The relationship between kinesthetic sensitivityand the performance of beginning bowlers

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors Comiskey, Kenneth Vincent, 1947-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KINESTHETIC SENSITIVITY

AND THE PERFORMANCE OF BEGINNING- BOWLERS

b y

K e n n e th V in c e n t C om iskey

A T h e s is S u b m it te d t o th e F a c u l t y o f th e

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, AND RECREATION

I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f th e R e q u ire m e n ts ■ F o r th e D eg ree o f

MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

I n th e G ra d u a te C o lle g e

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

1 9 7 ^

STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

T h is t h e s i s h a s b e e n s u b m i t te d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l ­m ent o f r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r an ad v an ced d e g re e a t The U n i­v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a and i s d e p o s i te d i n th e U n i v e r s i t y L ib r a r y to be made a v a i l a b l e to b o r ro w e rs u n d e r r u l e s o f th e L ib r a r y .

B r i e f q u o ta t io n s fro m t h i s t h e s i s a re a l lo w a b le w i th o u t s p e c i a l p e r m is s io n , p r o v id e d t h a t a c c u ra te acknow ledgm ent o f s o u rc e i s m ade. R e q u e s ts f o r p e rm is s io n f o r e x te n d e d q u o ta t i o n from o r r e p r o d u c t io n o f t h i s m anu­s c r i p t i n w hole o r i n p a r t may be g r a n te d b y th e h e a d o f th e m a jo r d e p a r tm e n t o r th e Dean o f th e G ra d u a te C o lle g e when i n h i s judgm en t th e p ro p o se d u s e o f th e m a t e r i a l i s i n th e i n t e r e s t s o f s c h o l a r s h i p . I n a l l o t h e r i n s t a n c e s , h o w ev er, p e rm is s io n m ust be o b ta in e d from th e a u th o r .

SIGNED

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

T h is t h e s i s h a s b e e n a p p ro v e d on th e d a te shown b e lo w :

DARRELL G. SIMKO . ‘ " ^ D a te ^A s s o c ia te P r o f e s s o r o f

P h y s ic a l E d u c a t io n

ACKHOWLEDG-MEtiTS

The a u th o r w ou ld l i k e to e x p re s s a p p r e c i a t i o n to

Dro D a r r e l l Gc Simko f o r h i s i n t e r e s t , e n co u rag e m en t and

a s s i s t a n c e i n th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s . A p p re c ia ­

t i o n i s a l s o e x te n d e d t o D r. P a t r i c i a 0 . F a i r c h i l d f o r h e r

a s s i s t a n c e , p a t i e n c e and g u id a n c e w i th th e s e l e c t i o n and

w r i t i n g o f t h i s t h e s i s as w e l l as h e r a s s i s t a n c e i n th e

a c q u i s i t i o n o f s u i t a b l e t e s t i n g e q u ip m e n t.

The c o o p e r a t io n o f th e b o w lin g i n s t r u c t o r s o f th e

D e p a rtm e n t o f P h y s i c a l E d u c a t io n f o r Women a t The U n i­

v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a i s g r a t e f u l l y ack n o w led g ed . A d d i t io n a l

g r a t i t u d e i s e x p re s s e d to th e p r o p r i e t o r o f K e g le r L anes

f o r h i s c o o p e r a t io n d u r in g th e t e s t i n g d ay s a t h i s e s t a b ­

l i s h m e n t .

TABIE OP CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOHS „ . v i i

ABSTRACT o o o o o o o o o e o o e o e o . o e o o o o 2.

CHAPTER

I . HATURE AKD SCOPE OF THE STUDY o b o o c o o o o

Izi"l? "fc l O H . o o o o o o e o o 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 IS ta te m e n t o f th e P ro b le m . » . . . . . . . . 2Hypo tile s e S o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o . o 5D e f i n i t i o n o f th e Term s . . . . . . . . . . l\.L im i ta t io n s o f th e S tu d y . . . . . . . . . . 5S ig n i f i c a n c e o f th e S tu d y . . . . . . . . . 6

I I . REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . 8

TC m e s uh e s r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8R e c e p to r s o f K i n e s t h e s i s . . . . . . . . . . 10P o s i t i o n a l K i n e s t h e t i c T e s t s . „ 13P o s i t i o n a l K i n e s t h e t i c T e s ts i n R e la t i o n

to M otor S k i l l s . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Summary . . . . . . * . . * . . . . . . . . 2 )̂

I I I . ' DESIGN OF THE STUDY AND PROCEDURES USED . . . . 26

S u b je c t s P a r t i c i p a t i n g i n th e S tu d y . . . . 26S e c u r in g P e rm is s io n and C o o p e ra t io n o f th e

P a r t i c i p a n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27The T e s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7

C r i t e r i a f o r th e S e l e c t i o n o f th e T e s ts 27D e s c r ip t i o n o f t h e T e s t 28A d m in is t r a t io n o f th e T e s t . . . . . . . 29S c o r in g th e T e s t . . . . . . . . . . . . 3I4.

T re a tm e n t o f th e D a ta . . . . . . . . . „ . . 3Summary o f th e C h a p te r . . . . . . . . . . . 3

V

TABLE OF COHTEMTS —C o n tin u e d

Page

IVc ANALYSIS OF THE DATA AND PRESENTATION OF THEFINDINGS . o . o o o o o o o o o o o o o 38

S t a t i s t i c a l E v id e n c e 38E e s u i t s o f P o s i t i o n a l M easu rem en ts . . . fj.1D is c u s s io n o f R e s u l t s . . . . . . . . . . 43Suimixary o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lj . Y

V. SUMMARY5 MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . ij.9

Summary . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . 2̂ .9M ajo r F in d in g s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50C o n c lu s io n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 lR ecom m endations „ . . . . . . . . . . . . 5>2

APPENDIX As SCORE SHEET - KINESTHETIC SENSITIVITY. 51}.

APPENDIX B: RAW DATA SCORES FROM STUDY . . . . . . 55

LIST OF REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Table

1.

2 .

LIST OF TABLES

C o r r e l a t i o n s B e tw een S e l e c t e d Movements and B ow ling A v erag es . . . . . . . . . . . .

C o r r e l a t i o n s B etw een S e l e c t e d M ovem ents and K i n e s t h e t i c S c o re s . . . . . . . . . . .

v i

Page

39

LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS

F ig u r e

1 . D iagram o f K in e s th e s io m e te r and F in g e r P o i n t e r »

Page

30

v i i

ABSTRACT

The p u rp ose o f t h i s s tu d y was to i n v e s t i g a t e th e

r e la t io n s h ip betw een th e sh o u ld er j o in t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i ­

t i v i t y o f b e g in n in g fem a le b o w lers and t h e i r b o w lin g p e r ­

form an ce.

F o r ty -tw o v o lu n te e r fem a le c o l l e g e s tu d e n ts ^ e n r o lle d

i n b e g in n in g b o w lin g c l a s s e s , w ere t e s t e d on th r e e p o s i ­

t i o n a l t e s t s o f sh o u ld er j o i n t k in e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y in

th e s a g i t t a l p la n e . A l l b l in d f o ld e d s u b j e c t s w ere t e s t e d

on t h e ir k in e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y i n rep ro d u c in g th r e e p o s i ­

t i o n s , two forw ard and one backw ard, by m easu rin g t h e i r

p r e fe r r e d arm movement on a k in e s th e s io m e t e r .

The mean d e v ia t io n s c o r e a c h iev e d by a l l o f th e su b ­

j e c t s , a t each o f th e th r e e p o s i t i o n s , was c o r r e la t e d w ith

t h e i r r e s p e c t iv e b o w lin g a v e ra g e . As a r e s u l t o f th e s e

c o r r e la t io n s , i t was co n c lu d ed t h a t th e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t

r e la t io n s h ip betw een th e a b i l i t y to rep rod uce backward arm

movements and th e perform ance o f b e g in n in g b o w le r s . Ho

s i g n i f i c a n t r e la t io n s h ip e x i s t e d b etw een th e a b i l i t y to

reprod uce forw ard m ovements and b e g in n in g b o w lin g p erform ­

an ce . The s ig n i f i c a n c e o f rep ro d u c in g backward movements

was fu r th e r in d ic a te d when th e c o r r e la t io n produ ced by the

com b in a tion o f backward and fo rw a rd arm movements showed a

v i i i

s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p to b e g in n in g b o w lin g p e r fo rm a n c e .

A f i n a l c o n c lu s io n was t h a t a s th e s i z e o f th e a n g le

i n c r e a s e d , th e s u b j e c t s ' k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y d e c r e a s e d .

CHAPTER I

MATURE AMD SCOPE OF THE STUDY

I n t r o d u e t io n

D u rin g th e a c q u i s i t i o n o f m o to r s k i l l s a p e r fo rm e r

dep en d s on s e v e r a l m o d a l i t i e s t o g a in know ledge o f h i s

p e rfo rm an c e o The i n d i v i d u a l r e l i e s on b o th e x t e r n a l and

i n t e r n a l s t i m u l i t o g a in t h i s k n o w le d g e „ The p e r fo rm e r

r e c e i v e s e x t e r n a l fe e d b a c k i n th e fo rm o f v i s u a l , a u d i to r y

and t a c t i l e cu es* I n t e r n a l f e e d b a c k i s r e c e i v e d fro m th e

m u s c le s , t e n d o n s , j o i n t s and l i g a m e n t s „ The i n t e r a c t i o n o f

a l l h i s s e n s e p e r c e p t i o n s i s co m b in ed to p r o v id e th e p e r ­

fo rm e r w i th n e c e s s a r y fe e d b a c k so t h a t h e c a n a t te m p t t o

r e f i n e h i s p e r fo rm a n c e 0

The n a tu r e o f th e i n t e r n a l s e n s o r y in f o r m a t io n

r e c e iv e d b y th e p e r fo r m e r h a s b e e n an a r e a o f g r e a t i n t e r e s t

and s tu d y i n r e c e n t y e a r s . T h e re h a s b e e n a g r e a t in c o n ­

s i s t e n c y i n d e f i n i n g a common o p e r a t i o n a l d e f i n i t i o n o f

k i n e s t h e s i s due t o th e i n a b i l i t y t o d e te rm in e th e n a tu r e o f

th e i n t e r n a l s e n s o ry in f o r m a t io n t h a t k in e s th e s i s i s su p ­

p o se d to m ea su re s J u d i t h L 0 S m ith (1 9 6 9 :3 2 ) s a y s : " I f

p h y s i c a l e d u c a to r s w an t t o u n d e r s t a n d k in e s th e s i s and i t s

r o l e i n m o to r l e a r n i n g , a c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t w i l l h a v e t o beL .

1

F o r t h i s s tu d y th e r e s e a r c h e r h a s c h o se n to u s e th e d e f i n i ­

t i o n o f k i n e s t h e s i s as d e f in e d by S m ith , A c c o rd in g to h e r

d e s c r i p t i o n , k i n e s t h e s i s i s d e f in e d a s th e s e n s o r y m o d a l i ty

c o n c e rn e d w i th m ovem ent a b o u t a m o v eab le Or d i a r t h r o i d a l

j o i n t . The o ld d e f i n i t i o n o f k i n e s t h e s i s , w h ic h r e f e r r e d

t o i t as m u sc le s e n s e , i s b e in g r e j e c t e d and r e p l a c e d by

j o i n t s e n s e . H ow ever, one m u st be re m in d e d t h a t t h e r e a r e

s e v e r a l s e n s o ry m o d a l i t i e s w h ich may be im p o s s ib le to com­

p l e t e l y i s o l a t e a n d , as a r e s u l t , t h e y do i n t e r a c t t o g e t h e r .

T h is s tu d y i s an a t te m p t to f i n d th e e f f e c t o f k i n ­

e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y on th e l e a r n i n g o f a p a r t i c u l a r m o to r

s k i l l , b o w lin g . B ow ling i s a s k i l l t h a t l e n d s i t s e l f q u i t e

r e a d i l y f o r a s tu d y r e l a t i n g t o k i n e s t h e s i s due t o th e n a tu r e

o f th e m ovem ent in v o lv e d . B o w lin g d o es n o t in v o lv e any

g r e a t s t r e n g t h s in c e s h o u ld e r j o i n t a c t i o n p ro d u c e s th e

p r im a ry m ovem ent in v o lv e d i n p r o j e c t i n g th e b a l l . The s h o u l ­

d e r j o i n t a c t i o n in v o lv e s m o s t ly a sw in g in g p e n d u lu m - lik e

movem ent o f th e s h o u ld e r i n a s a g i t t a l p la n e w i th th e arm

f u l l y e x te n d e d . The b o w le r may p o s s i b l y be a b le t o r e l y

more on h i s j o i n t s e n s e r a t h e r th a n m u sc le se n se t o g a in

k i n e s t h e t i c fe e d b a c k o f h i s p e r fo rm a n c e .

S ta te m e n t o f th e P rob lem

The p ro b le m o f t h i s s tu d y was to m e a su re th e k i n e s ­

t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d i n b e g in n in g b o w l­

in g c l a s s e s and t o d e te rm in e w h e th e r o r n o t t h e r e was a

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n b e g in n in g b o w le r s f k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i ­

t i v i t y and t h e i r b o w lin g p e r fo rm a n c e .

H y p o th eses

F o r th e p u rp o s e o f th e p r e s e n t s tu d y th e f o l lo w in g

h y p o th e s e s w e re f o r m u la te d and t e s t e d :

1 . B e g in n in g fe m a le b o w le rs who e x h i b i t b e t t e r s h o u l ­

d e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y i n r e p r o d u c in g a fo rw a rd

movement fro m 0 d e g re e s to ^ d e g re e s w i l l a c h ie v e a h ig h e r

l e v e l o f p e rfo rm a n c e i n b o w lin g .

2 . B e g in n in g fe m a le b o w le rs who e x h i b i t b e t t e r s h o u l ­

d e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y i n r e p ro d u c in g a fo rw a rd

m ovem ent fro m 0 d e g re e s t o 90 d e g re e s w i l l a c h ie v e a h i g h e r

l e v e l o f p e rfo rm a n c e i n b o w lin g .

3 . B e g in n in g fe m a le b o w le rs who e x h i b i t b e t t e r s h o u l ­

d e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y i n r e p r o d u c in g a b ack w ard

movem ent fro m 0 d e g re e s t o 30 d e g re e s w i l l a c h ie v e a h ig h e r

l e v e l o f p e rfo rm a n c e i n b o w lin g .

Ij.. B e g in n in g fe m a le b o w le rs who e x h i b i t b e t t e r t o t a l

fo rw a rd movem ent s h o u ld e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y w i l l

a c h ie v e a h i g h e r l e v e l o f p e rfo rm a n c e i n b o w lin g .

5 . B e g in n in g fe m a le b o w le rs who e x h i b i t b e t t e r t o t a l

s h o u ld e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y w i l l a c h ie v e a h i g h e r

l e v e l o f p e rfo rm a n c e i n b o w lin g .

kD e f i n i t i o n o f th e Terms

F o r th e p u rp o s e o f t h i s s tu d y th e f o l lo w in g d e f i n i ­

t i o n s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d :

K i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y : K i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y i s

th e a w are n ess o f th e p o s i t i o n o f m o v eab le j o i n t s d u r in g

v o lu n ta r y m ovem ent as e x h i b i t e d by t h e i r a b i l i t y t o p e r c e iv e

and a c c u r a t e l y re p ro d u c e a s p e c i f i e d num ber o f d e g re e s o f

j o i n t m ovem ent.

B e g in n in g b o w le r s : B e g in n in g b o w le rs w ere th o s e

fe m a le s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d i n b e g in n in g b o w lin g c l a s s e s .

T hese w ere s tu d e n ts w i th l i m i t e d o r no p r e v io u s e x p e r ie n c e

i n b o w lin g and who h a d n e v e r b e e n e n r o l l e d i n su c h a c o u r s e .

F o rw ard m ovem ent: F o rw a rd m ovem ents w ere th o s e

m ovem ents w h ich b e g a n w i th th e arm i n a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n

a t th e b o w le r 1s s id e and p ro c e e d e d t o move a s p e c i f i e d

num ber o f d e g re e s i n a fo rw a rd and upw ard d i r e c t i o n i n th e

s a g i t t a l p l a n e .

B ackw ard m ovem ent: B ackw ard m ovem ents w ere th o s e

m ovem ents w h ich b e g an w i th th e arm i n a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n

a t th e b o w le r* s s id e and p ro c e e d e d to move a s p e c i f i e d

num ber o f d e g re e s i n a back w ard and upw ard d i r e c t i o n i n

th e s a g i t t a l p l a n e .

T o t a l fo rw a rd movement s h o u ld e r . jo in t k i n e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y : T o ta l fo rw a rd m ovem ent s h o u ld e r j o i n t k i n e s ­

t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y r e p r e s e n te d th e sum m ation o f th e

k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t i e s o f t h e fo rw a rd arm m ovem ents fro m

th e v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n a t th e b o w l e r 's s id e o f d e g re e s

and 90 d e g re e s t o p ro d u c e a s i n g l e k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y

s c o r e 0

T o ta l s h o u ld e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y : T o ta l

s h o u ld e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y r e p r e s e n te d th e

sum m ation o f a l l s h o u ld e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t i e s

u n d e r s tu d y , c o m p r is in g th e ra n g e o f 30 d e g re e s b ack w ard

t o 90 d e g re e s f o r w a r d .

L im i ta t io n s o f th e S tu d y

The s tu d y was l i m i t e d b y th e f o l lo w in g f a c t o r s :

1 , The a v a i l a b l e s u b j e c t s w ere l i m i t e d t o fe m a le

v o l u n te e r s e n r o l l e d i n th e b e g in n in g b o w lin g p ro g ram o f

th e D ep a rtm en t o f P h y s i c a l E d u c a t io n f o r Women a t The U n i­

v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a d u r in g th e se c o n d s e m e s te r o f th e 1 9 7 2 -

1973 s c h o o l y e a r .

2 . The t e s t s u s e d w e re d e s ig n e d to c o n c e n t r a t e

s p e c i f i c a l l y on j o i n t movem ent b u t th e s u b j e c t s may s t i l l

h ave r e c e i v e d some a d d i t i o n a l fe e d b a c k from o t h e r se n se

r e c e p t o r s w h ile b e in g t e s t e d , w h i le b o w lin g , o r d u r in g

b o th s i t u a t i o n s .

3o B e g in n in g b o w le rs w e re u s e d a s s u b j e c t s b u t

t h e i r p e rfo rm a n c e may s t i l l h a v e b e e n in f lu e n c e d b y p r e v i ­

ous e x p e r ie n c e i n s i m i l a r a c t i v i t i e s and t h e i r o v e r a l l

c o o r d i n a t i o n .

ij.. I f a b o w le r u s e s any arm a c t i o n o t h e r th a n th e

f u l l e x te n s io n o f th e lim b fro m th e s h o u ld e r j o i n t i n a

f r e e sw in g in g p e n d u lu m - lik e a c t i o n , m u sc le s e n s e may becom e

in v o lv e d t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t . T h is may n e g a te th e e f f e c t

o f k i n e s t h e s i s .

S i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e S tu d y

K i n e s t h e s i s i s j u s t one o f th e many s e n s o r y m o d a l i ­

t i e s t h a t p ro v id e f e e d b a c k to a p e r f o r m e r c o n c e rn in g m ove­

m e n t. I t i s j u s t one o f th e com plex p r o c e s s e s c o n c e rn e d

w i th p e r c e p t i o n th ro u g h w h ich th e i n d i v i d u a l r e c e i v e s ,

e x t r a c t s , o r g a n iz e s and i n t e r p r e t s s e n s o ry in f o r m a t io n . The

p r e s e n t s tu d y so u g h t to d e te rm in e i f t h e r e w as a s i g n i f i c a n t

p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n k i n e s t h e t i c p e r c e p t i o n and

l e v e l o f p e rfo rm a n c e i n b o w lin g . I f k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v ­

i t y i s a f a c t o r in v o lv e d i n m ore e f f e c t i v e p e r fo rm a n c e , i t

may g iv e f u r t h e r e v id e n c e to i n d i c a t e t h a t p h y s i c a l e d u ­

c a t o r s s h o u ld d i r e c t t h e i r a t t e n t i o n s to w a rd p r o v id in g th e

i n d i v i d u a l w i th a w ide ra n g e o f m ovem ent a c t i v i t i e s t h a t

d e v e lo p and im prove k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y , as w e l l a s o t h e r

s e n s o r y m o d a l i t i e s . By i n c r e a s i n g th e s e n s i t i v i t y o f th e

s e n s o r y m o d a l i t i e s , th e p e r fo r m e r may be a b le t o im prove

h i s l e v e l o f p e rfo rm a n c e i n m o to r s k i l l s . R e s u l t s o b ta in e d

fro m p o s i t i o n a l t e s t s o f k i n e s t h e s i s may a l s o b e u s e d , a lo n g

w i th o th e r in f o r m a t io n , to p r e d i c t p o s s ib l e i n d i v i d u a l p e r ­

fo rm a n c e i n m o to r s k i l l s .

CHAPTER I I

REVIEW OP THE LITERATURE

S tu d ie s w ere re v ie w e d t h a t d e a l t s p e c i f i c a l l y w i th

p o s i t i o n a l t e s t s o f k i n e s t h e s i s and i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p to

m o to r s k i l l 'p e r f o r m a n c e „ A d d i t io n a l s o u rc e s t h a t s u p p l i e d

in f o r m a t io n on th e e x a c t n a tu r e o f th e r e c e p t o r s o f k i n e s -

t h e s i s w ere i n c lu d e d ,

K i n e s t h e s i s

I n v e s t i g a t o r s h av e s t u d i e d k i n e s t h e s i s f o r many\

y e a r s , Murphy (1971) s t a t e d t h a t s b e c a u se t h e r e h ad b e e n

th e a b se n c e o f a s a t i s f a c t o r y d e s c r i p t i o n o f k i n e s t h e s i a ,

m ost r e s e a r c h e r s e x p lo r in g th e a r e a o f k i n e s t h e s i s e s t a b ­

l i s h e d t h e i r own p a r t i c u l a r d e f i n i t i o n , .

G e n e r a l ly , k i n e s t h e s i s h a s b e e n d e f in e d i n te rm s o f

th e a w a re n e ss o f th e b o d y p o s i t i o n w i th th e em p h asis on th e

f e e l i n g o f th e m u sc le d u r in g m ovem ent, o r m u sc le s e n s e . I n

t h e i r s t u d i e s , H en ry (1953) and S te ir ih a u s (1 9 6 6 ) s p e c i f i c a l ­

l y r e f e r r e d to k i n e s t h e s i s as m u sc le s e n s e . Young (1945)

seem ed to a g re e w i th t h i s d e f i n i t i o n by s t a t i n g t h a t k i n e s ­

t h e s i s was th e c o g n iz a n c e o f bod y p o s i t i o n and movement

d u r in g m u s c u la r e f f o r t s , W it te (1962) a l s o u s e d th e same

g e n e r a l i d e a o f a w are n ess o f th e bo d y p o s i t i o n b u t sh e a ls o

in c lu d e d th e e x t e n t and f o r c e o f m u s c u la r c o n t r a c t i o n .

Sage (1971) s t a t e d th a t th e s t im u l i a r is in g from changes

in le n g t h , t e n s io n , co m p ress io n , g r a v i t y and m u scu lar co n ­

t r a c t io n a l l a f f e c t k i n e s t h e s i s ,

Jo h n so n and He I s on (1969) w en t a lo n g w i th p re v io u s

d e f i n i t i o n s c o n c e rn in g th e a b i l i t y to p e r c e iv e th e p o s i t i o n

and m ovem ent o f th e b o d y . H ow ever, th e y s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e

t h a t i t was a l s o th e p e r c e p t i o n o f th e j o i n t p o s i t i o n d u r in g

m u sc u la r a c t i o n s . P h i l l i p s and Summers (1954 ) ex p an d ed

som ew hat on o t h e r d e f i n i t i o n s b y s t a t i n g t h a t w h a te v e r

o c c u r r e d was h a p p e n in g d u r in g v o l u n ta r y m ovem ent. W iebe

(1954-) d e f in e d k i n e s t h e s i s as " p o s i t i o n s e n s e . " H is d e f i n i ­

t i o n in c lu d e d th e a b i l i t y t o p e r c e iv e b o d i ly t e n s io n s and

m ovem ent. S c o t t (1955) d e f in e d k i n e s t h e s i s a s th e a b i l i t y

to d e te rm in e th e p o s i t i o n o f th e bo d y se g m e n ts , t h e i r r a t e ,

e x te n t and d i r e c t i o n o f m ovem ent, and th e p o s i t i o n o f th e

e n t i r e b o d y .

As c a n be s e e n fro m th e s e e x a m p le s , t h e r e a re as

m any d e f i n i t i o n s , o r a t l e a s t v a r i a t i o n s o f th e same g e n e r a l

id e a , as th e re are s t u d i e s . Sm ith (1969: 34-) commented on

t h i s p ro b lem by s t a t i n g t h a t ;

One o f th e m ost c r u c i a l p ro b le m s c o n f r o n t in g r e s e a r c h e r s i s t h e l a c k o f a common o p e r a t i o n a l d e f i n i t i o n . K i n e s t h e s i s h a s b e e n d e f in e d a s ;(a ) th e a b i l i t y t o m a in ta in a c o n s ta n t p r e s s u r e a g a in s t an o b j e c t , (b ) th e a b i l i t y t o move th e l im b s to c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n s , and (c ) th e a b i l i t y t o m a in ta in b a la n c e o r a c h ie v e a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n .

10

She added th a t p h y s ic a l e d u c a to r s m ust a r r iv e a t a s in g le

o p e r a t io n a l d e f i n i t i o n o f k in e s t h e s ia so th a t r e le v a n t

r e se a r c h c o u ld be co n d u cted .

R ecep to rs o f K in e s th e s is

Perhaps th e r ea so n f o r th e i n a b i l i t y to d e f in e a

common o p e r a t io n a l d e f i n i t i o n o f k in e s t h e s i s has b een th e

f a i lu r e t o d e f in e th e e x a c t r e c e p to r s o f k i n e s t h e s i s . S in c e

many r e s e a r c h e r s in c lu d e d m u scle a c t i v i t y in t h e i r d e f i n i ­

t io n s o f k i n e s t h e s i s , th e r e c e p to r s were o f t e n th ou gh t o f as

b e in g in th e m u s c le s , ten d on s and j o i n t s . The s t im u la t io n

o f th e m u scle s p in d le s , G-olgi ten d on organs and P a c in ia n

c o r p u s c le s were a l l th ou gh t to r e s u l t in k i n e s t h e t i c p e r ­

c e p t io n . The in c lu s io n o f su ch r e c e p to r s as m echanism s o f

k in e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y was su p p o rted by H enry (1953)# W iebe

(195>W , S te in h a u s (1 9 6 6 ) , Cooper and G lassow (1 9 6 3 ) , and

Sage (1971)o However, Cooper and G lassow , and S a g e , ad m it­

te d th a t r e c e n t r e se a r c h q u e s t io n s th e v a l i d i t y o f t h i s

th e o r y . In d eed , r e se a r c h now in d ic a t e s th a t th e s e r e c e p to r s

are n o t s u i t e d fo r k in e s t h e t i c fee d b a ck .

R esearch done by Rose and M o u n tca stle (1959) has p r o ­

v id e d e v id e n c e th a t m u scle s p in d le s are n o t in v o lv e d in

k in e s t h e t i c p e r c e p t io n . They s t a t e d th a t th e r e was no e v i ­

dence f o r , and s tr o n g e v id e n c e a g a in s t , im p u lse s from th e

m u scle p r o v id in g in fo r m a tio n fo r th e p e r c e p t io n o f movement

11

and p o s i t i o n o f j o i n t s „ They s t a t e th a t from an e l e c t r o -

p h y s io lo g ic a l p o in t o f v ie w , k i n e s t h e s i s in v o lv e s th e s t im ­

u l a t i o n o f a f f e r e n t n e r v e s in th e c o n n e c t iv e t i s s u e

un dern eath th e s k in , p e r io s te u m , bon es and c a p s u le s o f

j o i n t s , w ith p a r t ic u la r em phasis upon th e s t im u la t io n o f

j o i n t c a p s u le s . T h is p la c e s th e l o c a t i o n o f k in e s t h e t i c

r e c e p to r s in and d i r e c t l y su rrou n d in g the j o i n t c a p s u le s .

Only s t im u l i w hich ca u se d isp la c e m e n t or co m p ress io n o f

j o in t c a p s u le s are in v o lv e d i n k i n e s t h e s i s . G-olgi ten d on

organ s can n ot r e l i a b l y d e t e c t j o i n t p o s i t i o n . The t e n s io n

to w hich th e s e r e c e p to r s are s u b je c te d depends upon th e

le n g th o f th e m u s c le . The number o f a c t iv e G-olgi ten d on

o rgan s and t h e i r r a te o f d is c h a r g e are n o t v a r ia b le s

dependent s o l e l y upon th e an g le o f th e j o in t or j o in t s

a c r o ss w hich th e m u scle w ork s. Im p u lses from t h i s r e c e p to r

do n o t s i g n a l th e p o s i t i o n or movements o f b o n e s . T h ere­

f o r e , th e y can n ot be c o n s id e r e d a component o f k i n e s t h e s i s .

T h is same c o n d it io n a p p lie s to m u scle s p in d le s . These

r e c e p to r s are e x c i t e d by s t r e t c h o f th e m uscle b u t c e a se

to d is c h a r g e as th e m uscle s h o r t e n s . They may be c o m p le te ly

s i l e n t when t e n s io n a t th e ten d o n i s m axim al. The s p in d le

a c t i v i t y may v a ry from zero to maximum in d ep en d en t o f th e

le n g th or t e n s io n o f th e m u s c le . Thus, m u scle s p in d le s ,

l i k e th e G o lg i ten d on o r g a n s , can n ot s ig n a l m u sc le le n g th

or j o in t a n g le .

12

Due to th e p r e v io u s s t a t e d e v id e n c e . S m ith (1969)

s t a t e d t h a t n e i t h e r th e a p p r e c i a t i o n o f m u sc le t e n s i o n n o r

th e a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t o t a l b ody p o s i t i o n r e l a t i v e t o g r a v i t y ,

w h ich i s a f u n c t i o n o f th e l a b y r i n t h i n e r e c e p t o r s , c o u ld be

c o n s id e r e d com ponen ts o f k i n e s t h e s i s « She s t a t e d t h a t

th e s e w ere tw o d i s t i n c t s e n s o r y m o d a l i t i e s , e a c h w i th i t s

own s p e c i f i c s e t o f r e c e p t o r s r e s p o n d in g t o d i s t i n c t i v e

i n t e r n a l s t i m u l i . She th u s i n c lu d e d o n ly j o i n t a c t i o n i n

h e r d e f i n i t i o n o f k i n e s t h e s i s w hen she s t a t e d : "The u n iq u e

s t im u lu s f o r th e k i n e s t h e t i c r e c e p t o r s i s m ovem ent, m ore

s p e c i f i c a l l y , m ovement ab o u t a m ovab le o r d i a r t h r o i d a l

j o i n t " (p . 3 3 ) o T h u s , th e r e c e p t o r s w i t h in t h e j o i n t s t h a t

i n d i c a t e k i n e s t h e s i s a c c o rd in g t o S m ith a r e :

Two ty p e s o f r e c e p t o r e n d in g s h a v e b e en d e s c r ib e d i n th e j o i n t c a p s u le , s p r a y - ty p e ( R u f f i n i ) e n d in g s and m o d if ie d P a c in i a n c o r p u s c le e n d in g s , te rm e d p a c in i f o r m c o r p u s c l e s . O nly one r e c e p t o r e n d in g h a s b e e n i d e n t i f i e d w i t h i n th e l ig a m e n t , t h e f r e e ( G o lg i - ty p e ) e n d in g . On th e b a s i s o f t h e i r p a r ­t i c u l a r r e s p o n s e , th e s e t h r e e r e c e p t o r s h av e b e e n c l a s s i f i e d e i t h e r as m ovem ent o r p o s i t i o n r e c e p t o r s . T h ere i s some a g re em e n t as t o th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f th e t h r e e r e c e p t o r s . The s p r a y e n d in g s and f r e e e n d in g s h ave b e e n i d e n t i f i e d as p o s i t i o n r e c e p ­t o r s , w h e re a s th e p a c in i f o r m c o r p u s c le s a r e r e p o r t e d to b e movement r e c e p t o r s .

T h u s, p o s i t i o n r e c e p t o r s a re s lo w - a d a p t in g r e c e p ­t o r s w hose re s p o n s e i s d e p e n d e n t upon j o i n t a n g le s , b u t in d e p e n d e n t o f m ovement d i r e c t i o n and s p e e d . C on­v e r s e l y , m ovem ent r e c e p t o r s a re f a s t a d a p t in g r e c e p ­t o r s w hose r e s p o n s e s a re in d e p e n d e n t o f j o i n t a n g le ( lim b p o s i t i o n ) , b u t d e p e n d e n t upon th e v e l o c i t y , a c c e l e r a t i o n and d i r e c t i o n o f lim b m ovem ent (p . 34 )°

13

As a r e s u l t o f th e s e f i n d in g s c o n c e rn in g t h e r e c e p ­

t o r s , i t i s now g e n e r a l l y a g re e d t h a t k i n e s t h e s i s i s s o l e l y

in v o lv e d w i th j o i n t m ovem ent„ R e s e a r c h e r s now e x p lo r in g

th e a r e a o f k i n e s t h e s i s a c c e p t and u s e t h i s d e f i n i t i o n .

F i n a l l y , r e s e a r c h i s becom ing m ore u n ifo rm and , h o p e f u l l y ,

m ore r e l e v a n t t o t h e s p e c i f i c s tu d y o f k i n e s t h e s i s .

P o s i t io n a l K in e s th e t ic T e s ts

L lo y d and C a ld w e ll (1965) s t u d i e d th e k i n e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y o f f o r t y m ale c o l l e g e s tu d e n t s i n p o s i t i o n i n g

th e lo w e r l e g . The s u b j e c t s w o u ld l i e s u p in e on a t a b l e

as th e y w ere t e s t e d f o r v a r io u s a n g u la r p o s i t i o n s o f kn ee

j o i n t f l e x i o n . They fo u n d t h a t th e ran g e o f g r e a t e s t a c c u ­

r a c y c o in c id e d w i th th e n o rm a l w a lk in g a rc o f th e lo w e r

l e g . They w ere m ost a c c u r a te i n th e ra n g e o f 10 to 1}.0

d e g re e s i n c l u s i v e . B eyond t h i s p o i n t , t h e i r a c c u ra c y

d e c r e a s e d . The i n v e s t i g a t o r s h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t a c c u ra c y

o f p o s i t i o n i n g may be b e s t f o r th e c o n d i t i o n and th e ra n g e

o f m ovem ents i n w h ich th e r e h a s b e e n g r e a t e r p r i o r p r a c t i c e .

W eiss (195>lj-) d id a s tu d y to d e te rm in e how th e a c c u ­

r a c y o f p o s i t i o n i n g r e s p o n s e s v a r i e s as d is p la c e m e n t and

p r e s s u r e in f o r m a t io n a re v a r i e d . H is t e s t c o n s i s t e d o f

p o s i t i o n i n g a s t i c k u n d e r two d i f f e r e n t s e t s o f f o r c e -

d is p la c e m e n t c o n d i t i o n s . I n one s e t th e maximum p r e s s u r e

r e q u i r e d t o move th e s t i c k w as k e p t c o n s t a n t a t t h i r t y

pounds and th e maximum a n g u la r d is p la c e m e n t was v a r i e d fro m

3 t o 30 d e g r e e s . I n th e o t h e r s e t , t h e maximum a n g u la r

d is p la c e m e n t was k e p t c o n s t a n t a t 30 d e g re e s and th e maximum

p r e s s u r e r e q u i r e d on th e s t i c k was v a r i e d fro m z e ro to t h i r t y

p o u n d s , i n s ix -p o u n d s t e p s . T h ro u g h o u t th e t e s t i n g p e r i o d

th e s u b j e c t was d e p r iv e d o f v i s u a l f e e d b a c k , f o r c i n g h im to

r e l y on h i s i n t e r n a l p r o p r i o c e p t i v e f e e d b a c k sy s te m . T h e •

r e s u l t s show ed t h a t r e l a t i v e e r r o r and v a r i a b i l i t y d e c r e a s e d

w i th th e d i s t a n c e m oved, b u t t h a t p r e s s u r e v a r i a t i o n r e q u i r e d

h a d no e f f e c t on th e m e a s u re s . T h u s, i t was c o n c lu d e d t h a t

i n p o s i t i o n i n g r e s p o n s e s made i n t h e a b sen c e o f v i s u a l f e e d ­

b a c k , d is p la c e m e n t i s th e m ore c r u c i a l com ponent o f th e

f o r c e - d i s p l a c e m e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p o f c o n t r o l .

M a r te n iu k (1971 ) s t u d i e d th e e f f e c t o f k i n e s t h e s i s

i n h e lp in g s u b j e c t s t o make a b s o lu te ju d g m en ts c o n c e rn in g

arm m ovem ents. F iv e b l i n d f o l d e d s u b j e c t s w ere r e q u i r e d to

make a b s o lu te ju d g m en ts o f th e e x te n t to w h ic h t h e i r

e x te n d e d arm w as v o l u n t a r i l y m oved i n a h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e .

The s u b j e c t s w ere t e s t e d on tw e n ty d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s ,

e a c h f i v e d e g re e s a p a r t . B ach p o s i t i o n was d e s ig n a te d b y

a num ber fro m one th ro u g h tw e n ty . I n i t i a l l y a l l s u b j e c t s

w ere g iv e n p r a c t i c e t r i a l s d u r in g w h ich th e y moved t h e i r

arm to e a c h o f th e tw e n ty p o s i t i o n s . T hese p o s i t i o n s w ere

i d e n t i f i e d th ro u g h u se o f a s to p p e r t h a t was p la c e d on a

s e m i c i r c l e w i t h a r a d i u s o f 2 „£ f e e t w i t h r a d i i c o n s t r u c t e d

a t e v e r y f i v e - d e g r e e i n c r e m e n t . S u b j e c t s w ere p l a c e d so

t h a t th e s h o u l d e r j o i n t was i n l i n e w i th th e m id p o i n t o f

th e s e m i c i r c l e . As t h e arm was s to p p e d a t e a c h p o s i t i o n ,

t h e s u b j e c t s w e re v e r b a l l y t o l d t h e num ber t h a t c o r r e s p o n d e d

t o t h e a n g u la r p o s i t i o n . The p o s i t i o n s w ere p r e s e n t e d f i r s t

i n a s c e n d in g o r d e r , t h e n d e s c e n d in g o r d e r , s e v e r a l t im e s

w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t e r v e r b a l l y i d e n t i f y i n g e a c h p o s i t i o n b y

g i v i n g i t s c o r r e s p o n d i n g num ber. T h is c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e

s u b j e c t was c o n f i d e n t t h a t f u r t h e r p r a c t i c e w o u ld n o t r e ­

s u l t i n any im provem en t i n a s s i g n i n g e ac h p o s i t i o n w i t h i t s

c o r r e s p o n d i n g num ber. E ach s u b j e c t was t h e n r e q u i r e d t o

i d e n t i f y e a c h p o s i t i o n , as t h e y w e re ra n d o m ly s e l e c t e d , by

a t t e m p t i n g t o c o r r e c t l y i d e n t i f y i t b y th e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

nu m ber. Prom t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d , t h e e x p e r i m e n t e r c o n ­

c lu d e d t h a t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y c a n p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n

f o r t h e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n o f movement on an a b s o l u t e b a s i s .

K e r r (1970) s t u d i e d th e e f f e c t o f w e ig h t and v e l o c ­

i t y on k i n e s t h e s i a . E i g h t y b l i n d f o l d e d s u b j e c t s p e r fo rm e d

a h o r i z o n t a l a b d u c t io n movement o f th e arm, a t t e m p t i n g to

a p p ro x im a te a v e l o c i t y o f s i x o r t e n f e e t p e r s e c o n d w i th

o r w i t h o u t a tw o -p o u n d w e ig h t i n t h e h a n d . The r e s u l t s o f

t h e i r p e r fo rm a n c e w e re t h e n co m pared t o r e s u l t s t h e y

a c h ie v e d on a t r a n s f e r o f l e a r n i n g e x p e r im e n t . I n i t i a l l y

t h e e i g h t y v o l u n t e e r u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t s w ere ran d o m ly

16

a s s i g n e d t o f o u r g r o u p s . Group one t r a i n e d w i t h a f r e e

u n w e ig h te d arm and a t a v e l o c i t y o f s i x f e e t p e r s e c o n d ,

w h i l e g ro u p two p e r f o rm e d a t a f a s t e r v e l o c i t y o f t e n f e e t

p e r s e c o n d . G roups t h r e e and f o u r c a r r i e d a tw o-pou nd

w e ig h t w h i l e a t t e m p t i n g t o a p p ro x im a te t h e l i n e a r v e l o c i t i e s

o f s i x - and t e n f e e t p e r s e c o n d , r e s p e c t i v e l y . D u r in g t h e s e

movements t h e s u b j e c t s w ere g i v e n v e r b a l i n f o r m a t i o n c o n ­

c e r n i n g t h e i r sp e e d o f movement so t h a t t h e y w ou ld be m oving

a t t h e d e s i r e d s p e e d . A f t e r t h i s i n i t i a l t a s k , e a c h g roup

was d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r s u b g ro u p s t o p e r f o r m e i t h e r t h e same

t a s k o r one o f th e o t h e r t h r e e t a s k s . R e s u l t s showed t h a t

i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f w e i g h t - v e l o c i t y c o m b in a t io n s p e r fo rm a n c e

on b o th t h e i n i t i a l and t r a n s f e r t a s k s was s t a t i s t i c a l l y

m ore a c c u r a t e when th e f a s t e r v e l o c i t y was a p p ro x im a te d .

W eigh t h a d no e f f e c t on a c c u r a c y . T r a n s f e r f ro m th e f a s t e r

v e l o c i t y t o t h e s lo w e r v e l o c i t y r e s u l t e d i n t h e p o o r e r p e r ­

fo rm a n c e . The i n v e s t i g a t o r c o n c lu d e d t h a t p r a c t i c e on th e

l e s s d i f f i c u l t t a s k l e d t o n e g a t i v e t r a n s f e r o f l e a r n i n g .

M a r te n iu k , S h i e l d s and C am pbell (1972) s t u d i e d h o r i ­

z o n t a l arm m ovem ents r a n g in g f ro m d e g re e s t o 125 d e g r e e s .

A t o t a l o f f i f t y - t w o r i g h t - h a n d e d m a le u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t s

s e r v e d as s u b j e c t s . The e x p e r i m e n t e r s w ere l o o k i n g a t t h r e e

q u e s t i o n s . F i r s t , t h e y w a n te d t o know w h e th e r t h e s e n s i t i v ­

i t y o f t h e s u b j e c t s was c o n s t a n t o v e r t h e ra n g e o f movement

u n d e r s t u d y . S e c o n d , t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r s w a n te d t o d e te rm in e

t h e r e l a t i v e im p o r ta n c e o f p o s i t i o n and movement c u es t o

t h e r e p r o d u c t i o n o f m ovem ent. T h i r d , t h e y t r i e d t o d i s ­

c o v e r w h e th e r t im i n g a b i l i t y and aim. v e l o c i t y w ere u s e d as

c u e s . The movement a p p a r a tu s c o n s i s t e d o f a h a l f - c i r c l e

o f m a s o n i t e b o a rd w i t h an 1 8 0 - d e g r e e a rc draw n on i t . A

l e v e r w i t h a p o i n t e r was a t t a c h e d t o a f r i c t i o n l e s s p i v o t

a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e a r c . The s u b j e c t s w e re b l i n d f o l d e d

and t e s t e d a t r e p r o d u c in g IjJ? d e g r e e s , 90 d e g r e e s and 12^

d e g r e e s . From t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y , th e r e s e a r c h e r s

c o n c lu d e d r e s p o n s e s e n s i t i v i t y , i n te rm s o f mean d i f f e r ­

e n c e s and a b s o l u t e e r r o r s , was r e l a t i v e l y p r e c i s e and c o n ­

s t a n t o v e r t h e r a n g e o f m ovem ent. C o n s ta n t e r r o r s e x h i b i t e d

a d e f i n i t e t r e n d i n t h a t s m a l l m ovem ents w ere c o n s t a n t l y

o v e r e s t i m a t e d and l a r g e ones u n d e r e s t i m a t e d . A ls o , t h e

v e l o c i t y o f movement seemed u n r e l a t e d t o a c c u r a c y .

P o s n e r (196?) com pared th e r e t e n t i o n o f k i n e s t h e t i c

i n f o r m a t i o n f ro m b l i n d p o s i t i o n i n g movements t o i n f o r m a t i o n

from v i s u a l l y g u id e d m ovem ents . F o r t y - e i g h t s t u d e n t s w ere

t e s t e d on t h e i r a b i l i t y t o r e p r o d u c e v a r i o u s a n g u la r p o s i ­

t i o n s b y movement o f m an u a l l e v e r s . D u r in g t h e f i r s t p a r t

o f th e t e s t th e s u b j e c t s h a d t o r e l y o n ly o n k i n e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y w h i l e i n th e s e c o n d p a r t o f t h e t e s t t h e y r e ­

c e i v e d v i s u a l f e e d b a c k a f t e r a t t e m p t i n g t o r e p r o d u c e th e

t e s t i n g p o s i t i o n s . The r e s e a r c h e r c o n c lu d e d t h a t k i n e s ­

t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y f e e d b a c k a lo n e t e n d e d t o be s l i g h t l y l e s s

18

a c c u r a t e i n i t i a l l y t h a n w i th t h e a d d i t i o n o f v i s u a l f e e d ­

b a c k . The s u b j e c t s w ere more a c c u r a t e w h e n ■ t h e d i s p l a c e ­

m ent d i s t a n c e b e tw e e n movements was g r e a t e s t . I t was fo u n d

t h a t t h e r e t e n t i o n l e v e l o f k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y a lo n e

was l e s s t h a n t h a t o f v i s u a l f e e d b a c k . F u r th e r m o r e , th e

s u b j e c t s c o u ld n o t s u s t a i n k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y p e r f o r m ­

ance a t a c o n s t a n t l e v e l i n d i c a t i n g th e e x i s t e n c e o f i n t r a ­

i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y . ■

Ronco ( 1963 ) s t u d i e d t h e e f f e c t s o f k i n e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y on th e a w a re n e s s o f th e e x t e n t o f arm m ovem ent.

Twelve b l i n d f o l d e d m ale s u b j e c t s w ere t e s t e d on a p o s i t i o n a l

t e s t o f k i n e s t h e s i s . They w ere m e a su re d f o r t h e i r a b i l i t y

t o e s t i m a t e t h e m a g n i tu d e o f t h e i r arm movement and t h e i r

a b i l i t y t o e s t i m a t e t h e r a t i o o f v a r i o u s m ovem en ts . The

t e s t c o n s i s t e d o f m oving a p e g a lo n g a p lyw ood b o a r d to

v a r i o u s p o s i t i o n s t h a t w ere m ark e d o f f i n i n c h e s . T h e i r

a b i l i t y t o r e p ro d u c e t h e t e s t p o s i t i o n s was m e a s u re d by

d e v i a t i o n i n i n c h e s . A lso , a f t e r b e in g t e s t e d f o r t h e i r

a b i l i t y t o r e p ro d u c e p o s i t i o n s , t h e y a t t e m p t e d t o r e p r o d u c e

p o s i t i o n s t h a t w ere o n e - h a l f t h e s i z e o f t h e t e s t p o s i t i o n s .

R e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e s u b j e c t s w ere m ore s u c c e s s f u l i n

r e p r o d u c in g p o s i t i o n s t h a t r e q u i r e d g r e a t e r arm movement.

The s u b j e c t s w ere m ore s u c c e s s f u l i n p r o d u c in g t h e o n e - h a l f

r a t i o o f l a r g e r movements t h a n s m a l l e r o n e s .

B e r g e r and S t a d u l i s (1968) s t u d i e d th e e f f e c t s o f

a n g u la r d i s p l a c e m e n t upon th e a c c u r a c y o f p r o d u c in g

19

h o r i z o n t a l arm m ovem en ts . T w enty fe m a le g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s

w ere t e s t e d on t h e i r p r e f e r r e d a rm 's k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y

a t r e c o g n i z i n g t h e e x t e n t o f a n g u la r d i s p l a c e m e n t f o r n i n e

p o s i t i o n s 3 r a n g i n g fro m If? d e g r e e s t o 75 d e g r e e s „ The s u b ­

j e c t ' s arm was p a s s i v e l y p l a c e d i n e a c h o f th e t e s t p o s i ­

t i o n s b y th e e x p e r i m e n t e r . The s u b j e c t t h e n a t t e m p te d t o

r e p r o d u c e t h e p o s i t i o n . The r e s e a r c h e r s c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e

s u b j e c t s w ere more a c c u r a t e i n r e p r o d u c i n g s m a l l e r a n g le s

and t h a t a s t h e s i z e o f t h e a n g le i n c r e a s e d th e k i n e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y d e c r e a s e d .

S te lm a c h (1970) i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s

movement l e n g t h s on k i n e s t h e t i c r e c a l l . S i x t e e n b l i n d f o l d e d

s u b j e c t s a t t e m p t e d t o d u p l i c a t e s i x arm p o s i t i o n i n g t a s k s

u n d e r t h r e e r e t e n t i o n i n t e r v a l c o n d i t i o n s : no r e s t , 2 0 -

s e c o n d r e s t , and 2 0 - s e c o n d r e s t w h i l e p e r f o r m in g m a th e m a t i c a l

c a l c u l a t i o n s . R e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e was c o n s i d e r a b l e

f o r g e t t i n g o v e r a 2 0 - s e c o n d d e l a y p e r i o d . S u b j e c t s e x h i b i t e d

b e s t r e c a l l i n t h e o r d e r o f no r e s t , 2 0 - s e c o n d r e s t and 2 0 -

s e c o n d r e s t w h i l e c a l c u l a t i n g . F u r th e r m o r e , m ost e r r o r i n

d u p l i c a t i n g p o s i t i o n s w ere t h o s e o f u n d e r e s t i m a t i n g th e

p o s i t i o n . The s u b j e c t s a p p e a re d t o be more a c c u r a t e i n

r e p r o d u c i n g s m a l l e r a n g le s t h a n l a r g e r o n e s .

C h r i s t i n a (1967) d i d a s t u d y u s i n g s i d e arm p o s i ­

t i o n a l m e a s u re s o f k i n e s t h e s i s . He d i v i d e d h i s s tu d y i n t o

t h r e e p h a s e s . P h a se one c o n s i s t e d o f t e s t i n g f i v e s u b j e c t s

on t h i r t e e n t e s t a n g le s on two d i f f e r e n t d a y s „ T hey w ere

t e s t e d on s h o u l d e r j o i n t a b d u c t io n on b o th t h e p r e f e r r e d

and n o n p r e f e r r e d arm. P hase two c o n s i s t e d o f t e s t i n g

tw e n ty -o n e s u b j e c t s on s i x t e s t a n g le s o v e r two d i f f e r e n t

d a y s . I n p h a s e t h r e e , f i v e s u b j e c t s w ere t e s t e d a t two

t e s t a n g le s o v e r a t e n - d a y p e r i o d . F o r t h e t e s t , t h e s u b ­

j e c t s t o o d w i t h h i s b a c k t o a b o a r d w h ich was m arked o f f

i n d e g r e e s . T w e lv e - in c h lo n g m a s o n i t e p o i n t e r s w ere

a t t a c h e d t o th e b a c k o f t h e s u b j e c t ’s h a n d and h e was b l i n d ­

f o l d e d . The h e i g h t o f th e b o a r d was a d j u s t e d so t h a t th e

to p o f h i s s h o u l d e r l i n e d up w i t h th e c e n t e r o f t h e b o a r d .

T hen , w i t h th e p a lm o f h i s h a n d f a c i n g down, t h e s u b j e c t ’ s

arm was r a i s e d t o th e s p e c i f i e d p o s i t i o n and r e l e a s e d b y

th e t e s t e r . The s u b j e c t t h e n a t t e m p te d t o k i n e s t h e t i c a l l y

s e n s e h i s arm p o s i t i o n a t t h i s p o i n t . T h is p o s i t i o n was

h e l d i n t h r e e s e c o n d s . Then t h e s u b j e c t lo w e re d h i s arm,

h e l d i t t h e r e f o r t h r e e more s e c o n d s , and t h e n a t t e m p te d to

r e p e a t t h e p r e v i o u s l y s e n s e d arm p o s i t i o n . H is s c o r e was

t h e d e v i a t i o n f ro m th e p r e s c r i b e d a n g le as m e a su re d t o t h e

n e a r e s t d e g r e e . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t s i d e arm p o s i ­

t i o n a l t e s t s w e re r e l i a b l e f ro m d a y to day w i t h t h e n o n -

d o m in a te arm more p r e c i s e t h a n th e dom ina te arm . A lso ,

a c c u ra c y o f t e s t p e rfo rm a n c e t e n d e d t o im prove as th e s i z e

o f t h e s p e c i f i e d t e s t a n g le i n c r e a s e d .

21

P o s i t i o n a l K i n e s t h e t i c T e s t s I n R e l a t i o n t o M otor S k i l l s

W i t t e (1962) s t u d i e d th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n p o s i ­

t i o n a l arm m ea su re m e n ts o f k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y and b a l l

r o l l i n g a c c u r a c y t o d i s c o v e r w h e th e r o r n o t t h e r e w ere any

d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l boys and g i r l s „ She

u s e d f o r t y - s e v e n boys and g i r l s r a n g i n g i n age f ro m s e v e n

t o n i n e , The k i n e s t h e t i c t e s t s w ere c o m p r is e d o f arm p o s i ­

t i o n i n g t a s k s o f b o th t h e p r e f e r r e d and n o n - p r e f e r r e d a rm s„

T h e re w ere two f o rw a r d arm m ovem ents o f s h o u l d e r f l e x i o n

and two s id e w a r d arm m ovem ents o f s h o u l d e r a b d u c t io n .

A f t e r th e s u b j e c t was b l i n d f o l d e d , th e p lyw ood b o a r d w i t h

a 3 5 - i n c h d i a m e t e r c i r c l e was a d j u s t e d i n a c c o rd a n c e w i t h

t h e p u p i l 1 s s t a n d i n g h e i g h t . The arm was t h e n r a i s e d to

t h e d e s i r e d 9 0 - d e g r e e p o s i t i o n and h e l d t h e r e f o r a p p r o x i ­

m a t e l y t h r e e s e c o n d s . The s u b j e c t was t h e n a s k e d to r e p e a t

th e movement w i t h o u t a s s i s t a n c e . Any d e v i a t i o n f ro m t h e 9 0 -

d e g re e m ark was r e c t i f i e d b y a s s i s t i n g th e s u b j e c t m a n u a l ly .

A f t e r t h e s e two t r i a l s , t h e s u b j e c t was g iv e n s i x c o n s e c u ­

t i v e t r i a l s f o r e a c h t e s t . The s c o r e on e ac h t r i a l was t h e

number o f d e g re e s o f d e v i a t i o n from 90 d e g r e e s . And th e

t o t a l s c o r e f o r e a c h t e s t was t h e t o t a l d e v i a t i o n f o r th e

s i x t r i a l s .

The f o r t y - s e v e n s t u d e n t s w e re a l s o g i v e n two b a l l

h a n d l i n g t e s t s . The f i r s t t e s t c o n s i s t e d o f . r o l l i n g a b a l l .

22

s i z e #83g, a t a t a r g e t f i f t e e n f e e t away. I n e a c h o f two

p e r i o d s 5 one week a p a r t , each c h i l d to o k t e n c o n s e c u t i v e

r o l l s a t f i v e h o w l in g p i n s . E ach c h i l d was t o l d t o r o l l a t

t h e c e n t e r p i n . T h e re w ere num bers m arked on th e a s p h a l t

c o u r t im m e d ia te ly i n f r o n t o f e a c h p i n . D e v i a t i o n s f ro m

t h e c e n t e r b e tw e e n th e p i n s w ere m ark ed a s n i n e , s e v e n and

f i v e p o i n t s . The s c o r e was t h e t o t a l number o f d e v i a t i o n s

f ro m c e n t e r f o r t h e tw e n ty t r i a l s . The se c o n d b a l l r o l l i n g

t e s t c o n s i s t e d o f u s i n g a t e n n i s b a l l u s i n g th e same p r o ­

c e d u re a s i n t e s t o n e . B e c a u se o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n th e

d i a m e te r s o f t h e two b a l l s t h e s p a c in g s b e tw e e n t h e p i n s

w ere a d j u s t e d so t h a t t h e s p a c in g s p e r m i t t e d b a l l s b e in g

r o l l e d t o p a s s b e tw e e n a d j a c e n t p i n s w i t h e q u a l amounts o f

t o l e r a n c e .

The r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y i n d i c a t e d t h a t : (a ) t h e r e

was no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n b a l l r o l l i n g - a n d

p o s i t i o n a l m e a su re o f k i n e s t h e s i a 5 ( b ) t h e r e w ere no r e a l

d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n g i r l s and boys i n t h e i r a b i l i t y t o

a c c u r a t e l y r e p e a t p o s i t i o n a l m e a s u re s o f k i n e s t h e s i a ; and

(c ) bo ys w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y s u p e r i o r t o g i r l s i n t h e i r

a b i l i t y t o m a n ip u la t e l a r g e and s m a l l b a l l s .

P h i l l i p s and Summers (19 .% ) t e s t e d 11 5 c o l l e g e women

e n r o l l e d i n b e g in n in g b o w lin g c l a s s e s on tw e lv e p o s i t i o n a l

m e a s u re s o f k i n e s t h e s i s . T h e i r p r im a r y o b j e c t i v e was to

d e te rm in e w h e th e r o r n o t p o s i t i o n a l m e a su re s o f k i n e s t h e s i s

23

w ere r e l a t e d t o m o to r s k i l l a c q u i s i t i o n . The t e s t s i n c l u d e d

s i x p o s i t i o n a l m e a s u r e s , t h r e e s i d e arm p o s i t i o n s and t h r e e

f o r w a r d arm p o s i t i o n s , f o r b o th t h e p r e f e r r e d and n o n ­

p r e f e r r e d a rm s . The s i d e arm t e s t s c o n s i s t e d o f m oving t h e

arm from 0 t o 90 d e g r e e s , 180 t o 75 d e g re e s and 0 t o 130

d e g r e e s . The f o r w a r d arm m ovem ents c o n s i s t e d o f movement

f ro m : (a ) 90 t o I4.O d e g r e e s as t h e arm s t a r t s a t t h e 9 0 -

d e g re e p o s i t i o n and moves 130 d e g r e e s down pa^; t h e 0 d e g re e

m ark and up t o t h e lj.0 d e g re e m ark ; (b) 120 t o 125 d e g re e s

as t h e arm moves downward 95 d e g r e e s ; and ( c ) 0 d e g r e e s

u p w ard t o t h e 9 0 -d e g r e e p o s i t i o n .

The t e s t i n g eq u ip m en t c o n s i s t e d o f a f i v e f o o t s q u a r e

m e a s u r in g b o a r d w i t h a c i r c l e h a v in g a t w e n t y - e i g h t in c h

r a d i u s c o n s t r u c t e d on th e f a c e o f th e b o a r d . The 0 d e g re e

m ark was a t th e e x a c t b o t to m and t h e 180 d e g re e p o i n t a t t h e

e x a c t t o p o f th e c i r c l e . R a d i i w ere c o n s t r u c t e d and

l a b e l e d a t e a c h w ho le d e g r e e . T h i s b o a rd was t h e n s u s p e n d e d

on a w a l l and was a d j u s t a b l e a c c o r d in g to t h e v a r i o u s

h e i g h t s o f the- s u b j e c t s .

The p r o c e d u r e c o n s i s t e d o f th e e x a m in e r m oving th e

arm t o th e d e s i r e d p o s i t i o n w i t h t h e s u b j e c t h o l d i n g th e

p o s i t i o n f o r t h r e e s e c o n d s . The s u b j e c t t h e n r e t u r n e d h i s

arm to t h e s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n . T hen , w i t h o u t any a s s i s t a n c e ,

th e s u b j e c t was a s k e d to r e p e a t th e movem ent. T h re e c o n s e c u ­

t i v e t r i a l s w ere g i v e n f o r e a c h movement and t h e s c o r e o f

t h e t e s t was t h e a v e ra g e o f th e t h r e e t r i a l s .

The s u b j e c t s who w ere e n r o l l e d i n b e g in n i n g b o w lin g

c l a s s e s w e re c l a s s i f i e d as f a s t o r s lo w l e a r n e r s on th e

b a s i s o f im provem ent shown d u r i n g t w e n t y - f o u r c l a s s p e r i o d s

o f b o w l i n g „ The r e s u l t s o f t h e s u b j e c t ' s b o w l in g p e r f o r m ­

a n ces w ere t h e n com pared t o t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e k i n e s t h e s i s

t e s t s . As a r e s u l t o f t h e s e c o m p a r is o n s , P h i l l i p s and

Summers c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e r e was a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n

p o s i t i o n a l m e a s u re s o f k i n e s t h e s i s and m o to r l e a r n i n g . T hey

a l s o c o n c lu d e d t h a t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y was m ore im p o r ­

t a n t i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f l e a r n i n g a m o to r s k i l l t h a n i n

t h e l a t e r s t a g e s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , when th e movement was one

t h a t i s f a m i l i a r f ro m th e s t a n d p o i n t o f b e in g common t o

d a i l y a c t i v i t i e s , t h e a c c u r a c y w i th w h ic h th e movement c o u ld

be r e p r o d u c e d th r o u g h th e k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s e a p p e a r e d s u p e ­

rior:.-.:.: .

Murphy (1971) s t u d i e d th e i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y

from t r i a l t o t r i a l o f s u b j e c t s on a t e s t o f k i n e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s h o u ld e r j o i n t . She r e l a t e d t h e s e s c o r e s

o f d a n c e r s t o d e te r m in e i f s k i l l e d m odern d a n c e r s v a r y t h e i r

r e s p o n s e s l e s s t h a n u n s k i l l e d m odern d a n c e r s . As a s e c o n ­

d a r y p u rp o s e she t r i e d to d e te r m in e i f t h e r e was more v a r i ­

a b i l i t y o f p e r fo rm a n c e i n t h e p r e f e r r e d o r n o n - p r e f e r r e d arm

o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l . She t e s t e d f o r t y - e i g h t c o l l e g e women,

c l a s s i f i e d as e i t h e r s k i l l e d o r u n s k i l l e d m odern d a n c e r s , on

a t e s t o f k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s h o u l d e r j o i n t f ro m

25

a su p in e p o s i t i o n . A l l s u b j e c t s w ere t e s t e d on t h e i r

k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y t o r e p r o d u c e arm m ovem ents f ro m a

10 d e g re e p o s i t i o n to a 50 d e g re e p o s i t i o n . A l l s c o r e s w ere

r e c o r d e d as d e v i a t i o n s c o r e s f ro m th e 50 d e g re e l o c a t i o n .

From a n a l y s i s o f t h e s c o r e s , she c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e r e was

no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v ­

i t y o f s k i l l e d and u n s k i l l e d m odern d a n c e r s as m e a su re d

by s h o u l d e r j o i n t a b d u c t io n f ro m a s u p in e p o s i t i o n . F u r t h e r ­

m ore , t h e r e was no s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

b e tw e e n th e k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f th e p r e f e r r e d and

n o n - p r e f e r r e d arm.

Summary

As e v id e n c e d b y th e s t a t e d r e s e a r c h , a g r e a t v a r i e t y

o f t e s t s and c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e f i n i t i o n s hav e b e e n em ployed

i n t h e m easu rem en t o f k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y . R e c e n t e v i ­

dence seems t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e c e p t o r s o f k i n e s t h e s i s

a re w i t h i n t h e j o i n t c a p s u l e . F u r t h e r m o r e , r e s e a r c h c o n ­

c e r n i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n p o s i t i o n a l t e s t s o f k i n e s ­

t h e s i s and m o to r s k i l l p e r fo r m a n c e p o i n t s to w a rd s th e

e x i s t e n c e o f a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p . H ow ever, more

r e s e a r c h w i l l be n e c e s s a r y b e f o r e any r e a l c o n c l u s i o n s c a n

be r e a c h e d .

CHAPTER I I I

DESIGN OF THE STUDY AND PROCEDURES USED

The p u rp o s e o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y was t o d e v i s e a

p r o c e d u r e t o t e s t t h e k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f th e s h o u l ­

d e r j o i n t i n b e g in n i n g f e m a le b o w le r s t o d e te r m in e r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip b e tw e e n k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y and b e g in n i n g b o w lin g

p e r f o r m a n c e „ The c r i t e r i a u s e d f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f a t e s t

t o m ea su re k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s h o u ld e r j o i n t

w e re e s t a b l i s h e d and l e d t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a t e s t o f

s h o u l d e r j o i n t movement i n t h e s a g i t t a l p l a n e f ro m an e r e c t

p o s i t i o n .

The b a s i s f o r s e l e c t i n g th e t e s t u s e d , t h e t e s t

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s and s t a t i s t i c a l t r e a t m e n t o f th e

d a t a o b t a i n e d f ro m t h i s t e s t a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r ,

S u b j e c t s P a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e S tu d y

The s u b j e c t s f o r t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w e re f e m a le c o l ­

l e g e s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d i n b e g i n n i n g b o w lin g c l a s s e s o f t h e

D e p a r tm e n t o f P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n f o r Women a t The U n i v e r s i t y

o f A r iz o n a d u r i n g th e se c o n d s e m e s te r o f t h e 1972-1 973

s c h o o l y e a r . They w ere a l l v o l u n t e e r s who w e re c l a s s i f i e d

as b e g i n n i n g b o w le r s on th e b a s i s o f l i m i t e d o r no p r e v i o u s

26

27

e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e s k i l l o t h e r t h a n c l a s s b o w l in g and o c c a ­

s i o n a l r e c r e a t i o n a l b o w lin g e x p e r i e n c e .

S e c u r in g P e r m is s i o n and C o o p e r a t io n o f t h e P a r t i c i p a n t s

*

P e r m is s i o n was o b t a i n e d f ro m th e a p p r o p r i a t e c l a s s

i n s t r u c t o r t o sp e a k w i t h t h e b e g in n i n g b o w l in g c l a s s e s . The

e x a m in e r m et w i t h e ac h o f t h e c l a s s e s . I t was e x p l a i n e d

t h a t v o l u n t e e r s w ere n e e d e d f o r a s t u d y o f k i n e s t h e t i c s e n ­

s i t i v i t y . T hey w ere t o l d t h a t t h e t e s t i n g t im e w o u ld ta k e

no more t h a n s e v e n m in u te s and t h a t t h e y w o u ld o n ly be

t e s t e d o n c e . They w ere f u r t h e r t o l d t h a t t e s t i n g w o u ld t a k e

p l a c e d u r i n g c l a s s t im e i n a s e p a r a t e room a t th e b o w lin g

e s t a b l i s h m e n t and t h a t t h e y w o u ld be a l lo w e d t o bow l any

f r a m e s t h a t t h e y m is s e d w h i l e b e i n g t e s t e d . E v e ry s t u d e n t

v o l u n t e e r e d t o be t e s t e d .

The T e s t s

C r i t e r i a f o r t h e S e l e c t i o n o f th e T e s t s

A f t e r r e v i e w in g th e l i t e r a t u r e p e r t a i n i n g t o t e s t s o f

k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y , th e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a w e re a p p l i e d

t o t h e s e l e c t i o n o f a t e s t t o b e u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y

(Murphy 1 971 : 2 8 ) :

I . A t e s t s h o u ld b e c o n s t r u c t e d t o m e a su re ch an g e s

i n j o i n t p o s i t i o n .

2„ The t e s t s h o u ld a t t e m p t t o i s o l a t e k i n e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y f ro m th e o t h e r s e n s e s .

3o The t e s t i n g eq u ip m en t s h o u ld be as i n e x p e n s i v e

as p o s s i b l e and d e s i g n e d so t h a t i t c a n be u s e d i n f u r t h e r

s t u d i e s .

li-o The t e s t s h o u ld be e a s y t o a d m i n i s t e r and s c o r e .

5 . The t e s t i n g p e r i o d s h o u ld b e o f su c h l e n g t h as

t o a v o id boredom and f a t i g u e .

D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e T e s t

A k i n e s t h e s i o m e t e r was u s e d t o c o l l e c t t h e d a t a . I t

c o n s i s t e d o f a wooden s t a n d a r d w h ic h r e m a in e d i n an u p r i g h t

p o s i t i o n , a b le t o s u p p o r t a s i x f o o t d i a m e t e r c i r c u l a r b o a r d

t h a t was a t t a c h e d t o t h e s t a n d a r d so t h a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e

b o a r d was f i v e f e e t e i g h t i n c h e s above th e f l o o r . The z e ro

d e g re e p o i n t was m ark ed and l a b e l e d a t t h e e x a c t b o t to m o f

t h e c i r c u l a r b o a r d . A l l d e g r e e s 180 d e g r e e s , b o t h l e f t and

r i g h t o f t h e z e r o d e g re e p o i n t , w e re m arked b y d o t s . R a d i i

w ere t h e n c o n s t r u c t e d a t e ac h w h o le d e g r e e , and e v e r y t e n

d e g r e e s w e re l a b e l e d . An a d j u s t a b l e v e r t i c a l wooden p l a t ­

fo rm was p l a c e d on t h e f l o o r , i n l i n e w i t h t h e z e r o d e g re e

p o i n t o f th e c i r c l e . The s u b j e c t s w ou ld s t a n d on t h i s p l a t ­

fo rm w hich was a d j u s t e d so t h a t th e s u b j e c t ’ s s h o u l d e r

h e i g h t was i n l i n e w i t h th e c e n t e r o f th e c i r c l e . A m e ta l

p o i n t e r was u s e d f o r p la c e m e n t on th e m id d le f i n g e r o f th e

29

b o w l in g h a n d . I t was a t t a c h e d b y means o f an e l a s t i c r u b b e r

b a n d , t h e r e b y f a c i l i t a t i n g a c c u r a t e r e a d i n g s . A lso n e e d e d

f o r t h i s t e s t was one p a i r o f ,n o n - s h a t t e r a b l e r u b b e r g o g g le s

w i t h an a d j u s t a b l e h ead b an d ..: The l e n s e s w ere b l a c k e d o u t

w i t h b l a c k p o s t e r p a i n t . A r u l e r was u s e d as a s t o p p e r f o r

p l a c i n g t h e arm i n t h e d e s i r e d t e s t p o s i t i o n . R e f e r t o

F i g u r e 1 f o r a d ia g ra m o f th e t e s t i n g e q u ip m e n t .

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e T e s t

The t e s t was a d m i n i s t e r e d i n d i v i d u a l l y t o e a c h s u b ­

j e c t b y th e i n v e s t i g a t o r . The c o n d i t i o n s s u r r o u n d i n g th e

t e s t i n g s t a t i o n w ere k e p t c o n s t a n t f o r a l l s u b j e c t s . $To one

was a l lo w e d i n t h e t e s t i n g room,, w h ich was i n t h e r e a r o f

t h e b o w l in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t , d u r i n g t h e t e s t i n g . A l l t e s t i n g

was done on th e b o w l in g arm.

A l l s u b j e c t s w ere g iv e n a b r i e f o r i e n t a t i o n on th e

n a t u r e and p u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y a t t h e b e g in n i n g o f t h e c l a s s

p e r i o d t h a t t h e y w ere t o be t e s t e d . They w ere g iv e n no i n ­

f o r m a t i o n on t h e a c t u a l t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e a t t h a t t i m e .

A f t e r t h a t o r i e n t a t i o n eac h s u b j e c t , i n d i v i d u a l l y , e n t e r e d

t h e t e s t i n g room t o be t e s t e d . The s u b j e c t s w ore b o w l in g

sh o e s and l o o s e c l o t h i n g on th e u p p e r body so as n o t t o

r e s t r i c t arm m ovem ents . The w ooden v e r t i c a l p l a t f o r m was

t h e n a d j u s t e d so t h a t t h e a c ro m io n p r o c e s s o f t h e s u b j e c t ' s

s h o u l d e r was l e v e l w i t h t h e c e n t e r o f t h e c i r c l e . The s u b ­

j e c t t h e n s t o o d e r e c t on th e p l a t f o r m w i th t h e s h o u l d e r a t

30

100 \00

9 09080 80

(V o o O

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POINTER<k -

)i3/4

|TF ig u re 1 . D iagram o f K i n e s t h e s i o m e t e r and F in g e r P o i n t e r .

t h e d e s i r e d h e i g h t . The s u b j e c t s t o o d s id e w a y s t o th e t e s t ­

i n g b o a r d w i t h th e s h o u l d e r and s i d e o f t h e bod y a p p r o x i ­

m a t e l y s i x in c h e s f ro m th e b o a r d . At no t im e d i d any p a r t

o f t h e b o d y to u c h th e b o a r d . The s u b j e c t was t o l d t h a t th e

s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n f o r a l l m ovem ents was w i t h t h e arm a t t h e

s i d e , w i t h t h e w r i s t and f i n g e r s s t r a i g h t , so t h a t t h e arm

and b a c k o f t h e h a n d w ere i n l i n e w i t h t h e z e r o d e g re e p o i n t .

T hey w ere i n s t r u c t e d t o k e ep t h e h a n d i n a p o s i t i o n w here

t h e p a lm f a c e d th e s i d e o f t h e bod y and t o k e ep i t p o i n t i n g

t h a t way th r o u g h o u t t h e m ovem ent. A l l s u b j e c t s w ere t o l d t o

k e ep th e arm s t r a i g h t t h r o u g h o u t th e v a r i o u s m ovem ents.

The p o i n t e r w as t h e n a p p l i e d t o t h e m id d le f i n g e r o f

t h e b o w lin g h a n d . The s u b j e c t was t o l d t h a t t h e p o i n t e r

h e l p e d t h e e x a m in e r make a c c u r a t e r e a d i n g s . The s u b j e c t was

t h e n b l i n d f o l d e d and r e a d t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s . E ach s u b j e c t

was t o l d t h a t sh e w o u ld b e g iv e n two p r a c t i c e t r i a l s i n

w h ich she was t o move h e r arm u n t i l sh e f e l t r e s i s t a n c e

a g a i n s t t h e p o i n t e r w h ich w o u ld c a u s e h e r arm t o s t o p . She

was t o l d t o move h e r arm s lo w ly and a t an e v en s p e e d r a t h e r

t h a n u s i n g s h o r t a b r u p t m ovem ents . When th e arm s to p p e d

due t o t h e f e l t r e s i s t a n c e , t h e s u b j e c t was t o l d t o c o n c e n ­

t r a t e on th e f e e l o f t h e arm i n t h a t p o s i t i o n . She was t o l d

t h a t a l l . h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n , c o n c e r n in g th e m ovem ent, s h o u ld

be c e n t e r e d on t h e s h o u ld e r j o i n t i n th e s to p p e d p o s i t i o n .

A f t e r th e two p r a c t i c e t r i a l s , t h e s u b j e c t was t o l d t h a t she

32

w ould h a v e t h r e e t r i a l s d u r in g w h ic h she w o u ld a t t e m p t t o

d u p l i c a t e th e arm p o s i t i o n o f t h e p r a c t i c e t r i a l s ,

The e x a m in e r t h e n t o l d th e s u b j e c t t o move h e r arm

u n t i l i t was s t o p p e d . A r u l e r was h e l d by t h e e x am in e r a t

th e d e s i r e d a n g le so t h a t t h e p o i n t e r w ou ld b e s to p p e d ,

c a u s in g arm movement to c e a s e a t th e d e s i r e d p o s i t i o n . The

s u b j e c t h e l d t h i s p o s i t i o n f o r t h r e e se c o n d s and t h e n was

t o l d t o r e t u r n h e r arm t o t h e o r i g i n a l p o s i t i o n o f z e ro d e ­

g r e e s a t h e r s i d e . When h e r arm was i n t h e s t a r t i n g p o s i ­

t i o n ( t h e s u b j e c t w o u ld know t h i s p o s i t i o n s i n c e t h e exam­

i n e r h e l d a p e n c i l a t t h a t p o i n t w h ic h w ou ld s t o p th e

p o i n t e r and c a u s e th e arm t o s t o p a t t h e o r i g i n a l p o s i t i o n )

t h e e x a m in e r t o l d h e r t o a g a i n r e p e a t th e p r e v i o u s m ovem ent.

She a g a i n h e l d t h i s p o s i t i o n f o r t h r e e s e c o n d s . She was

t h e n t o l d t o r e t u r n h e r arm t o t h e s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n . A f t e r

t h e s e two p r a c t i c e t r i a l s t h e s t o p p e r was rem oved and t h e

s u b j e c t was a sk e d t o r e p e a t th e m ovem ent. She was t o l d t h a t

f o r t h e s e n e x t t h r e e t r i a l s h e r arm w o u ld n o t b e s to p p e d .

When sh e f e l t t h a t she was i n t h e same p o s i t i o n , as d u r in g

th e p r a c t i c e t r i a l s , sh e was to s t o p h e r movement and a l lo w

th e i n v e s t i g a t o r t o r e a d th e p o s i t i o n t h a t h e r arm was i n .

The s c o r e was r e c o r d e d and th e s u b j e c t was t o l d t o r e t u r n h e r

arm. The d i r e c t i o n s o f " r e p e a t t h e m ovem entn and " r e t u r n

y o u r arm to t h e s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n " w ere g iv e n f o r e a c h t r i a l .

T h is was n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r f o r th e e x a m in e r t o r e c o r d th e

33

s c o r e and t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t ’ s arm came t o a c o m p le te

s to p on e v e r y t r i a l . T h e re w ere a t o t a l o f t h r e e t r i a l s f o r

e ach s u b j e c t a t e a c h o f th e t h r e e p o s i t i o n s m e a s u re d .

The s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n s and num ber o f d e g r e e s moved

f o r t h i s s t u d y w ere as f o l l o w s :

1 . S a g i t t a l arm m ovem ent, 0 t o l|-5> d e g r e e s . The arm

s t a r t s a t t h e 0 d e g re e p o s i t i o n and moves f o r w a r d and upw ard

I}5 d e g re e s on th e b o a r d .

2 . S a g i t t a l arm m ovem ent, 0 t o 90 d e g r e e s . The arm

s t a r t s a t th e 0 d e g re e p o s i t i o n and moves f o r w a r d and upw ard

90 d e g r e e s on t h e b o a r d ,

3 . S a g i t t a l arm m ovem ent, 0 t o 30 d e g r e e s . The arm

s t a r t s a t t h e 0 d e g re e p o s i t i o n and moves b a c k w a rd and u pw ard

30 d e g r e e s on th e b o a r d .

T h ese t h r e e p o s i t i o n s w e re u s e d s i n c e t h e y r e p r e s e n t

v a r i o u s p o i n t s t h a t t h e b o w lin g arm p a s s e s th r o u g h d u r in g

i t s sw in g . A lth o u g h a b o w lin g b a l l i s r e l e a s e d b y th e t im e

f o r w a r d arm movement r e a c h e s Lf.£ d e g r e e s and 90 d e g r e e s ,

t h e s e a r e a n g le s th r o u g h w hich th e b o w lin g arm p a s s e s d u r in g

i t s n a t u r a l f o l l o w th r o u g h a f t e r r e l e a s e . The 30 d e g re e

a n g le f o r t h e b a ck w a rd arm movement was c h o s e n t o s im u la t e

a p o s i t i o n s i m i l a r t o a b o w l e r ’ s b a c k sw in g . Many b o w le r s

may a c t u a l l y a c h ie v e a g r e a t e r b a c k sw in g a n g le t h a n 30

d e g r e e s . H ow ever, a b o w l e r ’s arm p o s i t i o n d u r i n g t h e b a c k ­

sw ing i s a c o m b in a t io n o f b b th s h o u l d e r movement and t r u n k

311-

l e a n . S in c e t h e s u b j e c t s w e re t e s t e d i n an e r e c t p o s i t i o n ,

a 30 d e g re e a n g le (George 1970) was c h o s e n t o r e p r e s e n t a

b a c k s w in g - ty p e movement w h i l e b e in g an a n g le s m a l l enough

t h a t i t c o u ld be c o m f o r t a b l y r e a c h e d by a l l s u b j e c t s . The

t e s t s w e re a d m i n i s t e r e d t o t h e f o r t y - t w o v o l u n t e e r s u b j e c t s

on f o u r s u c c e s s i v e c l a s s d a y s . The d a t a was c o l l e c t e d and

r e c o r d e d on p r e p a r e d fo rm s w h ich a l s o c o n t a i n e d th e s u b ­

j e c t ' s name, i n s t r u c t o r , and b o w lin g arm. A c o p y o f t h e

p r e p a r e d d a t a s h e e t may be fo u n d i n A ppendix A.

S c o r i n g th e T e s t

By r e a d i n g th e p o s i t i o n o f t h e p o i i f t e r , as i t r e l a t e d

t o t h e t e s t i n g b o a r d , t h e s c o r e oh t h e t e s t f o r e a c h t r i a l

was r e c o r d e d as t h e a b s o l u t e v a lu e o f th e d e v i a t i o n i n

d e g r e e s o f th e a n g u la r p o s i t i o n a c h ie v e d , i n c o n t r a s t to

t h e a n g le b e i n g t e s t e d .

T r e a tm e n t o f t h e D a ta

The d a t a w ere a n a ly z e d b y u s e o f th e P e a r s o n p r o d u c t -

moment c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s t a t i s t i c (Minium 1 9 7 0 ) .

P e a r s o n ’ s s t a t i s t i c a l f o rm u la w as a p p l i e d t o t h e d a t a com­

p i l e d on a l l f o r t y - t w o p a r t i c i p a t i n g s u b j e c t s . S c o re s

o b t a i n e d f ro m k i n e s t h e t i c t e s t i n g w ere com pared t o th e

p a r t i c i p a n t ’ s b o w lin g a v e r a g e . The b o w lin g a v e ra g e was com­

p u t e d b y f i n d i n g t h e mean o f t h e l a s t t h r e e games b o w led i n

c l a s s . S in c e e v e r y s u b j e c t b o w le d one game d u r i n g e a c h c l a s s

35p e r i o d , t h e s c o r e s w e re t h o s e games b o w le d d u r i n g th e f i n a l

t h r e e c l a s s p e r i o d s o f t h e s e m e s t e r .

P e a r s o n ’ s f o r m u la was a p p l i e d t o th e d a t a u s i n g f i v e

d i f f e r e n t c o m b in a t io n s , r e s u l t i n g i n f i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s . By

c o m p u tin g f i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s u s i n g t h e s e d i f f e r e n t co m b in a ­

t i o n s o f k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e s and b o w l in g a v e r a g e s , th e i n v e s ­

t i g a t o r a t t e m p te d t o f i n d some i n d i v i d u a l movement o r

c o m b in a t io n o f k i n e s t h e t i c m ovem ents t h a t w o u ld hav e a

s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o b o w l in g s u c c e s s f o r b e g in n in g

fe m a le b o w le r s . One c o r r e l a t i o n was o b t a i n e d b y c o r r e ­

l a t i n g th e r e s u l t s o f t h e s u b j e c t s 1 t o t a l s h o u l d e r j o i n t

k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y t o t h e i r b o w l in g a v e r a g e s . T o t a l

k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s h o u l d e r j o i n t was com puted

b y f i n d i n g th e mean d e v i a t i o n o f a l l t h e t r i a l s t a k e n b y t h e

s u b j e c t . T h u s , th e d e v i a t i o n f ro m e a c h t r i a l , o f a l l t h r e e

p o s i t i o n s u n d e r e x a m in a t io n , w e re summed and d i v i d e d b y t h e

t o t a l num ber o f n i n e t r i a l s . T h is mean d e v i a t i o n o f a l l n i n e

t r i a l s was te rm e d th e t o t a l k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e

s h o u l d e r . The n e x t t h r e e c o r r e l a t i o n s w ere o b t a i n e d b y

a p p ly in g P e a r s o n ' s s t a t i s t i c i n d i v i d u a l l y t o e a c h o f th e

mean d e v i a t i o n s f o r each p o s i t i o n m e a su re d a lo n g w i t h t h e

b o w lin g s c o r e s . T h is r e s u l t e d i n one c o r r e l a t i o n f o r eac h

a n g l e ; f o r w a rd arm movement f ro m 0 t o 45 d e g r e e s , f o rw a r d

arm movement f ro m 0 t o 90 d e g r e e s , and b a ck w a rd arm movement

f rom 0 t o 30 d e g r e e s . The f i f t h c o r r e l a t i o n o f th e d a t a was

36

com puted f ro m th e mean 'd e v i a t i o n o f a l l s i x t r i a l s o f t h e two

f o r w a r d p o s i t i o n s i n c o m p a r is o n w i t h th e b o w l in g s c o r e s .

T h is l a s t c o r r e l a t i o n gave t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n th e s u b ­

j e c t s 8 t o t a l f o r w a r d movement k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y and

b o w lin g p e r f o r m a n c e . A l l c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r t h i s s tu d y w ere

c o n s i d e r e d t o be s i g n i f i c a n t i f t h e y e x h i b i t e d a l e v e l o f

s i g n i f i c a n c e a t o r beyond th e .0 5 l e v e l .

Summary o f t h e C h a p te r

F o r ty - tw o v o l u n t e e r f e m a le s u b j e c t s w ere o b t a i n e d

f ro m b e g in n i n g b o w lin g c l a s s e s a t The U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a

t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a s t u d y on t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n k i n e s -

t h e s i s and b o w lin g p e r f o r m a n c e . The s u b j e c t s w ere t e s t e d

a t t h r e e d i f f e r e n t a n g le s w i t h t h r e e t r i a l s a t e ac h a n g le .

A k i n e s t h e s i o m e t e r was c o n s t r u c t e d w h ich a l lo w e d t h e s u b ­

j e c t s t o s t a n d e r e c t w h i l e t a k i n g p o s i t i o n a l t e s t s f o r

s h o u l d e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y . T e s t i n g to o k p l a c e

d u r i n g f o u r s u c c e s s i v e c l a s s d a y s i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 9 7 3 °

R e s u l t s f ro m t h e s e p o s i t i o n a l t e s t s o f k i n e s t h e s e s were

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e b o w lin g a v e r a g e s o f th e p a r t i c i p a t i n g

s u b j e c t s .

The d a t a w e re a n a ly z e d u s i n g th e P e a r s o n p r o d u c t -

moment c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s t a t i s t i c . F iv e d i f f e r e n t

c o r r e l a t i o n s , u s i n g v a r i o u s c o m b in a t io n s o f k i n e s t h e t i c

s c o r e s and b o w lin g a v e r a g e s , w e re com puted i n an a t t e m p t

t o f i n d some i n d i v i d u a l p o s i t i o n o r c o m b in a t io n s o f

p o s i t i o n s t h a t w o u ld p ro d u c e a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e

tw e e n s h o u l d e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y and b o w lin g

p e r fo rm a n c e o f b e g in n i n g f e m a le b o w l e r s „ The a c c e p t a b l e

l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r t h e s t u d y was th e „0j? l e v e l .

CHAPTER 17

ANALYSIS OF THE DATA AND PRESENTATION

OF THE FINDINGS

The p u r p o s e o f t h i s c h a p t e r i s t o p r e s e n t t h e r e s u l t s

o f t h e s t u d y . R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e l e c ­

t e d s t a t i s t i c t o t h e d a t a , a lo n g w i t h an a n a l y s i s Shd d i s ­

c u s s i o n o f t h e f i n d i n g s , w i l l be i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h i n th e

c h a p t e r .

S t a t i s t i c a l E v id e n c e

Use o f t h e P e a r s o n p ro d u c t-m o m e n t c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f ­

f i c i e n t s t a t i s t i c r e s u l t e d i n th e c o r r e l a t i o n s t h a t a p p e a r

i n T a b le 1 . F iv e d i f f e r e n t c o r r e l a t i o n s a p p e a r i n th e

t a b l e , e a c h a r r i v e d a t by u s i n g d i f f e r e n t c o m b in a t io n s o f

k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e s i n c o m p a r is o n to b o w lin g s c o r e s . T hese

v a r i o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s , w h ich c a n be r e a d f ro m t h e t a b l e ,

w ere com puted i n an e f f o r t t o d i s c o v e r any s i g n i f i c a n t

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n b o w lin g a v e ra g e and k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i ­

t i v i t y a t r e p r o d u c i n g any o n e , a l l , o r c o m b in a t io n s o f th e

a n g le s t e s t e d . A l l raw d a t a , f ro m w h ich th e i n f o r m a t i o n

c o n t a i n e d i n t h e t a b l e was co m puted , a p p e a rs i n A ppendix B.

As shown by T a b le 1 , a l l c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n k i n e s ­

t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y and b o w l in g p e r fo rm a n c e p r o d u c e d n e g a t i v e

T a b le 1 , C o r r e l a t i o n s B etw een S e l e c t e d Movements and Bow ling A v erages

Movement

Mean . B ow ling A verage

MeanK i n e s t h e t i c

S c o r e s

S ta n d a r d D e v i a t i o n o f K i n e s t h e t i c

S c o re s

C o r r e ­l a t i o nC o e f f i ­c i e n t

L e v e lo f

‘ S i g n i f ­ic a n c e

Forw ard^ ij-5 d e g re e s 109 .'90 3 .4 6 0 3 .9 3 8 - . 1 0 4 MS

F o rw a rd ; 90 d e g re e s 1 0 9 .9 0 5 .1 8 3 4 .2 8 3 - . 2 1 7 MS

B ackw ard; 30 d e g re e s 1 0 9 .9 0 2 .5 8 7 1.544 - .3 9 6 .01

C o m b in a t io n ; i |5 and 90 d e g re e s ( t o t a l f o r w a r d movement) 1 0 9 .9 0 k- 3.45 2 .8 6 7 - .2 2 1 KS

T o t a l arm movement 1 0 9 .9 0 3 .7 2 5 I .907 - .3 1 3 .025

S i g n i f i c a n c e a t .0 5 = »257S i g n i f i c a n c e a t .0 25 = . 3 OkS i g n i f i c a n c e a t .01 = .358

u>xO

lj-0v a l u e s „ H ow ever, th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s q u a n t i f i e d b y t h e s e

c o e f f i c i e n t s h a v e a p o s i t i v e c o n n o t a t i o n . S in c e th e s c o r i n g

t e c h n i q u e s u s e d f o r m e a s u r in g k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y p r o ­

du ced low v a l u e s f o r good p e r fo rm a n c e and h i g h v a l u e s f o r

p o o r p e r f o r m a n c e , t h e a c t u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n k i n e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y and b o w lin g p e r fo rm a n c e was p o s i t i v e .

As i n d i c a t e d i n T a b le 1 , th e mean b o w l in g a v e ra g e o f

t h e f o r t y - t w o f e m a le s u b j e c t s was 1 0 9 .9 0 . T h is s t a t i s t i c

re m a in e d a c o n s t a n t mean f o r a l l c o m b in a t io n s o f b o w lin g

s c o r e s and k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e s s i n c e t h e same b o w l in g a v e r ­

a g e s w ere u s e d i n th e c o m p u ta t io n o f a l l c o r r e l a t i o n s . The

t a b l e a l s o i n d i c a t e s th e mean o f t h e k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e s t h a t

t h e f o r t y - t w o s u b j e c t s a c h ie v e d a t e ac h p o s i t i o n , w h ic h i s

a c t u a l l y t h e a v e ra g e d e v i a t i o n i n d e g re e s f ro m t h e d e s i r e d

a n g le , a lo n g w i th t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f s u c h s c o r e s .

The l a s t co lum n o f th e t a b l e i n d i c a t e s t h e l e v e l o f s i g ­

n i f i c a n c e . The a c c e p t e d l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r t h i s

s t u d y was a t o r b ey o n d th e . 0 5 l e v e l . I f a c o r r e l a t i o n was

s i g n i f i c a n t , i t s l e v e l was i n d i c a t e d . I f a c o r r e l a t i o n

p r o v e d t o b e i n s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e a c c e p te d l e v e l , i t was so

i n d i c a t e d b y th e l e t t e r s HS. The l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e was

d e te r m in e d b y r e f e r r i n g t o a t a b l e o f s i g n i f i c a n c e (Minium

1970; W ) .

1AR e s u l t s o f P o s i t i o n a l M easu rem en ts

F o rw a rd , 0 t o k.% d e c r e e s ; Of th e two f o r w a r d p o s i ­

t i o n s m e a s u re d , t h e s u b j e c t s h a d t h e b e s t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n ­

s i t i v i t y i n r e p r o d u c i n g t h i s p o s i t i o n , h a v in g a c h ie v e d a

m ean k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e o f 3.i|.60 w i t h a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f

2 ,938 o A l th o u g h th e s u b j e c t s w ere m ost s u c c e s s f u l i n r e p r o ­

d u c in g t h i s f o r w a r d m ovem ent, t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t

b e tw e e n k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e s a c h ie v e d a t t h i s p o s i t i o n and

b o w l in g a v e ra g e was o n ly -,10l|_. T h is c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t

d i d n o t p r o v e t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t no s i g n i f i ­

c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t e d b e tw e e n b o w l e r s 1 a b i l i t y to r e p r o ­

duce t h i s p o s i t i o n and t h e i r b o w l in g p e r f o r m a n c e .

F o rw a rd , 0 t o 90 d e g r e e s : As a g ro u p , t h e s u b j e c t s

w ere l e a s t s u c c e s s f u l i n r e p r o d u c i n g t h i s p o s i t i o n . T h e i r

m ean k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e f o r t h i s movement was 5 -1 8 3 w i t h a

s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f I}..2 8 3 . A l th o u g h t h e s u b j e c t s w ere

l e a s t s u c c e s s f u l i n r e p r o d u c i n g t h i s p o s i t i o n k i n e s t h e t ­

i c a l l y , t h e r e was a c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t b e tw e e n k i n e s -

t h e s i s and b o w lin g o f - . 2 1 7 . T h is was a h i g h e r c o r r e l a t i o n

t h a n a t t h e o t h e r f o r w a r d movement m e a su re d , b u t s t i l l one

o f no s i g n i f i c a n c e . A g a in , k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f

r e p r o d u c in g t h i s p o s i t i o n , as com pared t o b o w l in g a v e r a g e ,

p ro d u c e d an i n s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p .

B ackw ard , 0 t o 30 d e g r e e s ; As a g ro u p , t h e s u b j e c t s

w ere m o s t a c c u r a t e i n k i n e s t h e t i c a l l y r e p r o d u c i n g t h i s

lj.2

p o s i t i o n . They a c h ie v e d a m ean k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e o f 2 .5 8 ?

and a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f H o s t i m p o r t a n t l y , a

c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f - . 3 9 6 r e s u l t e d . T h is p r o v e d t o

b e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .01 l e v e l . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e was a

s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y

i n r e p r o d u c i n g t h i s b a ck w a rd movement and b e g i n n i n g b o w lin g

p e r f o r m a n c e .

O o m b in a t io n , US d e g r e e s and 90 d e g r e e s : C o m b in a t io n

o f k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e s a c h i e v e d a t t h e two f o r w a r d p o s i t i o n s

r e s u l t e d i n a mean k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e o f U..3k$ and a s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t i o n o f 2 .867= T h is c o m b in a t io n , w h ic h i n d i c a t e d t o t a l

k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s h o u l d e r j o i n t d u r i n g f o r w a r d

m ovem ent, r e s u l t e d i n a mean k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e l e s s t h a n

t h a t o f t h e 90 d e g re e p o s i t i o n b u t g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f th e

d e g re e p o s i t i o n . T h is c o m b in a t io n d i d lo w e r t h e s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t i o n t o a num ber t h a t was l e s s t h a n t h a t o f t h e p o s i ­

t i o n s i n d i v i d u a l l y . T h is c o m b i n a t i o n p ro d u c e d a c o r r e l a ­

t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f - . 2 2 1 , w h ic h was a h i g h e r c o r r e l a t i o n

t h a n e i t h e r o f t h e two p o s i t i o n s i n d e p e n d e n t l y . However,

t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n i s s t i l l o f no s i g n i f i c a n c e , i n d i c a t i n g a

p o o r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h i s c o m b in a t io n o f k i n e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t i e s and b e g in n i n g b o w l in g p e r f o r m a n c e .

T o ta l sh o u ld er j o i n t k in e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y : Combi­

n a t io n o f a l l k in e s t h e t i c m easures o f each s u b je c t a lo n g w ith

r e s p e c t iv e b o w lin g s c o r e s r e s u l t e d in a mean k in e s t h e t i c

s c o r e o f 3 .7 2 5 and a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f 1 .9 0 7 . A c o r ­

r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f - .3 1 3 r e s u l t e d w h ich was s i g n i f i c a n t

a t t h e .0 2 5 l e v e l . T o t a l s h o u l d e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i ­

t i v i t y , c o m p r i s e d o f b o t h f o r w a r d and b a ck w a rd m e a su re m e n ts ,

p r o d u c e d a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p when co m pared t o b e g i n ­

n i n g b o w lin g p e r f o r m a n c e .

D is c u s s io n o f R e s u lt s

C o r r e la t io n s f o r th e v a r io u s co m b in a tio n s o f k in e s ­

t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y and b ow lin g perform ance p roved s i g n i f i c a n t

f o r two c a s e s . A s i g n i f i c a n t r e la t io n s h ip e x i s t e d f o r b a ck ­

ward arm movement and fo r t o t a l sh o u ld er k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i ­

t i v i t y . The r e s u l t s f o r t o t a l sh o u ld e r k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v ­

i t y may be m is le a d in g . T h is m easurem ent was com posed o f

m easurem ents from b o th forw ard and backward m ovem ent. I n d i ­

v id u a l ly , and in c o m b in a tio n , th e forw ard movements p r o v id e d

no s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e la t io n . The backward movement d id p rove

to be s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 1 l e v e l . 'When forw ard and b a ck ­

ward movements w ere com bined to a r r iv e a t t o t a l k in e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y , th e c o r r e la t io n p roved to be s i g n i f i c a n t a t

th e .0 2 5 l e v e l . T h e r e fo r e , th e r e a l s i g n i f i c a n t m easure­

ment seem s to be t h a t o f backward movement. In d e p e n d e n tly ,

backward movement produced th e h ig h e s t c o r r e la t io n ; and

o n ly when o th e r m easurem ents w ere com bined w ith i t t o p r o ­

duce t o t a l k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y d id any o th e r s i g n i f i ­

cance e x i s t . A lthou gh t o t a l sh o u ld er j o in t s e n s i t i v i t y d id

kbp r o v id e a s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e la t io n , backward k in e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y may be th e b e s t k in e s t h e t i c in d ic a t io n o f b e g in ­

n in g b o w lin g s u c c e s s . H owever, th e s e r e s u l t s m ust be k ep t

in t h e i r p rop er p e r s p e c t iv e . A lthough th e two h ig h e s t c o r r e ­

l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , - .3 9 6 and - .3 1 3 , were s i g n i f i c a n t a t

th e .0 1 and «023> l e v e l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , th e s e c o r r e la t io n s

are s t i l l v e r y s m a ll . T h e r e fo r e , g r e a t ca re m ust be ta k en

when a n a ly z in g th e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y in term s o f o v e r ­

e s t im a t in g th e m agnitude o f th e r e la t io n s h ip b etw een k in e s ­

t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y and b o w lin g p erform an ce.

These r e s u l t s w ou ld seem t o in d ic a t e t h a t fem a le

s u b j e c t s who e x h ib i t g r e a te r sh o u ld er j o in t k in e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y w ith r e s p e c t t o backward movement may p o s s ib ly

a c h ie v e g r e a te r s u c c e s s in b ow lin g a t th e b e g in n in g l e v e l .

The i n v e s t ig a t o r h y p o th e s iz e d t h e o r ie s to e x p la in

th e s e r e s u l t s . The b o w ler had th e b a l l i n h er p o s s e s s io n

d u rin g the backward movement o f th e arm b u t by th e tim e h e r

arm p a sse d through th e forw ard p o s i t i o n s u se d in t h i s s tu d y

th e b a l l had a lr e a d y b een r e l e a s e d . A lthough th e b o w lin g

arm may p a ss through th e s e forw ard p o s i t io n s due to momentum

o f th e fo l lo w -th r o u g h , th e sh o u ld e r k in e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y

may be o f l e s s im portance in th e s e forw ard movements s in c e

th e b a l l had a lr e a d y b een r e le a s e d and c o u ld n o t be a f f e c t e d .

P erhaps b e g in n in g b o w lers who have g r e a te r k in e s t h e t i c s e n ­

s i t i v i t y in rep ro d u c in g backward movements c o u ld be more

s u c c e s s f u l b e c a u s e t h e y c o u ld b e more s e n s i t i v e t o th e f e e l

o f t h e i r arm d u r in g t h e b a c k s w in g . W ith g r e a t e r a w a re n e s s

o f t h e i r arm p o s i t i o n d u r in g t h e b a c k sw in g , p e r f o r m e r s may

b e a b le t o p ro d u c e more c o n s i s t e n t b a c k s w in g s . W ith t h e

a b i l i t y t o r e p r o d u c e a c o n s i s t e n t b a c k sw in g , b o w le r s may p r o ­

duce a c o n s i s t e n t d e l i v e r y com posed o f p r o p e r t im i n g and

c o o r d i n a t i o n o f movements w h ich w o u ld a f f e c t t h e b o w le rs*

p e r f o r m a n c e . I f t h e s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n f o r f o r w a r d s h o u l d e r

movement k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y h a d b e e n a t a p o s i t i o n

w h ic h s i m u l a t e d a p o i n t d u r in g t h e b a c k sw in g r a t h e r t h a n a t

th e b o w l e r ' s s i d e , and i f th e m e a su re m e n ts h a d b e e n t a k e n

a t v a r i o u s p o s i t i o n s w h i l e t h e arm moved f o r w a r d b u t n o t

p a s t t h e v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n , a t w h ic h m ost r e l e a s e s a re made,

d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s may h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d . T h is ty p e o f

movement w o u ld s i m u la t e f o r w a r d arm movement p r i o r t o r e l e a s e

r a t h e r t h a n a f t e r r e l e a s e w h ich c o u ld p o s s i b l y p ro d u c e d i f ­

f e r e n t r e s u l t s b e tw e e n fo r w a rd movement k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i ­

t i v i t y .

The i n v e s t i g a t o r d e c id e d t h a t , due t o th e k i n e s t h e t i c

r e s u l t s a c h ie v e d b y t h e s u b j e c t s i n r e p r o d u c i n g p o s i t i o n ,

i t w ou ld be i n t e r e s t i n g t o com pute t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n

t h e v a r i o u s p o s i t i o n s m e a s u re d . T h is was done t o se e i f

any t r e n d s e x i s t e d b e tw e e n t h e a b i l i t y t o r e p r o d u c e one

p o s i t i o n as com pared t o t h e o t h e r s . As i n d i c a t e d i n T ab le

2 , no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s w ere f o u n d . A p o s i t i v e .

¥>T a b le 2„ C o r r e l a t i o n s B e tw een S e l e c t e d Movements and

K i n e s t h e t i c S c o r e s

90 D e g re e s 30 D e g re e s lj-5 and 90 D e g re e s

l\$ D e g re e s .2 2 - . 2 0

90 D eg rees - . 0 9

30 D e g re e s - . 1 6

S i g n i f i c a n c e a t „05 = =257

a l th o u g h i n s i g n i f i c a n t , r e l a t i o n s h i p o f ,2 2 was fo u n d t o

e x i s t b e tw e e n th e two f o r w a r d p o s i t i o n s . When co m p arin g

k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e b a ck w a rd 3 0 - d e g r e e movement,

w h ic h seem ed t o be t h e b e s t i n d i c a t o r o f b o w l in g p e r f o r m a n c e ,

t o t h e r e s u l t s o f k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e s a c h i e v e d a t t h e two

f o r w a r d p o s i t i o n s , and t h e i r c o m b in a t io n , a n e g a t i v e i n s i g ­

n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p o c c u r r e d . A l th o u g h s u b j e c t s w i th b e t ­

t e r k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y i n r e p r o d u c i n g t h e b ack w ard

movement w ere more s u c c e s s f u l i n b e g in n i n g b o w l in g p e r f o r m ­

ance, t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n th e k i n ­

e s t h e t i c s c o r e t h e y a c h ie v e d a t t h a t p o s i t i o n and th e

k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e t h e y o b t a i n e d a t any o t h e r p o s i t i o n .

T h ere seems t o be no s i g n i f i c a h t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n th e

s u b j e c t s * k i n e s t h e t i c a b i l i t y t o r e p r o d u c e one p o s i t i o n asicompared- t o any o t h e r p o s i t i o n , a t l e a s t f o r t h o s e a n g le s

i n t h i s s t u d y . T h is i n d i c a t e s t h a t w h i l e a p e r s o n may be

k l

v e r y s u c c e s s f u l a t k i n e s t h e t i c a l l y r e p r o d u c i n g one p o s i ­

t i o n , she may n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b e as p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y s u c c e s s ­

f u l i n r e p r o d u c i n g o t h e r p o s i t i o n s .

One a d d i t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c o f i n t e r e s t , as T a b le 1

i n d i c a t e d , was t h a t t h e s u b j e c t s w ere more a c c u r a t e i n

r e p r o d u c in g s m a l l e r a n g l e s . F o r th o s e a n g le s m e a s u re d by

t h i s s tu d y , t h e s u b j e c t s w ere m ore s u c c e s s f u l i n r e p r o d u c i n g

a 30 d e g re e a n g le , t h e n th e d e g re e a n g le , and t h e n th e 90

d e g re e a n g le w i t h mean k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e s o f 2 . ^ 8 ? , 3.1i-60,

5 . 1 8 3 ? r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h ese r e s u l t s s u p p o r t e d th e f i n d i n g s

o f L lo y d and C a ld w e l l (1965) and W eiss ( 195W who fo u n d

t h a t a c c u ra c y i n r e p r o d u c i n g p o s i t i o n s d e c r e a s e d as t h e s i z e

o f t h e a n g le i n c r e a s e d .

Summary

The a n a l y s i s o f th e d a t a r e v e a l e d some s i g n i f i c a n t

c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n s h o u ld e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y

and b o w l in g p e r f o rm a n c e . A s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n a t th e

.0 2 5 l e v e l e x i s t e d b e tw e e n t o t a l s h o u l d e r j o i n t s e n s i t i v i t y

and b o w l in g a v e r a g e . An e v e n h i g h e r c o r r e l a t i o n , s i g n i f i ­

c a n t a t t h e .0 1 l e v e l , e x i s t e d b e tw e e n b a ck w a rd arm movement

k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y and b o w l in g p e r f o r m a n c e . The c o r r e -

l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r th e o t h e r m e a su re s w e re n o t h i g h

enough t o b e c o n s i d e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t . T hese d a t a i n d i c a t e d

t h a t p e r fo rm a n c e on p o s i t i o n a l t e s t s o f s h o u l d e r j o i n t

k i n e s t h e s i s was m ost s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d t o b o w l in g s u c ­

c e s s f o r b e g in n i n g fe m a le b o w le r s when th e p o s i t i o n a l t e s t s

i n c l u d e d b a c k w a rd m ovem ents a lo n e o r , l e s s s i g n i f i c a n t l y ,

when b a ck w a rd movements a r e co m b in ed w i t h f o r w a r d m ovem ents

A d d i t i o n a l c o r r e l a t i o n s w ere made on th e d a t a i n an

a t t e m p t t o d i s c o v e r any s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw ee n

th e a b i l i t y o f th e s u b j e c t s t o r e p r o d u c e one p o s i t i o n i n

c o m p a r is o n t o t h e i r a b i l i t y t o r e p r o d u c e any o t h e r p o s i ­

t i o n . A l l su c h c o r r e l a t i o n s p r o v e d i n s i g n i f i c a n t i n d i ­

c a t i n g t h a t t h e r e was no r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e s u b j e c t s 1

k i n e s t h e t i c a b i l i t y t o r e p r o d u c e one p o s i t i o n as com pared

t o any o t h e r p o s i t i o n , a t l e a s t f o r th o s e a n g le s u s e d i n

t h e i r s t u d y .

The d a t a d i d show t h a t , as t h e s i z e o f t h e a n g le

i n c r e a s e d , t h e s u b j e c t ' s k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y i n r e p r o ­

d u c in g t h e a n g le d e c r e a s e d . T h is s u p p o r t e d th e f i n d i n g s o f

p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s „

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The p ro b lem o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y was t o d e te r m in e i f

t h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e s h o u l d e r

j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f b e g in n i n g fe m a le b o w le r s

and t h e i r b o w lin g p e r f o r m a n c e . The i n v e s t i g a t o r fo rm ed

f i v e d i f f e r e n t h y p o t h e s e s c o n c e r n i n g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e tw e e n k i n e s t h e s i a and b o w lin g p e r f o rm a n c e .

I n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e q u e s t i o n , t h e f o l lo w in g

p r o c e d u r e s w ere em ployed :

1 . L i t e r a t u r e deemed p e r t i n e n t was r e v ie w e d t o a id

i n an u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p ro b le m . The n a t u r e o f k i n e s -

t h e s i s and f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g i t w e re s t u d i e d . T e c h n iq u e s

f o r m e a s u r in g k i n e s t h e s i s w ere r e v ie w e d . C o n s i d e r a t i o n was

g iv e n t o p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s a b o u t k i n e s t h e s i s , e s p e c i a l l y t o

t h o s e s t u d i e s c o n c e r n i n g i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o m o to r s k i l l

p e r f o r m a n c e .

2 . To t e s t th e h y p o t h e s e s , a k i n e s t h e s i o m e t e r was

c o n s t r u c t e d t o t e s t t h e k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f f o r t y -

two fe m a le s u b j e c t s e n r o l l e d i n b e g in n in g b o w lin g c l a s s e s .

49

£0

The s u b j e c t s w ere m e a s u re d on t h r e e p o s i t i o n a l t e s t s o f

s h o u l d e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y , two f o r w a r d a n g le s

and one b a c k w a rd a n g le .

3 . F o l lo w in g c o m p le t io n o f t h e t e s t i n g , th e d a t a

w ere a n a ly z e d t o d e te r m in e i f a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p

d i d e x i s t b e tw e e n t h e k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f b e g in n in g

fe m a le b o w le r s and t h e i r b o w l in g p e r f o r m a n c e . Use o f t h e

P e a r s o n p ro d u c t-m o m e n t c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t p e r m i t t e d

th e i n v e s t i g a t o r t o t e s t f o r any s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n .

The p r im a r y v a lu e o f t h e s t u d y was t o p r o v i d e know­

le d g e r e g a r d i n g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i ­

t i v i t y and b o w l in g . Such know ledge was f e l t t o be o f

im p o r ta n c e t o c o a c h e s and t e a c h e r s o f b o w lin g i n p o s s i b l y

p r e d i c t i n g and a i d i n g i n th e s u c c e s s f u l p e r f o r m a n c e o f

b e g in n i n g b o w l e r s e F u r t h e r m o r e , , t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y

w o u ld p r o v id e a d d i t i o n a l know ledge a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p y

b e tw e e n k i n e s t h e s i s and p e r f o r m a n c e on m o to r s k i l l s .

M ajor F in d in g s

The m a jo r f i n d i n g s o f t h e s tu d y w e re :

1 . A c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f - .3 9 6 , s i g n i f i c a n t

a t t h e .0 1 l e v e l , e x i s t s b e tw e e n th e b ack w ard o r movement

k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f b e g i n n i n g fe m a le b o w l e r s and

t h e i r b o w l in g a v e r a g e s .

2 . A c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f - . 3 1 3 , s i g n i f i c a n t

a t t h e .0 2 5 l e v e l , e x i s t s b e tw e e n b e g in n i n g b o w l in g

51p e r fo rm a n c e and t o t a l s h o u l d e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y ,

th e c o m b in a t io n o f a l l k i n e s t h e t i c s c o r e s a c h ie v e d a t b o th

fo r w a r d and. b a ck w a rd p o s i t i o n s .

3« I n s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s e x i s t e d b e tw e e n a l l

o t h e r p o s i t i o n a l m e a su re s o f k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y and

b o w l in g p e r f o r m a n c e .

4 . T h ere was no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n

t h e s u b j e c t s ’ a b i l i t y t o r e p r o d u c e one p o s i t i o n as com pared

t o any o t h e r p o s i t i o n .

G o n e lu s io n s

W i t h i n t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h i s s t u d y and b a s e d u p o n

t h e r e s u l t s , th e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s w ere d raw n :

1 . B e g in n in g f e m a le b o w le r s who e x h i b i t e d g r e a t e r

b a c k w a rd arm movement k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f th e s h o u l ­

d e r j o i n t a c h i e v e d a h i g h e r l e v e l o f b o w lin g p e r f o r m a n c e .

2 . B e g in n in g fe m a le b o w le r s who e x h i b i t e d g r e a t e r

t o t a l s h o u l d e r j o i n t k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y , as m e a su re d

b y b o th f o r w a r d and b a ck w a rd aim m ovem ents , a c h i e v e d a

h i g h e r l e v e l o f b o w l in g p e r f o r m a n c e . T h is c o n c l u s i o n m ust

be q u a l i f i e d b y s t a t i n g t h a t t h e m ost i m p o r t a n t m easu rem en t

a p p e a re d t o be t h e b ack w ard arm movement s i n c e f o r w a rd

movements a lo n e p ro d u c e d no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

3° As t h e s i z e o f t h e a n g le i n c r e a s e d , t h e k i n e s ­

t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s u b j e c t s d e c r e a s e d i n t h e i r

a b i l i t y to r e p r o d u c e t h e p o s i t i o n .

52

4 . The M n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y a t r e p r o d u c i n g p o s i ­

t i o n i s s p e c i f i c t o t h e p o s i t i o n b e in g t e s t e d .

Recom m endations

The f o l lo w in g are recom m endations f o r fu r th e r s tu d y

p e r ta in in g to the r e la t io n s h ip b etw een k in e s t h e t i c s e n s i ­

t i v i t y and b o w lin g :

1 . A s t u d y s h o u ld be c o n d u c te d t o d i s c o v e r w h e th e r

t h e k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y o f b e g in n in g b o w le r s i s o f any

s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p i n c o m p a r is o n t o t h e p e r fo rm a n c e

l e v e l s b e tw e e n th e e a r l i e r s t a g e s o f a c q u i r i n g th e s k i l l

and t h e l a t e r s t a g e s o f s k i l l a c q u i s i t i o n .

2 . A s t u d y s h o u ld be c o n d u c te d u s i n g p o s i t i o n a l

t e s t s o f k i n e s t h e s i s w h ich u s e a b ack w ard arm p o s i t i o n as

t h e o r i g i n and k i n e s t h e t i c m e a su re m e n ts o f f o r w a r d arm

m ovements i n w h ich th e s h o u l d e r d o es n o t e x c e e d t h e u s u a l

v e r t i c a l a n g le o f r e l e a s e .

3 . A s tu d y s h o u ld b e c o n d u c te d u s i n g k i n e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y s c o r e s a c h ie v e d b y b o w le r s on s e v e r a l b a ck w ard

arm movements t o t e s t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e a b i l i t y

t o r e p r o d u c e su c h p o s i t i o n s and b o w lin g p e r f o r m a n c e .

1}.. A s t u d y s h o u ld b e c o n d u c te d u s i n g nonb eg i n n in g

b o w le r s o f s e v e r a l a b i l i t y l e v e l s t o f i n d th e r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e tw e e n k i n e s t h e t i c s e n s i t i v i t y and b o w l in g p e r f o r m a n c e .

S t u d i e s c o n c e r n in g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n

k i n e s t h e s i s and b o w lin g s h o u l d i n c l u d e m e a su re m e n ts on

b o t h f e m a le and m a le p e r f o r m e r s „

APPENDIX A

SCORE SHEET - KINESTHETIC SENSITIVITY

NAME: ________ _______________________ DATE: _

INSTRUCTOR:

TEST POSITION ACHIEVED ABSOLUTEPOSITION DEVIATION DEVIATION

lo F o rw ard Iff?0 1» 1 . 1»2.c 2, 2o3 . 3» ..... 3.»

2 0 Forward 90° 1 . 1 . ______ 1 ,2. 2 ,, 2.3« 3 . 3°

3 , Backw ard 30° lo 1 . 1 .2o 2 . 2 .3 q 3 . . ...... 3 .

Mean o f t r i a l s a t e a c h p o s i t i o n i n a b s o l u t e d e v i a t i o n s c o r e s :

1|5° = . ,

90° = '

3 0 ° = ■ ' •

l\$° + 90° = - -

T o t a l mean o f a l l t r i a l s i n d e v i a t i o n s =

BOWLING- AVERAGE =

I

APPENDIX B

RAW DATA SCORES FROM STUDY

Mean K in e s t h e t ic S coresS ub­j e c t 45 ° 90° 30°"' 45+90° T o ta l

B ow lingAverage

1 1 .3 3 5 .6 7 3 .0 0 3 .5 0 3*33 1 1 0 .0 02 1 ,3 3 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 2 . 6 7 3 .1 1 1 0 3 .6 73 2 .6 7 4 .6 7 2 .0 0 3 .6 7 3 .1 1 123*674 3 .6 7 2 ,3 3 0 .0 0 3 ,0 0 2 .0 0 1 2 3 .6 75 1 .3 3 ,6 7 1 ,3 3 1 .0 0 1 .1 1 116*36 10*67 1 8 .6 7 ,3 3 1 4 , 6 7 9 .8 9 1 1 7 ,6 77 1 .3 3 1 .0 0 2 .3 3 1 , 1 7 1 ,5 5 1 3 2 ,6 78 2 .0 0 1 1 .6 7 I .6 7 6 . 8 3 5*11 8 6 .6 79 2 .6 7 3 ,0 0 2 .3 3 2 .8 3 2 . 6 7 122*67

10 .3 3 6 .0 0 4 .0 0 3 , 1 7 3 , 4 4 1 2 1 .311 4 .3 3 ,3 3 .6 7 2 .3 3 1 . 7 7 1 3 7 ,3 312 4 ,3 3 7 .3 3 2 ,3 3 5 ,8 3 4 ,6 6 101*3313 5 ,3 3 1 5 .6 7 .3 3 1 0 . 5 0 7 .1 1 1 1 6 .6 714 2 .6 7 . 3 .3 3 2 .3 3 3 .0 0 2 .7 7 1 2 0 .0 015 5 .3 3 3 .0 0 4 ,6 7 4 ,1 7 4 ,3 3 103*3316 1 2 .0 0 7 .0 0 1 .0 0 9 ,5 0 6 . 6 7 1 0 4 .6 717 5 .6 7 1 .6 7 2 .3 3 3*67 3*22 9 0 ,6 718 7 .0 0 1 2 .0 0 3 .3 3 9 .5 0 7*44 8 8 .0 019 0 .0 0 1 4 . 0 0 2 .6 7 7 .0 0 5.55 107*6720 1 .3 3 4 ,3 3 4 .3 3 2 .8 3 3 « .i i 8 5 ,3 321 1 .3 3 2 ,6 7 2 .6 7 2 .0 0 2 .1 1 9 2 ,3 322 2 .0 0 4 .6 7 ,3 3 3 ,3 3 2 ,3 3 1 1 6 .0 023 9 .0 0 4 ,3 3 ' 5 ,3 3 6 . 6 7 6 .2 2 106*6724 1 .0 0 5 . 6 7 2 ,3 3 3 .3 3 3*00 1 1 6 .0 025 5 c 33 7 .0 0 1 .0 0 6 .1 7 4.44 1 1 6 .0 026 .3 3 2 ,6 7 4*67 1 .5 0 2 .5 5 1 1 7 ,0 02? 3o;33 2 .0 0 2 .6 7 2 .6 7 2 . 6 7 1 0 6 .6 ?28 1 .3 3 3*00 2 .3 3 2 . 1 7 2 .2 2 113*3329 1 .0 0 4 .3 3 1 .6 7 2 .6 7 2 .3 3 9 9 .6 730 1 ,3 3 1 1 .3 3 2 .3 3 6 ,3 3 5*00 1 0 1 .0 031 6 .3 3 4 . 6 7 3 ,6 7 6 .5 0 5 ,5 5 1 0 1 .3 3 .32 0 .0 0 7 .6 7 8 .0 0 ‘ 3 ,8 3 5 * 2 2 8 5 .6 733 6 .0 0 1 .3 3 2 ,3 3 3 ,6 7 3*22 1 1 6 .0 034 1 .0 0 1 . 0 0 1 .3 3 1 .0 0 1 .1 1 1 0 0 .6 735 7 .6 7 1 . 6 7 2 .0 0 4 ,6 7 2 o,77 1 0 0 .6 736 2 .6 7 1 .3 3 1 .6 7 2 .0 0 1 .8 9 117*67

55

5>6

Sub- B ow lin g.jeot k$r 90° 3 0 ° kS+90 T o ta l A verage

37 3 . 0 0 7 .0 0 lj- ,00 5 .0 0 4 .6 6 1 2 1 .3 338 1 . 0 0 3 .3 3 3 .3 3 2 . 1 7 ' 2 . 5 5 1 1 5 .6 739 2 .0 0 3 .6 7 1 .6 7 2 .8 3 2 . Ml 1 3 2 .6 740 5 .0 0 9 .0 0 3 .3 3 7 .0 0 5 .7 8 1 0 5 .6 741 7 . 6.7 2 . 0 0 3 .6 7 4 . 8 2 4 . 4 4 9 8 .3 342 1 .67 1.00 3.33 1 .33 2 .00 122.00

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Jo h n s o n , B a r r y L . , and J a c k K. N e l s o n . The P r a c t i c a lM easu rem en ts f o r E v a l u a t i o n i n P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n . New Y ork : " B u rg e s s P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1969 .

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Murphy, M aureen A. "The I n t r a - I n d i v i d u a l V a r i a b i l i t y o f K i n e s t h e t i c S en se o f S h o u ld e r J o i n t A b d u c t io n f o r S k i l l e d and U n s k i l l e d M odem D a n c e r s . " U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ’s T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a , 1 97 1 .

P h i l l i p s , M a r j o r i e , and Dean Summers. . " R e l a t i o n o f K i n e s ­t h e t i c P e r c e p t i o n t o M otor L e a r n i n g , " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , V o l . 25 (Decem ber 1 9 5 4 ) , p . 4 56 .

P o s n e r , M. I . " C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f V i s u a l and K i n e s t h e t i c Memory C o d e s , " J o u r n a l o f E x p e r im e n ta l P s y c h o lo g y , V o l . 75, Ho. 1 (1 9 6 7 ) , p p . 1 0 3 -1 0 7 .

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W eiss* B e r n a r d „ “The R o le o f P r o p r i o c e p t i v e F e e d b ac k i n P o s i t i o n i n g R e s p o n s e s * 11 J o u r n a l o f E x p e r im e n ta l P sy ch o lo g y * V o l . i|-7* No. 3 ( 1 9 5 4 ) .

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.1 0

7 9 4 8 8