THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

BREAST CANCER WITH LUNG

CANCER

FOR WOMEN AGE 50-60

IN THE CENTRAL OF JAKARTA,2008

MARTIN RENYUT NISNONI

030.09.146

TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF MEDICINE

PREFACE

Praise the writer turning to God Almighty, for the blessing of His mercy

and grace so that the paper with the title " THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

BREAST CANCER WITH LUNG CANCER FOR WOMEN AGE 50-60 IN

THE CENTRAL OF JAKARTA,2008" can be resolved properly in accordance

with the time allowed.

A big thank you goes to all those who have patiently helped the author in

completing the writing of this paper.

The author realizes that the papers that had been developed there are still

many shortcomings. To the authors expect criticism and constructive suggestions

from readers that the author can arrange the next paper better.

Hopefully all the information contained in this paper can be useful for

readers in their life.

Jakarta June 21,2010

Author

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.1. BACKGROUND

First, the author will discuss about breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that grows in the breast tissue. Cancer can

grow in the milk glands, milk ducts, fatty tissue and connective tissue in the breast

In Indonesia ranked second breast cancer after cervical cancer, the most

widely attacked Indonesian women. One way to prevent it is by self awareness for

breast examination early. It is said that if 85% of breast lumps found by women

themselves

Furthermore, the author will discuss lung cancer.

Most lung cancers derived from cells in the lungs, but lung cancer can also

come from cancer in other parts of the body that spreads to the lungs. Lung cancer

is the most common cancer, in both men and women.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Until now, lung cancer

remains a major problem in medicine. Lung cancer is difficult because no

symptoms were detected at an early stage. The size of the lungs to cause cancer to

grow undetected for years and only detected when already advanced stage.

In Indonesia, lung cancer is one of the main causes of death of men, but

that does not mean women can not practically be separated from lung cancer.

I.2. PROBLEMS

Up to one third of breast cancer cases in developing countries can be

avoided if women are eating less and doing more physical activity. Approximately

one of eight women potentially affected by breast cancer. Obese women up to 60

percent more will be affected than women with normal body such as the British

researchers noted in 2006.

Other lifestyle factors such as smoking can cause lung cancer could also be

a supporter for breast cancer. Breast cancer patients generally come to the hospital

in an advanced stage. The number is quite large, around 70%.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. In Europe, there are

about 421 000 new cases and nearly 90.000 deaths in the year 2008, which is the

latest available data. In America last year more than 190 000 new cases and

40,000 deaths. In Indonesia? This disease ranks second only to cervical cancer.

For this reason the author in writing this paper, we want to discuss about

breast cancer and its association with lung cancer.

I.3. LIMITATION OF PROBLEMS

What causes breast cancer?

What causes lung cancer?

Is there a relationship between breast cancer with lung cancer?

How treatment of both diseases

I.4. OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this paper is made for:

Providing additional knowledge to the public about breast cancer.

Providing additional knowledge to the public about lung cancer.

Providing additional knowledge to the public about the relationship

between breast cancer with lung cancer.

Provide information to communities about how to handle and

prevention of breast cancer and lung cancer.

I.5. METHODS OF WRITING

In writing this paper, the author uses the method of writing in the form of

literature and the internet.

I.6. FRAME OF WRITING

PREFACE CHAPTER I . INTRODUCTION

I.1. BACGROUND I.2. PROBLEMS I.3. LIMITATION OF PROBLEMS I.4. OBJECTIVES I.5. METHODS OF WRITING

I.6. FRAME OF WRITING

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION I: BREAST CANCER

II.1. DEFINITON

II.2. ETIOLOGY

II.3. SYMPTOMS

II.4. RISK FACTORS

II.5. TEST AND DIAGNOSIS

II.6. TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

II.7. COPING AND SUPPORT

II. 8. PREVENTION

CHAPTER III DISCUSSION II: LUNGS CANCER

III.1. DEFINITON

III.2. ETIOLOGY

III.3. SYMPTOMS

III.4. RISK FACTORS

III.5. TEST AND DIAGNOSIS

III.6. TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

III.7. COPING AND SUPPORT

III. 8. PREVENTION

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION I AND II

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION I : BREAST CANCER

II.1 DEFINITION

Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare type of breast cancer that develops

rapidly, making the affected breast red, swollen and tender. Inflammatory breast

cancer occurs when cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the breast, causing

the characteristic red, swollen appearance of the breast.

Inflammatory breast cancer is considered a locally advanced cancer —

meaning it has spread from its point of origin to nearby tissue and possibly to

nearby lymph nodes.

Inflammatory breast cancer can easily be confused with a breast infection.

Seek medical attention promptly if you notice skin changes on your breast, to help

distinguish a breast infection from other breast disorders, such as inflammatory

breast cancer.

II.2 ETIOLOGY

It's not clear what causes inflammatory breast cancer. Doctors know that

inflammatory breast cancer begins with one abnormal cell in one of the breast's

ducts. Mutations within the abnormal cell's DNA command it to grow and divide

rapidly. The accumulating abnormal cells infiltrate and clog the lymphatic vessels

in the skin of your breast. The blockage in the lymphatic vessels causes red,

swollen and dimpled skin — a classic sign of inflammatory breast cancer.

II.3 SYMPTOMS

Signs and symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer include:

• Rapid change in the appearance of one breast, over the course of days or weeks

• Thickness, heaviness or visible enlargement of one breast

• Discoloration, giving the breast a red, purple, pink or bruised appearance

• Unusual warmth of the affected breast

• Dimpling or ridges on the skin of the affected breast, similar to an orange peel

• Itching

• Tenderness, pain or aching

• Enlarged lymph nodes under the arm, above the collarbone or below the

collarbone

• Flattening or turning inward of the nipple

Inflammatory breast cancer doesn't commonly form a lump, as occurs with

other forms of breast cancer.

When to see a doctor,Make an appointment with your doctor if you

notice any signs or symptoms that worry you.

Other more common conditions have signs and symptoms resembling

those of inflammatory breast cancer. A breast injury or breast infection (mastitis)

may cause redness, swelling and pain.

II.4. RISK FACTORS

Factors that increase the risk of inflammatory breast cancer include:

• Being a woman. Women are more likely to be diagnosed with inflammatory

breast cancer than are men. But men can develop inflammatory breast

cancer.

• Being black. Black women have a higher risk of inflammatory breast cancer

than do white women.

Older age. The risk of inflammatory breast cancer increases with age.

Most women with inflammatory breast cancer are diagnosed in their 50s — a few

years younger than for other types of breast cancer.

II.5 TEST AND DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosing inflammatory breast cancer :Tests and procedures used to

diagnose inflammatory breast cancer include:

• A physical exam. Your doctor will examine your breast to look for redness and

other signs of inflammatory breast cancer.

• Removing a sample of tissue for testing. A biopsy is a procedure to remove a

small sample of suspicious breast tissue for testing. The tissue is analyzed

in a laboratory to look for signs of cancer.

• Imaging tests. Your doctor may recommend a breast X-ray (mammogram) or a

breast ultrasound to look for signs of cancer in your breast, such as

thickened skin.

Staging inflammatory breast cancer ,If you have inflammatory breast

cancer, your doctor will work to determine the extent (stage) of your cancer. This

process is called staging. Additional tests that may be used to stage your cancer

include:

• Computerized tomography (CT) scan

• Chest X-ray

• Bone scan

The stages of inflammatory breast cancer are:

• Stage IIIB. At this stage, cancer is considered to be locally advanced cancer —

meaning it has spread to nearby lymph nodes and to the fibrous connective

tissue inside the breast.

Stage IV. At this stage, cancer has spread to other parts of your body.

II.6. TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

Treatment for inflammatory breast cancer often begins with chemotherapy,

followed by surgery and radiation therapy. After these treatments, additional

treatments may be used to reduce the risk that inflammatory breast cancer will

return.

Chemotherapy:Chemotherapy uses chemicals to kill cancer cells. You

receive chemotherapy drugs through a vein (intravenously), in pill form or both.

Chemotherapy is often used prior to surgery for inflammatory breast cancer. This

presurgical treatment, referred to as neoadjuvant therapy, aims to shrink the

cancer before the operation and increase the chance that surgery will be

successful. Chemotherapy can also be used after surgery.

Surgery:After chemotherapy, women with inflammatory breast cancer

usually have an operation to remove the affected breast (mastectomy). Most

women with inflammatory breast cancer undergo a modified radical mastectomy,

which involves removing the entire breast and several nearby lymph nodes. The

lymph nodes are tested for signs of cancer.

Radiation therapy:Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams,

such as X-rays, to kill cancer cells. During radiation therapy, you lie on a table

while a large machine moves around you, directing the energy beams to your

cancer. Radiation therapy can be used after chemotherapy and surgery to kill any

cancer cells that might remain around the breast and under the arm.

Hormone therapy:If your inflammatory breast cancer relies on your

body's hormones for fuel, your doctor may recommend hormone therapy.

Hormone therapy treatments can include:

• Medications that block hormones from attaching to cancer cells. Tamoxifen

is a type of drug called a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM).

SERMs act by blocking any estrogen present in the body from attaching to

the estrogen receptor on the cancer cells, slowing the growth of tumors and

killing tumor cells. Tamoxifen can be used in both pre- and

postmenopausal women.

• Medications that stop the body from making estrogen after menopause.

Called aromatase inhibitors, these drugs block the action of an enzyme that

converts androgens in the body into estrogen. These drugs are effective

only in postmenopausal women. Aromatase inhibitors include anastrozole

(Arimidex), letrozole (Femara) and exemestane (Aromasin).

Targeted therapy:Targeted therapies kill cancer by focusing on the

cancer cells' particular vulnerabilities. For inflammatory breast cancer cells with a

certain genetic mutation, the medication trastuzumab (Herceptin) may be a

treatment option. Trastuzumab targets a protein called HER2 that helps some

inflammatory breast cancer cells grow and survive. If your inflammatory breast

cancer cells make too much HER2, trastuzumab may help block that protein and

cause the cancer cells to die. Trastuzumab can be combined with chemotherapy

and used before and after surgery.

II.7 COPING AND SUPPORT

Inflammatory breast cancer progresses rapidly. Sometimes this means you

may need to start treatment before you've had time to process everything. This can

feel overwhelming. To cope, try to:

• Learn enough about inflammatory breast cancer to make treatment

decisions. Ask your doctor for the facts about your cancer and treatment.

Ask what stage your cancer is and what treatment options you have. Also

ask your doctor about good sources of information where you can learn

more. Start with the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer

Society.

• Seek support. It might comfort you to talk about your feelings as you begin

cancer treatment. You might have a close friend or family member who is

a good listener. Or your doctor can refer you to a counselor who works

with cancer survivors.

Connect with other cancer survivors. Other people with cancer can

provide a unique source of support. Cancer survivors can offer practical advice on

what to expect and how to cope during your treatment. Ask your doctor about

support groups in your community. Or try the online message boards run by

organizations such as the American Cancer Society or BreastCancer.org.

II.8. PREVENTION

Can healthy eating and regular exercise really contribute to breast cancer

prevention? So far, the evidence says yes. What's more, if you combine these risk-

reducing habits with limiting your exposure to substances that promote the

disease, you'll benefit even more.

When it comes to breast cancer prevention, the risks you can't control —

such as your age and genetic makeup — may loom large. But there are some

breast cancer prevention steps you can always take on your own. Although these

measures provide no guarantee that you won't develop the disease, they'll give you

a start toward breast cancer prevention.

Diet and exercise tips for breast cancer prevention

Among the easiest things to control are what you eat and drink and how

active you are. Here are some strategies that may help you decrease your risk of

breast cancer:

• Limit alcohol. A link exists between alcohol consumption and breast cancer.

How strong a link remains to be determined. The type of alcohol

consumed — wine, beer or mixed drinks — seems to make no difference.

To protect yourself from breast cancer, consider limiting alcohol to less

than one drink a day or avoid alcohol completely.

• Maintain a healthy weight. There's a clear link between obesity — weighing

more than is appropriate for your age and height — and breast cancer. This

is especially true if you gain the weight later in life, particularly after

menopause. Experts speculate that estrogen production in fatty tissue may

be the link between obesity and breast cancer risk.

• Stay physically active. Regular exercise can help you maintain a healthy

weight and, as a consequence, may aid in breast cancer prevention. Aim

for at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days of the week. If you haven't

been particularly active in the past, start your exercise program slowly and

gradually work up to a greater intensity. Try to include weight-bearing

exercises such as walking, jogging or aerobics. These have the added

benefit of keeping your bones strong.

• Consider limiting fat in your diet. Results from the most definitive study of

dietary fat and breast cancer risk to date suggest a slight decrease in risk of

invasive breast cancer for women who eat a low-fat diet. But the effect is

modest at best. However, by reducing the amount of fat in your diet, you

may decrease your risk of other diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular

disease and stroke. And a low-fat diet may protect against breast cancer in

another way if it helps you maintain a healthy weight — another factor in

breast cancer risk. For a protective benefit, limit fat intake to less than 35

percent of your daily calories and restrict foods high in saturated fat.

Hormone therapy: Long-term use may undermine breast cancer prevention

Talk with your doctor about discontinuing long-term hormone therapy.

Study results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) raised concerns about the

use of hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause. Among other problems,

long-term treatment with estrogen-progestin combinations, such as those found in

the drug Prempro, increased the risk of breast cancer in women who participated

in the trial.

If you're taking hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms, ask your

doctor about your options. You may be able to manage your menopausal

symptoms with exercise, dietary changes or nonhormonal therapies that have been

shown to provide some relief. If none of these is effective, you may decide that

the benefits of short-term hormone therapy outweigh the risks. In that case,

consider using the lowest dose of hormone therapy that's effective for your

symptom relief and plan on using it only temporarily, not long term.

CHAPTER III

DISCUSSION II : LUNGS CANCER

III.1. DEFINITION

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are

two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release

carbon dioxide when you exhale.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States,

among both men and women. Lung cancer claims more lives each year than

colon, prostate, ovarian, lymph and breast cancers combined.

People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer. The risk of lung

cancer increases with the length of time and number of cigarettes smoked. If you

quit smoking, even after smoking for many years, you can significantly reduce

your chances of developing lung cancer.

III.2. ETIOLOGY

Smoking causes the majority of lung cancers — both in smokers and in

people exposed to secondhand smoke. But lung cancer also occurs in people who

never smoked and in those who never had prolonged exposure to secondhand

smoke. In these cases, there may be no clear cause of lung cancer. Doctors have

identified factors that may increase the risk.

How smoking causes lung cancer:Doctors believe smoking causes lung

cancer by damaging the cells that line the lungs. When you inhale cigarette

smoke, which is full of cancer-causing substances (carcinogens), changes in the

lung tissue begin almost immediately. At first your body may be able to repair this

damage. But with each repeated exposure, normal cells that line your lungs are

increasingly damaged. Over time, the damage causes cells to act abnormally and

eventually cancer may develop.

Types of lung cancer:Doctors divide lung cancer into two major types

based on the appearance of lung cancer cells under the microscope. Your doctor

makes treatment decisions based on which major type of lung cancer you have.

The two general types of lung cancer include:

Small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer occurs almost exclusively in

heavy smokers and is less common than non-small cell lung cancer.

Non-small cell lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer is an umbrella term

for several types of lung cancers that behave in a similar way. Non-small cell

lung cancers include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell

carcinoma.

III.3. SYMPTOMS

Lung cancer can cause complications, such as:

• Shortness of breath:People with lung cancer can experience shortness of

breath if cancer grows to block the major airways. Lung cancer can also

cause fluid to accumulate around the lungs, making it harder for the lungs

to expand fully when you inhale.

• Coughing up blood:Lung cancer can cause bleeding in the airway, which can

cause you to cough up blood (hemoptysis). Sometimes bleeding can

become severe. Treatments are available to control bleeding.

• Pain:Advanced lung cancer that spreads to the lining of the lung or to another

area of the body can cause pain. Tell your doctor if you experience pain.

Pain may initially be mild and intermittent, but can become constant.

Medications, radiation therapy and other treatments may help make you

more comfortable.

• Fluid in the chest (pleural effusion):Lung cancer can cause fluid to

accumulate in the space that surrounds the lungs in the chest cavity

(pleural space). Pleural effusion can result from cancer spreading outside

the lungs or in reaction to lung cancer inside the lungs. Fluid accumulating

in the chest can cause shortness of breath. Treatments are available to

drain the fluid from your chest and reduce the risk that pleural effusion

will occur again.

Cancer that spreads to other parts of the body (metastasis). Lung

cancer often spreads (metastasizes) to other parts of the body — most commonly

the opposite lung, brain, bones, liver and adrenal glands. Cancer that spreads can

cause pain, nausea, headaches or other signs and symptoms depending on what

organ is affected. In some cases, treatments are available for isolated metastasis,

but in most cases, the goal of treatment for metastasis is only to relieve signs and

symptoms.

III.4. RISK FACTORS

A number of factors may increase your risk of lung cancer. Some risk

factors can be controlled, for instance, by quitting smoking. And other factors

can't be controlled, such as your sex. Risk factors for lung cancer include:

• Smoking:Smoking remains the greatest risk factor for lung cancer. Your risk of

lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes you smoke each day

and the number of years you have smoked. Quitting at any age can

significantly lower your risk of developing lung cancer.

• Exposure to secondhand smoke:Even if you don't smoke, your risk of lung

cancer increases if you're exposed to secondhand smoke.

• Exposure to radon gas:Radon is produced by the natural breakdown of

uranium in soil, rock and water that eventually becomes part of the air you

breathe. Unsafe levels of radon can accumulate in any building, including

homes. Radon testing can determine whether levels are safe.

• Exposure to asbestos and other chemicals:Workplace exposure to asbestos

and other substances known to cause cancer — such as arsenic, chromium,

nickel and tar — also can increase your risk of developing lung cancer,

especially if you're a smoker.

• Family history of lung cancer:People with a parent, sibling or other first-

degree relative with lung cancer have an increased risk of the disease.

• Excessive alcohol use:Drinking more than a moderate amount of alcohol — no

more than one drink a day for women or two drinks a day for men — may

increase your risk of lung cancer.

Certain lung diseases. People with certain lung diseases, such as chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease, may have an increased risk of lung cancer.

III.5 TEST AND DIAGNOSIS

Testing healthy people for lung cancer:Doctors aren't sure whether

people with no signs or symptoms of lung cancer should undergo screening for

the disease. Even if you have an increased risk of lung cancer — for instance, if

you're a smoker — it isn't clear that a chest X-ray or computerized tomography

(CT) scan can be beneficial. Some studies show that these tests can find cancer

earlier, when it may be treated more successfully. But other studies find that these

tests often reveal more benign conditions that require invasive testing and expose

people to unnecessary risks.

Screening for lung cancer is controversial among doctors. Studies are

ongoing to determine what types of tests may be helpful and who would benefit

from lung cancer screening. In the meantime, talk with your doctor if you're

concerned about your risk of lung cancer. Together you can determine strategies

to reduce your risk and decide whether screening tests are appropriate for you.

Tests to diagnose lung cancer:If there's reason to think that you may have

lung cancer, your doctor can order a number of tests to look for cancerous cells

and to rule out other conditions. In order to diagnose lung cancer, your doctor may

recommend:

• Imaging tests:An X-ray image of your lungs may reveal an abnormal mass or

nodule. A CT scan can reveal small lesions in your lungs that might not be

detected on an X-ray.

• Sputum cytology:If you have a cough and are producing sputum, looking at the

sputum under the microscope can sometimes reveal the presence of lung

cancer cells.

• Tissue samples (biopsy):A sample of abnormal cells may be removed in a

procedure called a biopsy in order to diagnose lung cancer. Your doctor

can perform a biopsy in a number of ways, including bronchoscopy, in

which your doctor examines abnormal areas of your lungs using a lighted

tube that's passed down your throat and into your lungs; mediastinoscopy,

in which an incision is made at the base of your neck and surgical tools are

inserted behind your breastbone to take tissue samples from lymph nodes;

and needle biopsy, in which your doctor uses X-ray or CT images to guide

a needle through your chest and into a suspicious lump or nodule to collect

cells. A biopsy sample may also be taken from lymph nodes or other areas

where cancer has spread, such as your liver.

Lung cancer staging:Once your lung cancer has been diagnosed, your

doctor will work to determine the extent, or stage, of your cancer. Your cancer's

stage helps you and your doctor decide what treatment is most appropriate.

Staging tests may include imaging procedures that allow your doctor to

look for evidence that cancer has spread beyond your lungs. These tests include

CT scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography

(PET) and bone scans. Not every test is appropriate for every person, so talk with

your doctor about which procedures are appropriate for you.

Stages of non-small cell lung cancer

• Stage I. Cancer at this stage has invaded the underlying lung tissue but hasn't

spread to the lymph nodes.

• Stage II. This stage cancer has spread to neighboring lymph nodes or invaded

the chest wall or other nearby structures.

• Stage IIIA. At this stage, cancer has spread from the lung to lymph nodes in the

center of the chest.

• Stage IIIB. The cancer has spread locally to areas such as the heart, blood

vessels, trachea and esophagus — all within the chest — or to lymph

nodes in the area of the collarbone or to the tissue that surrounds the lungs

within the rib cage (pleura).

• Stage IV. The cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver,

bones or brain.

Stages of small cell lung cancer

• Limited. Cancer is confined to one lung and to its neighboring lymph nodes.

Extensive. Cancer has spread beyond one lung and nearby lymph nodes,

and may have invaded both lungs, more-remote lymph nodes, or other organs,

such as the liver or brain.

III.6 TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

You and your doctor choose a cancer treatment regimen based on a

number of factors, such as your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer,

and your preferences. Options typically include one or more treatments, including

surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or targeted drug therapy.

In some cases you may choose not to undergo treatment. For instance, you

may feel that the side effects of treatment will outweigh the potential benefits.

When that's the case, your doctor may suggest comfort care to treat only the

symptoms the cancer is causing, such as pain.

Treatment options for non-small cell lung cancers

Stage Common options

I Surgery, sometimes chemotherapy

II Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

IIIA Combined chemotherapy and radiation, sometimes surgery based on results of treatment

IIIB Chemotherapy, sometimes radiation

IV Chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, clinical trials, supportive care

Treatment options for small cell lung cancers

Stage Common options

Limited Combined chemotherapy and radiation, sometimes surgery

Extensive Chemotherapy, clinical trials, supportive care

Surgery:During surgery your surgeon works to remove the lung cancer and a

margin of healthy tissue. Procedures to remove lung cancer include:

• Wedge resection to remove a small section of lung that contains the tumor

along with a margin of healthy tissue

• Segmental resection to remove a larger portion of lung, but not an entire lobe

• Lobectomy to remove the entire lobe of one lung

• Pneumonectomy to remove an entire lung

If you undergo surgery, your surgeon may also remove lymph nodes from

your chest in order to check them for signs of cancer.

Lung cancer surgery carries risks, including bleeding and infection. Expect

to feel short of breath after lung surgery. Your lung tissue will expand over time

and make it easier to breathe. Your doctor may recommend a respiratory therapist

who can guide you through breathing exercises to aid in your recovery.

Chemotherapy:Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. One or

more chemotherapy drugs may be administered through a vein in your arm

(intravenously) or taken orally. A combination of drugs usually is given in a series

of treatments over a period of weeks or months, with breaks in between so that

your body can recover.

Chemotherapy can be used as a first line treatment for lung cancer or as

additional treatment after surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy can be used to

lessen side effects of your cancer.

Radiation therapy:Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams,

such as X-rays, to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be directed at your lung

cancer from outside your body (external beam radiation) or it can be put inside

needles, seeds or catheters and placed inside your body near the cancer

(brachytherapy).

Radiation therapy can be used alone or with other lung cancer treatments.

Sometimes it's administered at the same time as chemotherapy.

Targeted drug therapy:Targeted therapies are newer cancer treatments

that work by targeting specific abnormalities in cancer cells. Targeted therapy

options for treating lung cancer include:

• Bevacizumab (Avastin). Bevacizumab stops a tumor from creating a new

blood supply. Blood vessels that connect to tumors can supply oxygen and

nutrients to the tumor, allowing it to grow. Bevacizumab is usually used in

combination with chemotherapy and is approved for advanced and

recurrent non-small cell lung cancer. Bevacizumab carries a risk of

bleeding, blood clots and high blood pressure.

• Erlotinib (Tarceva). Erlotinib blocks chemicals that signal the cancer cells to

grow and divide. Erlotinib is approved for people with advanced and

recurrent non-small cell lung cancer that haven't been helped by

chemotherapy. Erlotinib side effects include a skin rash and diarrhea.

Clinical trials:Clinical trials are studies of experimental lung cancer

treatment methods. You may be interested in enrolling in a clinical trial if lung

cancer treatments aren't working or if your treatment options are limited. The

treatments studied in a clinical trial may be the latest innovations, but they don't

guarantee a cure. Carefully weigh your treatment options with your doctor. Your

participation in a clinical trial may help doctors better understand how to treat

lung cancer in the future.

Supportive care:When treatments offer little chance for a cure, your

doctor may recommend you avoid harsh treatments and opt for supportive care

instead. If you're receiving supportive care, your doctor may treat signs and

symptoms to make you feel more comfortable, but you won't receive treatment

aimed at stopping your cancer. Supportive care allows you to make the most of

your final weeks or months without enduring treatment side effects that can

negatively impact your quality of life.

III.7 COPING AND SUPPORT

A diagnosis of lung cancer is devastating. It may take some time to come

to terms with your feelings. When you're ready, you can take steps to take control

of your situation. Taking an active role in your health care may make you feel

more empowered in coping with lung cancer. Try to:

• Learn all you can about lung cancer:Find out everything you can about your

lung cancer — the type, the stage, your treatment options and their side effects.

The more you know, the more active you can be in your own care. Write down

questions and ask them at your next appointment. Ask your health care team

about additional sources of information. The National Cancer Institute answers

questions from the public. You can reach them at 800-4-CANCER (800-422-

6237), or contact the American Cancer Society (ACS) at 800-227-2345.

• Take an active role in your treatment:Although you may feel tired and

discouraged, don't let others — including your family or your doctor —

make important decisions for you. Take an active role in your treatment

and work with your doctors to make your health care decisions.

• Build a strong support system:A strong support system helps you cope with

everyday difficulties, such as fatigue and pain. Friends and family are

worried about you and want to help, so learn to accept help when you need

it. Staying connected with friends and family helps them cope with your

illness, and it gives you a chance to talk about your hopes and fears.

Sometimes you'll feel like your friends and family can't understand your

feelings if they've never had cancer. In these cases, support groups — both

in your community and on the Internet — can be a good source for

practical information and support. You may also find that you develop

deep and lasting bonds with people who are going through the same things

you are.

• Set reasonable goals:Having goals helps you feel in control and can give you a

sense of purpose. But don't choose goals you can't possibly reach. You

may not be able to work a 40-hour week, for example, but you may be able

to work at least half the time. In fact, many people find that continuing to

work can be helpful.

• Take time for yourself:Eating well, relaxing and getting enough rest can help

combat the stress and fatigue of cancer. Also, plan ahead for the

downtimes when you may need to rest more or limit what you do.

Stay active. A diagnosis of cancer doesn't mean you have to stop doing the

things you enjoy. For the most part, if you feel well enough to do something, go

ahead and do it.

III.8 PREVENTION

There's no sure way to prevent lung cancer, but you can reduce your risk if

you:

• Don't smoke:If you've never smoked, don't start. Talk to your children about

not smoking so that they can understand how to avoid this major risk

factor for lung cancer. Many current smokers began smoking in their

teens. Begin conversations about the dangers of smoking with your

children early so that they know how to react to peer pressure.

• Stop smoking:Stop smoking now. Quitting reduces your risk of lung cancer,

even if you've smoked for years. Talk to your doctor about strategies and

stop-smoking aids that can help you quit. Options include nicotine

replacement products, medications and support groups.

• Avoid secondhand smoke:If you live or work with a smoker, urge him or her

to quit. At the very least, ask him or her to smoke outside. Avoid areas

where people smoke, such as bars and restaurants, and seek out smoke-free

options.

• Test your home for radon:Have the radon levels in your home checked,

especially if you live in an area where radon is known to be a problem.

High radon levels can be remedied to make your home safer. For

information on radon testing, contact your local department of public

health or a local chapter of the American Lung Association.

• Avoid carcinogens at work:Take precautions to protect yourself from

exposure to toxic chemicals at work. In the United States, your employer

must tell you if you're exposed to dangerous chemicals in your workplace.

Follow your employer's precautions. For instance, if you're given a face

mask for protection, always wear it. Ask your doctor what more you can

do to protect yourself at work. Your risk of lung damage from these

carcinogens increases if you smoke.

• Eat a diet full of fruits and vegetables:Choose a healthy diet with a variety of

fruits and vegetables. Food sources of vitamins and nutrients are best.

Avoid taking large doses of vitamins in pill form, as they may be harmful.

For instance, researchers hoping to reduce the risk of lung cancer in heavy

smokers gave them beta carotene supplements. Results showed the

supplements actually increased the risk of cancer in smokers.

• Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all:Limit yourself to one drink a day if

you're a woman or two drinks a day if you're a man. Anyone age 65 and

older should drink no more than one drink a day.

Exercise:Aim to achieve at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days of

the week. Check with your doctor first if you aren't already exercising regularly.

Start out slowly and continue adding more activity. Biking, swimming and

walking are good choices. Add exercise throughout your day — park farther away

from work and walk the rest of the way or take the stairs rather than the elevator.

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION I AND II

As already writer talked about in the previous section that cancer can

happen if one part of the body affected by cancer and spread to a specific section

so named.

Cancer is a disease which usually difficult to detect. For a woman who has

over 50 years will be vulnerable to getting breast cancer, it is far from lung cancer

only occurs in men because most contributing factor is from cigarettes, but can

not be denied that a passive smokers also get lung cancer , so the chance for a

woman to get lung cancer can also.

This could happen as a woman who got breast cancer first and then spread

to other body parts such as the lungs, so the risk of breast cancer and lung cancer

can occur. Or get lung cancer as nonsmokers first, then spread to the breast

causing the breast cancer.

In Indonesia, the disease is a dangerous disease, but we can be sure that

their relationship could occur because of the spread. Especially for a woman who

lived in a city full of pollution and a variety of risk factors triggering this cancer

can not deny, that both can happen simultaneously.

CONCLUSSION

Based on the problems faced, the conclusions drawn are:

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that grows in the breast tissue. Cancer

can grow in the milk glands, milk ducts, fatty tissue and connective tissue

in the breast

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Until now, lung cancer

remains a major problem in medicine. Lung cancer is difficult because no

symptoms were detected at an early stage. The size of the lungs to cause

cancer to grow undetected for years and only detected when already

advanced stage.

Both the disease is so dangerous disease prevention needs to be done

early. Both diseases can occur due to spread of disease from one part of

the bodyto other body parts. As of the breast to the lungs, or vice versa.

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