The (re)conquest of the city: Polis and the public sphere

7/30/2019 The (re)conquest of the city: Polis and the public sphere

1/25

KCGO^F@[

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TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@

Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro


2/25

>44

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TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@

Tmfmkmus I. Fott` Brcguctog mf Crkamtokturo cfg

_rncfmsi (_D^B[, 3==2), Icstor `d _rncf cfg ^o-

bm`fch Uhcffmfb (U^@U_^, 3===), UaG mf Cgvcfkog

Crkamtokturch [tugmos (Wao Ncrthott [ka``h `d Brcg-

ucto [tugmos, _fmvorsmty K`hhobo H`fg`f, >552),

U`stg`kt`rch stugmos k`ffoktog t` tao Ur`lokt `d

Govoh`pioft mf [trctobmk Crocs (UFUG / KCUO[,

>55=). Ao ms kurrofthy Css`kmcto Ur`doss`r mf tao

[ka``h d Crkamtokturo cfg _rncfmsi d tao Dogorch

Dhuimfofso _fmvorsmty (_DD).


3/25

>42

KCGO^F@[

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CN[W^CKWRo cppocr t` no hmvmfb mf tmios `d p`hmtmkch mfgmddorofko, cf miprossm`f sacrog nyicfy cnùt tao wcfmfb `d tao punhmk spaoro. Ct tao scio tmio, wo acvo wmtfossogi`voiofts w`rhgwmgo t` rok`vor tao urncf spcko d`r purp`sos `d p`hmtmkch oxpros-sm`f, suka cs tao Mfgmbfcg`s`d Uhczc goh [`h, mf Icgrmg, `r @kkupy Rchh [troot. A`wovor,a`w kcf tao oxorkmso `d p`hmtmks no tcjof noy`fg tao rochi `d `kkcsm`fch goi`fstrc-tm`fs0 Kcf wo soo mf ùr kmtmos tao truo iocfmfb `d taop`hms, tao h`kus `d ovorygcyp`hmtmks0 Wams crtmkho oxcimfos tao k`fgmtm`fs d`r pr`loktmfb tao punhmk spaoro mft`tao urncf spcko. Warùba gohvmfb mft` tao`rmos `d rctm`fchmzctm`f, c sormos `d ayp`-taosos wmhh no prosoftog robcrgmfb tao pofotrctm`f `d fow d`ris `d rctm`fchmzctm`fmf tao pr`guktm`f cfg cppr`prmctm`f `d tao kmty, (m) `d spcko cs c icfmdostctm`f `d taopunhmk spaoro, (mm) tao wocjofmfb `d tams spaoro tarùba tao rctm`fchmzctm`f `d spcko

mtsohd, cs wohh cs (mmm) tao goopofmfb `d tao gmka`tìmos notwoof tao punhmk cfg pu-nhmk spcko, tao tokafmkch spaoro cfg p`hmtmkch p`wor, prmvcto pr`guktm`f cfg punhmkcppr`prmctm`f. _smfb roprosoftctmvo oxciphos `d taoso trofgs mf tao kmty `d ^m` go

Lcfomr , mt rok`bfmzos mf tao fow spctmch k`fffiburctm`fs, provcmhmfb t`gcy, cf oxpros-sm`f `d tao fobctmvo k`fsoquofkos `d tao rctm`fchmzctm`f prosofthy ct w`rj mf urncfimkr`strukturos. Waoso `nsorvctm`fs wmhh hocg us t` tao k`fkhusm`f tact taoso trofgsiust no rovorsog tarùba ro-k`fquormfb tao kmty cfg rost`rmfb cf urncf punhmk spmrmt.

Joyw`rgs< U`hms: Uunhmk spaoro: U`hmtmks `d ovorygcy hmdo: Kìiufmkctm`f: ^ctm`fchmzc-tm`f.


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


4/25

>41

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Mftr`guktm`f

Ro cppocr t` no hmvmfb mf tmios `d p`hmtmkch mfgmddorofko, cf miprossm`fsacrog ny icfy cnùt tao wcfmfb `d tao punhmk spaoro c d`rui mfwamka gmvorboft vmows `f ok`fìmk, s`kmch, kuhturch cfg p`hmtmkch hmdo cro ox-

prossog (Kacu)< cf oiptymfb `d sacrog s`kmch hmdo, mipogmfb p`hmtmkch cktm`f

(Cubust` F`vcos), tact kùhg kuhimfcto mf c trmvmchmzctm`f `d otamks (Ho`p`hg`

cfg [mhvc) cfg c wocjofmfb `d tao vory f`tm`f `d kìiufmty, icfmdost, sìo-

a`w, mf tao d`ri `d cf cnsofko tao cnsofko `d p`hmtmks mf ovorygcy hmdo cfg

uhtmictohy mf mts ambaost d`ri< urncf hmdo.

@f tao `taor acfg, wo acvo wmtfossog i`voiofts w`rhgwmgo wamka cro ro-cppr`prmctmfb tao urncf spcko cs c vofuo d`r p`hmtmkch oxprossm`f cfg oxortmfb

prossuro f mfstmtutm`fch strukturos f`tcnhy, tao Mfgmbfcg`s d Uhczc goh [`h, mf

Icgrmg, `r @kkupy Rchh [troot, wamka taof sprocg t` sovorch kcpmtchs, mfkhugmfb

tao ohoktrmdymfb `kkupctm`f `d Wcarmr [qucro mf Kcmr`, d`hh`wog ny tao Obyptmcf

rov`hutm`f goi`fstrctm`fs tact icfmdost tao p`toftmch `d tao punhmk spcko.

Gcvmg Acrvoy spocjs `pp`rtufohy `d tao k`hhoktmvo p`wor `d n`gmos mf punhmk

spcko, k`fvortmfb mt mft` c p`hmtmkch kìi`fs, c phcko d`r pof gmskussm`f cfg

goncto, c rokcpturmfb `d punhmk spcko cs p`hmtmkch spcko. Imjo Gcvms csjs pcr-

tmkmpcfts `d @kkupy t` k`ftmfuo t` goi`krctmzo cfg pr`guktmvohy `kkupy tao

punhmk spcko.3

A`wovor, a`w g` yù pr`vmgo k`ftmfumty t` tams oxorkmso noy`fg `kkcsm`fch

icfmdostctm`fs0 Ract cnùt tao p`hmtmks `d ovorygcy hmdo mf tao sofso `d p`-

hms tao p`hmtmkch gmiofsm`f `d spcko cs c vofuo d`r k`fstcft kìiufmkctm`f0

G` ùr urncf spckos ofsuro tao p`ssmnmhmty `d gcmhy oxprossm`f `d tao phurchmty

`d tao s`kmch w`rhg0 Kcf wo vmow ùr kmtmos cs tao h`kus `d p`hmtmks `d ovorygcy

hmdo tao p`hmtmkch kmty0

Wams crtmkho soojs t` oxcimfo tao urncf k`fgmtm`f `d punhmk hmdo `r, i`ro spo-

kmffikchhy, tao k`fgmtm`fs d`r pr`loktmfb tao s`-kchhog punhmk spaoro mft` tao ur-

ncf spcko. Wao b`ch ms t` ufgorstcfg a`w c p`hmtmkch kmty kcf oiorbo cfg no

oxorkmsog< tao urncf oxpormofko cs c p`hmtmkch oxpormofko. Ro jf`w tact tao

icfmdostctm`f `d tao punhmk spaoro mf ovorygcy hmdo acs `kkurrog amst`rmkchhy

vmc tao urncf spcko. A`wovor, k`fstcft oxprossm`f roqumros spckos tact wmhh

k`fstcfthy sustcmf mt.

Iy cfchysms wmhh nobmf wmta tao miprossm`f tact ur kmtmos cro mfkrocsmfbhy hckj-

mfb mf vmnrcft punhmk hmdo nokcuso, ci`fb `taor rocs`fs, tao spckos tact cro

kurrofthy nomfb pr`gukog cppocr t` acvo c fobctmvo mipckt f urncf punhmk hmdo,

hocgmfb t` tao wcfmfb `d mts oxprossm`f mf tao spcko mtsohd. M wmhh taof sooj tao

kcusos d tams wocjofmfb ny gohvmfb mft` tao`rmos f tao rctm`fchmzctm`f d s`km-

oty cfg spcko. M wmhh prosoft c sormos d ayp`taosos robcrgmfb tao pofotrctm`f d

3. Acrvoy (>53>c, p. 45: >53>n): Gcvms (>53>, p. 7>).


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


5/25

>4=

KCGO^F@[

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i`ro suntho d`ris d rctm`fchmzctm`f mf tao pr`guktm`f cfg cppr`prmctm`f d taokmty wamka v`mko cfg cgvcfko trofgs chrocgy rok bfmzog mf tao 3=takoftury ny

tao`rmsts suka cs Icx Ronor. M wmhh put d`rta tao mgoc `d tao p`hmtmks `d ovorygcy

hmdo mf k`ffoktm`f wmta wact Gurjaomi kchhog cfìmo, tao h`ss `d otamkch vch-

uos wamka wo wmhh soo ms css`kmctog wmta gmsmftorost mf p`hmtmks, ckk`rgmfb t` tao

`rmbmfch iocfmfb `d tao p`hms. Hcsthy, ncsog `f Hodonvro, M wmhh gmskuss a`w tao

rctm`fchmzctm`f `d urncf spcko, phcffmfb prcktmkos cfg tao pr`guktm`f `d spcko

mtsohd acvo k`ftrmnutog t` tao wcfmfb `d tao punhmk spaoro, wmtfossog ny icfy

f` h`fbor mf tao d`ri d Kcrtosmcf z`fmfb rbcfmzctm`f, f`tog ny Hodonvro, nut

`d cf mfkrocsmfbhy rctm`fchmzog spcko, f`w mf mts imkr`strukturo. Wams cfchysms

wmhh hocg us t` oxcimfo tao cnmhmty `d ùr kmtmos t` pr`vmgo ictormch k`fgmtm`fs

d`r p`hmtmkch cktm`f, pcrtmkuhcrhy ncsog `f mts r`ho t` boforcto bctaormfbs cfggofsmty d kìiufmkctm`f mf gcy-t`-gcy hmdo.

Waoso ayp`taosos wmhh uhtmictohy nrmfb us t` tao k`fkhusm`f tact tams pr`koss

iust no rovorsog ny ro-k`fquormfb tao kmty cfg rost`rmfb cf urncf spmrmt.

A`wovor, wo wmhh soo tact tams rost`rctm`f gòs f`t smiphy gopofg `f goi`f-

strctm`fs mfv`hvmfb c roturf t` tao punhmk spcko, cs Acrvoy p`mfts ut, nut chs`

`f spctmch k`fgmtm`fs d`r tao k`fstcft roturf cfg prosofko `d tao punhmk mf tao

punhmk spcko. Mf taor w`rgs, tao pr`nhoi bòs goopor tacf tao oiptymfb d tao

punhmk spcko< n`ta mts oiptymfb ùt cs wohh cs mts rotcjmfb gòs f`t `kkur mf c

vckuui. Waoy gopofg `f ictormch k`fgmtm`fs urncf cfg crkamtokturch cfg,

taorod`ro, M wmhh prosoft crbuiofts wmta rospokt t` tao rohctm`fsamp notwoof`pof cfg numht spckos, cfg punhmk cfg prmvcto spckos.

Wao h`fb-rcfbo vmsm`f oftcmhs rovorsmfb tao gcicbo nrùbat cnùt ny tao pr`-

kossos `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d tao urncf spcko cs cf oxprossm`f cfg imhmou `d

wact Acnorics rodors t` cs sacttorog i`gorfmty. Ro wmhh oxph`ro tams cppcr-

oft pcrcg`x< `f `fo acfg, tao kurroft miprossm`f `d p`hmtmkch gmsmftorost cfg

tao wcfmfb `d tao kìiufmkctmvo gmiofsm`f `d s`kmotmos cfg brùps wamka

acvo tao cnmhmty t` taoictmzo taomr `wf k`fgmtm`f, cs dùfg, ct hocst k`fkop-

tuchhy, mf tao `rmbmfch iocfmfb `d tao p`hms: `f tao `taor, tao kurroft smbfs `d

rovmvch mf tao punhmk spaoro cs soof mf p`hmtmkch goi`fstrctm`fs.

M mftofg t` oxph`ro tao pcrtmkuhcr i`go `d s`kmotch rctm`fchmzctm`f tact acs ro-suhtog mf skofcrm`s `d cut`fìùs gokmsm`f-icjmfb cnùt urncf spcko `f tao

pcrt `d spcko pr`guktm`f ckt`rs. M wmhh ayp`taosmzo tact tao br`wmfb cut`fìy

`d tams spaoro acs noof sokurog mf tao d`ri `d s`kmch cfg ok`fìmk r`hos d`r

spokmchmzog ckt`rs, wa` acvo noof hobmtmimzog cfg droog c prm`rm drì p`hmtmkch

rostrcmfts cfg nr`cgor s`kmch cfg urncf rosp`fsmnmhmtmos mf taomr gokmsm`fs ro-

bcrgmfb tao pr`guktm`f `d tao kmty. M wmhh crbuo tact tams cut`fìy ms strukturog

mf ckk`rgcfko wmta c systoi `d urncf robuhctm`fs tact chs` stoi drì c pr`koss

`d rctm`fchmzctm`f. Cn`vo chh, M mftofg t` goskrmno tao i`gos suka cs urncf spcko

pr`guktm`f prcktmkos wamka acvo ckamovog tams cut`fìy wmta rospokt t` tao

gcmhy prcktmkos `d `taor s`kmch ckt`rs cfg wmta rospokt t` rosp`fsmnmhmtmos mf tao

spaoro d punhmk gokmsm`fs mf toris d tao [tctos icfcboioft d tao urncf croc.


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


6/25

>25

KCGO^F@[

3=

M wmhh crbuo tact tao rosuht `d tams wcy `d tamfjmfb ms cf mfkrocsmfbhy broctorgmvmsm`f notwoof numht cfg `pof spcko, cfg punhmk cfg prmvcto spcko, mf wamka

prmvcto spcko ms goffifog ckk`rgmfb t` pr`guktm`f strctobmos, wmta c d`kus `f

icrjotmfb ffiohgs. Fow crkamtokturch stcfgcrgs acvo hog t` c wocjofmfb `d ro-

hctm`fsamps< numht-`pof spcko, tao wocjofmfb `d tao uso cfg cppr`prmctm`f `d

punhmk spcko cfg tao gìmfcfko d prmvcto vor punhmk mf fow crocs d Nrczmhmcf

kmtmos cfg mf tao rophckoioft d oxmstmfb dcnrmks.

M wmhh oxph`ro, taorod`ro< (m) spcko cs c icfmdostctm`f `d tao punhmk spaoro, (mm)

tao wocjofmfb `d tams spaoro wmta tao rctm`fchmzctm`f `d spcko, (mmm) cfg mts

fow d`ris, mf tao goopofmfb `d gmka`tìmos notwoof punhmk cfg punhmk spcko:

tokafmkch spaoro cfg p`hmtmkch p`wor: tokafmkch cfg tao`rotmkch: prmvcto pr`guk-

tm`f cfg punhmk cppr`prmctm`f: cfg fow crkamtokturch cfg urncf k`fffiburctm`fs

wamka cro kurrofthy nokìmfb provchoft cfg oxpross, mf t`gcys urncf imkr`-

strukturo, tao g`wfsmgo d s`kmch cfg ictormch rctm`fchmzctm`f. W tams ofg, M wmhh

uso< (mv) roprosoftctmvo oxciphos d tams trofg mf tao kmty d ^m` go Lcfomr`, suka

cs tao fow urncf dr`ftmor t` tao wost cfg mts hobmshctm`f.

Wao p`hmtmks d ovorygcy hmdo cfg tao wcfmfb d

tao punhmk spaoro

U`hmtmks ms sìotamfb tact `kkurs notwoof mfgmvmguchs, wmtamf c kìi`f spcko

`d punhmk hmdo.>

Waoro cro ufgùntoghy gmddoroft goffifmtm`fs `d p`hmtmks, suka cs tao numhgmfb

`d iìoftcry k`fsofsusos, tao k`fmkts cfg oxprossm`fs `d tao k`fstmtutmvo

gmvmsm`f `d tao s`kmch gmiofsm`f cfg tao poricfoft kroctm`f `d rmbats. Wao vm-

sm`f rombfmfb t`gcy, a`wovor, sopcrctos tao p`hmtmks `d ovorygcy hmdo cfg sots

taoi wmtamf taomr `wf mfstmtutm`fch spaoro, waoro cktm`fs k`fkorfmfb tao kì-

iufmty cro gohmnorctog cfg gokmgog< c p`hmtmkch spaoro kìp`sog `d p`hmtmkch

ovofts tact cro gmstmfkt drì chh `taor spaoros cfg s`kmch ovofts. Ro k`fkomvo

`d p`hmtmks cs ncsog f tao [tcto r stcto mfstmtutm`fs, d`ri d b`vorfiofts, tao

oxmstofko d p`hmtmkch pcrtmos r tao prosofko r cnsofko d ohoktm`fs.;

Aoromf hcys tao gmdffikuhty `d rost`rmfb tao mgoc `d p`hmtmks cs cf ovorygcy pao-

fìof`f d s`kmch rohctm`fs, cs vofuos d`r k`fstcfthy cmrmfb gmddorofkos r k`f-

mkts c p`hmtmks d ovorygcy hmdo mf tao sofso d tao p`hms, d mftorcktm`f mf urncf

hmdo, mf oinrckmfb tao f`tm`f `d punhmk. Waoro ms c gokmgoghy urncf gmiofsm`f mf

tao oxorkmso `d p`hmtmks, wamka icjos mt cjmf t` tao mgoc `d tao urncf spaoro cs

cf miiorsm`f mf `taorfoss rochmzog mf tao pr`guktm`f `d hmfbumstmk oxkacfbo. Acffc Crofgt mf F`vcos (>552, p. 32).

;. F`vcos (>552, pp. >>-;;).7. [oo Fott` (>53>: mf pross).


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


7/25

>23

KCGO^F@[

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kìiufmkctm`f. Cubust` F`vcos rodors t` p`hmtmks cs cf oxorkmso `d spooka cvmsm`f `d goi`krcky cs c robmio `d spooka `r tao oddokts `d spooka, wamka

Jcft goffifog, mf 3217, cs c kìi`f i`go d gohmnorctm`f tact mfgmvmguchs icy

uso d`r mssuos `d punhmk k`fkorf.?Gowoy wùhg hctor goffifo punhmk cs c d`-

rui `d spooka d`r k``porctmvohy s`hvmfb kìi`f pr`nhois, ufgor goi`krctmk

k`fgmtm`fs.4Wao goffifmtm`f `d punhmk cs kìiufmkctmvo wcs systoictmzog mf

3=4>, mf Acnorics w`rj `f tao punhmk spaoro cs c lurmsgmktm`f mf wamka stcto

cuta`rmty wùhg no punhmkhy i`fmt`rog tarùba krmtmkch gmskùrso< C gmskursmvo

spcko mf wamka mfgmvmguchs cfg brùps k`fbrobcto t` gmskuss icttors d iutuch

mftorost, cfg waoro punhmk pmfm`f ms d`riog.2

Cf mfmtmch cppr`cka d`r soojmfb tao urncf k`fgmtm`f `d tao punhmk spaoro kcf

no dùfg mf Acnorics i`gchmtmos `d tao punhmk spaoro, ckk`rgmfb t` gofsmty

`d kìiufmkctm`f, rbcfmzctm`fch kìphoxmty cfg rcfbo1 tw` `d wamka acvo

str`fb p`toftmch t` no hmfjog t` spcko cs c ictormch k`fgmtm`f552, pp. >>, ;; cfg >4) cfg Gowoy (3=>2), rospoktmvohy.

2. Acusor (3==1): Csof (3===): Drcsor (3==5, p. ?2). [oo Uorhctt` (>53>).1. Acnorics (3==2, p. 352).


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


8/25

>2>

KCGO^F@[

3=

mf gmbmtch cfg tohoictmk kìiufmkctm`f fotw`rjs notwoof poors, cs p`-toftmchhy syiiotrmk mftorh`kut`rs, mf tao r`ho `d iutuch trcfsimttors `d

mfd`rictm`f cfg porkoptm`fs `d tao w`rhg. Ovof tao ohusmvo ictormchmty

`d taoso kìiufmkctm`fs ms pr`gukog cfg cfka`rog mf tao kmty.=

Wao opms`gmk cfg `rbcfmzog prosofko i`gos `d tao punhmk spaoro sooi t` k`f-

stmtuto tao amst`rmkch rocs`f d`r tao kmty mtsohd. Waoy k`ftmfuo t` no prosoft ct

hocst p`toftmchhy mf tao spckos `d Nrczmhmcf kmtmos. Iy ayp`taosms ms tact tao

pr`loktm`f d tao punhmk spaoro mf tao d`ri d pofmfb up iootmfb crocs, wamka

acs chrocgy iot wmta rosmstcfko mf toris `d spctmchmtmos cfg k`ftoip`rcry ur-

ncf cfg phcffmfb robuhctm`fs, mf tao d`ri `d `rbcfmzctm`fch cfg urncf z`fmfb

odd`rts, k`ftmfuos t` suddor drì tao oddokts d tao rctm`fchmzctm`f d spcko, mf mts

pr`guktm`f cfg hobmshctm`f, cfg wmta rospokt t` k`-prosofko mtsohd rogukog t`

crocs mf t`gcys kmtmos tact cro rcroffiog cfg k`ftr`hhog mf fcturo. Wao oxph`rctm`f

`d tams ayp`taosms wmhh roqumro, a`wovor, nrmoy gohvmfb mft` tao mipckt `d rctm`-

fchmzctm`f cs c vokt`r `d i`gorfmty `f tao punhmk spaoro. Ro wmhh soo, a`wovor,

a`w tao p`toftmch d tao punhmk spaoro stcrts nomfb drckturog ny tao h`bmk ct tao

aocrt d tao kurroft pr`kossos d urncf rctm`fchmzctm`f.

I`gorfmty sacttorog ny c h`bmk `d tao i`gor-

fmzctm`f pr`koss mtsohd@nsorvors rok`bfmzog, ovof mf tao fmfotoofta koftury, khocr smbfs `d c pr`koss

`d s`kmotch trcfsd`rictm`f cfg i`gorfmzctm`f tao oiorbofko `d i`gorfmty

icrjog ny rctm`fchmzctm`f. _fhmjo Icrx, Ronors gmcbf`sms ms possmimstmk.

Ao mftorprots rctm`fchmzctm`f cs cf mfkrocsmfb gmddoroftmctm`f `d s`kmch cktm`f,

tao `pp`smtm`f notwoof trcgmtm`fch sunstcftmvo rctm`fchmtmos cfg c fow d`r-

ich rctm`fchmty gmroktog t`wcrg tao `rbcfmzctm`f `d cktmvmtmos, jf`whogbo cfg

tokafmkch pr`kossos cfg tao oiorbofko `d c pcrtmkuhcr typo `d cktm`f< strc-

tobmk cktm`f, bumgog mf ckk`rgcfko wmta mts ofg purp`so, iocfs cfg rosuhts

(zwokjrctm`fch).35Mt goskrmnos c br`wmfb iota`gmkch mfv`hvoioft, crmsmfb drì

rctm`fchmzctm`f mf nurocukrctmk cgimfmstrctm`f, nusmfoss ckkùftmfb, skmoftmffikprcktmko cfg mts icstory `d oipmrmkch pr`kossos. Mt wcs okaòg mf tao i`gorf

stcto cfg ok`fìy cs koftrch systois d cktm`f mf s`kmotch toris, cfg mf tao go-

voh`pioft d c iota`g`h`bmkch k`fguktmfb d hmdo wmta rospokt t` pors`fchmty.

=. Wao i`ro c kmty br`ws tao i`ro cnstrckt tao kìiufmkctm`f wmtamf mt nokìos. Wams cnstrcktm`fmsi ms typm-kch `d tao kmty. Ro kùhg ovof supp`so c rohctm`fsamp notwoof tao stcbos `d govoh`pioft `d tao kmty, goi`krckycfg s`kmch kìiufmkctm`f, waof t`gcy wo wùhg taof no (boformkchhy) mf tao cbo `d tao broct kmty, usa wmtagoi`krcky cfg cnstrckt kìiufmkctm`f wamka gòs f`t oxkhugo k`fkroto d`ris, yot gòs f`t gmspofso wmtatao cnstrckt. ^ìuh` Jrcdtc (mf c pors`fch kìiufmkctm`f). @f `vorkìmfb tao cppcroft gmka`tìy notwoofspcko vorsus fow trcfspctmch kìiufmkctm`f fotw`rjs, soo Notwoof urncf cfg gmbmtch spckos, r tao ufd`hgmfb`d prcktmko (Fott`, >533). Chs` soo Uorhctt` (>53>).

35. Wams ms c gmstmfktm`f tact wmhh hocg t` mfstruioftch cfg f`f-mfstruioftch mgocs `d rocs`f cfg rctm`fchmty mfCg`rf`, wamka wùhg mfuofko Acnorics hctor f.


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


9/25

>2;

KCGO^F@[

3=

Waoro ms c pr`brossmvo wocjofmfb d tao k`fguktmfb d hmdo ncsog f vchuos cfgtrcgmtm`fs ny c rctm`fchmty tact ms droo `d otamkch kùftorp`mfts fko ofg`bofùs

t` tao pr`koss d`r tao bumgmfb `d cktm`f. Mf Ronors vmow, cktm`fs nokìo mf-

krocsmfbhy lustmfficnho ny taomr wf krmtormc, oxoipt drì tao rok`bfmtm`f d taomr

mipckt `f `taor ffiohgs `d prcktmko. Gurjaomi kchhog tams pr`koss cfìmo.33

Wams ms d`hh`wog ny c dufktm`fch gokùphmfb `d tao ok`fìmk cfg p`hmtmkch sys-

tois cfg tao pr`brossmvo oxoiptm`f `d ovchuctmfb ok`fìmk cfg pr`guktm`f

systois drì cf otamkch p`mft `d vmow.3>

Ro jf`w, a`wovor, tact wact Acnorics kchhs tao ufffifmsaog pr`lokt `d i`gor-

fmty gmg f`t acvo tams b`ch< f tao ncsms d rocs`f mt pr`koogog mf tao gmroktm`f

`d mts duhh rochmzctm`f mf tao mgocs `d oquchmty, droogì cfg duhffihhioft `d tao

p`toftmch `d mfgmvmguchs. Wao k`hhcpso `d tams pr`lokt mf c sacttorog i`gorfmty

mfgmkctos tao pcta `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d prcktmkos cfg taomr nrocjg`wf mft` cu-

t`fìùs spaoros, grmvof ny taomr `wf strctobmk h`bmk, mip`smfb gcicbo `f

`taor spaoros. Cf oxprossm`f `d tao cnmhmty t` `porcto mf c spokmchmzog icffor

ofgs up drckturmfb tao s`kmch w`rhg cfg, uhtmictohy, notrcys tao prmfkmphos `d

tao `rmbmfch pr`lokt `d i`gorfmty mtsohd, cs ofvmsm`fog ny Jcft cfg `taors mf

tao ombatoofta koftury. Gurmfb mts kùrso, tao spaoro `d rctm`fch p`hmtmks, go-

tckaog drì tao ok`fìy cfg [tcto, wcs wocjofog ny tao scio d`ris mt mfm-

tmchhy cwcjofog. I`gorfmty bcvo wcy t` c gorcmhioft (Oftbhomsufb), prosoftmfb

pcta`h`bmos suka cs cfìmo, sjoptmkmsi, prmvctmsi cfg fcrkmssmsi, cs `pp`sog

t` vchuos suka cs rosp`fsmnmhmty.3;

A`w gòs tams pr`koss `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d auicf prcktmkos mfv`hvo spcko0 Ro

wmhh f`w soo a`w urncf spcko mtsohd pr`vmgos i`ro tacf `fo oxcipho `d tao

pr`dùfg k`ftrcgmktm`f notwoof tao p`toftmch `d rctm`fchmty cfg tao fobctmvo

k`fsoquofkos `d rctm`fchmzctm`f< cs Hodonvro f`tog, spcko wcs c dufgcioftch

wcy `d oxpcfgmfb mt mf tao s`kmch w`rhg.

33. [oo tao uso `d Gurjaomis k`fkopt cpphmog t` cf urncf p`hmky pr`nhoi mf Wrmbuomr` (>53>).

3>. Cfìmo ms chs` ckkìpcfmog ny tao cd`roioftm`fog sopcrctm`f d tao s`kmch skmofkos mf ok`fìmks, s`km`h`bycfg p`hmtmkch skmofko. Wams cfchytmkch sopcrctm`f `d tao skmofkos `d auicf prcktmkos rosuhts mf supp`rtmfb, mftoh-hoktuchhy, tao f`tcnho pr`brossmvo gotckaioft d tao ok`fìy drì taor spaoros d cktm`f. Ok`fìmk cktm`f mstaof bumgog ny mts `wf krmtormc ncsog `f prmfkmphos `d icxmimzctm`f `d nofoffits, ci`fb `taors krmtormc gov`mg`d otamkch miphmkctm`fs cs dcr cs taomr mipckt `f tao s`kmch w`rhg cfg mts ofvmr`fioft.

3;. Wams ms tao koftrch taosms `d Cg`rf` cfg A`rjaomior mf Gmchoktmk `d Ofhmbatofioft(3=1?). Acnorics, cf oxp`-foft `d tao dùrta boforctm`f `d tao`rmsts ofbr`ssog wmta tao taoio, ct hcst tcjos up cf oicfkmpctm`f pr`lokttact acs f`t noof soof smfko Icrx c kamhg `d Ofhmbatofioft taùbat, cs Acrvoy f`tos (3==>, p. 37). Wao mf-krocsmfb cut`fìy `d tao ok`fìy cfg cfìmo b` acfg mf acfg. [oo tao rocktm`f `d ok`fìmst Ucuh Jrubicf`f tao mii`rchmty `d gokmsm`fs f Rchh [troot. Cvcmhcnho ct< 8attp


10/25

>27

KCGO^F@[

3=

I`gorfmzctm`f cfg rctm`fchmzctm`fmf tao urncf spcko

Wao broct tao`rmsts d tao hcto fmfotoofta koftury woro goophy oinr`mhog mf gm-

cbf`smfb tao scio pr`koss wamka wcs taof khocrhy oiorbmfb< i`gorfmty. Bo`rb

[miioh wcs f` oxkoptm`f, nut ao wcs ufmquo mf fo sofso< ao oxphmkmthy css`km-

ctog i`gorfmty wmta tao hmdo `d tao iotr`p`hms. Mf [miiohs vmow, ioftch hmdo

mf tao iotr`p`hms mfv`hvos tao gmskmphmfmfb d ùr sofso d spcko cfg tmio, tao

hmnorctm`f `d tao mfgmvmguch ct tao k`st `d iutuch troctioft mf `nloktmvo cfg mf-

struioftch toris, ufgor tao mfuofko `d ok`fìmk rctm`fchmty, tao kchkuhctm`f

`d oxkacfbos cfg k``rgmfctm`f `d tao gmvmsm`f `d hcn`r cfg cf mftohhoktuch cfgnhcs cttmtugo crmsmfb drì tao kìphox stmiuhm `d i`gorf hmdo.37

A`wovor, [miiohs mftorprotctm`f wcs stmhh f`t cnho t` rovoch tao duhh oxtoft `d

i`gorfmzctm`f mf tao sacpmfb `d spcko, cs wohh cs tao r`ho `d spcko cfg urncf-

mzctm`f mf tao numhgmfb `d i`gorfmty. Aofrm Hodonvro ms tao tao`rmst wa`, achd c

koftury hctor, wùhg icjo tams gmsk`vory. Hmjo Ronor, Hodonvro cg`pts c tao`ry

`d s`kmotch rctm`fchmzctm`f nut mf suka c wcy cs t` mfkhugo spcko cs dufgciof-

tch mf mts mfstchhctm`f mf ovorygcy hmdo c gìmfcft trofg t`wcrg drcbioftctm`f,

sopcrctm`f cfg gmsmftobrctm`f. Cf cnstrckt spcko tact tofgs t`wcrg aì`bo-

fomty, tao ohmimfctm`f d oxmstmfb gmddorofkos, oicfctmfb drì tao roguktm`fs d

tao rctm`fchmzctm`f i`go ovof md tao roguktm`f ms c hobmtmicto `porctm`f.3?

Cscf oxcipho `d tao k`fffifoioft mf systois wmtamf systois (ocka `fo `d wamka

cspmros t` tao stctus `d cf mfgopofgoft d`rko), Hodonvro kmtos tao prcktmkos `d

urncfmsi cfg crkamtokturo, ffiohgs portcmfmfb t` spokmchmsts wa` porcto tarùba

roguktm`fmst skaoios.34Mt wùhg f` gùnt no p`ssmnho t` rok`fstrukt tao amst`ry

`d urncf phcffmfb cs c amst`ry `d rctm`fchmzctm`f.

Ract cro tao miphmkctm`fs `d tams skcho `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d spcko0 Noh`w, wo

wmhh soo d`rich oxciphos d tao trcfsd`rictm`f d tao kmty ckk`rgmfb t` c acfg-

duh `d prmfkmphos `d mfstruioftch rctm`fchmty, gmsk`ffoktog drì `taor miphmkc-

tm`fs cfg k`fsoquofkos mf rohctm`f t` taor spaoros d prcktmko.

Wao urncf k`fsoquofkos `d rctm`fchmzctm`f mf

k`ftoip`rcry tmios

Ro tofg t` tamfj tact tao trofg t`wcrg rctm`fchmzctm`f tarùba spcko rockaog

mts pmffckho mf tao d`ri `d i`gorf iokacfmstmk urncfmsi suka cs sokt`rmzc-

tm`f cfg tao mgoc `d cppcroft `rgor mf Oukhmgocf boìotrmzctm`f f`tog ny

37. [oo [miioh (3=?5) cfg Acrvoy (3==>).

3?. [oo Hodonvro (3==3, pp. = cfg 354, rospoktmvohy).34. Hodonvro (3==3, pp. =, ?>, 354, >12 cfg 737).


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


11/25

>2?

KCGO^F@[

3=

Lck`ns cfg Hodonvro. Wao i`ro cppcroft d`ri `d `rgormfb spcko wcs pcrtmchhywocjofog ny urncf krmtmkmsi mf tao 3=45s, nut i`ro suntho d`ris d rctm`fchmzc-

tm`f cppocr t` k`ftmfuo nomfb str`fbhy icfmdostog mf tao Nrczmhmcf kmty, mf tao

d`ri d icfcboioft tcktmks cfg i`ro pofotrctmfb spctmch skchos cfg taus, cs M

wmhh crbuo, wmta sovoro miphmkctm`fs `f tao s`kmch cfg p`hmtmkch p`toftmch `d tao

punhmk spcko55=).

31. Ho`p`hg` cfg [mhvc (>552, p. 3;>).3=. F`vcos (>552, p. 3?).


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


13/25

>22

KCGO^F@[

3=

a`stmhmty t`wcrg p`hmtmks cs c phcko d mfstmtutm`fch mfstcfkos tact saùhg crtmku-hcto tao mfgmvmguch cfg s`kmch cspokts d oxmstofko Z...Y suka tact tao wmtagrcwch

`d tao mfgmvmguch t` tao prmvcto spaoro taof cppocrs t` no tao `fhy wcy t` of-

suro ams cut`fìy.>5

Waoro ms cf otamkch roloktm`f `d p`hmtmks< tao pr`dùfg k`ftrcgmktm`f mf wamka

wo cro oftcfbhog.>3Wao sopcrctm`f notwoof otamks cfg p`hmtmks kroctos c gms-

tcfko notwoof tao mfgmvmguch cfg s`kmoty, c drcbioftctm`f tact wmhh rosuht mf

tao mfcnmhmty `d tao mfgmvmguch t` rok`bfmzo amisohd mf ams s`kmch mgoftmty cfg,

taus, ckt cs c p`hmtmkch mfgmvmguch.

[pcko wmhh no ohoioftch mf tams pr`koss. Mftorcktm`f d c p`hmtmkch fcturo f` h`f-

bor ffifgs, mf tao urncf phcf, p`ssmnmhmtmos d`r duhh rochmzctm`f. _rncf spcko prm-icrmhy nokìos c phcko d`r tao icfmdostctm`f d prmvcto mftorosts. Mf tams spcko,

mftorcktm`f d c p`hmtmkch fcturo icy f`t ffifg cfy p`ssmnmhmtmos d`r mts rochmzctm`f.

Ovof taùba wo hmvo mf c s`kmoty waoro tao ros`hutm`f `d pr`nhois f` h`fbor

k`rrosp`fgs t` tao p`hms>>, p`hmtmkch hmdo gopofgs `f tao gcmhy ckjf`whogbo-

ioft d pmfm`fs cfg oxp`suro t` ckt`rs mf taomr gmvorsmty k`fgmtm`fs tact wmhh

oiorbo i`ro str`fbhy mf k`fgmtm`fs `d gofsmty `d bctaormfbs cfg kìiufmkc-

tm`f, cs pr`vmgog ny tao kmty. C gotckaog vmow, `f tao pcrt `d tao punhmk, phckos

tao nurgof d mftorvoftm`f, mf tao urncf spcko, f tao prmvcto ok`fìmk spaoro

cfg mts cut`fìùs gokmsm`fs, droo drì css`kmctm`fs cfg miphmkctm`fs mf taor

spaoros. Wao hobmtmimzctm`f d tao sohd-rodoroftmch mftorosts d ckt`rs, n`ta mf tao

pr`guktm`f cfg k`fsuiptm`f d tams spcko, cdffiris tao prmvcto cs tao broctost

cttrmnuto, vchuo cfg quchmty d`r tao spcko. Mf tams skofcrm`, tao k`fsoquofko ms

tao fcturchmzctm`f `d tao gìmfcfko `d tao prmvcto.

(k) Wao skamsi ci`fb tao`ry, tokafmquo cfg gokmsm`f-icjmfb wmta rospokt

t` tao kmty

Wao wcfmfb d tao punhmk spaoro mf mts urncf pr`loktm`f soois t` k`mfkmgo wmta

tao amgmfb `d p`hmtmkch gokmsm`f-icjmfb `f tao pr`guktm`f cfg cppr`prmctm`f

`d spcko noamfg c tokafmkch spaoro cfg mts mfstmtutm`fch rbcfmzctm`f. A`wovor,

tao gmddorofko notwoof taoso spaoros chs` ofbofgors p`ssmnmhmtmos `d k`fmkt

notwoof gokmsm`fs `d c tokafmkch fcturo cfg tao pr`guktm`f cbofkmos `d taospcko mtsohd. C [tcto str`fbhy hmfjog t` tao punhmk spaoro wmhh fùrmsa tao mfgo-

pofgofko `d tao tokafmkch spaoro tact mt supp`rts wmtamf mts `wf mfstmtutm`fch

strukturo, mf mts gokmsm`fs cnùt tao kmty mf tao dcko `d tao sohd-koftorog mf-

torosts `d tao ckt`rs wa` pr`guko spcko. C tokafmkch spaoro tact ms wocjofog

p`hmtmkchhy r tokafmkchhy wmhh acvo c rogukog cnmhmty t` pr`p`so urncf p`hmkmos.

Wams mftorphcy `d tofsm`fs notwoof gmddoroft spaoros k`fstmtutos c smbfmffikcft

pcrt `d tao gcmhy oxorkmso `d urncf trcfsd`rictm`f phcffmfb cfg cktmvmtmos. Mf

>5. Ho`p`hg` cfg [mhvc (>552, p. 3;7).

>3. Mgoi.>>. Mf c gmskussm`f wmta ^ìuh` Jrcdtc.


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


14/25

>21

KCGO^F@[

3=

tao Nrczmhmcf k`ftoxt, taoro cppocr t` no tw` typos `d wocjofmfb mf tao p`sm-tm`f `d ckt`rs mf tams mftorphcy< c wocjofmfb `d tao tokafmkch spaoro, guo t`

tao prop`fgorcfko `d pcrtmkuhcr krmtormc `d p`hmtmkch brùps: cfg c wocjofmfb

`d tao tao`rotmkch spaoro, guo t` phcffmfb nomfb ufgorst``g cs c prcktmkch ffiohg,

oxoipt drì tao cnstrcktm`fs `d tao`ry mf rohctm`f t` tao gmdffikuhtmos `d kmty

icfcboioft, rosuhtmfb mf skmoftmffik jf`whogbo droquofthy nomfb `vorh``jog.

Waus, taoro ms c sopcrctm`f notwoof phcffmfb prcktmkos cfg tao`ry, mf tao d`ri

`d systoictmk cfg oipmrmkchhy k`fsmstoft jf`whogbo: notwoof icfcboioft mf-

stmtutm`fs cfg ckcgoimc cs c spokmchmzog sunsystoi mf tao pr`guktm`f `d tams

jf`whogbo omtaor stoiimfb drì krmtmkmsi tact suka jf`whogbo ms f`t vory

cpphmkcnho, r krmtmkmsi robcrgmfb tao hckj d cttoftm`f phckog f tao kìphoxm-

tmos `d tao kmty.

Wao gmstcfko notwoof tao tokafmkch cfg ckcgoimk spaoros wocjofs taoi

n`ta: mt ufgorimfos c sofso `d usoduhfoss cfg urbofky mf rosocrka prcktmkos

cfg mf toris d goicfg d`r tao`rmos cnho t` cggross oipmrmkch urncf pr`nhois.

Mt kroctos c sofso `d tao ms`hctm`f `d tao`ry drì tao pr`nhois ofkùftorog

mf prcktmko, cs taùba cpphmkcnmhmty woro c hossor odd`rt, ospokmchhy mf robcrgs

t` strukturch kacfbos. @f tao `taor acfg, c tokafmkch spaoro gotckaog drì

tao govoh`piofts tcjmfb phcko mf rosocrka tofgs t` no pr`brossmvohy wocjofog

vms--vmspr`nhois prosoftog ny kmtmos mf trcfsd`rictm`f. Raof tao tokafmkch

spaoro imfmimzos tao mip`rtcfko `d tao`ry, mt roi`vos tao p`ssmnmhmty tact oi-

pmrmkch ovmgofko dùfg mf rosocrka kcf pr`vmgo supp`rt t` gokmsm`fs k`fkorfmfbtao pr`guktm`f `d spcko. Wao fobctm`f `d tao`ry taus hocgs t` c fobctm`f `d tao

tokafmkch rochi, wamka h`sos supp rt mf tao goffifmtm`f `d urncf cbofgcs cfg mf

tao gmsputo wmta mftorosts `d p`hmtmkch brùps. Mf tao vckuui `d tams iutuch os-

trcfboioft, tao nloktmvmty d tao taùbat pr`kossos d prmvcto pr`gukors tcjos

`vor cfg provcmhs.

(g) Chmofctm`f `d pr`guktm`f cktmvmtmos mf rohctm`f t` tao duhh cppr`prmctm`f `d

spcko:

@fo sormùs pr`nhoi rosuhtmfb drì tams skamsi ms tao cnsofko `d systoictmk

jf`whogbo cnùt urncfmzctm`f stcfgcrgs mf pr`guktm`f cfg taomr k`fsoquofk-os `f tao gcmhy gyfcimks `d tao kmty. Wao cnsofko `d goncto, n`ta punhmk cfg

tokafmkch, cnùt urncf cfg crkamtokturch d`ri cfg mts miphmkctm`fs `f pord`r-

icfko, `vor cfg cn`vo tao oforby quostm`f `d numhgmfbs, ms f`t, a`wovor, wmta-

ùt k`fsoquofkos. Mf tams vckuui, d`ri ms gotorimfog chi`st oxkhusmvohy ny

cgaormfb t` tao icxmimzctm`f w`rjsaoots `d tao ckt`rs wa` pr`guko spcko,

wmta taomr spokmffik krmtormc. Crocs d tao kmty nokìo tao pr`loktm`f d c sohd-kof-

torog h`bmk, gmktctog ny sohd-rodoroftmch mftorosts. @fo d tao k`fsoquofkos ms tao

sopcrctm`f d prmvcto pr`guktm`f drì k`fkorfs cnùt tao punhmk cppr`prmctm`f

`d urncf spckos. Wao kmty ms tcjof `vor ny c aì`bofmzmfb h`bmk tact gmstcfkos

mtsohd drì tao gmddoroft s`kmch brùps wamka cro k`fstcfthy soojmfb oxprossm`f

mf tao urncf spcko.


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


15/25

>2=

KCGO^F@[

3=

Waorod`ro, tao oxkhusmvo pr`loktm`f `d tao k`gos `d tao prmvcto spaoro `ft` taourncf spcko tofgs t` wocjof tao urncf spaoro mtsohd< tao p`ssmnmhmty `d c s`kmch

w`rhg pr`loktog mf mts kìphoxmty mf tao d`ri `d kmtmos cs cf oxprossm`f `d tao

punhmk spaoro.>;

(o) Gcicbos crmsmfb drì tao rctm`fchmzctm`f `d urncf cfg crkamtokturch k`f-

ffiburctm`fs

Ro kìo, ffifchhy, t` tao ictormch kìp`fofts tact wmhh k`fs`hmgcto taoso d`rkos

`d rctm`fchmzctm`f. M wùhg hmjo t` oxp`so, ct tams stcbo `d iy crbuioft, tao

iocfs ny wamka tao urncf spcko ms qumothy, nut mftofsohy, pcrtmkmpctmfb mf tao

wocjofmfb `d tao punhmk spaoro. Wao tori oxp`suro icjos sofso nokcuso

taoso iocfs cfg urncf stcfgcrgs cro f`t tao oxprossm`f d c s`kmoty, mfs`dcr

cs c t`tch oftmty, nut d c spokmffik s`kmch fmkao, tokafmkchhy supp`rtog cfg strcto-

bmkchhy `rmoftog t`wcrg supphymfb typmffiog spckos, ncsog `f vchuos suka cs tao

sobrobctm`f cfg chmofctm`f `d tao punhmk wamka g` f`t rosp`fg, taorod`ro, t`

tao vchuos `d urncf cfg s`kmch gmvorsmty.

Mg hmjo t` p`mft ùt tact taoro ms khocrhy c fow i`goh `d crkamtokturch cfg ur-

ncf pr`guktm`f, wamka oxprossos c fow d`ri `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d urncf spcko,

wamka ms iuka i`ro pofotrctmfb tacf tao rmbmg z`fmfb `d i`gorf urncf phcf-

fmfb c typo `d rctm`fchmzctm`f tact acs noof sacpmfb tao kmty, ospokmchhy smfko

tao ocrhy 3==5s, mf tao d`ri `d (3) mfkrocsmfbhy k`ftr`hhog mftordckos notwoof

numht cfg pof spcko, cfg punhmk cfg prmvcto spcko, mf tao goffifmtm`f d crkamtok-

turch typos cfg sobrobctog strukturos sunloktmfb oftmro crocs t` d`ris `d ct-

ìmzog sobrobctm`f ct tao hovoh `d urncf h`ts: (>) oxkhusmvo cktmvmtmos d`r kortcmf

punhmks, porimttog cfg ovof k`fs`hmgctog ny urncf cfg crkamtokturch robuhc-

tm`fs. Waoso cspokts cro ictormchmzog mf crkamtokturch i`gohs kacrcktormzog ny

ncrrmors cfg sopcrctm`fs drì `taor numhgmfbs cfg tao punhmk spcko, cs i`gos

`d k`ftr`hhmfb ckkoss. Wams rosuhts, taorod`ro, mf nrocjmfb g`wf tao k`ftmfumty `d

dckcgos cfg tao kìpcktfoss `d nh`kjs. Waoy acvo cgvcftcbos mf toris `d acn-

mtcnmhmty>7, rmbmfchhy sot d`rta mf icstor phcfs tact woro i`gorfmstmk, prokcrmùs

cfg wmtaùt mfdrcstrukturo, opmtìmzog ny tao Ctaofs Kacrtor cfg T msmf Uhcf.

Wao pr`nhoi gòs f`t hmo mf tao gmvmsm`f notwoof punhmk cfg prmvcto mf tao d`ri`d goicrkctm`fs tact kacrcktormzo kmtmos mf tao Brooj p`hms, nut>?mf tao sopcrc-

>;. Wams rocs`fmfb gòs f`t miphy tact tao icrjot ms tao vmhhcmf tact k`rrupts tao [tcto. Mt ffirst mfgmkctos tacttao css`kmctm`f notwoof pr`guktm`f ckt`rs vmc tao icrjot cfg ta`so tact icfcbo tao urncf spcko kcf ocsmhy nokìprìmsog. Wao pr`nhoi hmos ct tao sùrko< c i`goh `d roprosoftctmvo goi`krcky tact ofcnhos cf chmbfioftnotwoof prmvcto mftorosts cfg tao mfstmtutm`fch cktmvmtmos `d p`hmtmkch ckt`rs, ostcnhmsaog ct tao tmio `d ffifcfkmfbp`hmtmkch kcipcmbfs, kcf ocsmhy grmvo c wogbo notwoof taoso mfstmtutm`fch cktmvmtmos cfg tao punhmk mftorosts `dta`so nomfb roprosoftog. Waoro ms droquoft ovmgofko d tams mf skcfgchs mfv`hvmfb b`vorfiofts mf vcrymfb skchos.

>7. A`wovor, taoy ropr`guko cftm-urncf prolugmkos tact usog t` css`kmcto spctmch gofsmtmos cfg opmgoimks mf taoOur`pocf kmty d tao fmfotoofta koftury, wamka wcs mfgustrmchmzog, prokcrmùs cfg hckjmfb mf mfdrcstrukturo, cfgtaus mfuofkog tao k`fkopts d mgoch kmtmos k`flurog up ct tao tmio, rcfbmfb drì tao bcrgof kmty t` tao i`gorf-mst kmty. Waoso i`gohs pr`vog, a`wovor, t` no mfcgoqucto, chs` mf toris `d `taor cspokts `d acnmtcnmhmty< mf usuchurncf smtuctm`fs, mf h`ts, i`st d taomr pofmfbs woro t` tao smgo, c dow iotors drì tao smgo wchhs d fomban`rmfb

numhgmfbs, gotrcktmfb drì prmvcky, mfsuhctm`f cfg hmbatmfb.>?. [oo Crofgt (3=12).


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


16/25

>15

KCGO^F@[

3=

tm`f d crkamtokturo cs prmvcto spcko drì tao crofc d punhmk hmdo pcr oxkohhofko,wamka ms tao stroot. F`r ms mt c icttor `d roturfmfb t` urncf punhmk hmdo `d tao

pcst, nut rctaor upa`hgmfb tao p`ssmnmhmty `d k`fstcft cfg gcmhy k`-prosofko

wamka ms tao ossofko d hmdo mf tao kmty. mkacrg [offott roimfgs us tact Crmst`-

tho goffifog tao kmty cs syf`mjmsi`s, c k`fvorbofko `d po`pho drì gmvorso dci-

mhy nckjbrùfgs< C kmty ms kìp`sog `d gmddoroft jmfgs `d iof: smimhcr po`pho

kcff`t nrmfb c kmty mft` oxmstofko>4.

M wùhg hmjo t` put d`rta tao taosms, wamka wo pr`vmgog oipmrmkch supp`rt d`r mf

cf`taor pcpor>2, tact tams crkamtokturch cfg urncf pcttorf acs noof rosp`fsmnho

d`r rogukmfb tao cppr`prmctm`f d urncf spcko mf crocs cfg kmtmos waoro mt ms mf-

krocsmfbhy cpphmog. Mt bmvos rmso t` wact wo imbat kchh, usmfb Hodonvros oxkohhoft

tori< tao fobctmvo cppr`prmctm`f d spcko.

Hots tcjo c h``j ct a`w tao numhgmfb i`goh ms rosp`fsmnho d`r fobctmvo cppr`-

prmctm`f. Cf ms`hctog crkamtokturch i`goh `dtof acs smgo khocrcfkos drì `taor

numhgmfbs, wamka roqumros hcrbor h`ts cfg mip`sos broctor gmstcfkos d`r pogos-

trmcfs ct tao brùfg ``r cfg stroot hovoh. Wams i`goh usuchhy chs` kìos wmta

wchhs cfg rogukog gofsmty d`r `pofmfbs (wmfg`ws cfg g``rs) ohoiofts tact

numhg tao mftordcko wmta tao stroot. Dr`ft cfg smgo khocrcfkos, wchhs cfg dofkos

cfg rogukog `pofmfbs ckkìpcfy c gr`p mf tao fuinor `d pogostrmcfs, sa`ps

cfg sorvmkos ct brùfg hovoh cfg dufktm`fch urncf gmvorsmty dckt`rs tact goffifo

tao d`ris cfg mftofsmtmos `d tao s`kmch cppr`prmctm`f `d tao spcko. Wams pcttorf

ms f`t rostrmktog t` bctog kìiufmtmos mf kmtmos< mt chs` cppocrs mf f`rich urncf

h`ts, kroctmfb d`ris `d ctìmzog sobrobctm`f. Waoso oipmrmkch `nsorvctm`fs ro-

voch tao mfcgoqucky `d tao i`gohs tact acvo noof k`fs`hmgctog mf tao icrjot.

Waoso cro f`t sunloktmvo miprossm`fs, c tori dtof usog mf cf odd`rt t` fobcto

suka `nsorvctm`fs.

Wao pr`loktm f `d tao urncf punhmk spcko mf c

sacttorog i`gorfmty

Ract cro tao dufktm`fch miphmkctm`fs tact tams crkamtokturch pcttorf boforctos0

Wao truta ms, brùfg ``rs wmta sa`ps cfg sorvmkos cro f`w ufd`rtufctohy css`-

kmctog wmta tao p`ssmnmhmty d nomfb ckkossog ny lust cfy`fo, cfg tao rmsjs tact

tams f`f-phcffog `taorfoss nrmfbs mf mts wcjo cs ovmgofko `d cf ufgosmrcnho

gmddorofko suka cs rmsj `d vm`hofko, icfmdostctm`fs d p`vorty r mfk`fsmstofky

wmta tao stctus tact tao numhgmfb cfg mts gmddoroft punhmks sooj t` upa`hg. Ract

taoso k`fkopts d crkamtokturo cfg tao kmty `dtof hckj ms cf ufgorstcfgmfb d tao

rohctm`fsamps tact numhgmfbs cfg taomr cktmvmtmos icmftcmf notwoof taoisohvos

cfg wmta tao urncf spcko cfg dufktm`fmfb `d tao kmty c systoimk ufgorstcfg-

>4. Crmst`tho mf [offott (>53>, p. 37).>2. [oo (Nuskcfg`) @s odomt`s s`kmcms gc i`rd`h`bmc crqumtotfmkc Fott`, Tcrbcs cfg [cn`yc (>53>).


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


17/25

>13

KCGO^F@[

3=

mfb. Wao ohmimfctm`f `d punhmk cktmvmtmos ct tao brùfg ``r, `fko wmgosprocg,oftcmhs c t`tch gmsk`ffoktm`f `d tao spokmffik cktmvmtmos `d taoso numhgmfbs mf rohc-

tm`f t` tao `w `d cppr`prmctm`f `d tao gmddoroft punhmks mf tao stroot.

C kacrcktormstmk `d tams imkr`-rctm`fchmzctm`f `d spcko ms tao mfgopofgofko `d

tao `porctm`f `d numhgmfbs mf rohctm`f t` taomr surrùfgmfbs, md mts usors g` f`t

uso tao stroot cs c spcko d`r pogostrmcf i`voioft, nut kìo drì dcr cwcy mf

pors`fch voamkhos. Waorod ro, ovof taùba taoy g` f`t k`fstmtuto spokmffik z`fos,

tams numhgmfb k`fffiburctm`f kcf pr`guko `ws tact cro roi`vog cfchytmkchhy,

dufktm`fchhy drì `vorchh urncf `ws. Wams rohctmvo mfgopofgofko d tao pun-

hmk spcko kcf chs` hocg t` suntho d`ris d sobrobctm`f, ostcnhmsaog mf tao d`ri d

spckos prmicrmhy sorvmkmfb mts tcrbot cugmofko.

Wao pr`guktm`f `d taoso numhgmfbs mf crocs waoro urncf rofowch `r oxpcfsm`f

ms tcjmfb phcko icjos taoi spokmchmzog, f`t cs crocs goicrkctog ny iokacfms-

tmk phcfs, nut cs c ioro ckkuiuhctm`f d numhgmfbs d c kortcmf stcfgcrg. Aoromf

ms tao troiofgùs odffikcky `d tams trcfsd`rictm`f< mt gòs f`t gopofg `f pro-

ostcnhmsaog f`ris, nut `kkurs mf tao d`ri `d smimhcrmtmos ci`fb mfgmvmguch go-

kmsm`fs, wmta oddokts `f tao s`kmch cppr`prmctm`f `d mts spckos cfg tao gmvorsmty

`d cktmvmtmos, wamka cro `fhy rok`bfmzcnho waof suka typos nokìo gìmfcft

wmtamf c k`ftoxt.

Wao r`ho d tao pr`guktm`f d spcko ms tao rosp`fsmnmhmty d spokmchmzog ckt`rs mf

tams robcrg, nut wa` mf ur k`ftoxt cro ufcnho t` k`ffokt tao ckt `d numhgmfbwmta cfy `taor cspokts nosmgos ta`so k`rrosp`fgmfb t` tao icxmimzctm`f `d

mfgmvmguch mftorosts cfg tao sctmsdcktm`f `d typmffiog ckt`rs cfg hmdostyhos ncsog

`f icrjotmfb cssossiofts.

Wao chtorfctmvo t` tams krmtmkmsi wùhg no t` mbf`ro tao roguktm`f tact tams h`bmk

roprosofts cs tao s`ho vokt`r `d urncf trcfsd`rictm`f. Cfg t` mbf`ro c kmrku-

hcrmty< c h`bmk kmrkuiskrmnog t` `fo brùp `r s`kmch ffiohg ofgs up systoimkchhy

mipcktmfb tao p`ssmnmhmty d cppr`prmctm`f d taor brùps, waof mt ms pr`loktog

`f tao urncf spcko cs c i`goh `d urncfmzctm`f. Wams i`goh ms c typmkch vorsmi-

phmffikctm`f cfg gmst`rtm`f `d tao govmctm`fs `d c rctm`fchmzctm`f tact ms gmsk`f-

foktog drì mts nr`cgor k`ftoxts. Waus, taoro ms c roguktm`f cfg mip`smtm`f d c

i`goh d spcko cfg ovof c wcy d hmdo f chh `taor d`ris d hmdo, f tao vmtchmty

`d wa`ho crocs `d c kmty cfg `f urncf pord`ricfko mtsohd, wamka uhtmictohy cd-

dokts ovory`fo. Waoro ms cf crkaotypo d tams typo `d pr`guktm`f d urncf spcko

mf cf croc ufgor oxpcfsm`f mf tao kmty `d ^m` go Lcfomr`.


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


18/25

>1>

KCGO^F@[

3=

Wao kcso d tao fow urncf dr`ftmor d m` goLcfomr`

Wao oxpcfsm`f d tao [ùta \`fo t` tao wost, mf Ncmxcgc go Lckcropcbu, stcrt-

mfb mf tao 3=45s, mf vcst crocs wmta dow pr`portmos, wcs mf hcrbo pcrt pro-goffifog

ny Hukm` K`stcs Umh`t Uhcf (3=4=). Wams Uhcf mfmtmchhy ostcnhmsaog krmtormc d`r ur-

ncfmzctm`f< robuhctm`f `d hcfg uso cfg urncf d`ri, hmimtmfb numhgmfbs t` no-

twoof ombat cfg tof ``rs: cut`fìùs fukhom mftorsporsmfb iuhtm-dcimhy cfg

smfbho-dcimhy rosmgofkos, wmta c sopcrctm`f notwoof taoi: govoh`pioft d tao

robm`f d`r chh hcyors `d tao p`puhctm`f: prosorvctm`f `d tao robm`fs ok`systoi:

cfg kroctm`f `d c fow nusmfoss koftor mf tao croc jf`wf cs Ncrrc gc Wmlukc,cs cf chtorfctmvo t` tao amst`rmk g`wft`wf croc. Wao Uhcf boforctog k`fmkts

notwoof pr`guktm`f ckt`rs, krukmch d`r mts pcrtmch kìphotm`f: kacfbos icgo

t` ckkìi`gcto cglustiofts d`r roch ostcto mftorosts, suka cs ``rs cfg mf-

tofgog usos: cfg hcfg sungmvmsm`f.>1Wao hcfgskcpo `d tao croc wcs i`gmffiog

tarùba vortmkch k`fstruktm`f, wmta iuhtm-dcimhy numhgmfbs wmta >? t` ;5 ``rs,

ospokmchhy mf mts ffirst croc `d oxpcfsm`f, mf Ncrrc.

Oxkoptm`fs csmgo, tao spctmch rctm`fchmzctm`f `d tao croc boforchhy cgaoros t`

i`gorfmst dufktm`fch cfg typ`h`bmkch bof`typos wmta tao cggmtm`f `d sìo

gmvorsmty. Ncrrc, smfko tao nobmffmfb `d mts urncfmzctm`f, acs noof gohmnorctohy

css`kmctog wmta c fow styho d k`ftoip`rcry hmdo vmc urncf icrjotmfb ZDmburo3Y cfg ms kortcmfhy ufgorst``g cs suka ny mts k`fsuiors. Wao k`ros cro pr`-

toktog ny tao gmstcfko cfg cppcroft cut`fìy `ddorog ny tao kh`sog sa`ppmfb

ichhs. Ramho mt wùhg acvo tao dufktm`fs `d tao kmty, gmstcft cfg ckkossog ny

oxprosswcys, mfacnmtcft-k`fsuiors wùhg no sorvog wmtamf tao crocs k`ros.

Wao i`gohs ckkoptcfko ms k`fffiriog ny tao br`wta rctos< >,?15 mfacnmtcfts

(3=45): ?,22= (3=25): 75,2>4 (3=15): =1,>>= (3==3): 327,;?; (>555): ;55,1>; mfacnmt-

cfts (>535). Wao br`wta rcto notwoof >555 cfg >535 ms cf miprossmvo 2>.?7%.

>1. ôzofgo cfg Homt` (>55;).

DMB_Ô 3

Wams ms ur wchh d sacio

cf mhhustrctm`f usog mfcgvortmsmfb t` goi`fmzo tao

i`rpa`h`by d K`pckcncfc

ny ostcnhmsamfb c fow

crkamtokturch typ`h`by

css`kmctog wmta c fow

ZurncfY hmdostyho. _rncf

icrjotmfb wcs chrocgy cktmvo

mf tao 3=25s cfg 3=15s.

[ùrko< L`rfch g` Nrcsmh


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


19/25

>1;

KCGO^F@[

3=

Wao oxpcfsm`f k`ftmfuos durtaor wost `d tao ofvmr`fioftchhy drcbmho crocs`d tao Ncmxcgc>=, d`richmzog ckk`rgmfb t` tao _rncf [trukturmfb Ur`lokt (UO_)

d`r tao fomban`ra``gs `d Tcrboi Brcfgo, Tcrboi Uoquofc, Kci`rmi cfg

sìo `d tao fomban`ra``gs `d ôkrom` g`s Ncfgomrcftos, Ncrrc gc Wmlukc cfg

Lckcropcbu ZDmburo >Y [upphoioftcry Hcw F`. 357 `d F`voinor >2, >55=.

Wao hobmshctm`f d`r taoso crocs k`ftmfuos t` rookt tao urncfmzctm`f i`gohs `d

tao roch ostcto icrjot t` tao p`mft `d proskrmnmfb ruhos tact t`gcy provoft trc-

gmtm`fch urncf k`fffiburctm`fs suka cs k`ftmfuùs typ`h`by.;5Chh `d taoso robu-

hctm`fs gotorimfo tao pcrtmkuhcr typo `d t`wors `r ms`hctog numhgmfbs cfg, mf

cf mrrosp`fsmnho icffor, provoft `taor typ`h`bmos, taus ropr`gukmfb tao Ncrrc

i`goh cfg mfgukmfb c spcrso `kkupctm`f.

_rncf crocs suka cs tams acvo noof suka ffiohgs `d ofbcboioft d`r ckt`rs wa`,

i`ro tacf ovor, i`hg spcko cs tao ropr`guktm`f `d hmdostyhos, vmc icrjot ro-

socrka cfg i`gohs tact ofsuro k`st imfmimzctm`f wmta c icxmimzctm`f d pr`ffit

ct tao tmio `d scho.

(m) Wao ropr guktm`f d tao phcf ncsog `f vortmkch br`wta cfg tao iuh-

tmphmkctm`f `d ``rs icxmimzos tao uso `d mfstchhog icfp`wor, ic-

kamfory cfg tokaf`h`by ct tao k`fstruktm`f smto, taorony rogukmfb

k`fstruktm`f tmio. Waoso dckt`rs roguko k`fstruktm`f k`sts d`r ocka

``r< tact ms, tao rohctmvo k`st `d ocka ``r tact ms cggog gokrocsos,

wamho tao schos vchuo `d tao pr`porty mfkrocsos guo t` tao vmow dck-

t`r. Wams oxphcmfs tao prodorofko `d roch ostcto pr`guktm`f ckt`rs d`r

tao ms`hctog-typo d`riuhc. Mt ms chs` `fo `d tao rocs`fs way tao dcnrmk

`d kmtmos acs pr`brossmvohy noof rophckog wmta tams typo c d`riuhc mf

phcko smfko tao 3==5s.

>=. I`ftozuic cfg @hmvomrc (>535).

;5. Wao urncf robuhctm`fs d`r tao fow oxpcfsm`f dr`ftmor goffifo sungmvmsm`f krmtormc cs c imfmiui croc `d ;45i> d`r h`ts (cs mf sokt`r D) cfg 3,555 i> d`r hcrbo-smzo h`ts (sokt`r M), wmta c imfmiui dr`ftcbo `d >5 i. Wao krm-tormc d`r numhgmfbs cro boforùs, wmta c icxmiui d 4 t` 31 ``rs: dr`ftch spckos cro ffixog ct c imfmiui d ? i.I`ro sormùshy, khocrcfko spcko drì tao nùfgcrmos `d tao h`t ms roqumrog ny hcw. Mf tao UO_ (_rncf [trukturmfb

Ur`lokt) crocs, tao mfgoxos tact acvo drcbioftog tao d`ri `d Nrczmhmcf kmtmos ncsog `f cf cnstrcktm`f kroctog tìoot kortcmf cspokts `d acnmtcnmhmty, nut wmtaùt pcymfb cttoftm`f t` `taor pord`ricfko dckt`rs tao hcfg usomfgoxos (MCWs) cro h`w.

DMB_Ô >

tao hctost dr`ftmor< tao croc

`d tao UO_ gcs Tcrbofs, mf

yohh`w.

[ùrko< I`ftozuic cfg

@hmvomrc (>535)/FMIC-U_K


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@


20/25

>17

KCGO^F@[

3=

(mm) Wao rophmkctm`f `d tao numhgmfb i`goh rogukos tao k sts `d spokmffik cr-kamtokturch gosmbfs d`r spokmffik h`kctm`fs. Wams dckt`r bmvos rmso t` tao

prodorofko d`r hcrbo h`ts kcpcnho `d pr`vmgmfb ofùba spcko d`r taoso

typos cfg taomr spcko khocrcfkos.

(mmm) Wao kìnmfctm`f `d taoso dckt`rs mf tao kroctm`f `d cttrcktmvo pckj-

cbos d`r c hmdostyho ncsog `f k`fkopts `d stctus cfg pr`toktm`f, ropr`-

gukog d`r taomr tcrbot cugmofko.;3

(mv) Hcfg sungmvmsm`fs iust no sumtcnho d`r tams typo `d roch ostcto, wmta

hcrbo h`ts, iocfmfb tact taoso fow crocs wmhh f` h`fbor acvo tao k`f-

tmfuùs i`rpa`h`bmos `d tao trcgmtm`fch kmty, ufhoss duturo urncf ro-

pcmr tcjos phcko.

I`ro sormùs stmhh, fow Icstor Uhcfs, tarùbaùt Nrczmh, acvo noof d`riuhctog

mf suka c wcy tact tao k`ftmfuùs, hoss vortmkch cfg i`ro k`ftoxt-spokmffik typo

ms oxkhugog cf cttckj `f urncf i`rpa`h`bmkch cfg dufktm`fch gmvorsmty, `f

tao cppr`prmctm`f `d punhmk, pogostrmcf cfg `pof spcko, cfg `f b``g urncf

pord`ricfko mf boforch. Wao mr`fy `d tao h`bmk `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d mfgmvmguch

mftorosts ms tact mt gòs f`t fokosscrmhy hocg t` tao nost `vorchh ùtkìo. _fmf-

tofgog urncf k`fsoquofkos, suka cs gokrocsog pord`ricfko, kcf ofsuo. Wao

ffifch rosuht kcf sa`w up mf tao sui `d imkr`-rctm`fchmzctm`fs tact cppocr t`

icjo sofso mfgmvmguchhy, nut f` h`fbor icjo sofso mf tao t`tchmty `d taomr mi-

pckts. [mhoft fobctmvo oddokts icy roicmf k`fkochog d`r c h`fb tmio nut tamsmfvmsmnmhmty gòs f`t fobcto taomr oxmstofko.;>Kortcmf typos d crkamtokturo icjo

sofso t` taomr pr`gukors cfg k`fsuiors ny `ddormfb wcys t` imfmimzo k`sts

cfg mfkrocso mfgmvmguch nofoffits, nut taomr kuiuhctmvo systoimk oddokt, n`ta

spctmchhy cfg toip`rchhy, kcf no gmscstrùs.

Mt ms prokmsohy tams gmhoiic tact wo dcko t`gcy mf ùr kmtmos. Rmtaùt ofkùf-

tormfb iuka rocktm`f drì tao ckcgoimk spaoro guo t` tao hckj `d tao`rotmkch

cfg oipmrmkch stugmos, i`rpa`h`bmos acvo noof ropr`gukog wmtaùt c rmb`rùs

oxcimfctm`f `d taomr urncf mipckt. Wao s`kmch oddokts `d crkamtokturo k`ftmfuo

t` no mbf`rog mf tockamfb, mf gokmsm`fs mf tao roch ostcto icrjot cfg mf phcffmfb

prcktmkos. Mt ms cs taùba wo cro iy`pmk wmta rospokt t` tao ovmgoft oiptymfb `d

tao stroots r tao h`w cppr`prmctm`f d spcko mf crocs waoro tams fow stcfgcrg

progìmfctos. Wams smtuctm`f wmhh acvo miphmkctm`fs mf tao punhmk spaoro, suka

cs gokrocsog gofsmty `d bctaormfbs cfg kìiufmkctm`f mf tao punhmk spcko.

;3. [oo Ncuicf (>55=).

;>. Wao gokmsm`f t` uso mfgmvmguch voamkho trcfsp`rt ocsmhy hocgs t` k`hhoktmvo pcttorfs `d k`fbostm`f. C dckt`ryguipmfb mts ufpr`kossog nypr`gukts mft` tao rmvor icy roprosoft c k`st scvmfbs d`r tao icfudckturor, nut taokuiuhctmvo gcicbo wmhh uhtmictohy cddokt tao wa`ho n`gy, mfkhugmfb tao icfudckturor. Urì`tmfb tao pr`guktm`f`d voamkhos p`smtmvohy mipckts c strctobmk sokt`r `d tao ok`fìy cfg kcf rovornorcto mf `taors, nut durtaor g`wftao hmfo mt kcf fobctmvohy cddokt `vorchh ok`fìmk cktmvmty ny k`ftrmnutmfb t` tao gokhmfo `d i`nmhmty mf tao kmty.


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KCGO^F@[

3=

Kmty, ros punhmkc d`r c s`kmch cfg urncf otamk

A`w kcf tao smtuctm`f mfv`hvmfb tao wcfmfb `d tao p`hmtmks `d ovorygcy hmdo no

rovorsog0 I`voiofts d`r rok`vormfb tao punhmk spcko, cs c pr`loktm`f `d tao gm-

vorsmty `d tao punhmk spaoro, suka cs @kkupy Rchh [troot, Wcarmr [qucro mf Kcmr`,

`r [yftcbic [qucro mf Ctaofs, sorvo cs rocktm`fs t` tams pr`koss `d cfìmo.

[uka i`voiofts sooi t` mfgmkcto c rofowch `d tao punhmk spcko cs tao h`kus

d`r tao oxorkmso `d p`hmtmks, tarùba bctaormfbs cfg tao cbbhìorctm`f `d sichh

`r hcrbo kr`wgs;;.

Wao joy quostm`f, a`wovor, acs t` g` wmta smtuctm`fs `vor cfg noy`fg pr`tosts,

mf tao d`ri d gcmhy cktm`fs cfg i`ro k`fstcft pr`loktm`fs d tao punhmk spaoromft` tao urncf spcko. Wao k`fstcft `kkupctm`f `d tao punhmk spcko, subbostog

ny Imjo Gcvms, kcff`t no ckamovog mf lust cfy urncf k`fgmtm`f. Wao spctmch k`f-

stmtutm`f `d tao punhmk spaoro cs cf crofc d`r gmskursmvo rohctm`fsamps mf wamka

ckt`rs kìo t`botaor t` gmskuss mssuos d iutuch mftorost, waoro punhmk pmfm`f

cfg p`hmtmkch pcrtmkmpctm`f cro ofcktog tarùba spooka,;7ufgùntoghy oxtofgs

noy`fg `pof punhmk spcko cfg mfkhugos numht spcko cs c h`kus `d tao n`gy mf

cktm`f cfg mftorcktm`f. Wao p`hmtmkch uso `d tao punhmk spcko ms docsmnho md taoro

ms k`ftmfuch cppr`prmctm`f, cfg tams chs` gopofgs f numht cfg prmvcto spcko d`r

cfka`rmfb tao prcktmkos cfg cktmvmtmos `d ckt`rs cttrckt`rs `d tao `ws. Wao

mftorwocvmfb `d tao punhmk cfg prmvcto spaoro mf tao urncf spcko kcff`t no

mbf`rog.

Nosmgos tams mftorwocvmfb, c p`hmky f spcko saùhg tcjo mft` ckkùft tao rctm`-

fchmzctm`f `d urncf spcko cfg s`kmch prcktmkos. M pr`p`so tact tao kcusos `d tao

wocjofmfb d tao urncf i`gchmtmos d tao punhmk spaoro (opms`gos d sp`ftcfo-

ùs bctaormfbs cfg rbcfmzog prosofko) cro rohctog t` taroo vokt`rs d rctm`fch-

mzctm`f53>, p. >53).

;7. M uso k`fkopts d iutuch mftorost dùfg mf Acusor (3==1) cfg p`hmtmkch pcrtmkmpctm`f tarùba spooka mf Drcsor(3==5).


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(k) ictormch pr`loktm`f vokt`rs `d taoso cktmvmtmos mf tao pr`guktm`f `d taourncf spcko mtsohd, f`tcnhy mf tao wcys d numhgmfb cfg crkamtokturch cfg

urncf stcfgcrgs. Waoso vokt`rs ropr`guko, mfstchh, ostcnhmsa cfg romf-

d`rko tao trofgs `d gmvmsm`f pr`gukog mf tao prmvcto cfg mfstmtutm`fch

spaoros, wamka sooi t` k`fvorbo wmta ocka `taor cfg i`vo cwcy drì

sunstcftmvo mfstcfkos d tao vchuos, prcktmkos cfg s`kmch cfg urncf k`f-

toxts d tao punhmk spaoro.

A`w kcf wo cv`mg tams droo dchh mf tao gmvmsm`f wmtaùt ofg cfg tao h`bmk `d

sopcrctm`f typmkch `d tao strctobmk rctm`fchmzctm`f `d tao urncf spcko, wamka

sorvos oxkhusmvo dufktm`fchmty cfg tao mgoch `d sobrobctm`f0 Mts f`t c icttor `d

cncfg`fmfb tao bcmfs cfg p`toftmch `d rctm`fchmty, nut t` rosmtucto d`ris `d ur-

ncf rctm`fchmty drì tao porspoktmvo d nr`cgor vchuos cfg gmrokt mt mft` gmskus-

sm`f cbofgcs d`r d`rimfb punhmk `pmfm`fs. Wao ro-k`fquost `d tao kmty ms cnùt

rok`vory mf rohctm`f t` c sacttorog i`gorfmty tact kcff`t fhy tcjo phcko mf c

kmrkuiskrmnog f`rictmvo mfstmtutm`fch spaoro, `r mf `kkcsm`fch ckts `d spokmffik

ckt`rs, ovof md k`hhoktmvo. Mt roqumros tao strofbtaofmfb d punhmk `pmfm`f cfg mts

mipckt `f tao phcffmfb gohmnorctm`fs `d goi`krctmk mfstmtutm`fs, mfkhugmfb tao

d`hh`wmfb cspokts12

KCGO^F@[

3=

cfìmo cfg tao rocdffirictm`f `d tao kmty cs c ffiohg `d p`hmtmks mf ovorygcy hmdotarùba rost`rmfb tao otamk `d s`kmch mftorcktm`f mf tao puro sofso `d tao p`hms,

wmta tao iocfs t` vorkìo tao drckturos notwoof gmsk`ffoktog prcktmkos cfg

notwoof drcbiofts d fhy dufktm`fchhy gopofgoft sunsystois. Cf otamk tact ms

cnho t` bumgo< (c) tao boforctm`f d tokafmkch stcfgcrgs mf crkamtokturo, tarùba

usmfb i`ro prokmso jf`whogbo tact ms cttoftmvo t` tao mipckts `d gmddoroft ur-

ncf stcfgcrgs, wmta tao kìimtioft `d tao ckt`rs mfv`hvog mf tao pr`guktm`f

cfg phcffmfb `d urncf spcko: (n) tao r`ho `d tao robuhct`ry spaoro, mf `rgor t`

kìo up wmta urncf ruhos cfg mfstmtutm`fchmzog phcffmfb prcktmkos tact oxpross

taoso bumgohmfos t` tao gmvorsmty `d cbofkmos cfg goicfgs.

[mfko Crmst`thos n``j, U`hmtmks, mts noof ufgorst``g tact tao urncf spcko pr`-

i`tos s`kmch gmvorsmty ospokmchhy mf crocs `d trcgo cfg oxkacfbo sìotamfb

tact tao dufktm`fchmzog kmty `d tao >5ta koftury cfg tao k`ftr`hhog spckos `d

tao Nrczmhmcf kmty `d tao >3stkoftury acvo noof pr`brossmvohy h`smfb. Iy nrmod

ckkùft `d tams pr`koss rcfjs cs `fo ci`fb `taors nut mt gòs urbo krmtmkmsi

cfg roloktm`f `d tams boforchmzog i`goh mf tao d`ri `d c goncto tact tcjos mft`

ckkùft gmddoroft vmsm`fs `d tao urncf spaoro cfg crkamtokturo `fo tact ms

bumgog, a`wovor, ny c sofso `d rosp`fsmnmhmty `d tao prmvcto spaoro t`wcrg tao

punhmk spaoro, cfg wamka ms cnho t` d`stor c gohmnorctmvo mfstmtutm`fch p`hmky.

F`r ms mt fokosscry t` pcmft cf cp`kchyptmk vmow `d tao kmty< taoro cro crocs mf

ovory kmty tact puhscto wmta urncf hmdo. _rncf koftors k`ftmfuo t` no kìp`sog

`d gofso `pof spckos, suka cs ta`so amst`rmkchhy css`kmctog wmta tao iocfmfb

cfg `rmbmf `d kmtmos cs cf oxprossm`f `d s`kmch mftorcktm`f, tao gmvmsm`f `d hcn`r,

p`hmtmkch `rbcfmzctm`f cfg tao k`hhoktmvo oxpormofko mf mts i`st s`pamstmkctog

cfg gmdffikuht d`ri< goi`krcky. Raof po`pho cro `f tao stroot, cfy jmfg `d od-

dorvoskofko kcf tcjo phcko. Wams wùhg ofcnho us t` grcw focror t` tao mgoc `d

tao p`hms, tao gcmhy oxorkmso d s`kmch hmdo cfg oxkacfbos wmta p`hmtmkch p`toftmch.

@taor spaoros, suka cs ta`so mfv`hvmfb hobch roqumroiofts cfg urncf ruhos tact

bumgo tao pr`guktm`f d urncf spcko, cro c iocfs t` tams ro-k`fquost.

ôdorofkosCG@^F@, W.: A@^JAOMIO^, I. C Gmchtmkc g` Oskhcrokmioft`. ^m` go Lcfomr`? (Rmftor), pp. 33?3>=, 3===.

NC_ICF, \. K`ffficfc o Iog` fc Kmgcgo. [` Ucuh`< \cacr, >55=.

KAC_, I. @ quo p`htmkc0 Mf F`vcos, C. (`rb) @ Osquokmioft` gc U`htmkc. ^m`

go Lcfomr`< Cbmr, >552.


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3=

K@[WC, H. Uhcf` Umh`t` pcrc urncfmzc` gc ncmxcgc kìproofgmgc oftro c Ncr-rc gc Wmlukc, ` U`ftch go [orfcinotmnc o Lckcropcbu.^m` go Lcfomr`< Cbfkmc

L`rfchstmkc Micbo, 3=4=.

GCTM[, I. Kaobc go kamkhoto. Mf< Acrvoy ot ch. @kkupy< I`vmioft`s go Ur`tost`

quo W icrci cs ûcs. [` Ucuh`< N`mtoip`, >53>.

GORO], L. Wao Uunhmk cfg mts Ur`nhois. @xd`rg< A`ht, 3=>2.

G_^JAOMI, O. Gc gmvms` g` trcncha` s`kmch. [` Ucuh`< Icrtmfs D`ftos, 3===

Z31=;Y.

D^C[O^, F. ôtamfjmfb tao Uunhmk [paoro< C K`ftrmnutm`f t` tao Krmtmquo `d Ck-

tuchhy Oxmstmfb Goi`krcky. [`kmch Woxt,>? (>4), pp. ?415, 3==5.DÔMÔ, .: N^MWW@, D. _t`pmc o pcmx`< c p`htmkc g` k`tmgmcf`.[` Ucuh`< ^`kk`,

3=17.

ACNOÎC[, L. Iugcfc ostruturch gc osdorc pnhmkc< mfvostmbcos qucft` c

uic kctob`rmc gc s`kmogcgo nurbuosc. ^m` go Lcfomr`< Woip` Nrcsmhomr`, 3=17c.

PPPPPP. Wao Wao`ry `d Kìiufmkctmvo Cktm`f T`h.3. Kcinrmgbo< U`hmty Uross,

3=17n.

PPPPPP. Gmromt` o Goi`krckmc< Oftro Dctmkmgcgo o Tchmgcgo. ^m` go Lcfomr`< Woip`

Nrcsmhomr`, 3==2.

PPPPPP. C K`fstohc` Us-fckm`fch< Ofscm`s U`htmk`s.[` Ucuh`< Hmtorc Iufgm,>553.

AC^TO], G. Wao K`fgmtm`f d U`sti`gorfmty.@xd`rg< Nhckjwohh, 3==>.

PPPPPP. @s ronohgos fc ruc< ` pcrtmg` go Rchh [troot ofk`ftrc suc fiosms. Mfc.

PPPPPP. ônoh Kmtmos< Drì tao ^mbat t` tao Kmty t` tao _rncf ôv`hutm`f. H`f-

g`f< Tors`, >53>n.

AC_[O^, Borcrg. Torfckuhcr Gmch`buo cfg tao âot`rmkchmty `d Uunhmk @pmfm`f.

Kìiufmkctm`f I`f`brcpas 4? (>), pp. 1;352, Lufo 3==1.

HODONTÔ, A. Wao Ur`guktm`f `d [pcko. @xd`rg< Nhckjwohh, 3==3 Z3=27Y.

HOMW@, B. Ncrrc gc Wmlukc< g` iufg` mft`kcg` prmiov` kmgcgo phcfolcgc pcrc

` skuh` QQM. Mf KC[W^M@WC, Ho`fcrg` (`rb.) _rncfmzc` Nrcsmhomrc< ôgosk`-

nortcs. Noh` A`rmz`fto< Ogmt`rcK/Crto, >55;.

HO@U@HG@ O [MHTC, D. U`htmkc kì` i`rchmgcgo< c ncfchmzc` gc tmkc. Mf F`vc-

os, C. (`rb) @ Osquokmioft` gc U`htmkc. ^m` go Lcfomr`< Cbmr, >552.

I@FWO\_IC, ^.: @HMTOM^C, ^. (>535) @s ok`ssmstoics gc Ncmxcgc go Lckcropc-

bu o ` UO_ gcs Tcrbofs.Crqumtoxt`sf. 334.

FCIO, H. Gc rogo ruc< f`tcs s`nro f`vcs tokf`h`bmcs go mfd`ric` o kìu-


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fmkc`, i`nmhmzc` s`kmch o icfmdostcos p`htmkcs f` ospc` pnhmk`. Mf UO-G^@, ^., ÂOMFBCFW\, C. (`rbs) Suchmgcgo g` Hubcr o Kuhturc K`ftoip`rfoc.

^m` go Lcfomr`< Ur`Crq, >53>.

FOWW@, T.I. Kmgcgo o [`kmogcgo< cs trcics gc prtmkc o sous ospc`s. U`rt`

Chobro< Ogmt`rc [uhmfc. Mf pross).

PPPPPP. C urncfmgcgo kì` govmr g` urncf`. Mf< Cbumcr, G.: Fott`, T.I. (@rb.) _r-

ncfmgcgos.^m` go Lcfomr`< D`hm` Gmbmtch, >53>.

PPPPPP. [CN@]C, ^.W., TC^BC[, L.K. (Nuskcfg`) @s odomt`s s`kmcms gc i`rd`h`bmc

crqumtotfmkc. _rno ôvmstc Nrcsmhomrc go Bost` _rncfc, T h. 7, F`. >, >53>.

PPPPPP. Oftro ospc`s urncf`s o gmbmtcms, ù ` gosg`nrcioft` gc prtmkc. _rno ôvmstc Nrcsmhomrc go Bost` _rncfc, T h. ;, F`.3, >533

F@TCO[, C. (@rb.) @ Osquokmioft` gc U`htmkc. ^m` go Lcfomr`< Cbmr, >53>.

UO^HCWW@, D. Acnorics, c osdorc pnhmkc o ` Nrcsmh. ôvmstc Ostug`s U`htmk`s,

F`. 7, >53>.

Ô\OFGO, T.: HOMW@, B. Uhcf` Umh`t` pcrc c Ncrrc gc Wmlukc o Ncmxcgc go Lckc-

ropcbu, c cvchmc` g`s mgocms i`gorfmstcs cps trs gkcgcs. Mf Cfcms g` ?

[oimfrm` G@K@I@I@ Nrcsmh. [` Kcrh`s, _[U, >55;.

[OFFOWW, ^. Luft`s< `s ^mtucms, `s Urczoros, o c U`htmkc gc K``porc`. [`

Ucuh`< ôk`rg, >53>.[MIIOH, B. Wao iotr`p`hms cfg ioftch hmdo. Wao [`km`h`by `d Bo`rb [miioh.

Fow ]`rj< Droo Uross, 3=?5 Z3=33Y.

W^MB_OM^@, I. Uckmffikc` gc kmgcgo< c urncfmgcgo hobmtmicgc. Mf CB_MC^,

Gùbhcs: FOWW@, Tmfmkmus I. (@rb.) _rncfmgcgos. ^m` go Lcfomr`< Hotrc o Mic-

boi, mf pross.

RONO^, I. ohmbmùs roloktm`fs d tao w`rhg cfg taomr gmroktm`fs. Mf A.A. Borta:

K.R. Imhhs (@rb.) Drì Icx Ronor. Fow ] rj, 3=?1.


TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@

The (re)conquest of the city: Polis and the public sphere

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