The Relationship Between Classroom Ergonomics and Student Academic Performance in Gambang_2

7/28/2019 The Relationship Between Classroom Ergonomics and Student Academic Performance in Gambang_2

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEENCLASSROOM ERGONOMICS

AND STUDENT ACADEMICPERFORMANCE IN

GAMBANG’S PRIMARY

SCHOOL



INTRODUCTION

CLASSROOM ERGONOMICS

Poor Lighting

Temperature

Excessive Noise



PROBLEM STATEMENT

Students spend at least 8 or more hours at any

given time in the school environmen

student academic performance decline

indirectly when students espouse to poor

classroom condition

the study is to examine the relationship

between student academic performance and

classroom ergonomics in Gambang’s Primary

School in Malaysia



RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

To study the relationship between classroomergonomics and student academic performancein Gambang’s Primary School.

To identify the risk factors which influencedstudent academic performance in Gambang’sPrimary School.

To identify the most significant risk factor affecting student academic performance inGambang’ Primary School.



RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What is the relationship between classroom

ergonomics and student academic performance

in Gambang’s Primary School.

Is there any effects of classroom condition on

student academic performance in Gambang’s

Primary School.



OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Classroom ergonomics

Primary School

Student Academic Performance



CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Students in the

classroom Classroom ergonomics factors

-lighting-temperature

-noise

Individual factors

-age, gender,-posture, duration

-physical fitness

Health of student

Student academic

performance



SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY

this study is important to determine the effects

of classroom condition on student academic

performance.

this study will provide useful information to

the students in the education field for the

further study.



SCOPE OF STUDY

The experimental study will be carried out to

access the classroom condition in Gambang

Primary School. This study will focus on the

level of classroom lighting , classroom

temperature and level of noise which is

suitable for students in the classroom during

their study. The data of the lighting,temperature and noise will be collected by

instruments.



LITERATURE REVIEW



INTRODUCTION

This chapter examines the literature related to

the influence that classroom ergonomic have

on student academic performance.



ERGONOMIC DEFINITION

“Ergonomics” is derived from Greek work ergo(work ) and nomos (laws) to represent the science of the work (Bush, 2012)

ergonomic is a science that focus on the comfort of the workstation and all of its physiological aspects tothe human(Geotsch,2008)



2.3 CLASSROOM BUILDINGCONDITION

2.3.1 Temperature

2.3.1.1 The definition of the temperature

According to Parsons (2003), temperature can be

assumed as the average kinetic energy (heat) in a body at a molecular level . It is one kind of physical property of a subject which normally cause cold or hot to the subject. temperature can be transferredfrom one solid to another solid . The unit of

temperature is Fahrenheit degree scale (F). However ,in SI units , Celsius degree id used (0C).



2.3.1.2 Metabolic Temperature

A large part of the heat is produced by cells of bodyand transform into energy (PARSONS,2003). Heat

produced by body tissues can utilize to maintain body

core temperature. When heat production in the bodyexceeds the body’s heat loss, body temperature rises.Metabolic heat in the body is transferred byconvection from the muscle activities to the bloodstream and lastly affecting body core temperature.



Conduction is heat transfer from solid to solid and itonly has little effect on human body heat transfer.Heat conduction for body is cool or hot subject directcontact with human skin(Attwood,2007)

Convection in the body is transferring heat frommuscles activities to surface of the body which is skin



Radiation is the heat transfer solar radiation and

surroundings .

Evaporation is heat dissipation mechanism in hotenvironments or environmental temperature that

exceeds 20 0C.



2.3.1.3 The effects of temperature

Two studies (Young et al, 2003; Buckley et al, 2004)

mention the importance of these issues in reports

which address the needs of particular US states’schools, while Fisher (2001) and Schneider (2002)

similarly rate these factors as likely to affect student

behaviour and outcomes.



Within the studies there are some reasonably clear findings but also

some disagreement.

There has been questioning of some of the assumptions made about

maximum comfortable temperatures (Wong & Khoo, 2003) and about

the necessity of using air conditioning to achieve ventilation (Khedari

et al., 2000; Grams et al., 2003).

it is notable that air conditioning, ventilation and heating systems are

found to contribute quite distinctly to the level of classroom noise

(Shield & Dockrell, 2004)



the importance of ventilation in educational establishments continues to be

emphasized (Kimmel et al, 2000; Khattar et al, 2003), while the inadequacies

of indoor air in schools continue to be reported (Lee & Chang, 2000; Kimmel

et al, 2000; Khattar et al, 2003) and linked to ill-health (Ahman et al, 2000).

Smedje and Norback (2001) argue that since irritants and allergens collect in

dust, it might be advisable to avoid particular sorts of ‘fleecy’ furnishings and

open shelving and to increase the frequency of cleaning



2.2.2 Noise definition

noise refers to any unwanted sound

loud noise can permanently damage your hearing.

High noise levels can block , distort, change or interfere with the meaning of a message in human and

electronic communication.



Children's performance on many classroom tasks vary as afunction of classroom noise levels. 70 decibels of soundconstitutes a noisy classroom while 40 decibels constitutes aquiet classroom (Christie and Glickman, 1980)

External sounds had a detrimental effect on the verbalinteraction between teacher and students (Dixon, 1953)

Some children from noisy schools had higher blood pressure,less cognitive task success and greater feelings of helplessness

(Krantz and Stokols, 1986)

The evidence for effects of environmental noise on health isstrongest for annoyance, sleep and cognitive performance inadults and children (Stansfeld and Matheson, 2003)



Various noises (recordings of aeroplanes, road traffic andtrains) appear to interfere with the encoding stage of memoryand that this is not mediated by distraction or mood (Hygge,2003)

Impairment in performance is partly explained by theinterference of any noise with inner speech (Poulton, 1978)

The judgements of both adults and children correlate well with background noise, while noise annoyance is more related to

peaks of noise and some noises are perceived as moreannoying than others (Dockrell and Shield, 2004)

Some limited suggestions suggest that some individuals might be more sensitive to noise than others (Belojevic et al, 2001;

Zimmer & Ellermeier, 1999).



2.2.3 Lighting

Light is a simple part of the electromagnetic spectrum that enables human

to see the objects of surrounding

Lighting = the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical effect (Visual

Comfort, and Fatigue, Eyestrain, and Migraine)

Lighting sources

artificial light (lamps and light fixtures)

natural illumination (day light)

Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key

part of interior design.



2.2.3.2 Visual comfort

Visual comfort is difficult to define as it is related to people’s expectation , lighting condition changes andinteresting on the meanwhile working task (Boyce,

2003)

Visual comfort can be influenced by other elements,where increasing of sound level to appropriatemaximum sound level can increase visual comfort

(Sasaki et al., 2006)

Discomfort lighting such as discomfort glare cancause visual discomfort to human and affect their

performance indirectly (Osterhaus, 2005)



Full spectrum polarised lighting can overcome

complaints of inappropriate lighting which leads to

headaches, eyestrain and fatigue because it is glare-

free and flicker-free (Karpen 1993)

The idea of creating glare free lighting is important as

there is an increased use of computers in schools

(Barnitt, 2003)

Donovan (1921) includes advice about the alignment

of desks and the use of blinds to overcome concerns

about glare



2.2.3.3 Fatigue, eyestrain, and migraine

Fatigue can be classified into two common fatigues which are physiologicaland psychological fatigue

Eyestrain is caused by prolonged exposed to lighting condition that caused

discomfort (Boyce,2003) A study conducted in mail sorting facilities shows relationship between

illumination level with eyes fatigue, eyestrain and migraine (Hemphala andEklund, 2012)

Eyes condition and its comfort level can affect human performanceindirectly

Day lighting offers the most positive effect to student achievement(Earthman, 2004; Heschong Mahone Group, 2003) as daylight produces

biological effects on the human body (Wurtman, 1975)



For ‘lighting to be effective, daylight must be supplemented byautomatically controlled electric lighting that dims in response to daylightlevels’. (Benya, 2001)

Good lighting can only be achieved by a combination of direct and indirectlighting (Barnitt, 2003)

Visual environment can affects a learner’s ability to perceive visual stimuliand affects his/her mental attitude, and thus, performance (Jago & Tanner,1999)

Lighting conditions that induced negative affect reduced performance, andtherefore, lighting conditions that induced positive affect improved

performance (Knez, 1995)

Veitch (1997), however, argued that lighting has no effect on mood or performance



METHODOLGY PART



INTRODUCTION

METDOD

samplingstrategies

research design

study limitation

study ethic

quality

assurance data analysis

researchinstrument

study sample

sampling area



SAMPLING AREA

1) Primary School in Gambang

2) Grade 3 only

3) Two different condition classroomGood environment

Bad environment



RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design refers to the design and procedures of data collection and dataanalysis.

Involves the detailed description of anindividual in order to address the issues under study

Divide into two categories a treatment group

and a control group. The grade 3 students in the Primary School

Data will be collected from grade 1 academic



STUDY SAMPLE

Collected the grade 3 Total number of 100

students

Treatment group(badcondition) with 50 students

Control group(goodcondition) with 50 students



SAMPLING STRATEGY

Identify the location of the classroom asthe study area

Study the characteristics of the location of

classroom

Participants collection as the study

sampling

Schedule operation time for themeasurement and data collection

Data collection and data analysis



DATACOLLECTION/INSTRUMENATION

classroom conditions

student academic

performance

Survey

Questionnaire

Face to Face

interview

Standards of Learning

Assessments



DATA ANALYSIS

Event analysis method

to identify the starting

point and ending point of

an event stated by theinformants.



QUALITY ASSURANCE

guidance and explanations on

questionnaire are given to the

respondents



STUDY LIMITATION

Because of the study area is only focuse on

grade 3 students , so the results may different

with the results which we conduct the research

at others school. And it also will reduce the persuasion about the relationship between

classroom ergonomics and student academic

performance.

The Relationship Between Classroom Ergonomics and Student Academic Performance in Gambang_2

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