ANOTHER OPINION ~==–—–-—”””-””-”” _— - )

The re/evance of the Peace Corps @

The following article W- first pre.senred u o paper to the stafl inWmh-inglon and overseas, expressing thewriler’s personal jeelings on the sub.ject. Because it hm created wide-.rpread comment at ‘Peace Corps head-quarters, we publish i! here in thehope Volunteers will also join thedticmsion. (For one reaction IO Peterdopiniow, see page 20.+Ed.

By CharlesPetem

Itseems to me thatthemain im-mediateproblemof thePeaceCorpsis thattoo many people—includingmany intheWashingtonheadquarters,thefield,and among thegeneralpub-lic—simplydon’tseetbepresentim-portanceof the Peace Corps, thepresentrelevanceof thework of thePeace Corps.In the beginning,relevancewas

suppliedby The Ugly An]erican andJohn Kennedy. What you coulddoforyourcountrywas jointbePeaceCorps and change tbe Americanimage abroad.Now neo-isolationismis fashion-

able,and we aren’t.Now thereisanincreasingnumber ofchoicesavailabletoyoung Americanswho want to“dosomething,,,and among thosechoicesthetrumpetcallofchangingtheAmer-idanimageabroadsoundsan increas-inglyhollownote,atbesta nicethingto do; at worst Madison Avenuephoninessthatconstitutesa patheticexpressionqf theAmerican desiretobe likedand bas nothingto do withrealproblems.What can we do?Cynically,we shouldsearchfortbe

Charles Peters hm been Direc!or ofthe Peace Corps Evohtution DivisionsinceFebruary, 1962. He came to theagency in April, 1961, as a consultantto the General Counse/. A narive ofCharle.v! on, W. Vs., he holds u B.A.in humanities ad an M.A. in E!?g-lish from Cohtrnbia and i“ 1957 wasgranted a law deg,ee by (he Univer-sity of Virginia. He >.m appoin fedclerk of the jl~diciary comnxittee of~he Wes( Virginia House of De/egules,and in 1960 wm e[ecled a., a Dem-cratic member of the House. He isnza,ried and has a t wo.year-old son.

causethatisgoingto be fashionablein thecoming yearand tryto figurebow we can attachourselvesto it,

Ideally,we shouldtakea searchinglookat what we’rereallydoing,un-derstanditstruesignificance,and tellthatstorytotheAmericanpeople,Here my thoughtsmerge, for 1

think thatthe issuethe Americanpeoplearegoingtobe mostconcernedabout in the coming year and tbecausewe’rereallyservingintheworldarethesan>e—peace,Incrediblyenough,1 imaginemore

peoplein Washingtonare going tounderstandthefirsthalfofthatstate-ment [banthesecond.It’sfairlyob-viousthatwithincreasingnumbersoftheirsonsand brothersdyingin thebloodyricepaddiesof Vietnam,theAmericanpeoplearegoingtobecomemore and more concernedwithwaysof preventingwar.O.K.—SO what connectionother

thanitsname does thePeace Corpshavewithpreventingwar? ;To explain,1 havetogo intosome

backgroundand at timesbelabortheobvious.

Human infrz~ctire

DuringandimmediatelyafterWorldWar 1I,a nlajorityofAmericanscametorealizethatinmany countriesrile”were beingdenieda fairchance toachievetheirpotentialbecause ofhunger,disease,and ignorance,thatthisdenialproducedfrustrationswhichcould explodeintotbe violenceofwar, To meet the causesof bun.ger,disease,and ignorance,Americalauncheda programofecononlica“dtechnicalassistance.In some coun-tries,the aid worked. In others,inmostofAsia,Africa,and LatinAmer-ica,ildidn’twork becausetbe re-cipientcountrieslackedthe humaninfrastructureto usetheaidwell.Human infrastructuremeans people

who careaboutsolvingtheproblemsof lheirnationalconlmunityand pee.plewbo have problem-solvingability.In (be underdevelopedworld,far

toonlanypeopledon’tmanifestco”-cern aboutcommunity problenlsbe-causetheyfeelhelplessand hopelessand becausethey lack a senseofcommunity,a senseofsocialresponsi-bility,a concernforindividualsout-sidetheirfamilies.This isreflected

2

in the experienceof our Volunteerswho findtoomany bestteachersindif-ferentto theirpupils,toomany hostnursesunsympathetictotheirpatients,and too many hostvillagerswithouta sparkofcon>munityfeeling.

Elementsof infr%mctire

The absence of problem-solvingabilityis in partattributableto thefactthatnotenough peoplehave theknowledgeandtechnicalskillsneeded.But itisalsoa manifestationof cul-turesthatvalueform oversubstance.Thismeans thattheir=hoolstendtOemphasizerote learninginsteadofthinkingand understanding.Thismeans thatstatusismore importantthanthedoingof thejob.Itmeansthatappearanceisusuallythewinneroverreality.The Peace Corps bringsto this

world a reasonablyselectgroup ofyoung Americanswhose culture,de-spiteitsgraveimperfections,happenstoplacegreaterimportanceon socialresponsibilityand on substanceasagainstform thando theculturesofe

theemergingnations.To the extentwe,ve selected,programnled andtrainedwell,theseyoung Americanshavebeenputinpositionswhere theyimparttbeknowledgeand skillsandattitudesand valuesthatcombine tocreatethe hllnlaninfrastructurethatisso desperatelyneeded.Thus thePeaceCorps isgettingat

thebasisofone ofthemain obstaclesto world peacein thevery ?rena—the underdevelopedworld— wherethreatstopeacehavebeennlostcom-mon inrecentyears.Other American agencies,public

and private,are doing indispensablework inattackingtbeproblelnsof tbeunderdevelopedworld— but nonecomes closertotheheartof tbemat-terthanthePeaceCorps.The domestic“War AgainstPov-

erty”isaimed ata problemthatisanationaldisgracebut a problemthatby no stretchof tbcimaginationcanbe calleda threattoworldpeaceortOLhe survivalof mankind. PresidentKennedy once saidthatwe can livewith our domesticmistakes,but tbeforeignonescan killus. Ithappenstobe literallytrue. @

(Continued or] back p(lge)

BACK AT WORK: LyndaWlson (Brewster,Wash.)resumedherwork ina lepro-sariumnearSantoDomingo,DominicanRepublic,shotilyafterfightingended inthecityhereshegivesreadinginstructiontoa patient.P.UniversityofWash-ingtongraduatewitha B.A.inhistow,she workedas a museum curatorbeforegoingoverseasinJune,1964.Duringrevolutionsheworkedas a hospitalorderly.

PEACE CORPS

B@[umfi@BP

SEPTEMBER 19S5

Volume Ill,Number 11

P“bli$hed monthly by the revisionof Volunteer S“ppoti, Peace corp*,

Wa$hi”@on, D, C. 20525,

Deane Wylie, edito~Job”E“~lish,as-sista.”t editov S.s.. Murray, editoriala$si,ta”t; Paul Reed,atiti,ector.

ON THE COVER—TOP: VolunteerGeorgeHornbei.(Akron,Ohio]helpsi“a clinici“Game,a satellitecitynearBrasilia.H.rnbei”hasa bathe.Ior,sdegreei“architecturef,omKentStateuniversity,alsostudiedinFr.nceandAustriafortwoyears..0was.. essistantpaintingteacherattheInstituteforAmerica”U“iversi-ti,$,tix-.wPmve”ce,F,.”...HewenttoBrazillastDecembertoworkinhealthend communityaction,BOT.TOM:Qngressbuilding,Brasilia.1..a.g.ratedin 1960,Brasiliais575miles“otihwestofRiodeJaneiroonS,..11!shighcentralplate.”.Allthecivicbuildingsin the uniquecityweredesignedby BrazilianarchitectOscarNiemeyer,who alsoworkedontheUnitedNationsbuildingsinNewYork,A rePotio“thePeaceC.rPSinBrazilbeginsonpase5.Nextmonth:thePhilipDines,PaulConklinphoto.

Conflict over KashmirPeaceCorpsprogramsinIndiaand

Pakistancontinuedtooperateasfight-ingspreadbetweenthetwo countriesinSeptember,althoughVolunteersinsome troubledareasmavelledtosaferzones.At the end of August therewere

381 Volunteerson duty in India,76in Pakistan.As hostilitiesbecame more wide-

spread,some 20 Volunteersassignedto PunjabstateinIndia,southof thedisputedKashmir region,were re-calledto New Delhi.A few Volun-teersworkingatCamp MaIan,a youthcamp in the Kangra districtof thenorthernmountainsof Punjab,re-nlainedat theirposts.Five Volun-teersassignedto theterritoryof Tri-pura,locatedtotheeastofEastPaki-stanand largelysurroundedby it,wentto thestateof Assam, to tbe north,fortenlporaryassignments.

tn Pakistan,10 Volunteersassignedto theeasternsegmentof thedividedstatewere flowntothePhilippinestoa,vaitfurtherdevelopments.Sixotherswere evacuatedto Tebrn”. Twenty-one Volunteersremained in WestPakistan.Meantime,a new groupof 28 Vol-

unteermechanicsdepartedthe U ,S.

3

for India Sept. 13. ~enty ruralpublic-worksVolunteersand agricul.tu~almechanicssetto go to PakistanSept.23 were tohaveadditionaltrain-inginTurkey.

Also scheduledto go abroad inSeptemberwere 178 Volunteersdes-tined for poultry,agriculture,andrural-conlmunity-actionprograms inIndia.More trainingwas scheduledforthem in Israelon kibbutzimand intbePalauIslandsof theWest Pacific.

Tbe conflictupsettheschedttlcsofother Volunteergroups bound forAsiancountries,asairlineflightswerere-routedor temporarilygroundedtoavoidflyingoveror landingin areasof warfare.

Changes in the ActSubstantialchanges in [be Peace

Corps Act became law in Au-gust as Congress passed and thePresidentsignedlegislationamendingtheoriginalact,firstpassedin 1961.

The amendments also authorizedthe appropriationof $t14,t n>illionto run thePeaceCorps forthe 1966fiscalyear, The agency was appro-priated$104.1 millionin the 1965fiscalyear,butspentonlyabout$85.5million,turningmore than$18 millionback to tbe Treasury.The currentan>ountiscalcldatedtoallowformorethan 15,000Traineesand Volunteersby Aug.31,1966.The totalattheendof thisAugust,includingTrainees,WaS 12,892.

Most significantof theamendmentsaffectsnotVoluniecrsbutWashin@onstaffmenlbers,Itsetsa limiton PeaceCorps tenure,repealsCivil%rvice

appointingauthorityforheadquartersemployees,and makesexistingForeignSemite Reserveand Staffappointingauthoritiesavailablefor employmentin theU.S.as wellas abroad.Untilnow, onlyoverseasPeaceCorps staffnlembcrshaveheldF.S.R,and F.S.S.appointnle”ts,

Tbe lfive.yemflush’

EffectiveOct. tO, allPeace CorpsCtvilServiceemployeeswillautomati-callyreceiveF.S.R. or F.S.S.appoint-ments,exceptingthosewho now holdcareeror career-conditionalappoint-ments,who willbe giventhreeyearsbeforetbechange-overisnlandatory,Also effectiveOct. 10 isa five-yearlimiton Pcacc Corps sti,ffappoint-nle”t,tb”s fornlalizi”gfor the firsttinlewhat has been informallycalled

“thefive-yearflush,”a referencetotheDirector’s,declarationthat“o o“ewould finda careerin the PeaceCorps,and thatfiveyearswould bethe limitof everyone’ssewicewiththeagency.Exempted from thefive.yearlimitarecareeremployeesbelowCivilServicegrade GS-9, who mayreceiveindefiniteForeignServiceappointments.For Volu”tcers,thenlostinlportant

changeintheAct affectstaxationofreadjustmentallowances.The read-justmentallowance,which for mostVolunteersaccruesat $75 permonthof service,has been subjectto lump-sum taxwhen itwns paidatthecom-pletionof service,Under theamend-ment,allowanceea~nedafterDec.31,1964,isto be consideredas paidintheyearitaccrues.Generally,thiswillmean a lowertotal tax forVolunteers.A new X,x G1lideforTrainees,Volun.leers,and formerVolunteersforTaxYear 1965 willbe distriblltedat thefirstof nextyear.

Otheramendmen~

One proposedamendment to theAct was droppedfrom thefinalver-sionofthebillduringa Senate-Houseconference.This was a clause,firstproposedby SenatorJacob K. JavitsofNew York,thatwouldhaveIi”>itedPeaceCorps DirectorSargentShriverto onlyone FederalPost;at presenthe isalsoDirectorof the OfficeofEconomicOpportunity,which adn>in-istersthe Government’santipovertyprograms.The proposedamendnlenthad alreadybeen calledunconstitu-tionalby the Dcpartnlcntof Justice,Other amendments passedinclude

nlcasuresth~t:. Allow limiteddentalcare to

PeaceCorps applicantswho have ac.ceptedan invitationtotraining,

. Allowhealthexaminationsofex-Volunteerswithinsixmonthsaftertheterminationof theirservice,topermitcompletionof necessaryexanlinationswhich couldnot be completedover-Scls.

. Make Volunteerseligibleto useexchangefacilitiesof U,S,DisbursingOficersat embassiesand consulatesabroad,mainly to exchangedollarsand dollarinstrumentsforhost-coun-trycllrrencies.

. Authorizehealthcarefora nlar-ried Volunteerschildborn duringtheVolunteer’sservice.

The Senate-Houseconferencelim-itedPeaceCorpsresearchspendingto$500,000,which was $900,000betow

IT’SHER JOB:AfghanistanGovernmentaskedVolunteerRae Ann Wright(Cali-forniaCity,Calif.),who has aflandpsychologydegrees,to help nation’sfirstad agency;shedesignedbiIlboardabove foragency’sbiggestcustomer,the SovietUnion travelorganization.

theamount requested.Not includedineithertheSenateor theHouse billW:ISa requestedauthorityto extendcareercounselingfor Forn>erVolun-teers,throughtheDivisionof Volun-teer SuppOrl,sCareer InformationService,to threeyearsaftertermina-tionofservicqpost-servicecounselingwillbe heldtoo“eyear,asallowedbya 1963amendment,

Three join the staff

A San Francisc,pllb)ic-relationsman, a Chicagonewspapercolumnist,and a Philadelphiauniversityofficialhave joinedtbePeaceCorps staffinWashington.In the Officeof PublicAffairs,

Thomas S. Page has been namedDirectorof the Divisionof PublicInformation,succeedingCharlesA.Caldwell,now chiefof publicinfer.mation for the Equal EmploymentOpportunityCommission.

page,48, has a bachelor’sdegreein internationalrelationsfrom Yaleand a law degreefrom Harvard.Hewas a reporterforUnitedPressInter-nationali“San Franciscoand forfouryearsservedas public-relationsdirec-torforCalifornia’sBank ofAnlerica.In 1960 he formedhisown public

relationsfirmin San Francisco.Hewas nation:tlpublic-relationsdirectorfor Citizens for Johnson andHunlphreyin 1964 and directedad-

4

vectisingand televisionforCaliforni

BGovernor Edmund G. Brown’ssuccessfulre-electioncampaignin 1962,He isnlarriedand has fourchildren.TerryTurner,televisionditor and

columnistfortheChicagoDaily Newsfor the pasteightyears,has beenappointedDirectorof Radio andTelevisionforthePeaceCorps,Tur-ner,38, has a bachelor’sdegreeinjournalismfrom MarshallCollegeinH1lntington,W. Va. He has been areporteron theAkron,Ohio,BeaconJournal and theCharleston,W, Vs.,Gazefte.He ismarriedand has twochildren.W. John Burnsisthenew Chiefof

SpecialServices,the branch of theDivisionof VolunteerSuppofithathandlesVolunteerearlyterminationsand emergencyleaves.He sllcceedsRuth Olson,now Peace Corps ad-ministrativeoficcrin thePhilippines.

Burns,32,has a B.A. from Alle-gheny College(Meadvillc,Pa.),anM.A. from Ohio University,and aD.Ed.fromT?mple University,Phila-delphia.Since1960he hasbeendirec-tor of studentservicesand PeaceCorpsliaisonatTemple,

PC degree programs aFive-yeardegreeprosramsthatin-

cludetwo yearsof PeaceCorps serv-ice h~ve been announced by lwoAmericanschools,Western Michigan Universityand

Franconia(NH,) Collegewillgrantbachelor’sdegreesto studentswhocon>binetheirstudieswith overseasPeace Corps assignments,

The Western Michigan plan wasannouncedin June by Peace CorpsfirectorSargentShriver,in a com-mencement addressat theuniversity.Under theprogram,studentswiltearna B.A.by attendingclassesattheKa!a-mxzoo campus for threeyearsmdservingin the Peace Corps for twoyears.

Ina commencement speechatFran.conia College,HarrisW. Wofford,Peace Corps AssociateDbector forPlanning,Evaluation,and Research,revealedthecollege’splanfora spe-cialPeaceCorpsdegreepro~am.The. Peace Corps.Franconiaplan

beganthissummer when two-yearstu-dentsat the collegeenteredPeaceCorps trainingafterthey receivedassociate-in-artsdegrees.

FO’’0wi”ePeaceCorpsservice,studentswillre--turnto Franconiafora finalyearofstudyleadingtobachelor’sdegrees.

* BRAZILPeace Corps expands in a gknt bnd

By Wane” G. FullerRio de Janeiro

B EFORE you can appreciate Brazil,

you must first understand its size

and diversity.Largerthantheconti-nentalU.S. (excludingAlaska),itslandmass occupiesalnlosthalfof thecontinentof SouthAmerica;itspopu-

lationof 80 millionishalftheco”ti-neti’spopulation.And Brazil’spopu.lationis growing fasterthan theaveragefortherestof LatinAmerica—faster,infact,thanany othermajorcounty intheworld,The tren>endoussweepofthecoun-

try is equallyimpressive—fromthebackward,tropicalnorthand north-eastto the sub-temperateand rela-tivelyadvanced areasof the south.The people,principallya mixtureofPortuguese,African,and AmericanIndian,withlargeinfusionsof otherEuropean linesas wellas Japmese,addtothediversity.Most U.S.schoolchildrenhave glimpsedthevarietyofthecountryin picturesof theindus-trialcityof SZO Pauloand stone-ageIndiansoftheAmazon basin;thenewcapitalat Brasiliaand thetraditimalcoffeeplantations;SugarLoaf Moun-

tain,the beachesand skyscrapersofRIO de Janeiro,and the mud.and-wattlehutsof the caboclo (a ruralvillager).Yet,despitethisdiversity,one of

themostoutstandingcharacteristicsofBruilisitsunity.One lan~age,Por-tuguese,with relativelyminor differ-encesinitsregionaldialects,isspokenthroughoutBruil.The differencesbe-tween Braziland the surroundingSpanish-Americannations,in,geog-raphy,history,and politicaland socialcharacteristics,emphasizethisunity.Econom”icandsmialdevelopmentin

Brazilisuneven.Statisticsshow thatshout50 percentofthepopulationisilliterateand thatsome 50 per centof theschool-agechildrend? not at-tendschool.But suchfigur~forthewhole of Br~il aremisleading,Thesame statisticsforthedroutiht-riddenpopulousnofiheastof Br~~l,forin-stance,mightshow 70 percentilliter-acy,and in some placesalmost100

,0RIO-.

I PERNAMBUCO

Nite,biGUANA6ARA (36)

(57)

~pjA ..~)..,wtt!o,,n,o, Numbersi.parenthesesindicate““mber ofVolunteersinthestate,

percent.The per<apitaincomeof aPaulista(an inhabitantofS~O Pa”lo)would compare favorablywith anywhere elseon the continent,b“t inthenorthof Braziltheper<apitain-come of an inhabitantof Piaui,forexanlple,isso low itcannotreallybecalculatd.These Braziliansare,ineffect,outsidetbe frameworkof theBrazilianeconomy.The firstPeace Corps Volunteers

arrivedinBrazilinMarch, 1962,butuntilafterthe revolutionof March,1964, therewere never more thanabOut200VolunteersinIbisvastco”n.

tV. At abOutthattimethedecisionwas made to expand the program.Upon my arrivalinBr=iia yearago,and basedupon thepreparatorywork

ofmy predecessor,my colleaguesand1workedoutaphilosophyandstrategyof growth,We soughtdispersal,im.pact, balance,and flexibility,Weplannedgeographicprioritiesandcon-sideredadministrativeand staffingproblenls,We consultedtheU.S.Em.bassyandtheAgencyforInternationalDevelopment,obtainedthe BrazilianGovernment’ssupport,and beganin.tensiveprogramming,From 170 Vol-unteersa year ago,tbe Brazilpregram at thiswritinghas 545, andsome 200 more areexpectedthisfall.The greatmajorityof the Volun-

teersare working in public-healthprograms,botburbanand rural.Thereasonforthisapparentimbalanceisthatpublichealthbas provento be

The UnitedStatesof BrazilbordersallSouthAmericancoun-triesexceptEcuadorand Chile,To the northeastand easttheAtlanticOceangivestheCountwa coastlineof nearly5000miles.The Amazon Riverin the notih,includingitstwomaintributaries,theMarafionand theUcayaliinPeru,isapproximately3W0 milesin length,secondin the worldonlytotheNile.Therivercreatesthelargesttropicalrainforestintheworld,Amazonia.Earlyrecordsof Potiuguese

discovevareuncertain,butitisknown thatthecoastwas visitedby the Spanishmariner,PinzOn,before the PotiugueseunderCabralclaimedthelandin1500.Brazilremaineda colonyof Por-tuBaluntil1808when KingJohnVl,fleeingfrom LisbonbeforeNapoleon’sarmy,transferredthecapitalofthePortugueseEmpireto Rio de Janeir%when he re-turnedto Podugalin lg22,hisson,Pedro1,proclaimedtheinde.pendenceof Brazil.A bloodlessrevolutionin1889threwovertheemperorand establishedtheRe.publicof the UnitedStatesofBrazil.Todaytherepubliciscomposed

of 27 constituentpoliticalunit%22 stateswithlimitedautonomy,4 federalterritories,and thefed-eraldistrictof B;asilia,estab.Iishedin1960.Since 1930 when a military

juntatookcontrol,Brazilhashada seriesofeconomicandpoliticalcrisesculminatingin1961inanamendment to the constitutionestablishinga parliamenta~sys-tem inwhichthecabinetisre.

sponsibleto the bicameralcon-gress.InApril,1964,HumbertodeAlencar CastelloBranco (theninthpresidentto hold officesince 1950) was elected byCongress.Indian,Negro,and European

peoplescomprise the di4erseBrazilianpopulation.Therehasbeen large-scaleEuropeanimmi.gration(sincethe 1920saImostfivemillionItalians,Germans,and SlavshavesettledinBrazil,primarilyinthesouthernstates),and onlytheIndiantribesinthemost remoteinteriorhave beenableto resistpenetration.Japanese immigrantshave settledmainlyinS50 Pauloand ina fewagriculturalcoloniesinAmazonia.Negroes,descendantsof Africanslaveswho workedon thesugarplantations(slave-tradingwasabolishedin Brazilin 1850),areconcentratedinthenortheastandon the Bahiacoast.Portugueseistheofficiallanguage,and themajorityof the populationisRoman Catholic.Brazilsuppliesalmosthalfof

theworld’scoffee(herprincipalexport),and in1962rankedthirdhighestamong theworld,ssugarexpotiers,Agricultureistypifiedby the largeestates,absenteeownership,and widespreadten-ancy common to a coffee-and-sugareconomy,buton thefron-tier pioneerareas small-farmownershipisspreading.Brazilisrichinmineralresourcesbutstillintheinitialstagesof theirde-velopment;high-gradeironoredepositsaresaidtobethelargestintheworld.

Warren Graham Fuller

an excellent“vehicle”forcommunitydevelopment,wbicb istheunderlyingtheme of allPeaceCorps projectsinBrazil.At presentthereisonlyoneBrazilianagency,intheFederalDis-trictof Brasilia,whose objectiveiscommunity deve!opnlent.Hence in9programming,ways must be soughtthatbringthe Volunteereffectivelyintothecommunity.Volunteersare locatedin 14 of

Br=il’s22 statesas wellas in theFederalDistrict.Tbc UnitedStatesofBrazilisa federatedstructureand insome waysthestategovernmentshavemore autonomythanintheu.S. Theuseof stateagenciesas PeaceCorpscounterparts,ratherthan Federalor-ganizations,bas provento be practi-cal.An AssociateRepresentativeorCO. R. (Contractor’sOverseasRepre-sentative—inBrazilsome PeaceCorpsprogramsareadministeredby theEx-perinlentinInternationalLiving,Ari-zona StateUniversity,and the Na-tional4-H Club Foundation ofAmerica,Inc.) heads each of thesestateprojects—andhisroleisperhapsmore similarto thatof the typicalPeace Corps Representativethan ismine. The smallPeaceCorpsstaffatthenadonallevelbandiesadministra-tive support,policy,programming,and nlattersofan inter-projectnature.1willIeavcittothefollowingarticlesto describethecurrentprojectshere,but 1 willmentionfutureplansandhopes:

*

. We hope to have some Volun-teerslocatedalong the Amazon in

6

CarolAnn Vest(Jackson,Miss.),left,and RosinsBecerra(SanDiego)sewe merendaat a schoolinWla Velha.

thepopulationcentersof thatregion,probablyonce againin publichealth,but withcommunity developmentasa primaryobjective,Though thetotal~populationof thisare~ is relativelysnlall,theneedsaregreat.

. We hope to increasethe num.ber of Volunteersin Brazilianuni-versitiesfrom the present25 in 10universitiesto about 75 in perhapshalf of Brazil’s42 institutionsofhighereducation—thehalfthatneedshelpthen~ost.For theseVolunteers,clnssroomteachingisonlythebegin-ningof theirjob.They arealsoex-pectedto work in comnlunitydevel-opnlent,to gaintheinterestand sup-portof universityst~!dentsin doingthesame,. We are most anxiousto make

son>edentin theseriousproblemoflackof prinlaryschools,particularlyin ruralareas.As an experiment,asmallgroup of Peace Corps VOIun.tcersisnow workinginAlagoasundertheauspicesoftheStateSecretariatofEducation,attemptingwith commu-nity.developmenttechniquesto getcommunity sllpport of primaryschools—andherewe don’tnlcanjustthe physicalplant,but the totalneed: the teacherand his training,thematerialsand books,thechildren,as well as the schoolhouseand its

*

maintenance.. We are co”sideri”gsome bold

and imaginativeprogram ideas,Vol-unteershave been requestedto helpwith colonizationalong the great

Brasflia-Be14n1highway; the IndianServicewants some VOluntcerstowork with stone-ageIndian tribeswho aregoingthroughtheshock offirstcontactwith civilization;LatinAmerica’smost advancedprogram innuclear energy wants technicallyqualifiedVolllnteers;the Govern-ment’svastnew program of popularhousinghasaskedforhelp;and inthefieldsOf nlusic,arts,crafts,creditunions,public administration,andsportsthereareexcitingpotentials.Finally,a specialchallengeisstin>u-

Iatingthedevelopmentof a Brazilianvoluntary-serviceorganization.

W<trren G. Fuller 1,.s been PeaceCorps Representative ;n Brazil si,zceJune, 1964. Previously he $vas Depl(tyDirector of !he L(dtin A ,,lerica R..g;onal Ofice of [he Peace Corps. He~vns born in Bangkok, the son ofPresbyterian mi.~.~ionaries. Fuller at-tended Princeton University and theUniversity of Illinois, >.here he >.mgranred a B,A. ill modern langl:ages;n 1942. D~t,inZ World War If be JVGa ,Pte,?,ber of the American Field Serv.ice i“ rhe Middle Eu.st a“d ;a Ettrope.Belore joitring the Peace Corps, hetvorked for lhe U,,i[ed Natio,!s Rcl;efand Rebabili!atio,, Ad,,, i,ri.rtrorion, theInlernario”al Refu#ee Organizario”,a“d rbe In fergover,tmcntol Co,nmi!!eefor Litropeo. Migratio,r in Brazil,P’,ragz,ay, o“d Ilaly. He i,y ,,zorried<t!zdhasIWO children,

7

In Brazil,beware of‘faz reals’By WilliamL. Mdn

Pcsqueira, Pernatl~buco

No sketchof Brazil,or more par-ticularlyof the northeastof Brazil,would he completewithoutmentionof what we might callthe “figado-complex’’—healthbeliefstheNordes-tinoshave adoptedto preventillnessto them and theirfigudos, thePortu-tuguescword for liver.Actually,some peoplemight call“faz nzal, ”under which headingwe group thefigodo<omplcx,justanothersystemof folktaboos.Unfortunately,itmaynot be as sin~pleas this;“faz martranslatedlooselyintoEnglishmeansgenerally‘-it’sbad foryou!” A bettertranslalidnmightbe “what isbad foryourliver.,’As Volunteersworkingin a health

project,we have at numerous timesbeen accosted,cautioned,and espe-ciallywarned by localfriendsaboutvarious,,faz ,,IoIs,’, and how to pre-vent thcm and theirspread.Thereseem to be two kindsof “fuz tt~als”to bewareof thepure “faz !lla~ is atreacherousthing,becauseitdirectlyain>sforthe figado, an organ whichpeoplecsteenlveryhighly.The other

“fazmay can impairthebodilysys.tem in general,dependingon what“fazmo~’ isviolated,and can evenrender one “doido” (translatedlooselyas “a Iiltleoffthe rocker”),

My firstbrushwith“/azmaP oc-curredin a pens~o (boardinghouse)ina smalltown in tbecentralregionof Pernambuco where 1 am stationedwithanotherVo!u”teer.Afterfinish-ingsupperone evening,my Volunteerc-worker askedforthekeytounlockthedmr totbeshower(theonlyoneavailable);he was quicklytoldthatthekeycouldn’tbe foundand perhapsitwouldbe betterifthesenhdr waiteduntilthenextday totakehisshower.The senhbr, inbisbrokenPortuguese,explainedthathe didn’twant to waitand proceededto getthekey himselfdespitea generalprotest.The showerover, tbe Volunteer dressed andwalkedouttofacea groupofanxiousBrazilians,includingthe proprietorand hiswife,who nervouslyinquiredabouthishealth.

The next day the proprietorcon-fidedto me in a horrifiedtone,“Wedidn’tthinkhe’dlive!”Not under-standingPortuguese well, 1 stilldidn”tcatchon to exactlywhat wasworryingthem. Itwas not untiloneVolunteer went three consecutivenightswithoutbeingableto gettitotbeshower,and a visitingVolunteernursehad togo tobed one nightwithshampoo in her hair,thatwe finallydiscoveredtbe dangerthatwe werei“! ,<Never takea shower afteryo”

eat,’”we were advised,“especiallyacoldone.” “Why? we askedblankly.“Porque /?z mul ao figado” (becauseit’sbad fortheliver),theyfiredback.“HOW doesitoffendthe figado?, ”

we ventured to inquire.Unfor-tunately,the answerwas a littlebe-yond our vocabularyatthetime;theonly statementcomprehensiblewassomethingabout“hot and cold.”During the months thatfollowed,

even afterour transferto anothersitefartherin tbe interior,we werebarragedconstantlyby a varietyof,c/azreals” ofallshadesand classifica-tions—many of them thatchangedand differedin form from town totown and areato area,but justlikethe proverbialitch,they constantlyemergedin differingcontexts.Allofthem however,bad one main preoccu-pation—tokeep tbefigado safefromattack.A typicalconversationwouldusuallygo likethis:“HOW areyou today,CarlosV“More or less.To tellyou the

truth,Yve been feelinga Iiltlesick,”“What’sthe problem,Carlos?A

littlecold?’“No, butI’lltellwhat I thinkitis!

It’sthisdamn figado actingup again.”“Figado, eh! Well,what did you

do thistime?“I don’tknow! Eve~one thinksit

was thatmango IatebeforeIwenttobed lastnight!But, personally,Ithinkitwas thatcoldwaterI drankaftertakinghotcoffeethismorning!,’Common “faz reals”includethe

following:. Cuttingone’shairor nailsafter

eating.. Eatingfruitof any kind after

physicalexertionand sweating,. Drinkinga“ alcoholicbeverage

aftereatinga watermelon.. Eatinga mango or pineappleor

nearlya“y fruitafterdrinkingcoffeeorbeforegoingtobed.. Going to sleepaftereatinggoat

tripe(particularlyfatal).. Openinga refrigeratoror letting

a coldbreezehityou afterdrinkingcoffee.. Eatingcertainvarietiesof hot

fruit(especiallybad), In mme quar-tersitisstronglybelievedthateatinghot pinlra (a common noflheastern

fruit)willdefinitelycauseasthma.

9. Anythingi“generalthatinvolve

a mixtureofeatingsomethinghotanthen something cold. Eating icecream afterdrinkingcoffeeisprac.ticallyunheardof insome places,

In Marangaupe,Gar~, VolunteerRonalTrestle(Nickerson,Kan,)helps deliv104 pigs receivedfrom HeiferProjec

GeorgeListenSeay(Buffalo),a community-developmentworkerinConcei-—q30de Castelo,EspiritoSante,coachesboxingatExerciseClubmeeting,

LizPiotkin(NewtonHighlands,Mass.)is one of 34 Volunteerswho arrivedlastJanuaV to continuethe healthprojectinthefavelas.Hereshe stopstotalkwithneighborsinRiode Janeiro.

,,Foz nTC,Y and thefigudo-complexcutacrossbothsocialclassand profes-sionallineswith littledistinction.Upon seeinga man witha particularlybad caseof palseyand tremorspass-ing through the localmarket,oneVolunteerasked his Brazilianco-worker a passingquestionabout it.“Oh, YOIIseeitallthetime: he re.plied.He then went on to explainhow theunfortunateman once camehonle aftera hard day’swork andimn>ediatelytook a cold shower.“Ever sincethen,the poor fellowhasbeen likethis—lackofeducation,you know!”Shortlyafterward,a fairlywe!l-to-

do and educatedmember ofour localcommunity was a littlehung-overthemorning aftera localfc.vfain whichhe had over done ita littleon theccicha~o, Afterbeingkiddedby oneof the Volunteers,he confidedin aserioustone:“~d bavc been allrightifthatidio[hadn’tservedme a glass

9

ofcoldccIchaGa.Thot’swhat finishedone of my cousins,you know!”One finalthingabout “laz nzo~

and thefigado-complexthatneedstobe mentionedisthedurationof timeinvolvedtocurethefig<rdoonceitbasbeen invaded.Normally the cure isverybrief,dependingon how strongthefig<tdoistostartwith.The worstcasethatwe have hc~rd about wasrevealedtoa Volunteerwho was hav-inghishaircutina localbarbershop.During thecourseof a conversation,thebarbercasuallymentionedthathisfigadowas ina bad state.‘.Whathappened?” the Volunteer

asked cautiously,“did you eat a

nlangobeforegoingtobed?“No,”thebarberquicklycountered.

“In Februaryof 1941 in AlagoasIdranka coldgltara!taaftereatingandhaven’tbeen the same since.”TheVolunteer.then asked him pointedlyifitcolddn’thavebeenhisr;,ls(kid-neys) insteadof hisfigadothatwaso~ended.“The ,;11S?” he repeatedin a

puzzledtone. “Ycs,the rftts,Theyaren’tfarfron]thefif({clo,you know!”Afterthinkingthisover for a littlewhile,he finallysaidwitha littleun-certainty,“WCII,itcould have beentherln.v,but even ifitwas,I knowthe figci(lohnd something to dowithit,,’

Willi{,,n M{,rlin (l!avernes.~, F/a.) hasa B.A. Jro!ll Florid<l Stare U)tivers;iytvilh c1 nl<:jor in a:lt hropoiogy and,,);nors ;n Sp<>fzi.vha!rd hi.,tory, He is<, t>?e!,~ber oi c, ioL)r-VolL1n!eer pl:blic-heulrh tea]tr tvorkitrc in Pesglleiro,Perncirpybitco.

Since the firstgroup of 43PeaceCorpsVolunteersarrivedinBrazilin March,1962,249Volun-teers have successfullycom-pletedtheirtourof sewice,and545arepresentlyworkinginthecountw (241men, 304 women).More than 200 Volunteers-to.bearenow intrainingforBrazil.The proiectson which Volun-

teersare now workinginclude:publichealth.communitydevelop-ment,298;urban.communityde-velopment,17; rural-communitydevelopment,25;architectureandengineering,8: nursing,29;uni.versityeducation(includingli-brarians),22;forestry,1;nutrition,@; and agriculturalextension,73.FourVolunteersareworkingas

PeaceCorpssecretaries.

Drama ?—‘Send me anutritionist’

By BennettObe~tein

Salvador, Bahia

When 1 announced my plansofbecominga Volunteer,1 gotresponseslike:ccYou’regoingin thePeace Corps

toteachdrama? You mean theyneedthis?What’sthePeaceCorpscomingto,anyway?’It’swellthey asked.And believe

me, everyoneasked,from my fellowstudentsand teachersto my familyand friends,who intheback of theirminds stillnursethe hope thatYmusingmy job as a teacherof dramain the Peace Corps for somethingmore sociallypracticaland significanttotheBrazilians.Studentsofdrama learnthataction

isa ver-to win,”“to convince,”“toconquer.”The Peace Corps hasitsverbof action,too,which 1 thinkis“todevelop.” Along with helpingconlmunitiesto developbettermeth-ods of agriculture,sanitation,andnutrition,we know thata trulyde-velopednationisa nationwhich canexpressitsideasand has found itsvoice—a nationwhich has an artofitsown. We arenothereto “bring”art,but,inour own fieldsand inourown ways,tohelpdeveloptheartsinBrazil,Here inBahia,itisn’tasifartwas

a new concept.Tbe oldestcityinBrazil,Bahia,founded in 1549 asSio Salvadorde Bahia de Todos osSantos,couldbe an art-lover’spara-dise.Heavilyspicedwithan Africanflavor(itgrew prosperousthroughplantationsworkedby slaves)thecityischaracterizedby thebeatof Car-na.didrums,tbeblazingblueof thesea,and tbevividcolorsof Bahianacarojistreetvendors,which allserveto stimulatea regionalart whollyspontaneousand as yetunstudiedbyAmerican universityartdepartments.

As forthelocaltheater,thereseemtobe more splintergroupsintheareathantheRye-Westchester-WhitePlainscrowd. Each day I hearof anothergrou~no director,no theater,butsomehow they want to do playsorpageants,or some other kind ofdramatization.The dramaticinstinctin Braziliansrunsdeep.

JudithLarsenholds4S classinTimb6,SantaCabrina,whereshe and hus-band Gilbert(Fonddu Lac,Ws.) spentho yearsas communitydevelopers

1 came hereas partof thePeaceCorpsuniversity-teachingprogram.Inmy initial(and probablylast)inter-viewwiththevicerectorof tbeUni-versityof Bahia,I discoveredthathewas a nutritionexpert—thatis hisfieldand main interest,and I wasstartedon my universitytheater-teach-ing careerwith the inspiringwords,“Sendme a nutritionist!”Since1 bad arrivedtwo monthsbe-

foreschoolwas to start,I thought1had a good chancetofindoutaboutmy coursesand classes,meetstudents,and submitlessonplansand playsfortbeyear.1 learnedmy firstbigles-son:nothingisdone beforeCarnavdl,or duringCarnavdl,or for a whileafterCdrnavdf.When schooldid begin,I found

nothingsuitablefor a Peace Corpsposter:a beautifulwhite buildingwithpolishedmuble floors,statuary,photographsof the Com6die Fran-gaise,and a largestage(with nolightingequipment),There were only 40 studentsen-

10

rolledinthedrama department.Tbcygo to schoolforthreeyears,receivediplon>as,and areautomatically“ac-tors.”While thismightamuse thosein U.S. theater,in Brazilactorsarereallyneeded. It is not nearlyasdifficulttogaina footholdasan actorhereas itisin New York, and thestagesof Rio and S50 Pauloarefilledwith studentswho have been luckyenough togo to school,butwho areneithertrainednor,forthemostpart,talented.While my effortsat Bahiaarenot

exacdyActor’sStudio,1 finda greatsatisfactioninwatchingstudentsgrowand make connectionsbetweenthings,justastherewould bc forteachersinany subject.However, they haverarelyperformedplayshere.At times,therebasbeenone ina year,Evew-one talkswjstfullyabouta productionof “Romeo and Juliet”which wasreheamedbuthad to be cancelledat

athelastminutebecauseof a severely-over-extendedbudget. As for myquestionof why theydidn’tgo ahead

*

and do the playwithoutembellish-ments like costumes and scenery(Shakespearedoesn’tgetroyaltiesanymore),Imightjustaswellhaveaskedwhy the schooldidn’tsproutwingsand flytoGreece.White waitingformanna from heaven-money fromthedeusex machinaof therectortodo a completeproduction—theyhavedone nothingatall.The studentshadno place to put into practicethethingsthey were learningin class.Theater,likeanythingelse,can re-main theoreticalonlyso long.“Theplay’sthething.”Thislackof a workshop,plusthe

abundance of peoplewho seem towant to do something,has ledme towhat couldbc thesuccessfulblendingofPeaceCorpsfindcommunitydramain Bahia,Againstthe objectionsoftheschool,whichdidn’twant tokeepthebuildingopenatnight,and againstthescornofthesplintergroups,whichwere supposedto loathethe theaterschool,Ihaveinvitedthem alltopar-ticipatein u grand studiotheater,spendingexactlynothingand usingnocostun~esor sceneryotherthanwhattheycan dig up. We are rehearsingin classroomsor housesor whatever

o

isavailable,wheneverwe can.There areto be IWO evenings,re-

peatedforx totalof follr;one willbe

“The Glass Menagerie”directedbyme, and tbeotheran eveningof one-actsdirectedby threediKerentpeople,two studentsand a menlberofonc oftheothergroups.Each personchooseshisown castand presentshisversionof.tbeplay.Afterthisfirstprojectisover1intendtodo lessdirecting,sinceI am highlydispensable(“A GoodVolunteeris Never Indispensable,”remember?).At leastI hope toshowthatone doesn’tneeda manlmoth andimpossiblebudgetto do theater.I have introducedsome.revollltion-

ary concepts—among them grades,and,incoursesaboutdramaticlitera-ture,examinationsand work projects.Theaterusuallycomes underfirefron>administratorswho are not devoteesas being‘;un-academic.”My attenlptto reinstatedrama as :>nacadcnlicsubjectattheUniversityofBahiabasbeen greetedby variousgroansandprotests,mostlyfromtbestudentswhocomplainof a lackof tinlc—toworkat outsidejobs,visitthe localpubs,and Iicon invitingbeaches.In n>ywork,1 run LIPagainstthe

same sortof frustr~tionsihatarcen-counteredby Volunteersworkinginotherfields,and use thesame wordstodescriben?yproblenlsinthetheateras Volunteersin other o~cupationswould use. My observationsof the

WilliamMatin [centerrear)listensto a Dub!icreaderin the fbira(marketplace)

senlanticgulfare no differentfrom[hoseof sonleoncworkingon a farminMnto Grossoor breedingchickensinAlagoas.Itconcernswordswithanimplicitvalue judgment. HOW faraparttwo peoplecan be usingthesame word in a givensituation—whoisto say what words like“soon”or“now” or “clean” or “quicW’ or“slow”or “comfortable”mean? ~eymean sonlcthingtorile,butverylikelysonlethingdifferenttosomeone raisedin anotherculture,And 1 come in for nly sbarcof

criticisnl,Afterall,Ym not teaching.in theprinlarygrades.The studentsarc mature,many olderthan I am.Recentlyone saidto rile,“Have YOUconlehereto changeour Iivcs?”Mymind went back to sonlcthing1 readina PC:ICCCorps recruitingbrochurein the “days when’’—’’No,not tOchange your lives;but not to leaveIhenlthesan>e,either.”

8enne{! Ober.v{ci)z (MIJrsl!o[lto>v!z,/<>!+,())ocled [,,7({ (Iirccrecl i,] <IIIarnaleltrtl,e<,!er $uiliie ,vcrvit?x in tile U.S. A rj~lybe/[,re jo;t]ing tilePeace Corps.. HeI,[!.v a B.A. in fl!c<t!er fro,?] tlte SlateU,l;L,er.v;lJ, ,,/ 10 )s,<Iand is a certifiedIfiglt-scl)ool speeclt leaclrer. III Jltne,1964, lie receivecl UITMA. ;,~ .fl!ea!er/rc,,,, B<,.rtc,,? Utziver.vily

of Pesqueira.Becauseof general

MarilynDowning(Pod Afihur,Tex.),a registerednurse,teachesan Englishclassintheginasion(highschool)in Pombal,Paraiba.She alsoconductsa mothers’club,

Babysitting in the ‘wild west 7

By Ann Weir

Clrapec6,Sa,ttaCalaritra

“Ron, rock thebaby while1 finishtypingthisreport,”.’Ann,didLorcnolcIIyou x.herehe

w:tsgoing?He isn’tinthehouseandhasn’tdone hishomework yet.”Thesearetypicalconversationsbe-

tu,cenRon Foltz(Clinton,lnd,),myPeace Corps partner,and me. Weservewiththe4-SPeaceCorpsprojectin Chapcc6 i“ the westernn>ostpartof thesou[herncoastals[atcof SantaCat:,rina.Our main job,or so theprojectoutlinereads,is 10 organize4-SClubs(similarto4-H ClubsintheU.S.)and toteachBrazilianextensionagentsthenlethodsof 4-S work, Inrealitywc secnlto bc fulfillingtheoutlinedobjectivesof ibeprogramaswellas delvingintootheractivities.Esther Reinhold,wbo bas com-

plcledPeace Corps serviceand re-turned10herhome i“Norlh Collins,N.Y.,beganthework inCbapec6.OnarrivalRon and I continuedthepro-gram and startedtwo new clubsIzstNovenlber.At presentwe arehelpingform threeadditional4-S Clubs,and

our Braziliancounterpartsarework-ingwithone group.

Beginninga 4-S Club is a longprocess;itinvolvesteachingleadersbow to lead,menlbersbon, to par.ticipatc,and everyonehow a clubfunctions.Once thisisaccomplishedand basicparliamenta~prmedure isnlastcred,the projectwork begins.We alsoconductintensivetechnicalrrainingbecauseIwal leaders,whileintelligentand eager10 learn,usuallyhab,einadequatetechnicalinformation,In additionto dutieswith theex.

tensionservice,we are involvedinotheractivitiesherein Brazil’s“wildwest.”Ron reallydoesrockthebabyoccasionally—hereis tbe story:Dr. Aro Nomura, Ron’s counter.

part,isthecountyagriculturalagent,and they share a smatl four-rmmhouse.1“ March Dr. Nomura foundan abandoned four-month-oldchildand adoptedhinlashisso”,Si”ccDr.Nomura isa bachelor,hisso”,Luis,spendsthedaysintheextensionofficewhere n,ycounterpart,thesecrelary,and 1 careforhim. Aftertheofficeclosesitis Ron’s lurnto sharetbebabysitting.CaringforLuisbasbeen

12

VolunteerJim Holladay(SouthGate,Calif.),a recreationorganizer,talkswith his laundrywoman. He andhis wife,Beverly,who works as a●visitadorasanitirla,livein Brasilia.

~n experience1 neverexpectedwhen

o ~~enteredthePeace Corps,Now we

aretryingtoteachhim tosay “papaYand,areeagerlywatchingforhisfirsttooth,While in trainingRon and 1 were

toldthatworkingas paflnerswouldbe much likebeingmarried;we wouldhavealltheresponsibilitiesof a mar-riage,butnone of theprivileges.Wehad no ideathen how thiswarning

nlightapply;now we evenhove dirtydiaperswithwhichtocope!About a month beforeLuisamived,

Loreno Batzner,a 14.year-oldfarmboy who was a 4-S Club president,moved to town to studyso thathe,too,mightbecome an extensionagent.His immediitefamilyhad abandonedhinl,and the other relativeswithwhom he was livingcouldnot aflordtoeducatehim, Becausehe isintelli-

Gladys Preiffer(Denver,Colo.)69,sewesas a librarianattheUniversityofBrasiliainthenew FederalDistrict.

gentand willingto work, Ron andNomura opened theirhouse to him.In turnhe tendsa garden,helpskeephouse,runserrands,andcarcsforthebaby. Loreno bas involvedus in astamp collection,threepuppies,cor-rectinghomework (includingPortti-guese),teachinghimtoridea bicycle,and cveristudyingEnglish.Sonleonein the trainingprogram

once saidthathavingnothingto dowas one ofthemost difficultproblemsVolunteersface in the field,Some-how thatneverhtippensin Chapec6.Yesterdaywas somewhat typical.Itbegan withgroceryshoppingat 7:30a.m. and includedcooking dinner,servingcoffeesix or seven times,washingdishes,washingdiapersandotherbaby clothes,feedingthebaby,preparingand typingtwo 4-S Clubreports,answeringmail,visitingwitha ruralfamily,planninga sewingclass,and playingwiththebaby occa-sionally,From 7 to 10 p.m.1 was inclass studying Portuguese,matbe.matics,baking,and businessorganiza.tion.Lifein ChaWc6 neverhas anidlemonlent.

A,,,, Weir (Fair/c,x, VI.) hasa B.A.ire,,, Colby College, Wa(erville, Me.,grat~!ed in 1961 itl English literature.She tatighl high-schooi Englislt and,nofhc,tzotics /o, Iwo yenr,r ttnd didgraditc,te tvork 01 Bowling Green. She,vas a,, oc{i”e 4-H chtb ,rre”lber for10 years, specializing ;n foods andclot hirlg.

A day in CaceresBy PaticiaDay

Cdceres,MaIo Grosso

On a morningtriptotheposto (med-icalpost)which liesat theextremeend of town from the river,1 seeChceresconlealive.Roosters,crow-ingsincedawn, havegreetedtheday.A chorusof sounds~h~s from oneend totheother;C&ceresisawake.The streetsarebusy.Women peer

fronl shutlered,glasslesswindowsw.tchingtheirworldgo by. Me” pullcartsladenwithfruitsandvegetables—some famili:,r:potatoes,oranges,ba-nanas,pineapples;othersnativetoBr:tzil:gu:kvas,manioc, and some

13

gourd vegetables.A boy carriesapoledanglinga shiny,glassy-eyedfish.A n>anbalancessilongstickon hisshoulderwith livechickensdanglingupsidedown fromeachend.A wo-ma~totesa loadof laund~ on ber head.An oxcartcreakingalongispassedby

a g,reen-cladBraziliansoldierridinga girltandem on hisbike.A truckchugs intotown bringingstaplesandappli:tncesfronlSiO PatdO,Down theccnlcrofthestreetcon>cs

a funeralprocessionofboys,girls,andwon~en carryingflowersand a small,voodc”box. The childprobably,dicdof dysentery,A packof dogsfollowsIhccrowd—dogs a“d horsesroanlthestreetsatwill.

At 11 AM, thestreetsempty,andthe corrugated-steelfrontsof theshopsarecloseduntillunchand resttime are over. It is quiet“OW inCiceresand toohotto work. Brightmorninghasgivenway toSUIIVafter.noon.Work beginsagainat 1 P.M., ~nd

pople emerge from theirstuccoedhouses,Cars beginchurningup thedustintheruttedstreets.In theevening,thebrilliantorange

ovalofthesunsetsatthecurveoftheriverbehindthetreeswhichrisefromThebanks,Itisthehour forstrolling.Men aresettlingin barsand on thepra$a (town square)$theyplaycardsand drinkbeer.Pleasantchatterfillstheair.‘,Boa noite, coma vai? Ttidoazul.” (Good evening,how areyou?Everythingisfine.)Othersconversein German or animatedSpanish,The settingsun has spentitsbril-

liantcolorsofcoral,orange,and yel-low and now fadesintoduskyshadesof roseand grey.Down theriverasingleperogtte (boat)with a lonefigurestandinguprightissilhouettedagainstthedarkeningsky.Ploddinghomeward I marvelatthe

brightstarsin the clear,deep bluesky and the softmoonlightbeamingoff the rippledroof of the town’scathedral.

Now, onceagain,C$ceresisasleep.

Pul,icio Day (Hot! slon, Tex.) ot-tended rhe Unit, er.rify of Arizona andwas gran{ed a B.A. ;n h;s!ory in May,1964. She i,< no,v ii visitadora will,a heallh project in Rosdrio Oeste,MaIO Grosso.

Ecumenismgets a boost

in Brazil

By Pat Shelton

eitherBrazilianCatholicsor Ameri-can Protestants.Usuallythey don’tdrink,smoke, or dance. Brazilianshave a difficulttime understandinganythingoutsidethisframework.My firstfew conversationsabout

religionwent somethinglikethis:“AreyoltaCatholic?”“No.”,,Whatareyou?”“Unitarian.,,“Oh,Lutheran.”“No, Unitarian.1 don’tthinkyou

hzvethatchurchinBrazil.”“Oh Maybe it’slikethe

Baptists.”This neverprovedsatisfactory;the

Braziliansseemed disappointed.One day I was talkingtoa particu-

larlyadamant cook at one of myschools:“Areyoua Catholic?“No,I’maUnitarian.”

S60 Torqttaro, Esp;rilo Sanro “Oh,likea Baptist.,’“No,it’sanotherProtestantsect.,’

Most BraziliansareCatholic,Any- “fknow,,’shesaid.“Baptist.”oneotherthanCatholicisa Protestant ‘Yes,” 1 said,“sortof likeaor crenle(literallytranslated“be- Bapiist.”liever”).Protestantsi“ Brazilarefar Well,if thisnladeher happy,Istricterin religiousobservancethan didn’tsee the harm, A few days

14

later,1 was talkingwithanothercookatthesameschool:“AreyouCatholicY“No. Baptist.”“Oh,thenyoudon’tdonce.”.Well,asa matterof fact,1 liketo

dance.”“And smoke?”“Yes,but,you see,AmericanBap-

tistsaren’texactlvlike BrazilianBaptists.,,“And drink? she said,her eyes

widening,1wasreallysweatingnow.“Yes,”’I said,“1 likea beeronce

ina while.,’“Me, too,” shcsaid,witha lookof

satisfaction.“Nothing likea coldbeerwith lunch.”

I now IV hard to avoidreligiousdiscussions.

Pofri.;<t Shel!otl (Me,do Park, Crdif.)1,<,.Ta B.A, i“ hislory fro!n Ihe Uni-ver.vi?y of Califor!r ia at Son ta Barbara,grunrcd in 1958. She compleled o?zeye<ir of gr<!dicute v%~orkat Clarefnont ●(Ca/if.) Graduate School. She i.! work- -’ing in Vila Velho, on the soulheoslerncoast of Broz;[.

●A

In

third kind

By Joan Marasciulo

R;o de Janeiro

August,1963,20 Peace CorDs

of single woman

Volunteers,allwomen in their20s,arrivedintheBrazilianstateofGuan-abaratotakeup dutiesas he~lthandcomnlunity-developmentworkers inthejavelin(slums)ofRio de Janeiro.At lastco””t there were 232

favela.rinRio,and approximately25percentofthepopulationof thecity,or more thana millionpeople,liveinthesenlorros(hills).When theVolun[ccrsarrivedthere

was much speculationas to whethertheywould be ableto work and livein the favelo.~,sincethey were saidto containthelargestsegmentof thecriminalpopulationof the state.ABrazilianwoman officialobjectedtotheVolunteers’requestforhousingin

thef>~orros,since“onlytwo kindsofsinglewomen livein javeias—nunsand prostitutes.”Brazili:lndoctors,nurses,social

:~orkers,andotherhosp,taland health-postpersonnelwithwhom tbeVolun-teerswere workingraisedtheireye-brows and voicesin horrorat theprospectof femaleVolunteersgoingintothese“dens of iniquity.”TheBrazilianfamilieswithwhom theVol-unteershad theirinitialhon>estaysrefusedto accepteven the idea ofsucha possibility.Nevertheless,(he Volunteers—un-

daunted by the fearsexpres;edhyall—managed aftertwo yearsto notonlywork inthejavela.rintheirareasof assignment,but obtainedor hadbuiltforthem,housesin Par,tdadeLucas,Bore!,Snlgueiro,and Tuiuti.

. In Borel,where theAssociation

of Laborerswas predominantlyleft-ist,and where no organizationorgroup had ever been accepted,theassociationpresentedtotheU.S.Em-bassy a petition,signedby almostevery literatenlember of the CO”I.nlunlty,askingthatthe two Volu”.teerswho had Iivcdand worked thereduringthei,tourbe permittedto ex-tendforanothertwo years.

. In Paradade Lucas,two of theVolunteerswho livedtherewere ap-pointedto theAssociationof Labor.crs’Council.

. In Salgueirotwo of theVolun-teerswho livedand worked theredanced with the Escolade SambaduringC~lrna~,dl.The Escolain thisparticularjc,velaconstitutesa govern.ingbody of thecommunity,

. in Formiga,where anotherVol-unteerworked, the firstAssociationof Workers was organizedand ofi-cialselectedforthe governingbodythrolighthe effortsand interestofthatsanleVolunteer.Sub-healthpostswere established

and conductedby Volunteersin a

SharonAbdalIah(Stockton,Calif,)and BrendaRosen(St,Louis],dentalhygienistsina Riofavela,havefoundone of thegr~testproblems‘i”dentaleducationtobe thechupeta(pacifier)sometimesused by chiIdrenup to theage of 10 years.

numberofthefavelm. .Thisfirstgroupof dentalassistantswas [rainedby aVolunteerand a manual for dentalassistantstranslatedand plannedforusethroughoutallof Bratilas a re-sultof her work. A pureeindustvwas organizedand is stilloperatingas a resultof the effofisof anotherVolunteer.The firstGirl&out troopwas establishedina }avela.Thesearebut a few of the many accomplish-mentsof theVolunteers.At a recentmeetingofregionalad-

ministrators,doctors,nurses,andolhcr supervisors,the Peace Corpsliaisonofficerfor the SecretaryofHealth of the stateof Guanabarastatedthattwo yearsago,when theVolunteersof theGuanabara HealthProjectarrivedin Rio,theBraziliansneverrealizedso much couldhe ac-complishedthroughthework of thePeaceCorps.He wenton tosaythattheVolunteershad proventheirpo-tentialand possibilities,thattheywentway beyondthehost-countryagency’sexpectations.This had allbeen ac-complishedthroughtremendousspir-itual,cultural,and physicalstrainonthepartof theVolunteers.

Mvra Co”t,s.right.admiresthe

Allof thissoundslikean unquali-fiedsuccessstoV, Itwould taketoomany pagestolistthefailures,disap-pointments,and frustrationssufferedby theVolunteers;and thedetailsofheat, garbage,open sewers,mud,knifings,robberies,rats,fleas,andsweat.The originalgroupof 20 Vol-unteershasdepartedGuanabara,aftera jobwelldone. A groupof 34 newVolunteersis continuingthe workand has branched out into otherareasofthestate.Althougheveryonesaiditcouldn’tbe done,theseVohtn-teersof the favelas proved itwaspossible.

Joan Marascitdo,froflz New YorkCiiy, has been a Peace Corps staflr?le?nber since Sepfet,lber, 1962, whenshe wm assignedas Deplit.v Repre-senro!ive to lo,y~oica. In A ltgust,1963, SJZCwent to Brazil as aft Asso-ciate Repre.rentalive itz Rio de Jane;ro.She recetzdy returned to Rio to serveanorher Iwo years in the sat?ze ca-pacily. Before joining the PeaceCorps, Miss Morascitdo travelled ex-Iensive!y itl SOLllh A lnerica.

k Bebedouro,the explosiongoes unheard

By tindaWilson

Macei6,A /asoas

Fortbeworld”sdemographicproph-ets,thepopulationexplosionisa hor-rendousthunderwhich portendstbeworlds final,overcrowdedexit.It’sthesoundof I,B,M. nlachincstickingup the.numbers of Mother Earth’sinhabitantsand spittingout thesumsthatbringus closerand closerto thehungerpangsof our Malthusianfin-ish. Nunlbers and destiny—that’swhat thepopulationexplosionmeansforthosewho usethetermso glibly.That’swhat itn>eantto me beforeIcame towork ina littleBr=ilianslumcalledBebedouroand heard itsrealsounds.

oroductsof a doll.matine industwin Ancical.Bahia.She and her husband,e. . . . . . . . .(~i{an~~h~Ga)~”i~tiatedtheproiectduringtheMO yearst~eysewed as co;munitydevelopmentVolunteersin Brazil.

,.E

Ina welI.driIIingprogramforthepublic-healthdepatim:ntof Alagoas,Bob Needham (Rttsburgh)talksovera technicalmatterwdh a coworker.

Before1 came herethepopulationexplosionbroughtsome prettysobersecondthoughts,as1triedtoimaginewhatitwouldbeliketowork innorth-eastBrazil,which has one of tbeworld’shighestgrowthratesin spiteof highinfant-mortality,rateand 10wlifeexpectancy,Judgingby my Amer-icanstandardsoflife,svalueand con-sideringthe predictionsof the pop-ulationprophets,thefiguressoltndedquitestartling,But listeningthroughthe earsof Bebedouro’sown inhabi-tants,tbe populationexplosionbe-came an unheeded murmur. Thefrequencyofbirthand theinevitabilityof death have made Bebedouro aplace where lifeholds no specialpremium.Statisticsand figuresmean littleto

theBebedoureans,many ofwhom canneitherreadnor write.~e numbersand the predictionshaven.t even

ecachedthe earsof the very peoplewhose habitsof livingand repro-ducingare causingalltheproblems.One hasto listenverycarefullyto

hear the sounds of the populationexplosionastbepeopleof Bebedourohear them, They’resimplesoundslikethesoundsof twilightwhen thescorchingtropicalsun dipslow,andhumanityspillsoutof thetinyshacksinto the dusty streets.Bebedouroteemswithwriggling,dancing,crying,dirty-nosed,bare-bottomedlife,astheunder-12 elementof the populationmakes itspresenceheard.(~For thechildrenthe populationexplosionisthe raucouspandemonium of theirbulgingclassroomsand the piercingreprimandsof theirimpatient,ex-asperatedmothers.On thethresholdsbehind tbe crowded sweetssitthechildren’sparents,who smile theirlazysmiles,shake theirheads,andchatabouttbesimpleproblemswhicharc theirlives’crises.To the adultsthepopulationexplosionisa whining,hung~ child, banging his forkagainsthisempty plateor a neighborcomplainingaboutthe risingcostofbeans and thelackof work. It’ssomuch more racket,acceptedas pas-

17

sivelyas the cry of anothernew-born baby or the janglingsound ofviolentinsultspuncturingtbe paper-thinwalls,as the familynext-doorquarrelsover the way the mont~sfinalcruze;roswillbe divided.For the peopleof Bebedourothe

populationexplosionisn’tanythingnearlyas grandioseas a predictionof theworld’sfuturedoom. It’sjusttheclamorousuproarof lifeand thequietreflectionof how one willpullhisgrowingfamilythroughthisdayand on to tbenext.Funny, isn’tit?The populationexplosionisblastingitsloudestnightin Bebedouro;yetitseems that no one here has everheardit.

Linda Wilson ( Weiser, Idaho) al-fended Mexico City College ior oneyear, and did recreation work there,“ilh ch;ldren. She received her B.A.in Latin A n?erican studies fromGeorge Washington University, Wmh-ing(on, D. C., in June,1964. She isworking at the Bebedouro Health POS1in Macei6.

Mato Grosso:in some ways,like ‘Bonanza’

By WiltiamBuw

Cuiabd, Mato Grorso

“Do you see how Mato Grossoreallyisgross?”The directorof theStateTreasuryDepartmentlookedupfrom a sheafof papersshowingtaxreceiptsand smiled wilh a sen=of humor characteristicallyBrazitian.While spoken in a senseof fun,hisstatementholds much truth aboutMato Grosso, the largeststateofBrazil’sgreatwestcentralregion.Firstof all,thedirectorsreference

was tothelackoftaxresources,whichrelegatesthe stategovernmentto apositionof relativepoverty.Thisyear’stotalbudget of ten billioncruzeiros(currentlyexchangedat1850per u.S. dollar)appliesto an areanearlythreetimesthe sizeof Cali-fornia,It is an area which needsallof thecostlystructuralitemscon-

siderednecessaryfor economic andsocialdevelopment:roads and rail-roads,electricity,schools,and com-municationsystems.The real“gross-ness”ofthesituation,however,comesnot so mu~h from thesmalltotaloftaxreceiptsatthedisposalofthestategovernmentas itdotsfrom theinci-denceof taxevasion,which explainsthatsmalltotal.The state’sprincipalresourceisits

land,butlackingisthecon>plementaryresource,people.With a populationof only slightlymore than a n]illionpeople,thepopulationdensityisICSSthanonepersonpersquaren>ile.Thisiseven n>oresparsethan itsounds,sincea thirdof thepopulationiscon-centratedin seven principalcities.Having nluch land and fcw people,Mato Grossoisa systemofvasthold-ingsby few landowners—one aloneowns approximatelytwo and a halfmillionacres.Recently,Federal,State,and privateprogranlshave opet>edlargetractsforcolonization,attractingimmigrantsfromotherpartsof Brazil,andfromsome foreigncountries.Dur-ingthepast10 yearsthepopulationgrowthhasaveragedapproximately10per centper year,but thestatestillneedsmany more peopletohe abletotake advantageof its nziluralre-sources.Geographically,much of Mato

Grossoissituatedinwhat was onceagreatinlandsea.The centralregionof thestateisa largeflatplainbor-dered to tbe eastby low mountainrangesformedprimarilyby nlesassetoffby sharpclifisand wide valleys.Approximatelya thirdof thestateinthe north belongsto the Amazonbasin;thesouthernthirdisconlposedmostlyof gentlyrollinghillscoveredinplacesby richgrasslands.The capitalcityof Cuiab4,located

inthemiddleof thestate,isalsothecenterofthecontinent:a smallmonu-ment marks thegeodeticmidpointofSouthAmerica.ClimaterangesFronlequatorialintheAmazon regiontoalemperateupland-tropicalinthesouth.The principalactivilyof theregion

iscattleraising.In fact,the cattlepopulationisnearly11 timesgreaterthanthehuman population.Most ofthe cattleproductionisin the Pan-IU”OI swampland alongtheParaguayRiver,A vast,flatgrasslandwhichispartiallyfloodedduring the rainyseason(DecemberthroughMarch),itisquitewelladaptedtoextensivegraz-ing,nluchliketheopen rangesof theearlyAmericanWest.

e%, ,. k.. J.At the healthpost in Itabaiana,Paraiba,FreyaOlafSon (Ithaca,N.Y.)usesbinocularmicroscopeto demonstrateparasitologicalexaminationto student

Agriculturalproductsincluderice,corn,manioc,wheat,cotton,peanuts,and sugarcane. lpeca, a medicinalherb,ervo>natd,a typeof tea,andIani,,o,a productused for tanningleather,are shipped to industrialcenters.Industrializationiscomingslowlyto

Mato Grosso.Todav nlanufacturcislimitedto pigiron~nd cement.Ironore and nlangancsearesaid’to be ingreatabundance,asislimestone.Goldand diamonds are con>mon in thenorth,sprrddoverwide areasinsedi-menta~ deposits,but aren>ostlyex-tractedby 19th-centurymethods.Ac-cordingto Brazil’sbrilliantecononlicplanner,RobertoCampos, himselfanativeMatogrossense,Mato Grossoin 20 yearswillbe theequalof SioPaulo statetoday,which aloneac-counts for about 70 per cent ofBrazil’sindustrialproduction.Inn~anyways Mato Grossoisrenli-

niscentof theearlyAn>ericanWest,exceptfortheexistencehereof cars,electricity,telephones,and many othertrappingsof modern invention.Hereare theboom towns,theagriculturalsef?lenlents,cattledrives,gold digs,and gun fights.Substitutepalm treesforpinesand it’snotunlikean eveningof“Bonanza.”In a ratherlessromanticway,how-

ever,Mato Grossoliveswithn~anyofthe same problemsfound in otherareasof the world where the PeaceCorpsisserving.Of the95 Volunteersin thestatewideprojectadministeredby ArizonaStateUniversity,about65work inpublichealth,helpingtotcnchhealthpracticeswhich willbetteren-able the peopleto cope with theirenvironment.About 25 more Volun-teerswork in agriculturalareashelpingto teachbetterpracticesthroughagriculturalextension.Two electrical

18

engineersare helpingto systematizethepower systemof thestatecapital,and one VolunteerteachesEnglishinCuiabi schools.My work isin theState PlanningCommission, whichworks, sonletimesagainstpoliticalwinds,tosteerthestateon a straight,plannedcourse.Threepermanentstaffmenlbersstruggleagainstconlmunica-tionsdifficultiesand an incrediblebankingsystemto keep us allpaidand happy.Sinceour PeaceCorpsprojectwns

Qinauguratedonly lastOctober,iti.hard as yetto pointto any concreteresults,thoughmany snlallprogramsby individualVolunteershave metwith success.The opportunitiesaregreat,particldarlyamong thenew im-migrantswho have come to MatoGrossoin searchof a betterway oflife.

W;ll;a,,zBi(sr(GzJte.rMi//s, 0/1;0)Itolds a B.A. fro??7 Yale i!t Lot;n A #?ler-ican xlltdies, gran!ed i“ Jttne, 1964.

Urban CD?Its name

may be mudBy \WlliamKrohley

Reci/e, fernan~bt:co

Sooner or later someone iscertainto pllzzieout a formaldefinitionofurban-comnlunilydevelopment.Outof bisgarretand intothe sun he’llcome bandyinghissheetofconvolute

*proseonlytobe greetedwitha recent-rerasurein Webster’sNew Collegiate.Exactlywhat he’llfindwhere urban-

@

communitydevelopmentoncestoodisard to say,perhapssomethinglike

“betterburg breeding,,or “coachedconlmunitycommotion>,or anyoneofa thousandpossiblelocutionswhichwould shed an aura of respectabilityon an undertakingwhose verynatureSuggestsa lurking,sleight.of.handpresence.In short,todefinea phrasewhich expressesthe workingsof anideaintbehandsof hundredsor per-hnpsthousandsof peopleistoignoreone of itsnlostsalientfeatures—mys-terioushappenings—andcommit ittoan orthodoxfate.BrasiliaTeimosa is a bairro of

Recifeinthenortheastof Brazilwitha populationof about10,000.One ofitsperennialproblemsistheruinofitsroadsduringthefour-monthrainyseason.D1,ringthisperiodfronlMaytoA1igusttherainbeco”lesa ,vayofIifc,often fallingcontinuouslyforseveraldays. Fishingbecomes spo.rndicand allbut indoorworkersareforcedto sitand do littlebut watchthe steadydownpour turnthe sandand dirtroads intoriversof mudwhich settlein low spotsand arechurned intoblackmuck by trafic,Jim Lail(Lexington,KY,) and I

*aihedw!thmany of thelocalcitizensabouttheroadsand founda realde-sireto get somc[hingdone. Several

informalnleetingswereheldtodiscusstheproblem,and itwas decidedtoseewhat a group of residentscoulddoworkingin conjunctionwiththecitygovernment,The peoplewere willingtoperformnecessarylaborifthegov-ernmentwould supplytbeequipmentneeded.The planningtook aboutsixwreeks,and what startedas a smallgroupof 10 men turnedintoa nebu-lousaffairinvolvingsuddenlyrevivedorganizationsdedicatedto dese!lvolvi-)?lent d<ts rl(as (streetdevelopnlent),an unlimitedsllpplyof ideamen,well-wishers,and skeptics,and thepromptattentionof an incumbentcouncilmanrunningfor re-electionwho arrivedwithtrucksand work crewsaridbeganspreadingsand witha flourish.ThislatternleasureworkedWCIIon theless-travelledstreetswherethesandwasn’tpushedout of theholesand offthestreetby the traffic,btltthe morewidelyused streetsand intersectionsrenlainedimpassable.The situationworseneddailyas the familieslivingon tbescstreetssbovel[edaway thefew remaininghigh spotsto builddan>stokeepmud outoftheirhomes.Somehow thenludhadtobedrained

and the particularstretchof roadleveledandthencoveredwitha prickedlayerof sand.We worked withsomeof the familiesconcernedand sug.

Mary BethWellman (Portland,Ore,)teachesa classin Palmeirados (ndiostheimportanceofvegetable%childrentherehaveOla”tedmorethan150home ~ardens.

gestedthattheypetitionthecityfora smallbulldozerwhich couldworkinthenarrowstreets.The citydidn’thave one. There were,of course,anumber of firmsin the citywhichsoldjustthemachineneeded.Moneywas no object;therewasn’tany. Sonlaybewe couldborrow a bulldozerandadvertisesome company’sproduct.We thoughtitwas a good idea.Mostof thefirmsdidn’t,Aftera seriesofconversationswith

increduloussalesmenwhich usuallyended in helpfuldirectionstotheof-ficesof nearby competitors,we fi-nallygota machineand a driverwbowould come out to Brasiliaon thefirstrainlessSunday. The men livedon thejob site,so gettingthem to.getherwas “o problem.But italwaysrainedon Sunday, One Sunday inmid.June,however,BrasiliaTeimosareposedunderclearskies;itwas notraining,It was urban-community-development-tinle,First:drainthem“d beforethear.

rivalof thebulldozer.Therewas onefamilywhich had a frontyard largeenough to diga drainagepitin.Thedons dficara(woman of thehouse)thoughtitwouldbe Jllright.The holewas dug alongwith a trenchto then>ud;thetrenchwas opened a“d themud begantoflow.Enterdon da cma:“What isgoingon here? Itwas ob.vious.His yardwas beingfilledwithblackmud. He had beenaway,outoftouch,and thus the logicof “rban-comn>unitydevelopn>entwas a corn.pletenlysteryto”him. The ensuingconfusionendedthemoment themudceasedto flow;what can one say toa yard-fullofmud?The projectproceededand was

eventuallycompleted as the dozercame toleveltheroad,and thecoun-cilnlancame to dump two truckloadsofsandfortheworkerstospreada“dtamp. The drainednluddriedin Ibesun and was coveredwithsand,andurban-community-devclopme”tgainedanotheradherent.Sunday came to aclose. The workers congratulatedthemselveson a job welldone; thecounciln~anbusilyshook hands,andthePeaceCorpsVolunteerswentforabeer.The followingSunday,we would

tacklethenextstretchof road,rainpermitting.Itdidn’t,

Willianl Krohley (Hu”t;”gton Sta-tion, N. Y,) received a B.A. i“ phi-lo.oph), from the University of Roch-esler in Jltne, J964.

Peace Corps on the college campus: Are we selling an idea? ●Each sztmmer the Peace Corps in

Washington hay a nl<mber of collegestudents working for the agency duringrhe;r sut~?:ner vacations, many as part0) Ihe Us. GO”e,nnle”/’ss[ln,mer-internprogram. Thi,r st,m,,ter 80 stu-dents were distributed over }nost o) thePeoce Corps ofices and divicions. Oneof tho.~e working /or no p~ WO.VBurtDea!?ler, a 20-yeor-old Stanford jttniorfro,?, San Francisco. A h;sto~ nzujo,,he WO.Vass;gned to /he Division ofResearch linder Direc!or Robert E.Krug. Hi.r paper ,“af written i“ re-sponse 10 o“e by Charles PeterJ, D i,ec-tor of Evulua[ ion, which appear.~ infhi.v i.rsue on page 2.—Ed.

By Bd Deamer

[fone cancon>parean organizationwithan individual,IbelievethePeaceCorpson campus (ifnotinWashing-tonaswell)isin itslate30s—abouttogiveup theofftinsiveon itsenviron-ment,aboutto dedicateitselfto get-tingalongcomfortably.The conceptthatthe Peace Corps idea is,andthereforeshouldbe, simplyone ofmany attractivealternativesfor thegradljatingseniorsuggeststhis;sodoesthepro~saltogiveretllrnedVol-unteersan M.A. The implicationofthesesuggestionsis thattbe PeaceCorps shoulddo itsbest to adaptitselftotheexistingcareerpatternsofyoung Americans.1 believethisisa verywrong tactic

for the Peace COTS to choose.Abusiness-rec~uitingprogrammightfinditfeasible,butwhat makes thePeaceCOTS differentfrom much elseinAmerican lifeisthatitsconception,support,nnd continuingviabilityde-pend solelyon an idea.IfthePeaceCorpsistotapitsmarketon campus,itcannotsella broadeningand chal-lengingtwo ye:lrsabroad itmust sellan idea.

Untilnow,thePeaceCorpshasnotneededto formulatethisidea,foritsnewnessand thefactorsmentionedbyCharlesPeters(John Kennedy, TheUgly A /nerican)have stimulatedminds on campus,However,allthesefactorsarenow past,and 1 believetberesultinglackofarticldationisnoticedon campus.~e timehascome forthePeaceCorpstodirectitso>vnoffensiveon studentminds,Thismeansthatthequestionofwhat

thePeaceCorps isat]aboutcan nolongerbe avoided,Although1 will

suggestan answerbelow,I wish tostressnotso much itscorrectnessasthepressingneed thatan answerbehammered out.The underlyingpurpose of the

PeaceCorps,T believe,isPeters’con-ceptofpromotingpeaceby promotingchange;of promotingthe precondi-tions of worldstability.Thisconceptof purposeishintedatintheoriginalPeaceCorpsAct,butonlyby tenuousimplication.1 believethecoreof thePeace Corps missionis to changemen’s minds,not in theirthoughtsaboutAmerica,but in theirthoughtsaboutthemselves,theirsurroundings,andtheirown abilitytoimprovethem.Thisisthechangethatisa precondi-tionto a stablepeace.Furthermore,this idea is not

wishfulthinking,but the basisofthecommunity-developmentdiscipline.Community developmenthas a well-developedmethodologyon how togetpeopleinterestedin attackingtheirown problemsand isthereforeatthecenterof tbe Peace Corps mission.(<’Communitydevelopnlent”:istakenbroadlyhere,to includea new peda-gogy,forexample,as wellas “polit-ical”comnlunitydevelopment.)

Two misconceptions

Gettingback to thecampus,I be-lievethe aggressivearticulationof aPeace Corps “purpose”along theselineswould have a number of goodresldts,Itwould above allchallengethemindsof~aduatingseniors,some-thingthePeaceCorpsisnotnow doingenough. Joiningthe Peace Corpswould be perceivedas more thansomethingworthwhileto do fortwoyears;itwould be seenas a chancefor an individualto use his ownknowledgeand resourcefulness,pur-suinga known goal.me PeaceCOTSwould no longertradeonly on thelatentinclinationof n>anycollegestu-dentsto do good; itwould activelyshaperesponse.Thisapproachwouldalsoattackdirectlytwo majormiscon-ceptionsaboutthePeaceCorps:first,itwouldshow thatthePeaceCOTS isnot simply an aid program withsophisticatedpersonalrelationsover-tones,Studentsare understandablyhesitantto devotetwo yearsto win-ningfriendsfortheircountw orwork-ingasunpaidA.I.D.fieldrepresenta-tives.Second,thisapproachempha-sizeshow much thePeaceCOTS isaperson-to-person,ratherthan institu.

20

.,tion-to-insthution,propam. Lastly,astatementofpurposealongcommunitydevelopmentlines’would not be astatementof oflbodoxyfor prospec-tiveVolunteers,forno fieldputsmoredemand,on flexibility,judgment,andindividualinitiative.Rather,itwouldconfrontthestudentwiththecentralissuebe willbe dealingwith as aVOluntcer,

A ‘hmded concept

More specifically,thismeans thePeaceCorps shouldsteeraway fromtellingstudentshow much they canhelpa community,and tellingthemhow nluchtheycan changeitso thatitcan helpitself.Becausethisisaseriouschallenge,cuteadsaboutbrinping idealistsdown to earthare in-appropriateatbest.Up to now, theprimarychallengeofferedto studentsby thePeaceCOTS hasbeenhardship;thechallengeof community develop-nlentisone \vhichwould sparkmuchmore response,and 1 suspect,amongthepeoplethePeaceCorps\vouldIlkenlosttoeet.[thin~thecommunity-development

approach would awaken more re.osponsethan;1“peace,’approachthatwould publicizePeters’analysisofthePeaceCorps’roleinAmericanforeignpolicy.Itismuch more plausiblefora studenttoseehimselfasan agentofchangeina snlallcon>munitythanasan inlportantparticipantinU.S.worldstrategy.Community developmentissimplya much “harder”concepC inadditionthe peace approachunderpresentcircumstancesmightn~eetwitha good dealof skepticism.Althoughthe “change”and “peace”conceptsareverycloselyrelated(perthePeterspaper),1believetheformerisa handlewith nluch more potentialfor an

agwessivecballengcofstudentminds,On a cautionarynote,I believethis

campaign shouldbe directedto tbecampusesonly,and nottothepublicat large.I thinkthePeaceCorps issupportedinthesetwo areasfordif-ferentreasons,and thatthe publicmight be reluctantto acceptsuch“radical”ideaswithoutsome buffering.Lastly,thearticulationof a Peace

Corps‘!purpose”alongtheselineshasimplicationsof course.forallaspectsof tbe operationat Peace corpsheadquarters,from programming t

aselectionto evaluation,but aboveall-.in training,where a greatdeal of‘Ldestrttcturing”mightbe initiated.

_r., ‘ Long nights in Niger

On using the language

To THE VOLUNTEER:In regardto F. tingstonBerlew,s

articleintheJulyisslleof THE VOL.UNTEER,thestatementthatallVolun-teersmust usethenativelanguageoftheircountryand become fluentin itisa tenuousgeneralization.One of themajorproblemsof Eng-

lishteachers,atleasti“thisco””try,isto make Englisha livinglanguage,somethingmore than an academicdiscipline,To do this,Englishmustbe spoken outsideof the classroom.Furthermore,a Volunteerwho issta.tionedina placewhere themajorityOfthepeoplewithwhom he isworkingwant tospeakEnglishand expecthimto speakEnglishwiththem,willbe-come frustratedifhe feelsthatlearn.ingthenativelanguageisessentialtobeinga successfulVtd”nteer.When 1 firstcame 10 thiscollege

nearly23 monthsago,one of thefirst~.

thingsthedirectorofthecollegeaskedme was toalwaysspeakEnglishwithboth the teachersand the students.He explainedthatfor the teachersEnglishwas necessaryfor the ad.vancementtheyallseek,and forthestudentsitisnecessarybecausetheymust take Englisheach tem theystudyintheschool,theirscienceandmathematicsbooksareentirelyinE“g-Iish,and many of them willbe teach.ing Englishwhen they leave thiscollege,At firstI did not takebisadvice.

I triedto speakThai,I studiedit,Ispoke it,and f even began to learnhow to writeit.However,afteroneterm,1 became disillusioned,My stu.dentsknew littlemore afterthetermthanwhen theybegantheterm.Theteacherswho occasionallyspoke asentenceor two inEnglishcontinuallyUnadcthesame mistakes,Sincethe” 1 have spoken almost

nothingexceptEnglishhere,In thenearlytwo yearsthathavefollowedithas become possibleformost of theteachemhere to speokEnglishwell.We can co”vcrseeasilyand we canbecomfortableinEnglishaswe would

~b: i“ Thni, Visitorswho come toth,sschoolarccontinuallyimpressedwiththeEnglishabilityof thefacultyand the students.For our visitors,communicationmustoftenbe inEng-

lishsincen>any of them representUNESCO or ~lCEE they comefrom many differentnations,andoftentheycannotspeakThaiei[her.To make theassumption,as 1 be-

lievehisafiicledoes,thattheabilityto speak fluentlyin the nativelan-guageshows concernforand interestin the peopleand their.cultureinwhich theVolunteerisliving,ismis-leading,Concern a“d interestcomefrom theheartand souloftbeVolu”.teer,not from hisabilityto speakaforeignlanguage.Ifhe bas not loveand empathy for the new world inwhichhe isIivi”gandstillisproficientat the language,he willneverbe asuccessfulVolunteer.Thesethingsarerevealedi“ his personality,by hisactions,and hisown interests.Andthisishow he isjudgedby thepeoplewithwhom he isworking,Perhapsformany Volunteerspro-

ficiencyinthelanguageof theirnewcountryisindispensable.But letusnotgenerali~forallVolunteersinallsituations.Letus notmake languageproficiencya criterionforthesuccessand failureof each and eve~Volunteer.

KERMIT KRUEGERTeacherTrainingCollegeMahasarakham,Thailand

A new useTo THE VOLUNTEER:

[ have found a new way of using

THE VOLUNTEER. I am workingin aGovernment school in up-countryLiberia,teachingsecond and thirdgrade,Many partsof ourbookshavelittlemeaningformy students,and 1have been usingpicturesfrom THEVOLUNTEER to supplementmy read-ingclasses,Thisprovedverysuccess-ful,The picturesshow peoplethestu-dentsrecognize,insettingssimilartotheirown. I findtheirspontaneityre-w:trding—theyareeagera“d 1havealleyesturnedtowardme! By contrast,Anlericannlagazineswe receivearealn>ostworthlessforthispurpose,Thechildrenneedtoseethingstheyunder-stand—they don’t get much fromAnlericanreaderswhich talkaboutsnow and lollipops.

JUNE SHARON STAHLMonrovia,Liberia

21

To THE VOI.UNTEER:

I am stationed inan isolatedpost,greatimage-wise,but a bit barrensometimes,meaning thoselong eve-ningsfrom sundown to thetimethePetronlaxrunsdown. One can read,listento theB,B.C.,writeletters,talkHausa with tbe guardianand othervillageworthies,and on desperateoc-casionsjustsitand think,but in theend allof thesethingsbecome jadedand onedreamsofnew worldstocon-quer.Itiswonderfultohave allthisfreetime,but~m afraidmy yearsattheuniversityhaveruinedmy capacityforconstructiveself-amusement.So I wonder what otherVolunteers

do inlhoselongevenings?DEAN LWKWWD

Tessaoua,Niger

Typical dilemma?

To THE VOLUNTEER:We read Anne Fitzgeraldletter “’

(THE VOLUNTEER, June-July,1965)withsome interest,and would liketosuggestthather “untypicalVoluntemdilemma”may nothe quiteasunusualas she imagines.Our trainingin.community devel-

opment was structuredaroundhighlydevelopedvillagesituations,and wenow findourselvesina tightlypopu-lated urban housing development,which has an effectiveneighborhood-improvement council,I5 women’sclubs,a well-staffedgovernmentso-cial-servicecenter,and a Catholicparishwhich maintainsseveralhighlyactiveand organizedgroupsof adultsand youths.A new technicalschoolwillsoonbe completed,and thesocialcenterhasn~oresewingmachinesthanitisnbletouse,The neighborhood- improvement

councilhas already reached thatawarenessof thecomnlunity-development processwhich leadsthem toavoidresortingto outsideassistanceunlessitisabsolutelynecessary.Theymeet regularlyto discusscommunityproblenls,and when necessary,sendconlmitteestoappropriategovernmentagenciestoobtaintheneededaid.Thecommunity-developmentprocess isrollingon allfourwheels,and evenifthey would allowus to help wedon,tknow what we could add totheiralreadythrivingprogram.And,to top thingsoff,the agency underwhichwe areworkinghasadvisedusto stayout of thecommllnity-devel-opment pictureand confineourselves

towork withyouthgroups.We haveno answertoAnne’sques-

tion:“HOW do YOU justifyyourassign-ment?” And we arecertainthatthisquestionwillbecome lessand less“untypical”as thePeace Corps con-tinuesto initiatemore urban com-munity-developmentprograms. Atany rate,we too have 18 months inwhich to finda solution.

ALEX ZIPPEREREARL THOMPSON

Santiago,Chile

What’s the uproar?

To THE VOLUNTEER:Ican’tunderstandtheuproarabout

returnedVolunteersnotbeingabletoadjustupon returninghome. I reallyhaven’ta doubtbutwhat I can pickup where1leftoffathome andmaybedo a betterjob of livingforhavingbeena Volunteer.Why shouldVolunteersexpectspe-

cialtreatmentintheStates?We werenotdrafted,we askedtobe accepted,so why expectmore than what wereceivewhileserving?1 do not feelmy countrynoranyoneowes me any-thingwhen 1terminatefromthePeaceCorps.Some ofus havehad tomakeour own jobsin thecountrywe areworkingin,so tvhy can’t we findourown jobsathome?

DOROTHY M. HENDRENBombay, India

Handicraft information

To THE VOLUNTEER:One ofthepurposesofPeaceCorps

isto initiatecontinuingchange anddevelopment. In this regard,wewould liketo contactVolunteersin-terestedor involvedin handicrafts.Object:poolingof resourcesfor in-terchangeof ideasand information.Many Volunteersare working to

develophandicr~ftsbutlacknecessaryoutletsfor production.Here inEcuaclor,we have made sonlecon-tactsfor the exportof craftsandwould be gladto send or exchangelistsof U.S.and otherimportsourceswith thoseinterested,We alsohavea copy of a rcpoflfrom one of theworld’s nlost progressivenationalhandicraftcenters(Husflidin,Nor-way),which may prove valuabletoVolunteersinhelpingtoorganizecen-tersintheirown areas.SeveralVolunteersareinterestedin

importing,handicraftswhen theyre-turntotheU.S. Thiswould mean acontinuin8expofimarketforVolun-

teer-initiatedhandicraftprojech,Wethereforewould like to exchagenames of potentialPeace Corps im-portersand alsolocalproducer-con-tacts(nationals),prices,and descrip-tions,or (preferably)picturesofwhatisbeingproducedfordisseminationtothen>and otheri“>porters.An internationalPeace Corps

nucleusfortbeinterchangeof handi-craftideasand informationcouldbeinvaluablein providingwork and in-centiveforartisans.We lookforwardto hearingfronl

the far-flungotttposfiof the PeaceCorps.

JOAN WARDCuenca,Ecuador

—The Divisiotl O) Vo[[tnreer Sup-per!, is also interested in col~?pilingsttch infor,,,ation for a hund;craftshandbook or sim;lar xoiircc nla(erial.Information for Joatl Ward n?ay besell! !hrough M;$s Diane Davis,D. V.S., Pec,ce Corps, Wa$hinglon,DC. 20525.—Ed.

r~—. )

Ballad of a P.C.V.~nlgladI am a P,C,V.And not‘<elitesmiety,”I’mgladthat1canreallymixInqueues,atbusstandsandtheflicks.

There’snothinglikea third-classtrain;Who’d everwant to takea plane?I’dhaveno timefora game ofgin,And I’dmissallthosecutechildren.

And ifI neverrodea bike,How would I know what the city’slike?

The sleepingcows and disdainful“ricks,”

The othercyclistswithalltheirtricks.

And thenof course,Ym gladto beWithouthighbillsforelectricity,‘AndifI had an A,P.O.The PostOficefolksI’dneverknow.

1 don’treallylikethingsthatcome injars:

I’dmuch ratherstruggleintbebazaars,No bi8h+lasSjobwithtimetOkill;I,m happy withmy middle-levelskill.

I’m surethatI willnotforgetWhat funitistoreallysweat.Allthis,thankGod, willmemo~ beNext yearwhen 1 joinA.I.D.

—LORI HAWBECKER(Duquesne,Pa.),

reprintedfrom Chowkidarj publishedby VolunteersinIndia.

J

22

Career information*The Iistinesbelow aretakenfrom

thenlonthly%ulletindistributedby theCareerInformationService,a branchof theDivisionofVolunteerSupport.The bulletiniswnt regularlyto Vol-unteersintheirsecondyearofsemice,who may registerwithC.l.S. Forin-dividualassistance;registrationcardsareavailablefrom PeaceCorps Rep-resentatives.AddressinquiriestoCa-reer InformationSemite, D.V.S.,PeaceCorps,Washington,D.C.20525.The,completemonthlybulletinshouldbe consultedforadditionallistingsandotherinformationnotreprintedhere.

War on Povew

ettsiness

Other

MemorandumTO : The field DATE: Septemb~, 1965

FROM : The editors

SUBJE~: Nice Norse nurses;Sting and sway with V,O,A.

Americm Peace Corps Vohtntcem in lra”got a“ assistfrom thetiNorwegian counterpartsin A“g”st. A seriousoutbreakof choleraineasternIrancaughtthe Peace Corps staffoffguard with no choleraimn>unizationfor150Volunteersa“d a dozenstaffmembers.Dr,ThomasDrake,PeaceCorpsphysiciani“Iran,setofftovaccinateallVolunteemasquicklyaspossible,travelingaroundthecountryusinglighta@lmesand a helicoptersuppliedby tbeU. S.Army missioninTehran.Accom.panyinghim were threeyoung Norwegiannurses,members of thefirstNorwegianPeaceCorpsgrouptoIran.When 13 Norwegianvolunteers—6women, 7 men—arrived inTehran

July20,the PeaceCorps helda receptionforthem. “The in>mediateconlmunicationbetweenbothgroupsof volunteerswas warm and,spon-taneous,” reportedlackFrankel,PeaceCOVS Deputy Directorin Iran,Tbe Norwegiarigroup,besidesthethreen“~es,consistsof threemeteor-ologists,threeelementary-schoolteachers,a forester,a microbiologist,and two universityteachers.They receivedsevenweeks of traininginNorway,withintensivecoursesinEnglishand Farsi,PIUSan additionalmonth of FarsiinTehran,Commenting o“ tbeassistancegivenby thenurses,Frankelnotedthat“What startedoutwitha promiseof medicalassistancetotheirprogramdevelopedintothereverse I am certainthistypeofco-operationwillcontinue,”

❑ 00

Volunteemwho dependo“ theVoiceofAmerica,inregularor“special,’English,forup-to-dateinformationo“ what’shappeningin theoutsideworldmay be interestedi“a statementby John Chancellor,tbeformerN.B.C.televisionreporterwho now headstbeworldwideU, S,radio“et-work: “Itisn~yintentthatwe ‘swing’a little.Under my stew~rdsbip,theVoice of America willnot driftintowcane intellectualismor aca-demicpedantry,We w,illbe vigorous,amusing,avantegarde;we willbethefirstwiththelatest,we willbe currentand contemporary.”

❑ 00

Jack Hood Vaughn, who not Io”g ago was Peace Corps RegionalDirectorforLatinAmerica(andmore recentlyU. S.Ambassadortopa”.area)and who isnow AssistantSecretaryof Stateforinter-AmericariAffairs,returnedrecentlyf.ronla 17-day,26,000-miletripthroughsevenLatinAmerican countries.Among otherobservations,he noted thatfutureenlpbasisof theAllianceforProgressmust be on the “humansector”+” providingslum dwellersand campexinoswitheducationandcarethatwilltakethem intothemainstreamof modern life.And on thesubjectof tbeU. S.careerForeignSewice,he said:‘*If1 had my way,everyyoung ForeignServiceofficerwho “OW spendsbisearlycareerstanlpingvisaswould be forcedtop“tintwo yearswiththePeaceCorpsor two yearsinprivatebusinessas a salesmanor an assistantassembly-Iineforeman—anythingthatwould teachl~em how todealwilbpeopleand getalongwiththem.,,

❑ 00

At PeaceCops headquafle~i“Washington,ashotspotsgrew betteraroundtheworld,JosephG. Colmen receiveda letteraddressedtobimas “DeputyAssociateDirector,Officeof Planning,Evacuation,and Re-search.”Colmen adnlitsonlytotheplanningand research.

23 ,’;

0(

The relevance(Conl;nued from page 2)

There isreallyonlyone activityoftheUnitedStatesGovernment todaythatcomes closeto thework of thePeaceCorps in priority—andthatisthefire:brigadebusinessthattheState.~fense complexisengagedin.Un.questionablythatactivitymust enjoyreasonabletemporarysuccessif thePeaceCorpsand otheraideffortsaretohavetimetodo theirjob,But alsounquestionably,unlesssomethingisdone aboutthe frustrationsof man-kind(hataresmolderingjustbeneaththe suriace,tbe State-Defenseeffortisdoomed toultimatefailure,

The criticalimportanceof tbePeace Corps’missionshouldnot beObscllredby thefactthatournumbersarepatheticand oureffortssometimesinept,Rather,theimportanceof o“rmissionshouldinspireus to do ourdamnedestto eliminatethe ineptnessand.increascour numbers,

Culttlmlimperialism?

We have a caus+the struggleforworld peace,We can tellthe bestyoung Americansthat,iftheydo”,twant tbemnsskillingthatiswar togoon and on,theycan playa vitalroleinstoppingit—notjustby impartingtheirknowledge and skillsbut hybeinglivingexamplesof theircultureatitsbest—showingconcernfortheirfellowman, noti“theabstractbutbyinvolven>entwiththeirstudents,theirpatients,and theircommunities;inhl[ndredsof ways largeand snlallmanifcstingthat democraticinfor-nlalitythatsays substanceis moreimportantthan form; bringingtheirnativeoptimismto peoplesto whomhopclcss”esshas become a habit;teachingpeoplethatlearningto un.derstiindtherulesandthinkwiththcmisas inlportantas memorizingthem.

To sonle,allofthismay soundlikeculturalinlperialism,There arc sev-eralanswerstothatcharge.The firstisthattheculturesof theworld areso faralongtheroadtogettingmixed

up withone anotherthattherelevantquestionisnotslzo!dd thishappen,buthow can we helpthebestvalueswinout.Itisironicthatprogressivelead-ersof tbeunderdevelopedworldsuchas Nehru have understoodthisfarbetterthantheculturalrelativistswhohave often dominated our trainingprograms,The pointisthattherearedifferentways our cultureand ourhosts’aresuperiortoone anotherandour aim shouldbe toseethattheex-change we encourageisof tbe bestelementsineach.Finally,ouractivityisnotimperialismbecauseitspurposeistostrengthen—notAmerica,butourhostcountries.

Some don,tundemtand

The realtragedyof theconfusionaboutculturalin>perialismisthatithaskeptus from emphasizingtoVol-unteersand potentialrecruitsthereallyimportantqualitiestheyhavetooffer.

For thisand otherreasons,manypeopleon thePeaceCorpsstaffhaveneverfullyunderstoodour realmis-sion.They have talkedand behavedin ways thatb~ve shown theyreallydon’tunderstandthe inlportanceofgoodselection,training,programming,and fieldleadership,seeming moreconcernedabouthavingasmany Vol-unteersas possiblethanabouthavinggood Volunteersin effectiveworkingroles.They havebeenrightincaringabout gettingbigger,hut they havebeen wrong in notcaringaboutget-tingbetter.Perhapstheyhave beenmost wrong in thinkingthemost inl-portantthingaboutthePeaceCorpsisthereturnedVolunteer.

The mostimportantthingaboutthePeaceCorps isitswork in thefield.Expanding and making that workmore effectiveisthejobof thePeaceCorpsstaff.It’stimeforeverymem-berofthestafftogeton withourrealwork i“ thesame spiritthatwe tryto encouragein our Volunteers,thespiritthatsays “1 don’tcare howdifficultand discouragingthingsseem;Iknow whatYm doingisnorthdoingand worth doingwell.”

Reminder to vote

*Peace Corps Volunteersare re-nlindedthatseveralstatesareholdingregularand specialelectionsthisfall.1.Fornlationon absenteevotingshouldbe obtaineddirectlyfronlstateandlocalvotingofficialswhereVolunteersnlaintainlegalrcsidencc.Listedbeloware the states,dates,and kinds ofelections:

REGULAR STATEWIDEELECTIONS

Kentucky Nov. 2;one-halfofSen-ateand allofHouse.New Jemy: Nov. 2;Governornnd

localofficcs21 men>bersof Senateand60 membersofGcncra[Assembly.New York Nov. I;Associate1udge

forStateCourtof Appeals;nlembcrsof Senateand Asscnlbly,and localelections.inclL1dingNew York fitymnyoraltyelection.Virginia:Nov. 2; Governor,Lt.

Governor,AttorneyGenefid,and lo-calelections;IIImenlbersof Senateand Hollseof Delegates.

sPEcIA1. SCHEDULEDELECTIONS

ConnccticutiDec. 14;referenduln*electionon ConstitutionalConventionproposalsand Ioctdelections.West Vi~inti Nov. 9; electionof

n>enlbersto ConstitljtionalConven-tion,

UNSCHEDULED SPECIALELECTIONS

Mainu Nov. 2; bond issues:!ndconstitutionalamendments.Vemonk Nov. 23; reapportion-

ment of stateIegislatllrc(prin>aryisOct.19).

A science newsletterUnder.vt<inditlg, a qttartcrlynews.

letterabout scienceand itsapplica-tions,isavailablefreetoPcxceCorpsVolunteersfrom theAmerican Asso-ciationfortbeAdvancement of Sci-ence,1515 MassachusettsAve. N.W.,Washington,D.C.20005.

-------------------------------------------------------CHANGE OF AODRESS PoSTAGE AND FEES PAIO

PEACE CORPSWASH INGTON, O.C. 20525.

NameOFFICIALBUSINESS

. . . . .StreetorP.O.SOx @

................................ .. . . .City,Stat&ZIPCode

Erfectivedate

Pleasesendwithmailinglabelatright.