) on the relationship

on of the Schwartz’s value

nt of the Schwartz’s value

the universal content and

between 30 human values

ior of Australian people as

eing older were associated

cal behaviors. Results also

oncern, whereas it showed

ern.

hip between awareness of

nvironmental concerns for

eself, others and biosphere

ly one value type (power,

the environmental literacy

ult showed that the teacher nvironmental attitudes and

st in environmental issues,

ental behavior.

n the regional and national

his research paper aims at

danian people, particularly

and ideological beliefs on





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

Values are ordered in four value

transcendence, according to Schwa

general values that are highly relat

to:a) Obtain a description of values, i

conservation, self-enhancement,

b) Obtain a description of environ

c) Study the impact of gender, reli

d) Identify correlation between val

And according to the previous objec

3. Questions of the study

This study discusses certain questi

and environmental behavior of Jor

questions:

1- What are the main general v

2- Do they differ in terms of g

3- What are the main environ

4- Is there any correlation bet

4. Study limitations

The study sample is limited to stude

were used to gather data needed for

used, and one should be cautious w

may agree with their results in term

5. Definitions of the study

- General values: Broad preference

a person’s sense of right and wro

- Environmental values: Values s

centered towards individual and

values are measured using the me

- Eco –centric values : Values sh

from human beings , since nature

not.

- Anthropocentric values: These a

environment because of its value i

- Environmental behavior: A set o

protect the environment aiming at

environmental behavior was meas

5. Methodology

The study uses the descriptive quan

using SPSS program, applying four

students registering for the year 201

Community of the study - Sample:

The sample consisted of (218) stu

(44%).So that (300) questionnair

insufficient data , and therefore the

Table 1: Sample characteristics (N=

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164

clusters: Openness to change, Conservation, self

tz theory. (Bjerke and Kaltenborn ,1999). The stud

ed to environmental concern, and behavior. The obje

term of four values clusters according to Shwartz. (

and self- transcendence).

ental concern in terms of eco-centric and anthropoce

ious commitment and ideology on values.

es, environmental concern , and pro-environmental b

tives, the study tries to answer the following question

ns that reflect the relationship between general valu

anian people subject to the questionnaire that is bu

alues of Petra university students?

nder, ideology, and religious commitment?

ental concerns of Jordanian Petra university students?

een general values, environmental concern, and envir

nts of a Jordanian private university (Petra university)

the study. Therefore the results of this study are based

en applying the results to other Jordanian universities

of similarity of culture and circumstances.

s concerning appropriate courses of action or outcom

g or what “ought” to be.

pporting actions of environmental interest –orient

society (anthropocentric) , or eco-centric ( toward

asurement developed by Thompson &Barton in 1994.

wing moral considerations to the environment and

deserves protection for its main values , no matter t

e values treating humans as centre of the universe,

n maintaining a good quality of life, whether for the i

f behaviors that can be exercised by the individual i

rationalizing consumption and optimal use of energy

ured through a special tool developed by the two rese

itative analytical method, analyzing the Socio-demog

major parts of questionnaires that were randomly dist

0-2011 in all faculties, where the total amount of Petr

dents of whom (123)were male making (56%), and

s were distributed on students, and (12) questio

emaining total was (218), which makes (87%).

218)

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enhancement, and self –

also tries to point out the

ctives of this research were

penness to change,

tric concern.

havior

s.

es, environmental concern,

ilt to answer the following

onmental behavior?

, and certain questionnaires

on the sample, the tools

' students, although they

es. As such, values reflect

tion. Such values may be

s nature ) . Environmental

its elements independently

at its useful for humans or

so that one should protect

dividual or the society.

n his daily life, in order to

and natural resources. Such

rchers.

aphic variables (factors),

ibuted on Petra university

students reached (7000).

(95) were female making

naires were excluded for





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

Variable

Male

Female

Committed

Non-committed

Affiliated

non- Affiliated

5.1. Data collection method

The data was gathered in this study

general data on Petra university st

third part discusses the environm

environmental behavior.Part 1: (General values scale –made

change , conservation , self-enhanc

the Jordanian society .( Schwartz,20

The value subscales consisted of (1

disagree to (5) strongly agree.

Part 2: (Environmental concern qu

strongly agree. The reliabilities (

Thompson and Barton (1994), were

The eco-centric, anthropocentric

translated and customized to suit th

Part 3: The (pro-environmental beh

of feedback given by the experime

appendix below . This part was cosocieties agreed on and pronounc

university , so that the scale was d

better use of energy and resources.

Part 4: The set of socio-demogra

ideological affiliation).

5.2. Dependent variables: Pro- env

5.3. Independent variables: Gener

5.4. Validity of the tool: All que

Arabic, and some parts were adjust

the educational studies field in Jord

5.5. Reliability of the tool

Reliability quotients were calculat

(Cronbach alpha) for the values s

respectively (0.65, 0.73, 0.57, and

were (0.74 and 0.72) respectively.

6. Results & discussion

In order to answer the first questio

students, 218 questionnaires were a

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165

Number

Gender

123

95

Religious

144

74

Affiliation

78

140

in a way that several questionnaires were used as foll

dents, the second part deals with measuring the gen

ental values and concern, while the fourth part d

up of 40 statements) the values are ordered in four va

ement , and self- transcendence ) as developed by Sc

02)

0, 13, 7, 10) items respectively, response to all scale

stionnaire) –made up a) 20 statements ranging from

Cronbach alpha) of the eco-centric, anthropocent

0.78, 0.67 respectively.

ubscales developed by Thompson and Barton (1

Jordanian society.

avior scale was constructed and piloted on a small sa

tal sample – the scale was finally made up of 22 s

structed based on desired environmental behavior , td in their publications ,this questionnaire was cus

signed to cover many areas , such as recycling , co

nd 4 of these statements were built negatively.

hic questions dealing with the variables (gender,

ironmental behavior.

l values, environmental values.

stionnaire components dealing with environmental

d to suit the Jordanian culture, and that was given to

nian universities, who were asked to review the quest

d for all scales used in the study. It is found that

bscales (openness, conservation, self-enhancement,

0.72) .The reliability and coefficients for eco-centric

eliability coefficients for pro-environmental behavior

n of this study that is related to determining the m

alyzed, means and standard deviations of the sample

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Percent

56.4%

43.6%

66.1%

33.9%

35.8%

64.2%

ows: The first part presents

eral values of students; the

iscusses the reported pro-

lue subscales. ( openness to

hwartz , and customized to

s ranging from (1) strongly

(1) strongly disagree to (5)

ic which are reported in

994); they were selected,

mple, and after making use

atements ) as shown in the

at environmental Jordaniantomized to be used in the

sumer energy saving , and

eligious commitment, and

alues were translated into

committee of reviewers in

ionnaire statements.

the reliability coefficients

self –transcendence) were

, anthropocentric subscales

were (0.67).

ain general values of Petra

grades were calculated on a





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

scale of general values in four su

transcendence).

The following table no.2 shows the

values in the four sub-dimensions a

Table 2: Means and standard deviati

Table no.2 shows that the means

scores for the conservation dimensi

that those students own a general v

within the conservatism which incl

of self- transcendence which includ

This may be attributed to the Jord

customs , traditions and religion, so

on harmony and security, treated

important.

As for the dimension of human valu

which dealt with behavioral value

attributing that to the Islamic religio

to the same values of Petra universi

the Arab world, creating a social re

of these human values such as altr

values of the past with some partialTo answer the second question of t

on general values system of Petr

deviations were calculated accordin

Table.3: (Means and standard devia

affiliation, and religious commitme

Ope

N

M

Gender

4.23123Male

4.1895Female

Affiliation

4.2278Affiliated

4.20140non- Affiliated

Religious commitment

4.17144Committed

4.2974non-committed

Table 3 shows that the means of th

the four dimensions but with little

Conservatis

Openness

Self- enhanc

Self- transce

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166

-dimensions: (Openness to change, conservation, s

esults shown in descending order according to means

cording to Petra students.

ons of the sample scores on a scale of general values i

f the sample scores were between 4.07 and 4.28, a

n was 4.28, which is the highest of all other three di

lue system in four dimensions, and show a high deg

des conformity, tradition and security. Results also

d benevolence and universalism.

nian society as a parental traditional society which

that we find that students in Jordan are still clinging t

as most important values, compared to openness

es, the results of this study were contrary to the study

s of Arabian Gulf students, which showed that stu

n adhering to the values of altruism, charity and hum

ty students that were not clear because of the cultur

lity with new standards and values , so that some peo

ism and charity as limiting their ambitions, while ot

or total rejection of the new values.is study, which is concern about studying the impac

a students: (Gender, affiliation, religious commit

g to the previous variables. The following table no.3 s

ions of the sample grades on general values system a

t)

Self- enhancementConservatismness

Sd.MSd.MSd.

0.474.210.464.290.43

0.494.130.414.270.45

0.444.210.474.240.39

0.504.160.424.300.46

0.464.190.374.400.47

0.514.150.474.050.36

e study sample grades of those male students were hi

ifferences. Table 3 also shows that those samples wi

SMGeneral Values

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

4.28

4.21

4.17

4.07

ment

dence

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elf-enhancement, and self-

of the scale of general

n the four sub-dimensions

d the mean of the sample

ensions the findings show

ee of agreement for values

eveal low scores on values

till derives its values from

traditional values that rely

and self-realization as less

carried out by Aqel in 2006,

dents' values were human,

nitarianism ,in comparison

l and economic changes in

ple began to abandon some

er people were attached to

t of the following variables

ent), means and standard

ows theses results.

cording to gender,

Self- transcendence

Sd.M

0.604.09

0.454.06

0.554.09

0.544.06

0.484.15

0.613.92

gher than those females on

h affiliation were higher in

8





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

means in the three dimensions: Op

affiliation, but still with little differe

The results of those students wi

conservatism, self-enhancement, adifferences in favor of the committe

favor of the non-committed student

And to understand the statistical

significance in terms of the variab

religious variable.

Table: T-test of the sample grades

r neral Values

b Scale

C

nOpenness

C

nConservatism

C

nSelf enhancement

C

nSelf- transcendence

Table 4 shows the differences bet

terms of the dimensions (conservati

shows the significant differences i

whereas the results were of no signi

This finding may be attributed to t

aspects of social, moral and mental,

and held accountable if left. Thes prophet, so that Islam promoted va

environment, so we find that the

humanity.And the students who are

the values prevailing in the Arab so

find any contradiction between th

students who are not committed are

In order to answer the third questi

means and standard deviations were

centric , and anthropocentric) , whe

Table 5: Means and standard deviati

Environmental concern

Eco-centric

anthropocentric

Table no. 5 shows the means of the

(anthropocentric) .Which means t

whereas their values are more cente

The results of this study are consist

may own environmental concern in

Snelgaer, 2006) et al, 2004, McMill

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167

nness, self-enhancement, and self- transcendence, if

nces.

h religious commitment were higher in means i

nd self-transcendence, when compared to thosed students, whereas the means were higher in terms o

.

significance of the results, t- test was performed,

les (gender and affiliation), whereas there was a st

. No.ligious commitment

0.47

0.36

4.17

4.29

144

74

ommitted

n-committed

0.37

0.47

4.40

4.05

144

74

ommitted

n-committed

0.46

0.51

4.19

4.15

144

74

ommitted

n-committed

0.48

0.61

4.15

3.92

144

74

ommitted

n-committed

een the means of those religiously committed and

sm and self –transcendence) in favor of those commit

terms of the openness dimension in favor of thos

ficant differences in terms of the (self-enhancement) d

e Islamic religion that came with a comprehensive s

humanitarian life, which made its exercise as a huma

values have been derived from the Koran and thelues of justice, equality , peace, altruism , conservati

ore students are committed to Islam , the more the

more committed to religion tend to hold on to valu

cieties are generally derived from religion, so that co

values of the Jordanian society and the values of

more open.

n of the study dealing with exploring the students'

also calculated according to environmental values s

re table no.5 shows the results .

ons of the study sample grades on a scale of environ

St.deMean

0.564.08

0.543.93

study sample , so that it was 4.08 for the (eco-centri

at students own a combination of environmental v

ed towards eco-centrism.

nt with the results of several previous studies, which

the three dimensions with varying degrees.

an , (Stern& Dietz, 1994).

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compared to those with no

terms of dimensions of

ot committed, with largethe openness dimension in

results show no statistical

tistical significance of the

Sig.T

0.051.87

2.03

0.016.07

5.64

0.600.52

0.51

0.013.11

2.88

on-committed students, in

ted students. The table also

e non-committed students,

imension.

stem of values of different

duty that will be rewarded

(Sunnah) teachings of thesm and preservation of the

tend to hold on values of

s of conservatism, because

mmitted individuals do not

Islam. While we find that

environmental values , the

ale, in terms of both ( eco-

ental concern.

c) , whereas 3.92 for those

alues in two dimensions,

oncluded that any individual





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

Students having high levels of en

attributed to the efforts undertaken

level, the Ministry of Education in

working on raising awareness of thalso focusing on the need to use a

attitudes promote their environme

courses, aiming at increasing envi

environment. Therefore, universitie

It is also clear that university stud

religious institutions that focused o

to positive human behavior towards

2010)

And in order to answer the next

environmental behaviors, therefore

Table no. 6: Mean and standard dev

scale

Environmental behavior

Table (6) shows that the mean of

environmental behavior reaches ab

behavior by the sample is in mediu

And in order to answer the last que

general values, the environmental

calculated. The results are shown in

Table 7: Pearson coefficient correla

Eco-censcaler

0.14Openness

0.36Conservatism

0.10Self- enhancement

0.43Self- transcendence

The table (7) shows a positive cor

transcendence) , and environment

coefficients were high ranging b

values in two dimensions (conser

statistically significant.

The table also shows a weak correl

and the environmental values, whe

shows a negative correlation betwe

0.03), but which is of no statisticall

T he results of this study are consist

to the positive correlation between s

(Schultz & Zelezny ,1999).

As for conservative dimension, th

environmental concern whether (ec

culture, which derives from the Isla

Although some believe that the e

people once the more basic needs

argument, where results of this st

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168

ironmental concern in the dimensions eco-centric

by educational institutions, both formal and inform

Jordan teaches students courses in environment sta

eir environmental problems, making them able to m ppropriate strategies to equip students with environ

tal behavior. Most of the Jordanian universities pro

onmental awareness and developing students' value

play an integral role of schools.

nts' high levels of environmental concern can be attri

Islamic education promoting environmental concer

the environment enabling man to function in successi

question (4) of this study dealing with the degre

ean and standard deviation were calculated for the

ation of the study sample grades on a scale of enviro

St.devmean

0.532.99

total score for the sample reaches 2.99 , where the

ut 60% , and this shows that the expected level

in average .

stion of the study which is concerned with studying

values, and environmental behavior, Pearson co

table (7).

ions between general values, environmental concern

Eanthropocentrictricr Sig.r Sig.

0.0.030.150.04

0.0.010.450.01

0.0.010.190.14

0.0.010.390.01

elation between general values in two dimensions

l concern whether (eco-centric , or anthropocentri

tween (0.36- 0.45) ;and they were also a positive c

atism, and self-transcendence) and Environmental

tion between the general values in two dimensions (

re the correlation coefficients ranged between (0.10

n general values, in terms of (openness) and environ

significance.

ent with the results of several previous studies in this

elf-transcendence and eco-centric values .

study showed a positive relationship between the

-centric, or anthropocentric). This may also be attribu

ic religion that cares for the environment preservatio

vironmental concern is a post material attitude tha

of food and safety have been met, the results of this

dy indicated the presence of a high degree of envi

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nd anthropocentric can be

l in Jordan. At the official

ting from the ninth grade,

anage these conservatively,ental concern or values ,

pose optional environment

and attitudes towards the

buted to the role played by

, which serve as guidelines

on upon Earth. (Rabee et al,

of students practicing in

hole test.

mental behavior.

ercentage of the degree of

f practicing environmental

the correlation between the

fficient correlations were

nd environmental behavior.

vironmental behavior Sig.

0.6203-

0.0131

0.5904

0.0140

( conservatism , and self-

c), where the correlation

rrelation between general

ehavior. All of which are

penness, Self enhancement)

0.19) . Whereas the table

ental behavior reaching (-

area, especially with regard

traditional values and the

ted to the Jordanian society

n.

t develops among wealthy

study refutes the previous

ronmental concerns of the





Vol.3, No.5, 2013

sample, although Jordan is one of

conditions. But these results can

environmental concerns, knowing t

prevail in society and is transmittedteachings of the Islamic religion,

values of equality, justice and altrui

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