The Randazzo hoard 1980 and Sicilian chronology in the early fifth century B.C. / Carmen...

8/9/2019 The Randazzo hoard 1980 and Sicilian chronology in the early fifth century B.C. / Carmen Arnold-Biucchi

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O H O AR D 1980

N CH R O N O L O G I N

I F TH C NTU R Y R .C.

D - B I U C CH I

D I E S

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

C r e a

t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N

o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

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edH oards41

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NSGraduateSeminarin1981.I amgreatlyindebtedtotheSociety

M.W aggonerforgenerouslyallowingmetoworkonthe materialand

tance.I wouldalsoliketoe pressmygratitudetoall thedealers

oardnevercouldhavebeenreconstituted: J . A ie llo H . B erk H . A .

. StraussandH. V ogtlia tMMA G S. HurterandL . Mildenbergof

ier. My thanksfordiscussionandadv icetoD . B erend C . B oehringer M.

. A . C a h n E . E . C la i n- S te f an e ll i G . K . J e n ki n s B . E . L e v y A . M or e tt i

stermark . M. J . P ricehasmostk indlypermittedmetowork onthe

eB ritishMuseum.Theresearchabroadwasmadepossiblebya grant

dof theA mericanP hilosophica lSociety .

duledtobethe visitingscholaratthe1982 ANSseminar.H is

anythoroughdiscussionofthehoardwithhim tomydeepestregret.

H oard1980confirmsmanyofhis viewsandifitrevises someothers particu-

early Syracusandecadrachm itstillis atributetohis scholarly

ulatingmindopenedanewapproachtoaddressingtheproblemsof

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N

980 ahoardofsilverco insw asfoundinSicily1andimmediately

helargestnumbercametothe U nitedStates 479coinsinseverallots

by adealerinF ebruary1981forstudyandthe preparationofa

oupno doubtrepresentedthebulkofthehoard butdidnotinclude

ablespecimens mainly f romKataneandNa os someofwhichw ere

hoardwaspickedoverat leasttwicebeforebeingbroughtto New

thehoard coinsbutac uirednone.3Atleast131 ofthetetradrachms

toE uropeandweresentforcleaningto theB ritishMuseumwhere

.Theyare nowmostlikelyinE uropeancollections.Theremainderof

edwiththe helpofcolleagues collectorsanddealers.

ecircumstancesofdiscoverynor aboutthee actlocationofthe

arR anda z o innortheasternSicilyatthefooto fMountEtna( see

mntsrepresented particularlyK atane supportthehearsay .

lconditionsthatfoster illegale cavationshavebeencommented

eplorablethatthe historicalrecordsooftenmustbe reconstructedaway

e t to thedetrimentofscho larship. C o inhoardsarenoe ception on

iertotak eoutof thecountryoforiginthanlargerob ects. I tshouldbe

stpreservedco insarevery rare ly foundone cavationsites rather

nds.Y etitremainsa primeresponsibilityofthenumismatistto

ght.

t th e " R a n da z o H o a r d 1 98 0 a s i t is c a ta l og u ed h e re i s c om p le t e. I t

asonabletoassumethatthe539 tetradrachmsdescribedformthelargest

sameperiod w iththee ceptionof theGelahoard( I GC H 20 6 ) and

C H 2085 areusua lly smallerinsi e . Moreoverselectionsordiv isionsof

nafterdiscovery.The" best piecescanbetakenoutfirst forspecial

mprobablethat forinstance allofthelatest specimensinthehoard

sortedoutcompletelybythefirst finders.Thereforetheconclusions

impairedby doubtsaboutwhethertherecordis complete.

idwithabsolutecertaintyto comefromthehoardaredescribed

additionsandsupplementsasnecessary.

5 , n o . 17 .

uddyGalleries I nc. MasterpiecesofA ncientC o inage( L osA ngeles n. d. . A brochure

ms.

osendonated34tetradrachmsandR ussellT renho lme7( seecata logue A NS e R osen

M. Waggoner A rcha icSilverC o inage: TheA syutHoard( L ondon 1975 , p. 9( hereaf ter

A s yu t .

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tradrachms 5allfromSicilian mints asR hegionhistoricallyand

redsuch:

0

7 )

7-90

1 -2 2 )

1

-539

edrumorsthatthehoardalsoi ncludeddecadrachms.ThepresenceofD emareteiais

ngethechronologicalconclusionsreachedhere.

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B A C G R O U N D

oard ca.510to450 B .C. 6 sawtheriseof westerntyrannies 7their

ath.F romtheendofthe si thcenturytothe beginningofthefifth

s t ha t i nt e re s t us R h e g i on A k ra g as G e la K a t an e L e o nt i no i M e ss a na

losttheirautonomyandfe llunderthedominationof threema orfamilies:

tra its theEmmenidsatA kragas theDeinomenidsatGelaandSy ra-

ambitionsof thestrongestamongthesetyrantsdeterminedthe

duringwhichSicilyroseto theacmeofits powerandprosperity.

orthis periodareH erodotos book7.153- 7 D iodoros chiefly

ughhisO destotheglory oftheSiciliantyrants.Thesewritersvary in

nessandfromthemaloneit isalmostimpossibletoobtaina clearpicture

hofD iodorosorP indarmaysometimesbeasdistortedas ourown

ar stime morethanfourcenturieslaterthantheearly ty rants the

totheSy racusancourttosingHieron se plo its.

establishmentof tyrannybegan. 8I n505B . C . K leandros sonof that

stinctionofbeing thefirstSicilianto gainachariotvictoryat O lympia

erodotoste llsusthatatKleandros sdeath thesovere igntypassedto

9w hoproceededtoe pandhisinf luenceoverotherSiciliancit ies a

sterntyrannies.H econ ueredtheChalcidiancitiesofE uboiaand

Z ank leandL eontino i establishingsubordinatety rantsinthe lasttwo

mos . H ippokratesa lso foughttheSy racusans w hilehedidnotsucceedin

receivedK amarinaaspartofthepeace settlement.

c i e nt S i ci l y ( r e v . ed . T o t o wa N . . 1 9 79 , p p . 4 5 - 4 E . A . F r e em an T h e H i s to r y of S i ci l y

v o l. 2 ( O x f o rd 1 8 91 , p p . 10 1 -5 0 1 2 - 38 8 A . H o l m G e sc h ic h te S i ci l ie n s im A l te r th u m

87 0 , p p. 1 44 - 0 a nd 1 92 -2 3 ( h er ea ft er H o l m ; E . W i l l L e M on de G re c et I ' O r i en t v ol . 1

pp. 219-59( hereaf terWill . F orfurtherbibliographyseeF . Sartori " Storiade llaSicil iaGreca "

- 7 7 p p . 33 1 -4 9 .

Gr e ek T yr a nt s ( L o n do n 1 9 5 ) , p p . 12 8 -3 , 1 5 4. H . B e r ve D i e T y r an n is b e i de n G ri e -

nc h 1 9 7 , p p . 12 8 -5 8 ( h e r e af t er B e r v e . C . Mo s se L a T y ra n ni e d an s l a Gr e ce A n ti u e

p p . 79 - 87 . O n t h e t yr a nn y i n ge n er a l se e K . H . K i n l e d . D i e a lt e re T y ra n ni s b is z u d e n

gez urgriechischenTy rannis ( D armstadt 1979 ; onGelonseeA . v . Stauf fenberg Trina-

os s gr i ec h en l an d ( M u ni c h/ V i e n na 1 9 3 , p p . 20 0 ff s e e al s o K . H . W a t e rs " H e r o d ot u s on

H istoria E in elschriften15( 1971 , pp.38-41.

s thato fPana it iosinL eontino iintheseventhcenturyB . C . andthatofP ha laris

centuryseemtohavebeenprecariousandshort-l ived. H dt. 7. 154 T . J . D unbabin

x ford 1948 , pp.337-78( hereafterD unbabin ; H olm 1 p.197 B erve p.137 G.K .

e of G e la A M uG S 2 ( B e r li n 1 9 70 , p . 4 ( h e r e af t er J e n ki n s G e la .

u n b a bi n p . 3 7 - 4 09 J e n ki n s G e la p . 6 ; B e r v e p . 1 37 - 40 . F o r t h e ch r on o lo g ys e e Ta b le 1

w hichgivesthetradit iona ldatesbasedonThucydides acceptedbyDunbabinandR . van

dechrono logieetd historiographiesicil io tes( B russels/ R ome 1959 , p. 351. F orthecontro-

andtheproposedrevisionsseeDunbabin pp. 432-34. G. V a lle t R hegionetZ ancle

o le s f ra n ch i se s d A t he n es e t d e R o m e n o .1 8 9 ( P a r is 1 9 58 p p . 34 - 5 4 ( h e r ea f te r V a l l et .

n s G e la p . 7 W i l l p . 2 27 a n d th e f in a l re s ol u ti o n E . G a bb a a nd G . V a l l e t L a S i ci l ia a n ti c a

p p . 6 0 1 - 2 .

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ard

atesin491B . C . hismostcapablegenera l commanderof thecavalry

omenes sethimselfupasty rantthusavertingthethreatofaciv ilw ar. H is

ofprosperityand peaceforSicilyingeneral andhistoryrecordshim

ntdespot popularamonghispeople . I n485B . C . Gelonsucceededinw hat

ted thecon uesto fSyracuse thew ealthyand thanksto itsharbor

yonthewesterncoast.The Gamoroi orlandownersofSyracuse

K asmenaiby thedemosandthe loca lserf s( theK il ly rio i ask edGelon

nedthe Gamoroitothecity heinstalledhimselfastyrant.11

ee ploitnodoubtwasthe defeatoftheCarthaginiansatthebattle of

12w iththehelpofhisfather-in- law Theron ty rantofA k ragas. The inter-

however hasbeenrathertendentious ashistorianshavefollowed

llynationalisticversion.13D iodorospresentedthewarbetweenSicilyand

w arbetw eentworaces theGreek sandtheB arbarians andinsodo ing

sianwarsinGreece.14I nfacttheCarthaginianattackonSicily was

tagonismthanbye ternalimperialism.Terillos tyrantofH imera

a ilasofR hegion try ingtoremainindependentf romGelonandTheron

orhelp.Afterthebattle Gelonshowedhimselfmagnanimoustoward

ingtheirlivesanddemandingonlywarindemnities.I tison thisoccasion

maretewasgivenonehundredgoldtalentsin gratitude.We shalldiscuss

478/ 7B . C . hisbrotherHieronsucceededhimatSyracuseandinturnwas

thirdbrotherP o ly a los.15A partfromhisnava le peditiontohe lp

scans andthev ictory thatensuedin474B . C . 1 H ieronconcentratedon

icilianempire.O utofadesire towinthehonorsof a" herosktistes

dalsoperhapstosecurehimselfa retreatincaseof troubleinSyracuse

47 / 5B . C . 17H emovedtheC halcidianinhabitantsofNa osand

andrefoundedKatanew ithP e loponnesiansandSyracusans. UnderH ie-

camean intellectualcenterwherenotonlyP indar butalsoAischylos

y lidesso ournedandpraisedthetyrants.

7/ B .C.precipitatedthefallofall Siciliantyrannies.Akragaswas

ongandstablere ignofTheron w hodiedin473/ 2B . C . hissonThrasy -

. Se linusandHimeraw erea lso f reeandP o ly a losdiedatGelaprobably

h. Thesecit iesquick ly j o inedthe irlandandseaforcesto liberateSyracuse

astofthe D einomenids.19

til lsurv ived. A na ilassucceededinprov idingbothR hegionandZ an-

ernmentf rom494B . C . w henheinsta lledhimselfatR hegion and

e pelledtheSamiansf romZ ank le untilh isdeathin47 B . C . 20D espitehis

2 -1 1 D u n b a bi n p p . 41 1 -3 4 B e r v e p p . 14 0 -4 7 J e n ki n s G e la p p . 7- 9 W i l l p p . 23 0 -3 7 .

20 5 -1 0 D u n b a bi n p p . 41 8 -3 2 B e r v e p p . 14 4 -4 ; W i l l p p . 23 3 -3 7 .

themostdeta ileddescriptionof thebattle .

synchronismbetweenHimeraandSalamisorThermopy laiseeP . Gauthier" L e

ne " R E A 6 8 ( 1 9 6 ) , p p. 5 -3 2 W i l l p . 23 0 n . 1.

p . 21 2 -4 8 B e r v e p p . 14 7 -5 2 J e n ki n s G e la p p . 9- 1 1 W i l l p p . 24 1 -4 5 .

a f terthatv ictory perhapsmore importantthanHimera thatP indarstartedce lebra-

nomenidsinthef irstP y thianode.

ptionofMt. Etna seeThuc. 3. 11 . 2.

b 1 3 15 b D i o d . 1 1. 8 H o l m v o l. 1 p p . 24 9 -5 4 B e r v e p p . 15 2 -5 4 .

p . 19 9 -2 0 0 V a l le t R h e g i on p p . 33 5 -5 5 B e r v e p p . 15 5 -5 8 D u n b a bi n p p . 38 7 -9 8 a nd 4 2 4-

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einomenidsforpowerandmaintainhisindependence thevictoryof

A na ilastorecogni eSy racuse ssupremacy . Mik y thossucceededhim

w h en A n a i l as s s o ns w e re o l d en o ug h t o re i gn . I n 4 1 B . C . t he y we r e e p e ll e d

21

os

arsfollowingtheendofthe Siciliantyrannies.AlthoughD iodoros

edinpeaceunderdemocraticrule 22mostofthecities musthavebeen

evera lo f themw ererestored suchasNa os K amarina K atane lands

dbycla imsf rom amongothers e pe lledsettlersreturnedhomeand

ervedthetyrants.H owever themostseriousthreatto theGreek

rswastheriseof theSikelpowerunderD ouketios.23Thishelleni ed

sin theliteratureforthefirst timeattherestorationofK atane.24We

MenainonandP alike whichbecamehiscapital.25F ollowingthe

D ouk etiostriedtoe tendhispow ertothew estandattackedastrong-

Motyon.E ventuallytheSyracusansdefeatedhimatNomaiin

imtoCorinth. 2 I n44 B . C . Douk etiosreturnedtoSicily foundedKale

dhimselfasleaderof theSik e ls. B utby thedeathofD ouk etiosin440

hadmasteredtherebellion.28

hedat atimewhenit hadbeenabolishedinmainlandGreece.I t

ofaP isistratosoraKypse los bynotnecessarilybe ingamovementof

archs:Gelontookpowerat Syracusewiththesupportofthe Gamoroi

h andaristocraticfamily.Mostimportant theSiciliantyrants

toamilitarypowerable toresistforeigninvaderssuchas theCarthagi-

s whereastheirGreekcounterpartsusuallycommandedlimitedpolitical

ethicalcondemnationthat fo llow ingA ristotle 29oneisinclinedto

heearlytyrannyin Sicilybroughtprosperity economicdevelopment

ontotheGreekcolonies.Thetyrants canalsotakecreditfor fully

w hichinthatperiodattainedanartist icperfection e ceptiona levenfor

ehoard weremintedinthishistorical conte t.P ossibly theuphea-

vo lt—perhapshisdefeatatNomaiin451B . C . —preventedtheow nerof the

hisburiedtreasure.

p . 2 57 - 1 D . A d a m es t ea n u " L ' e l le n i z a i o ne d e ll a S ic i li a e d il m o me n to d i D u c e i o "

p p. 1 7 -9 8 F . P . R i z o L a r ep ub bl ic a di S ir ac us a ne t mo me nt o di D u c e i o ( P a le rm o 1 97 0 ;

. .

b .

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N TH E M N TS

sfromR hegioninthehoard belongingtotwodifferentperiods.

fferentpairsof dies.Theirtypesarethe sameasthoseofMessanaof

1to173 : ontheobverseamulecartdrivenbyaseatedmalechario teer

runningtoright.The mulecartisone ofthefewGreekcointypes

yhistoricalevent. Aristotlee pla insthatA na ilasofR hegionintro -

dafterwinningthemule cartraceatO lympia celebratedhisvictory

etationofthe reverseprobablyreflectsalegendcreateda posteriorito

kelythe harereferstotherural godP anwithwhomitappearson

ribedTAN.31The obverse however isanoriginalandpersonalvaria-

q uadrigaintroducedfirstatSyracusetocelebratethe Sicilianvicto-

mesandadoptedbymanyotherGreekcitiesof Sicilyduringthefifth

s w ithhisnew co intypes therebypresentedhimselfasthepeerifnotthe

fGelaandSyracuse.

7-10 allfromthesamepair ofdies presentdifferenttypes:alion s

se andonthereverseabeardedmanseated ho ldingastaf f hislegs

e lionisthesacredanimalo fA pollo thegodof theco loni ation w ho

theChalcidiancoloniessuchasR hegion.32Manyinterpretationshave

tedmanon thereverse33butSi ' shypothesis—thathe mustrepresent

stos sonofAioloswhosekingdomtheancientmythographsplacein the

h coastofSicily— hasprevailedandisnowgenerallyaccepted.34

onI ssues

prehensivecorpusoftheearlyseriesof R hegion.35E .S.G.R obin-

e ontheSamiansatZ ankle establishedthegeneralchronological

fR hegionandMessanatotheendof thef if thcenturyB . C . andhis

A sw asnotedabove A na ilastook pow eratR hegionin494/ 3B . C

lingtheSamiansf romZ ank le in489/ 8B . C thusbecomingmastero f the

ns ontheChalcidianstandardwithalion sheadonthe obverseanda

s e a p ud P o l lu V 7 5 . O n t h es e t yp e s se e E . S . G . R o b i ns o n " R h e g i on Z a n k l e- M es s an a

H S 6 6 ( 1 94 ) , p . 1 7 ( h e re af te r R o bi ns on ; V a ll et R h i gi on p p. 3 6 - 7 L . L a c r oi , M o n-

s I ' O c c i d en l g re c ( B r u s s el s 1 9 5 , p p . 24 - 25 ( h e re a ft e r L a c r oi ) .

M on et e Gr ec ne d el ta S ic il ia ( R o m e 1 94 ) , p i. 2 , 1 1- 12 ( h er ea ft er R i z o M GS ; K r a ay

F orotherinterpretations how ever seeE. C iaceri C ult ieMitine llaStoriade ll A ntica

, p p . 98 - 10 2 L . B o d s o n " L i e vr e s et m u le s a u ro ya u me d u D e t r oi t " E t C la s s 4 ( 1 9 78 ,

D i e L o we n d es A p ol l on " M u s H e l v 7 ( 1 9 5 0 , p . 1 9 2 H . H e r f e ld e r L e s M on n ai e s en a r ge n t

1 9 5 7 , p p . 17 - 19 ( h e re a ft e r H e r f e ld e r ; L a c ro i , p p . 14 - 4 8.

9 .

h e gi um - o c a st os " N C 18 98 p p. 2 81 -8 5 H e r f el de r p p. 1 9- 21 L a cr oi , p p. 4 4- 4 .

anoinMessinaispreparingac orpusofthecoinageofMessanaand oftheparallel

.

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ard

rse . 38A fterw inningthemulecartraceatO lympia he introducedthenew

e.The dateofhisvictoryprovidesthe terminuspostq uemforthe

. Wek now f romDiodorosthatA na ilasdiedin47 B . C . a f ter18yearsof

dsfa llw ithinthoseyears. Thef irsttw o in492B . C . and488B . C . are

wouldleave almostnotimeatall forthefirstlion/calfcoins.38The

istoo lateforitw ouldpresupposethatA na ilas ssuccessorsandnotthe

dthiscoinageafterhisdeath.There remainthoseof484and480 B .C.

alierdateonthebasiso f thePassodiP ia z ahoard39w hichconta inedone

typeofR hegionandwhichhethoughthadbeen buriedbefore

ow asomew hatlaterdate 480/ 78B . C . isgenera llyaccepted. Thehoard

msofthe beginningofGroupI V ofAkragas.AsW estermarkhas

40theyarecontemporarywiththedidrachmsof H imeraofAkragantine

ybetw een483and472B . C . NoreasoncompelsustodateA na ilas s

ndinfact480B . C . thedatesuggestedbyE. S. G. R obinson ispreferable

ehistoricalconte t. Withthenew types A na ilasa lsochangedthe

he E uboic-ChalcidiantotheE uboic-Attic( fourdrachmstothe

reetothestater bothofabout17g . Thisisthestandardusedin

ngofits coinageinthesi thcenturyB .C.andafterthebattleof

w hichestablishedthecity ssupremacyandtheD einomenid shegemony

itw asadoptedbya lltheothercit iesstrik ingcoins. I tw asa lsoafterthe

a ilashadtorenouncehisriva lryw ithGelonandsubmittothe

ordertosavehis dominionovertheStraits.

mule cartissuesatR hegionortheterminuspostfor theintroduc-

os. 7-10 isgenera lly thoughttobethefa llo f theA na iladesin4 1B . C .

rtsthisdate.At thatpointR hegionandMessanaeachresumedtheir

withdifferenttypes.41ThecoinageofR hegion fromtherestorationof

C . tothemiddleof thefourthcenturyB . C . hasbeenstudiedinacorpusby

owerlim itforhisf irstgroup tow hichthetetradrachms nos. 7-10belong is

oard.42A.E vansintheinitial publicationofthehoardsuggesteda

. C . 43acceptedbyHer fe lder. O nthebasiso f theco insofGelarepre-

J enk insshow edthataslightly lowerdate ispreferable . 44C. M. K raay

containedonetetradrachmfromMessanawiththefour-barsigma

nlaterdateca.440B .C.45Sincesomeinterruptioninthecoinage

gimesislike ly thetetradrachms nos. 7-10 w ereprobablyminted

withtheethnicreadingfromleft torightis e tremelyrare.Theonly

f romthesamepairo fdies isintheco llectionofK ingGustavV I in

18 - 19 p i . 5 2 - 3 C . A rn o ld - B i u cc h i " A p pu n ti s u ll a z e c c a d i Me s sa n a da l 4 80 a l 4 50 B . C . "

, p p . 49 - 4 .

erthisC ha lcidianseriesbeganf irstatR hegionsoonaf terA na ilas saccessionto

orinbothcitiesatthesametimein489/ 8B . C . a f terMessanaasw ellfellunderthe

P . B a r ro n T h e S il v er C o in s o f Sa m os ( L o n do n 1 9 6 ) , p . 4 2 b u t s e e J e n k in s G e l a p p . 2 1-

O verstrik esofTarasonDidrachmsofA cragas " E ssaysThompson( 1979 , pp. 287-93.

4 - 4 7.

f el de r p p. 4 - 47 J e nk in s G el a p p. 6 6 - 7 a nd 1 0 .

clianNumismatics " NC 1894 pp. 201-1 .

p . 6 6 .

ee k C oi n s an d H i s t or y ( L o n do n 1 9 9 , p p . 3 5- 3 .

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gue . Thesamereversedie isa lsocombinedwithadif ferentobverse. 4 A ll

mulecart/hareseriesatR hegionbeararetrogradelegend.The" abnor-

1probablybe longstothebeginningof theseries closeto480B . C . I t is

ssanadoese actlytheopposite—the retrogradeethnicisrare and

htnormal. Thetetradrachms nos. 3- havewiderf lansw hichindicate

ea llf romthesamepairo fdies H er fe lder1( D l/ R l . Theobversehas

everse diebreakshavedevelopedonthewreathandon thefootand

astos. I notherw ordsthediesarew ornbuttheco insneednothave

.C.

romAkragasin thehoard nos.11-18 from7obversediesand8

es— eagleandcrab— arethesameasthoseof theearlierdidrachms

ughoutthecoinageof thecity includingthebron es. Only tow ardthe

.C.doesahorseq uadrigaappearontheobverse.Theeagleon the

eak andthick legfeathers isaseaeagle . 48I t isthesacredanimalo fZ eus

n Akragas.49We knowthatTheronerectedacolossaltempleto Z eus

ertheCarthaginiansatH imerain480B .C.50Thereversebearsthe

presentationofthe crabtowhichsometimessymbolsareadded

8 . Severa linterpretations moreorlessfanciful havebeenadvancedforthistype. 51

tit isafreshwatercrab ofthespeciestelphusafluviatilisMandgenerally

therivergodAkragasafterwhomthe citywasnamed.TheGreek

hesametimebeapunonthenameof thecity.

sI ssues

pletingacorpusonthemintofA k ragasandthese uenceof theco ins

ent.53Thecitystarteditsc oinageca.510B .C.withanimportantissue

vidence thesenodoubtprecededthetetradrachmsanddo notoverlap

of thedidrachmsgivesustheterminuspost q uemforthetetra-

hismonographonGela establishedapreliminaryarrangementofthe

datedbetween510and480B .C.54U .W estermarkhasnowconfirmed

talsorevisedthe absolutedates.55SheprovedthatGroup3must end

roup4mustbe contemporarywiththeH imeradidrachmsminted

minance482-472B .C.5 Theyear472B .C.markstheendofthe long

over Akragas.H issonsucceededhimonly verybriefly.The

dw iththety ranny . I t isprobablyatthist imethataninterruptioninthe

92 9 ( V o ge l , 1 15 .

2 4- 2 5 an d 7 2- 7 3 p i . 1 a nd p i . 20 l c l b l .

s e e U . W e s t er m ar k " T h e F i f th C e nt u ry B r o n e C oi n ag e o f Ak r ag a s " A I N 2 5

. 7- 8 .

A c ra g as G r ae c a ( s G r av e nh a ge 1 9 71 , p p . 18 5 -8 8 .

mpelderGriechen 3rded. ( Munich 1980 , pp. 297-99.

z aniga " U n ipotesisulsignif icatodeH' emblemadelgranchione llamoneta ionedi

mA ntC las1( 1972 , pp. 27-31.

b ov e n . 4 8 , p p . 8- 9 .

toherfor readingandrevisingmyoriginalseminarpaperand discussingmany

p p. 1 2 - 4 .

ve n . 4 0 p p . 28 7 -9 3 .

s ar e G el a M o nt e B u b b on i a a n d Ca s ul l a I G CH 2 0 6 , 2 0 71 a n d 20 7 5 ( s e e b el o w

C r e a



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ard

othesissupportedbythehoardevidence.TheMonteB ubboniaand

riedperhapsca.470B .C. containedonlydidrachmsofAkragasandno

eriodbetween4 4or4 1and450B . C . w herethedatedissuesofother

ohoardbelong seemsverysuitable forthetetradrachmsofA k ragasas

drachmshasarathersmall andtriangularbody( no.11 ; symbols

didrachms.58A lldiesrepresentedintheR anda z ohoardarew ell

nse ceptforthepa iro fdiesofno . 12 w iththe legscloselypara lle lon

knownonlyfromaplatedcoinin Naples.

sfromGelain thehoard nos.19-47 from17obversediesand21

onediecombinationandonereversedie notknowntoJ enkinsinhis1970

inauguratestheregularseriesof tetradrachms 59precededonlybyavery

eattheendof Group1.TheSyracusanq uadrigaisadoptedasobverse

tthroughouttheentirecoinageof Gelaforthisdenomination with

unctsymbols.Asnotedabove thefour-horseracingchariotis an

stlikelythatthefirst Siciliantowinthe O lympianchariotracewasa

6 0fatherof thety rantK leandros. ThesmallNik ef ly ingabovethechariot

ymboli esthev ictory . In the latergroupof tetradrachms( nos. 40-47 ,

Nike isreplacedbyanI onicco lumnshownbehindthehorses. I nthis

pretedasaterma aturningpostintherace. 1Theman- facedbullo f the

racteristicGeloantype alreadyadoptedintheearliestissues of

partappearsinthe twogroupsoftetradrachmspresentinthe hoard.

withtaurineearsandhorns.The bentlegsareofteninterpretedas

re lik e ly theysimplyconformtothearcha ic" K nie lauf schemaandindi-

sler sthesis accordingtow hichtheman-headedbulla lw aysrepresentsthe

2onemustrecogni eherethe loca lrivergodGelas 6 3j ustasotherSicil ian

srepresentthe irloca lrivergodsontheirco ins. I nthisgroupof tetra-

earintheobversee ergue: aw heatear( no . 40 , orak etos( no . 41-43 . I n

ebeeninterpretedin connectionwithcontemporaryhistoricalevents 6 4

now thattheSicily 1890hoard( I GC H 207 ) a lsoconta inedco insofA kragasbut

e lt m an n s d e sc r ip t io n ( " t b e r ei n ig e s el t en e M ii n e n v on H i m e r a " Z f N 1 8 9 5 p . 1 5 , i s

ssibletodeterminewhetherthehoardcontaineddidrachms tetradrachms orboth

i . 37 .

p . 43 .

78and404.

p p . 53 - 54 .

A ch el oo s E i n e Mo no gr ap hi c ( B e rn e 1 97 0 ; L I M C 1 1 s .v . " A c he lo os ( I s le r , c oi ns : pp . 15 -

e la n o s. 3 2 -3 5 .

m e r " F l u ss - u nd M e er g ot t er a u f gr i ec h is c he n u nd r o mi s ch e n Mi i n e n S N R 2 3 ( 1 9 2 3 ,

s G el a p p. 1 5 -7 5 L a cr oi , p p. 1 1 - 1 7 L I M C 4 s . v. " G e l as ( C ah n .

D i e M i i n e n v on S y ra k us ( B e r l i n L e i p i g 1 9 29 , p p . 88 - 89 ( h e re a ft e r E . B o e hr i ng e r

k etosassymbolo f thebattleofKymein474/ 3B . C . andpp. 90-93forthe lionandother

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endecisivelychallenged. 5W esimplydonotknowthe precisemeaning

pstheywereusedprimarilytomarkthe issue.I tisinterestingto note

mboloccursatthesametime atdifferentmints accordingtothe

fore ample: thek etosatGela K ataneandSy racuse thepa lmetteat

e lionatSy racuseandLeontino i.

ssues

en treatedinfullin J enkins se emplaryande haustivecorpus. 6

w ithgenera lapprova l 6 7asidef romsomeminorrevisions. 8L ik eA k ra-

drachms( J enk insGroup1 fo llow edw ithoutoverlapby thetetradrachms

9 T h e P a s so d i P i a z a h o ar d ( I G CH 2 0 8 7 0 g iv es t h e te r mi n us p o st q u e m fo r

nytetradrachmsandaswehaveseen itcannothavebeenburiedbefore

heAkragasdidrachmsofGroup 4andtheMessanamulecart/hare

uggestedthatthetetradrachmswiththenewSyracusanobversewere

os onhisaccessiontopow erinGelaaf terGelon sdeathin478/ 7B . C . This

enkinseventhoughhedidnot stressthepoint.71Thelowerlimitof

achmsisgivenby theMonteB ubboniahoard( I GC H 2071 buriedca.

nkinsestablished.72ThelatestcoinsrepresentedaredidrachmsfromAkragas

omH imeraw iththecrabonthereverse 73bothdatedtothereignof

imera483/2-472B .C.K raayarguedforadate ca.4 5B .C.orlater74

eSicily 1890hoard( I GC H 207 ) shouldnotbefo llow ed asw esha ll

t issueoftetradrachms nos.19-39 canbedatedgenerallyto the

40-47 belongtoJ enkinsGroup3— anintervalofsomeyearsseparate

oup.75Thestylehas changedandontheobverseanI oniccolumnand

introduced.Thereisno directevidenceforthedatingof Group3.

een4 5and450B . C . onthebasiso f thenumberofdiesusedandof the

erminuspost q uemforGroup4is givenbyanoverstrikeofGela ona

0 B .C.7 Group3belongstothe periodofrestoreddemocracy.

lthedies andtheirstylisticevolutioningreat detailandwithgreat

referthereader tohisbook.Nos.27-28deservespecialnotice asthey

notk now nto J enk ins—O 37w ithR 77. Obverse37occursw ith

dR 77w ithO 3 and38 77sothenew combinationmere lyconf irmsthe

esthelinkageofJ enkinsGroup2b.Thereversedieof nos.45and4 is

us. I nsty le it isveryclosetoR 121and124andprobablycutby thesame

rethefinefeaturesoftheface withthepointednoseandwell-shaped

g li n g r e v. o f E . B o e hr i ng e r S g ra k us i n G no m on 6 ( 1 9 30 , p . 6 3 2 .

8 .

. N a s te r R B N 1 9 71 p p . 31 5 -1 a n d N. M . W a g go n er A A 7 5 ( 1 9 71 , p p . 44 8 -4 9 .

e v . of J e n ki n s G e l a i n J V C 1 9 71 p p . 33 2 -3 8 .

2 4.

. 6 8 , p . 3 34 J e nk in s G e l a p . 2 .

p. 22-24and154-55.

as o J e n k i ns " H i m e r a: t h e Co i ns o f A kr a ga n ti n e Ty p e " A I N 1 - 1 7 S u pp l . ( 1 9 7 1 ,

. 6 8 , p . 3 35 a n d " T h e D e m ar e te i on R e c o n si d er e d: A R e p l y " N C 1 97 2 p p . 17 - 18 .

p p . 52 - 53 .

J e n ki ns G el a p p . 6 5 - 6 .

p p . 40 - 41 .

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d. The letteringof theethnicisa lso f ineandsmall. WithO 6 2w eare

p3w hichincludesO 6 5 the lastobversecombinedw iththe

asofR 130 78andlinkedto thefollowingGroup4.

sfromK ataneinthehoard nos.48-7 , from8obversesdiesand10

mbinationsarenew asareoneobversedie andtworeversedies.

acedbull representingthelocalrivergodAmenanosto theright 80

egbentto indicatethathe is" sw imming orsimply inmotion or

g( nos. 70-73 . Thef ishundertherivergodandthe lack ofe ergueline in

-59 emphasi ethe ideaof thew ater. Thebranchaboveseemstobea

monster( nos. 60- 9 cana lsobe interpretedasamarinesymbola lthough

nsunclearas atSyracuseandGela.Thepalmetteis purelydecorative.

bversearetheSaty r( nos. 60- 9 ortheNike( nos. 70-73 .

pears herha irrolledup cladina long transparentchiton showingthe

thelegs.Sherunsor walkstotheleft afilletinher outstretchedright

eryw ithherle f t(no . 48 ora branch( no. 70 oraw reath( no . 73 . The

ncoinsanddoes notnecessarilyrelatetoapolitical victorysuchasthat

se.Morelikelyitalludesto anagonisticvictory.Thelaterreverse

a ve a l e tt e r in f i el d » o r H . T h e e th n ic i s K A T A N a t f ir s t ( n o s . 48 - 58 , t h en

os . 59 - 9 7 4- 7 ) o r so me ti me s K A TA NA 1 0 ( n os . 70 -7 3 .

ne Issues

msinthehoardrepresentthefirst emissionofthecityin itsown

ofthe earlyhistoryofK atane:82itmusthavefallenunderthe

w ithKa ll ipo lis L eontino iandNa osaround497B . C . I n47 B . C .

nofMountEtna HieronofSy racuseevacuatedtheK ataneansto

dthecityunderthe nameofAitna83withnewsettlersfrom Syracuseand

ecamehiscapita l. A f terthefa llo f thety ranny in4 7B . C . Hieron s

to leaveandsettleatI nessa w hichthey renamedA itna andthe

atanecouldreturnhome.I tisat thattimeandnotearlier aspreviously

coinsinthenameof K atanewereminted.85Twoissuesinthenameof

sk nownonlybyauni uetetradrachminaprivateco llection bearing

gadrivenbyAthenaandonthe reversetheseatedfigureofZ eus

p . 5 7 an d p i. 5 4 .

erewereabout40tetradrachmsofK ataneinthehoardremainsunsubstantiated.

.v ." A m en an os ( C ah n , p p. 6 6 3 - 4 .

M o ne t e de l l a n ti c a Ca t an a R I N 3 0 ( 1 9 1 7 p . 1 38 t h in k s it i s t he r i ve r p la n t pa r ie t ar i a

i e ro n s A it na u nd d as H i e ro ne io n " J N G 18 ( 1 9 8 p p. 6 8 - 9 .

traboC 2 8.

z o M GS p .1 02 .

oehringer Sy rak us p. 89 arguedthatbecauseof theirverydevelopedsty le the

hmsmustbe longaf ter4 1B . C . seea lsoW. Schwabacher " Z udenMiin envon

gendesD eutschenA rchao logischenI nstituts R omischeA bte ilung48(1933 , pp. 121-2 ; C .

n . 8 2 , p . 9 4 an d " R e k on s tr u kt i on d e s Sc h at f u nd e s vo n O g n i na 1 9 23 " S N R 5 7 ( 1 9 7 8 ,

GC p . 2 17 .

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eruni uedrachmw ithahorsemanandZ eusA itna ios. 8 Thesecond

tradrachminB russelswiththeimpressiveSilenusheadon theobverse

hereverse 87accompaniedbyaseriesof obols.TheissuewithAthenaas

earlieranddatesf romHieron sA itna betw een47 and4 6 B . C . I t

orofH ieron whiletheregularmoneyneededbythetyrant was

sunder D einomenidrule suchasSyracuseandGela.TheB russels

houghttobelongto Aitna- ataneandtobethe workofthemasterof

herenos. 227-31 struck j ustbefore4 1B . C . Kraay how ever po inted

f the lastD einomenid Thrasyboulos in4 6 B . C . therew ashardlyan

didcoinandhesuggestedthatthe B russelstetradrachmmightbethe

erthanthelast ofAitna.88Thisispossible:the disappearanceofthe

mtheobversesupportsadateafter thefallofthe tyranny.Thenew

tnacouldbeanappropriateoccasionforthe coin.Thestyleisclose to

rachmandalsotothatof thef irst issueofR hegionaf ter4 1B . C . w ith

herenos. 7-10. How ever K raay sargumentisw eak enedby thefactthat

raSilenushead whichcontinuedinthelitrai ofK atane.

specialissueunder H ieroninthenameof Aitnaandstartedits

geonlyafterthefallof thetyrannyin4 5B .C.Thisisnotsurprising

monopoli ethecoinageandto preventcitiesundertheirrule from

sas fore ample atNa osandKamarina .

drachmsfromK ataneareperhapsthemostimportantandmost

thehoard. Thesecoinsarequiterare asaglancethroughthema or

sshows.Thecatalogueindicatesthenumberofspecimensknownfrom

f terthediscoveryof theR anda z ohoard( e . g. 5/11 w hichonaverage

heirnumber. V ery rarelydotheyappearinhoards( seechart pp. 42-43

mber.TodateonlytheO gninahoard8 containedasmanyas10

of theA menanos/Nik etype. ThustheR anda z ohoardw ith29e am-

ona l. Theco insarenota ll ingoodcondit ion someareencrustedw itha layer

1. Manyof themarepoorly struck o f f center andof tendoublestruck

0 6 2 . S om e m ig h t be o v er s tr u ck i f t he f l at t en e d fl a n is a n i nd i ca t io n ( n o s . 5 1 6 2

undertypearediscernable.Thedieswereusedfora longtimeevenafter

sthedieofno. 48attherightfore leg orbecamecorroded( nos. 5 -57 . I t

closelydielinkedthegroupis. Thewholerelativese uenceofthefirst

rgodandNikecan bereconstitutedpracticallyonthebasis ofthe

R anda z ohoard. F ew diesseemtobemissing: themostconspicuous

gnina74withthecrane abovethebullassymbol whichcertainly

asshownbythereversedie linkingtotheobversediewith thebranch

presentedinthehoardisthe laterdiew ithasim ilarw aterfow lassymbolin

rsomew iththeSaty rassymbol. B uttheseriesisa lmostcomplete as

keassymbolabovetheman-facedbullare presentinthehoard.The

one handthatthecoinsmust havebeenmintedina shortspan

werestrucknotfarfrom theirburialsitewhichstrengthensthe

oasthef indspot.

o ve n . 82 , p i . 7 1 - 2 K r a ay A C GC p . 2 12 8 3 7.

9 K r a a y A C GC 8 38 .

. 2 13 a n d al s o in h i s re v . of J e n ki n s ( a b o ve n . 6 8 , p . 3 37 .

o e hr i ng e r S N R 5 7 ( a b ov e n . 85 , p p . 10 2 -4 3 . Th e n ew " E a s t Si c i li a n h o ar d ( R a n -

publishedbyC. B oehringer a lsoconta instetradrachmsof thisseries includingonespecimenof

gnina74.

3 R i z o M GS p i. 9 1 5 .

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timateofonedieperyear thebull/Nikeseriesfitsverywellbetween

urnof theK ataneanstotheircityafterthe deathofThrasyboulosand

morecommonq uadriga/Apolloheadtetradrachmswhichwillreplacethis

nthe hoardandcannothavestartedbefore445/40B .C.Nos.59and

ations.No.6 9standsoutdue toitsverydifferent barbarousstyle:

n- facedbullarecutinshallow relie f thefo ldsofNik e schitonarevery

erenderingofthe feathersofthewings.No.7 presentsanewreverse

mehandasnos. 73and74 ascanbeseenintherenderingof thedrapery

positionofthe lettersofthelegendis different startingatthebottom

thefillet.TheH infieldissmaller thanonno.71.

sfromL eontinoiinthehoard nos.77-90 from9obversediesand11

elongtothe firstissueofthe cityand88-90tothe second.O nlyone

w ashithertounk nown.

obversethetypicalfour-horsechariot theagonistictypefirst

hereverseshow sa lion sheadinprof ile w ithj aw sopenedw ideand

allsurroundedbyfourgrainsof barley.Thelionisthe sacredanimalof

ominantinthe Chalcidiancolonies.92Thetypealsooffersapun on

grainsofbarleysymboli ethefertilityof thesoilwhichbrought

esametimeindicatethe denomination thefour-drachmapiece.

nos. 88-90 theNikeontheobversecrow nsthechario teerratherthanthe

thee ergue aga initmustbe interpretedasana llusiontotheculto f

erentinterpretationsgiventhissymbol whichwillbediscussedingreater

theparallelissueatSyracuse.O nthereversethehead ofApollo

itissurroundedbythree laurelleavesandasmalllion liketheoneon

tino iI ssues

waitscompletestudybyChristofB oehringer.Thearrangementofthe

wsthat ofthecorpusin preparation.On hoardevidence itisnow

inageatL eontinoididnotstartas earlyaspreviouslythought.W e

k enbyH ippokratesofGelaaround490B . C . asw ereKa ll ipo lis Na os

os K atane andK amarina L eontino ididnotstrik e itsow nco inageinthat

H ieronofSy racusemovedthe inhabitantsofNa osandKatanetoL eonti-

4I tmustbeat thattimethatthefirst coinswereissued.Thereareno

Gelahoardburiedca. 490/485B . C . 95norinthePassodiP ia z ahoard

ynomeansan absolutecriterionforcalculatingthedurationof anissueandfor

. Wek now veryw ellf romA thensandSy racuse fore ample thatamintcould

ngleyear.Neverthelesswhenaseriesofcoins istightlydielinkedand e hibitssome

w ehaveherewithnos. 48-7 andbelow p. 27 nos. 174-22 , thebeginningof the

thelengthoftheissue canbeestimatedroughlyonthe basisofonedieper year tobe

otherarguments.

e n . 3 2 , p . 1 9 2 L a c ro i , p p . 1 39 - 42 .

babin pp. 380-81and433-34. F ortheearlierdatingseeH . C hantra ine " Sy rakusund

G 8( 1 95 7 , p p. 7 -1 9 H o l m p p. 5 80 -8 1.

t ra b o C2 8 C . B o e hr i ng e r ( a b o ve n . 8 2 . p . 7 1 .

ne r A s yu t p . 2 0 d a te t h e bu r ia l a t 48 0 B . C .

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buttwotetradrachmsarepresentin theMonteB ubboniahoardburied

eyareof theq uadriga/ lion sheadtypeandstruck f romthevery f irstdieof

unlikeGelaandAkragas musthavemintedtetradrachmsanddidrachms

asullahoard( I GC H 2075 , buriedca. 470/ 5B . C . conta inedtw o

oi.Alsothelion sheadsareverysimilar instyleonboth denomina-

gthisfirst issuelastedcanonlybe determinedbythefinaldiestudybut

sumethatitdidnote tendbeyondHieron sdeathin4 6 B . C . Nos. 77-

ewdielinksoccuramongthe tetradrachmsrepresentedintheR an-

nthereforebe inferredthatthetota lissuew asmuchlargerthantheco ins

riationsamongtheissuesconfirmthis:thereis agreatdifference

dsofnos. 77-81 w ithavery f ineandsty li edmane andthemorerea list ic

ertainlyof la terdate . No. 87introducestheethnicA ONT NONin

andadottedtruncationof the lion sheadonthereverse .

oup nos.88-90posesaproblemwhichwill onlybesolvedsatisfac-

tudy andbythedetailedpublicationof otherhoards.Thesimilarity

sofL eontinoiwiththeearlyApolloheadand theSyracusanD emare-

bearthesamelionine ergueontheobverse repeatedonthereverse

boththeArethusaandthe Apolloheadsarewreathedwithlaureland

f style.98NodoubttheL eontinoitetradrachmswereinfluencedbythe

rearealsodifferencessuchas therenderingoftheeye clearlyinprofileon

emarete iastillshow af ronta leye.99A lsothequadrigaatLeontinoi w ith

hychario teer comparedtothewiry sty li edoneof theDemarete ia is

theL eontinoitetradrachmsaresomewhatlaterbuthowmuchlater

ceptadatingof theSy racusandecadrachminthe lastyearsofH ieron s

cienttimefortheearlyA po lloheadtetradrachmsofLeontino i thistype

htheD einomenidsmusthavebeenmintedbeforetheirfall.O nthe

openedaround47 B .C. bothissuesoftetradrachmsrepresentedhere

ntenyearsat themost.TheearlyApolloheadissue atL eontinoiwas

easthereseemtobe onlytwoobverseandtworeversediesknown.100

hatthe lion sheadtetradrachmsw ereparalle lto thisissue intheearly

. C . insteadofstrict ly se uentia landa lsothattheoutputof theminto f

sdayswasmuchmoreimportantthanthe conservativeestimateofonedie

agesofK ataneandMessana inthesameperiod. Onecana lsoq uestion

a changeofpoliticalregimewasnecessarilyreflectedin thecoin

stassumethatthetw oL eontino iseriespresentintheR anda z ohoard

gn.

o.83 withthefineletteringofthe ethnic thehighreliefofthe lion s

gof thecontourof the j aw inaha lf circle isverysimilartothato f the

mthesameobversedie andmostlikelybythesamehand.

enk ins Gela pp. 22and154-55. Thehoardcannothavebeenburiedaslateas4 5B . C . as

s e e U . W e s t er m ar k a nd G . K . J e n ki n s T h e Co i na g e of K a ma r in a ( L o n do n 1 9 80 p . 2 3

k andJ enk ins K amarina .

p i. 22 4 .

D e m a r et e s L i o n " A N S MN 1 1 ( 1 9 4 , p p . 6 - 1 1 f o r th e D e m ar e te i on M a st e r at

yr ak us p i. 1 4 R i z o M GS p is . 24 a nd 3 .

nationof theco insinthema orpublishedcollectionsandintheA NSphotof ile .

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chmsfromMessanainthehoard nos.91-22 , from70obversediesand

heco insofR hegion nos. 1-10 theycanbediv idedintotwodif ferent

ntheobversea mulecartandnos.174-22 havetheadditionofasmall

s.

andthehareareidentical tothoseofthefirst groupatR hegion

ortheethnic andhavebeene pla inedabove. Theyaretheorigina lbadgeof

nthesecondgroup thebasictype ismainta inedbuta lteredslightlyby

Nike crowningthemulesontheobverseand ofsymbolsorlettersonthe

hehare sbody w hereasatR hegion asw ehaveseen thetypeschange

tedoecistat thattime.TheNikeis anagonisticsymbolandreferstothe

games shedoesnotsymboli ethev ictoryoverthety rannyashasbeen

aI ssues

fthetwogroupsof tetradrachmsofMessanainthehoardis the

nasR obinsonhasalreadydemonstrated.102ThenewtypesofAna ilas

ard replacingthe lion shead/ca lf sheadtypesontheEubo ic-C ha lci-

roducedin480B . C . a f terthety rant sv ictoryatO lympia andlasted

iladesin4 1B . C . Sincethe issuew ithouttheNike isa fa irly largeone

umethatthe onewiththeNikestarts whenR hegionintroducedthe

F romthenonthetwo citiesresumedtheirindependentcoinages.To

versedie linksbetweenthetwogroupsofMessana aninterruptionin

urredwiththe changeofregime.Thelowerlimitof thesecondgroup

naintheR anda z ohoardisgiveninre lativeterms103byachangein

allthecoinsbear thecurvedsigma$ .Thefour-barsigmai was

urialdate ofthehoardandgivesa terminusanteq uemforthe

-22 .

introductionof thefour-barsigmaisscantyas sofewhoardshave

sothe coinsofMessanawereonceregardedasless interestingorless

herSicilian mintssuchasSyracuseor Gelaandareoftennotdes-

rtsdatingtothe endofthenineteenthorthe beginningofthe

oardsinparticularwouldbeimportant:Calabria1833 V illabate

104AllcontainedtetradrachmsofMessanabut thedetailsofthelet-

e V illabatehoard:itcontained13tetradrachmsofthe mulecart

e four-barsigma$ .105Aburialdateca. 445B .C.isgenerallyaccepted.10

ideredin tryingtoestablishthedurationof theNikegroupwiththe

thenumberofdiesrepresented asK raayhassuggested 107andover-

h C en t ur y O v e r st r ik e s at R h e g i um a n d Me s sa n a " A I N 1 2 -1 4 S u pp l . ( 1 9 9 , p . 1 43 .

s e e al s o C. A r no l d- B i u c c hi ( a b ov e n . 3 ) , p p . 49 - 4 .

sunfortunatelysinceepigraphistsoftenrely onthecoinevidencefor thedatingof

. J e f fr e y T h e L o c a l Sc r ip t s of A r ch a ic G r ee c e ( O x f o rd 1 9 1 , p . 2 43 .

82 a n d 20 8 4.

n . 4 3 , p . 2 1 0 .

l a p p . 6 6 - 7 . W e s te r ma r k an d J e n ki n s K a ma r in a p . 2 2 .

e n . 1 0 1 , p p . 1 4 1- 5 0 A C G C p . 2 1 9.

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sediesand 12reversediesin thisissue adurationofabout10years

solutedatesforthe twogroupscanbeestablishedas480-4 1B .C.for

450B . C . forthesecondgroup.

ithintheissues however remainsmoredifficulttoreconstitute.U ntil

coinageofMessanaiscompiled 108onlyaworkinghypothesiscanbe

rlydifficulttoorderbecauseofthe absenceofsymbolswhichcould

uence.Styleisnotreally helpfuleither.Thereisverylittle evolution

ules thecharioteer andthehare.Therearedifferencesbetweenthe

gatedcharioteerofnos.91 and93forinstance wherebothareofabout

emoref leshy s uatandrea list icversionofnos. 1 5and1 8. C hangesa lso

ergue smallandbulkyonnos. 91and93orsmallandf la tonnos. 99-

enatura list ic w itharenderingof theve insonnos. 14 and15 . Thehare

omtheskinnyanimalwith asmallheadandshort earsofnos.91 93

ndwell-proportionedrenderinginnos.15 and1 7.Thebasicposition

ethroughout:thehareisrunningto rightwithoutstretchedparallel

edetailsare notsufficienttopermita refinedstylisticclassification as

nedby thenumerousvariationsintherenderingofthe headof

e sameperiod.

ybeenobserved( seecatalogue andeventuallytheywillassurethe

withouttheNike.Meanwhilethemost reliablecriterionseemstobe

conthereverse . I t isa lw aysM SS N O Ninthegroupw ithoutthe

nianform usua llyw rittenf romlef ttorightaroundthehare startingatthe

heta il e ceptforthediesofnos. 91-92and93-94w herethe inscrip-

egion asw ehaveseen theoppositeoccursandthe" normal form

esthee ception.Suchshort-livedvariationsareusuallythoughtto

cedthereforeatthebeginningof aseries.AtMessanathis arrangement

he styli edmulecartandhare ofno.91are certainlyearlierthan

mple.Thecurvedsigmaisa localvariationfoundatR hegionand

nmostdiesinbothgroupsthesigmaisreversed po intingtothe lef t. Only

- , 107 108 114-15and12 inthef irstgroupandofnos. 177-78 179-80

ouphavethe right-pointingsigma.110Obversedie linksconnectthetwo

o.100bythesame obversedieandnos.17 and177alsosharethe

mapointingtothe leftandtheonepointingto theright orthe

gma alternateratherthanfolloworsupplanteachother astheyboth

nthesecondgroup w hosese uence iscerta in thesigmapointingto

hebeginningwiththe letterA andisreplacedby J w ithB , C andD but

edno. 22 be longsw here I haveputit.

elettersvary:sometimestheyare smallandregular asonnos.91

dthickerasonnos. 137and147. Nos. 123 125 and129show particularly

butitis possiblethatthesedieswereintendedfor didrachmsrather

4-22 ) iseasiertoclassify:numerousdie links aswellassymbolsand

assurethecorrectse uence. The lettersA B , C andD appearbelow the

C sharethesameobversedie( nos. 184-194 andthew earof thedie

n . 1 03 , p p . 80 a n d 24 3 -4 4 .

he lettersare" inadvertently reversed asJ e f ferystates p. 243 sincethisisthemore

ngraversimplydidwhatwas easierforhim.

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l . A f terthefa llo f thety rants Messanapractica llyhadtoopenanew mint

dofthe incusecoinageprecedingtheSamiansatZ ankle.Thiswould

ndinggood engraversandgoodcraftsmentostrikethecoins.

msofNa osinthe hoard nos.227-31 allfromthesamepair of

rstheheadofDionysostoright bearded w ithlongha irpulledupand

hisneck crownedwithivy.D ionysoswastheprincipalgodof the

yclades 11 buttheancientliterarysourcesdon tmentionhiminconnec-

the inscriptions hiscult isattestedonlyby thecoins. He iscerta inlyan

rtileregionaroundMount E tnarichinvineyardsand wine.117The

ithypha ll icSilenos s uatting he isbearded w ithlongw ildha iranda

heho ldsak antharosinhisrighthandandrestsonhisle ft. He isthe

nysos.

sI ssues

Na osw asthefirstco lony inSicily foundedin734/3B . C . by

dC halk is. H . A . C ahnstudiedthecoinageof thecity inacorpusand

e firstminttoissue coinsinSicily.118Aftera detailedstylistic

ebeginningofthecoinage ca.550B .C.Thisisnowconsideredtooearly

uggests530B . C . 119MoreoverSe linusandH imeraw erethetwoma or

icily j udgingby thesurviv ingnumberofcoinsanddies andtheymust

ostrik eco ins notbefore540/ 30B . C . fo llow edbyZ ank leandNa os.

hecoinageof Na osisthat fromthebeginningitdisplaysa fully

theattributeofthedeityon theobverse.

tak enbyH ippokratesofGelaca . 490B . C . andstoppedmintingco insin

sresumedonlyafterthefall ofthetyrannyinSicily in4 1B .C.with

20oneofthe greatestmasterpiecesofGreekcoinageandGreekartin

bversereflectsthe monumentalityofearlyclassicalartandthe

sentation bothinsub ectandintechni ue o f thehumanbody ina

beautifullycontainedwithinthenarrowcircumferenceofthe flan.The

ameasthat ofthelatertetradrachmsofAitna thathavesurvived

amplew iththeSilenosheadinB russe ls.121

edateofthisissue:122the Na ianshadbeenmovedtoL eontinoiby

ndreturnedhomein4 1B . C . Theyce lebratedthe irrecoveredf reedomw ith

iansachievedthehighestq ua litynotonlyartist ica llybuta lso inthe

efivetetradrachmsin thehoardareallfrom thesamepairofdies

t leastsevenspecimensbutI couldonlyobtaincastsor photographsofthefive

, s .v . " N a o s c ol . 20 85 ( R . H e rb st ; L 1 MC 3 ( 1 9 8 ) , s .v . " D i o n ys os " p p. 1 41 -5 14 ( C a r lo

a ri e A l in a V e n e ri .

11. 220.

M un e n d er s i i l i sc h en S t ad t N a o s ( B a s l e 1 9 4 4 .

p p . 20 - 7 .

118 , pp. 42-49and114-17.

a a y A C GC p . 2 17 .

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stheonlyonek nownforthisissue. C ahn in1944 listed5 k nownspeci-

mepairo fdies. Thenumberhassince increasedbyatleast50% , some20

rfaced. Drachmsof thesameissue( C ahnno. 5 arek now ninmore

elydoGreekcoinagespresentsucha highnumberofsurvivingspeci-

fdies(K nidosandsomeC retanmintsof feranevengreaterf re uency .

se uallyremarkable:therearediebreaks onthereversebetweenthe

sandtheborder ofthecoin whichCahnthinkse istedalmostfrom

ssionse uence anda lsoontheobverseunderthetruncationof the

outh andatthebeard butthere isapparentlyvery littlediedeteriora-

freshconditionandshowsnotraces ofdiebreaksatthe necknorin

obverse.Thebreakinfrontof themouthstartsfaintlyonno. 228

eon no.229andbecomeslargeronnos. 230and231wherethe die

resent fillingtheborderofdots.

rmthema orpartofthe R anda z ohoardwith308tetradrachms

% , struck f rom127obversediesand1 6 reversedies. Therearethree

diesthatw erenotk nowntoE . B oehringer 124asw ellas25new die

t h os e wi t h th e n ew d i es . O f t h e s e no s . 24 7 2 5 7 2 5 - 6 , 3 9 3- 9 , 4 1 8

vebeenpublishedin differentsalecataloguessince1929andnos. 307-9are

s n o .2 7 1 . B u t n o s . 23 2 3 2 8- 2 9 3 3 3 3 5 8 3 9 8- 9 9 4 0 0 4 2 2- 2 3 4 2 4 4 2 7-

8 4 9 475 481 and510arehithertounpublished. Thevery lim itednumber

hoardshowsonce againhowremarkablypreciseandreliable

mainsevenmorethan 50yearsafteritspublication.W ehaveanalmost

s.

ssues

ethroughoutthetetradrachmissuesrepresentedin thehoardwith

ndsymbols.Theobversebearsa four-horsechariotatthewalk

eer thereverseshow safemalehead. I nthef irstgroup( nos. 232-35 ,

I O Nor/ V R A isplacedabovethehorsesontheobverse inaratherheavy

romthesecondgroupon( nos. 23 f f . asmallNik e isaddedcrow ning

hario teer andtheethnicismovedtothereverse. Theq uadriga w hich

tR hegion Gela L eontino i andMessana w asorigina llyaSy racusan

hereattheendof thesi thcenturyB . C . inspiredbynorthernGreek

nidsadopteditanddevelopedittocelebratetheir e ploitsatthe

mbolo f the irpow er. A sthety rantse pandedthe irruleovercit ies the

osecoinagesandbecameatruly Siciliantype.I tsmeaninghoweveris

ustassume andnotpolit ical o rthetypew ouldhavedisappearedw ith

atfirstverysmall centeredonanincuseswastika butsoon

ledhead( nos. 23 f f . surroundedby fourdo lphinsandtheethnic. The

lryarerenderedinanama ingvarietyofdeta ilandattesttothe leve lo f

foradetaileddescription.

akus.

ynthusandSyracuse " E ssaysThompson pp. 47-52.

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Thedolphinsalludeto thegeographicallocationofSyracusebythe

purelydecorative.I ntheseearlyseriesno specificattributescharac-

further.12 Therefore fo llow ingI mhoof -B lumer 127mostscho larshave

mphontheco ins128asinmanyotherSicil ianorSouthI ta lianmints. She

tellsusthatshecrossedtheseaf romE listothe islandofOrtygia in

peAlpheioswhowasin lovewithher.129Shewasturnedinto aspring

mis.130E .B oehringerpreferredtorecogni eArtemisherselfonthe

ncreatedsomeconfusionwhich hascarriedforwardtothepresent.132

s suchasP indar don tmentionArethusa buttheiconographyofthe

dby thecoinsthemselves.

ymbolsisalso important:thelionwhichappearsonB oehringer s

emareteionseries ( no . 524hasno lionine erguebutbe longstothesame

theseamonstero fB oehringer sGroup4( herenos. 525-39 . The lion asw e

onco insofL eontino i( nos. 88-90 inthee ergueontheobverseandunder

sneckonthe reverse.Severalinterpretationshavebeensuggested:for

4itsymboli edthedefeatedCarthaginians.H olloway135seesinthelionthe

thefamilyofDemarete. E vans138re lateditto thegamesinhonorof the

wointerpretationsgivethe lionapoliticalandhistorical meaningfor

nGreekcoinage.

rectly tohistorica leventsorpersona le plo itsinthesi thandf ifth

henotablee ceptionofA na ilas smulecartatR hegion( nos. 1- ) and

Thehellenisticrulersintroducedallusionsto theirvictoriesontheircoin-

io rk etes A ntigonosGonatas A gathok les butonly theR omanemperorsw ill

alpropagandaandusethecoinage forthatpurpose.O nlythendoes

nthecoin relatetothepersonof theemperorandmustbeinterpreted

ypothesisseemsthemostlikely.Themythologicalsignificanceofthe lionis

pollo.AsB oehringerpointedout theketosdoesnothaveanyprecise

8He sawinita referencetothenavalvictoryof theSyracusansover

atleofKymein474B . C . A ga inthisseemsadoubtfulinterpretationas

scussionofthechronology.

eI ssues

ok presentsacorpusof thesilvercoinageofSy racusef romitsinceptionto

ngraversandthechangetothe gallopingq uadrigaca.425B .C.139The

eriodof thesigningengravers theheadsometimesw earsaw reathofearsofgra insora

interpretedasDemeter/ oreorA thena orisnamedbyaninscriptionsuchas

m e r " N y mp h en u n d Ch a ri t en a u f gr i ec h is c he n M ii n e n " J I A N 1 1 ( 1 9 0 8 , p p . 47 - 55 .

D ieTetradrachmenvonSyrak usinderP eriodedersignierendenKiinstler( B erlin

m o re r e ce n tl y L I M C 1 2 ( 1 9 84 , s . v . " A r e t ho u sa " p p . 5 83 - 84 ( C a hn .

dit iona ll iterarysources seeC ahn( above n. 128 .

2.

0 .

n . 6 ) , v ol . 3 ( L e ip i g 1 89 8 , p . 58 2.

O n t h e C h ro n ol o gi c al S e u e nc e o f th e C oi n s of S y ra c us e N C 1 87 4 p . 1 0.

y " D e m ar et e s L i o n " A NS MN 1 1 ( 1 9 4 , p p. 1 -1 1.

S y ra c us a n ' M e d al l io n s a n d th e ir E n g ra v er s " N C 18 9 1 p p . 33 2 -3 3 .

t ikeSiegespragungen " Gymnasium64( 1957 , pp. 509-31.

.

s s t ud y b eg i ns ( s e e ab o ve n . 1 28 .

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ard

eissuesis basedondielinkageandremainssound.As notedabove

corpusveryfewnewdieshavecometo lightinthenumeroushoards

ears.When theydooccur theycanalwaysbeinsertedlogicallyinto

ment. There isnocausetorev isetherelativese uencee ceptperhapsin

efollowingabsolutedates:

arete ion

es 1 a

onologyis theD emareteion 140theearlySyracusansilverdeca-

ingerthoughtwasstrucktocommemoratethebattleofH imerain

edpo intisgivenby thebattleofK ymein474B . C . tow hichthek etosis

teof530 B .C.forthebeginningofthe coinageatSyracuseisbasedon

worksofsculptureofthe secondhalfofthesi thcenturyB .C.141The

tivelysuggestedbasedonthevictoryof SyracuseoverD ouketios.The

a lculatedback fromthedestructiondatesofSe linus A k ragas Gela and

aginiansbetw een408and405B . C . I nthe irlastissuesthesecit ieshad

pingq uadrigaintroducedbythesigningengraversandB oehringer

s development.

yseemsunassailable theabsolutechronologymetwithsomecriticism

linginhisreviewof B oehringer148arguedthatthestartingdateof

atpresentthedategenerally recogni edisca . 510B . C . 143Themostunlik e ly

schronologyisthepostulatedgap inthecoinagebetween479and

alwaysintermittentbutafterthebattleof H imera Gelonreceivednot

but2 000talentsofsilverfromthe Carthaginianstocoverthewar

45MoreoverHieron succeedinghisbrotherGelonathisdeathin478B . C .

rhis numerousactivitiesandinpreparationforthe waragainstthe

rticularhistorica lconte t aninterruptionintheco inagew ouldbe il logi-

enofferedtofill thegap:eithertocontinueGroup 3 the" Massenpra-

14 puttingsomeof the issuesaf tertheD emarete ion ortobeginthek etos

heD emareteionissue abandoningtheassociationoftheseamonster

.147Thediscussionofthehoardevidenceandof theconse uencesofthe

oSicil ianchronology w illmakeclearw hichof thesea lternativesispref -

en435and425B .C.wasalsoq uestionedbutitdoesnot concernus

k us p. 90.

akus p. 12.

p . 6 3 2.

ho m ps o n ( a b o ve n . 1 25 , p . 5 1 K r a ay A C GC p . 2 09 .

gni edbyE. S. G. B obinson rev . o fB oehringer. Sy rak us inJ V C 1931 p. 243.

n . 1 44 ; J e n ki n s G e l a p . 2 3.

5 ; G E . B i z o . S ag g i P r e l im i na r i su V A r t e d dl a M on e ta n e ll a S ic i ha G r ec a ( B o r n e

p p. 6 6 - 7 . C r e a



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sattack onB oehringer sdatingandconse uentlyonthevery foun-

ywasmadebyColin M.K raaymorethan20yearsago.149I nthe

arlOtf riedMuller150andH . D uedeL uynes151independently identifiedthe

hmwiththecoinofD emarete wifeofGelon mentionedbytheancient

morativecharacterwasreadilyacceptedandthusthedate of480/79B .C.

elyafterthebattleofH imera.SincethentheD emareteionhasservedas

onologynotonly fornumismatistsbutforhistoriansandarchaeolo-

arguedthatthedateof 480/79B .C.wastooearlyforthe decadrachm

tbe theD emareteiondescribedbytheancienthistorians.I nhis

hmw asissuedaf terthefa llo f theD einomenids possibly in4 1B . C . to

e elitearmythatwasableto controlthemercenaries revolt.154The

inthesourcesmust thereforebeanasyetunknowngoldcoin. I tseems

theargumentsthatduring thepasttwodecadeshavegonebackand

ndthosescho larsw hodidnotaccepthis" destruction o f theDemare-

toutthatK raay smainob ectiontothetradit iona lchrono logy re lies

isnotplausibletopostulate asB oehringerdid theconcentrationof

massiveco inageofabout150dies( w iththenew addit ionsof recentyears ,

ustsevenyears. K raaya lsousessevera lhoards notablyGela P assodi

u b bo ni a S el tm an n V i l l ab at e a nd S el i nu nt e ( I G CH 2 0 6 , 2 0 8 2 07 1 2 07 ,

supporthisarguments.TheunderminingoftheD emareteionreceivedsome

ofB oehringerwhoin19 8publishedanewtetradrachmfromAitna in

15 Thisremarkablepiecebearsontheobversethe usualhorseq ua-

echarioteerbutbythegoddessAthena.The reversehasaseated

theA itnaq uadrigatothoseonSy racusancoins w ef indstrongsimilarities

ehringershowed asearlyasV 8 . 157F orthenew tetradrachmw ehavean

terminuspostq uem:weknowthatthecityof Aitnawasfoundedafter

neandNa osw eremovedtoLeontino ia fter47 B . C .158On theother

arlierthanthefamousB russelstetradrachmwiththeheadofSilenus.

emareteionislaterthantheAitna tetradrachmwithAthenaandC.

onatthe timewasthattheearlydecadrachmof Syracusewasnotthe

dbyDiodorosandotherancientsourcesbuta" H ierone ion aco in

y a nd M . H i r m er G r ee k Co i ns ( L o n do n 1 9 6 ) p p . 28 0 a nd 2 8 8 t h en m o re d e ta i le d i n

above n. 45 , pp. 19-42 seea lsoA CGC pp. 205 211.

v ol . 1 ( B r e s l au 1 8 28 , p p . 3 27 - 28 .

to n " A n n . d el l I s t . di C o rr i s. A r ch . 2 ( 1 8 3 0 , p p . 8 1 -8 8 .

. 2 . 3 a lsoPo ll. O nom. 9. 84. F oramoredeta ileddiscussionof thesourcesseeC .

n. 82 , pp. 8 -92andMariaR . A lfo ldi D ek adrachmon. EinforschungsgeschichtlichesP hano-

9 7 ) , p p . 10 9 -1 2 .

nglot Z urZ eitbestimmungderstrengrotf igurigenV asenmalere iunddergle ich e it igen

1 92 0 .

susthattheSy racusanspa id600so ldierseachaminaofsilveror100drachms.

trev iew sofGreek C oins: J . P . B arroninNC 19 6 , pp. 337-40 W. Schw abacherin

p p . 18 5 -8 9 a n d of G r ee k Co i ns a n d H i s to r y: H . C h a nt r ai n e in H B N 2 2 -2 3 ( 1 9 8 - 9 , p p . 51 7 -

eplied " Sicil ianNumismaticC hrono logy " H B N 24-2 ( 1970-72 , pp. 211-14. Themost

raay sdow ndatingisperhapsR . T . W ill iams " TheD emarete ionR econsidered "

llow edbyK raay sreply " TheDemareteionR econsidered: A R eply " pp. 13-24.

n. 82 , pp. 67-98 w asinfavorofadowndatingof thedecadrachmasw ell see ingitasa

ebestsummaryof theproblemandthemostreasonable" compromiseso lution initst ime

A lfo ldi( above n. 152 .

p . 6 7 - 98 .

p .8 5.

S t ra b o 6 . 2 8 .

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d470B . C . toce lebratehise plo its. H eheldtothecommemorative

consideringtheliteraryevidenceabouttheD emareteiontoodetailedand

d butfounditdifficult toaccepttheideaof agoldD emareteion.More

asrevisedhisopinion followingMariaR .Alfoldi:159thedecadrachmis

w asnotstruck immediate lyaf terthebattleofH imera ratherca .

foreconomicreasonsnotprimarilyasa commemorativeissue.1 0

edwithK raay sdow ndatingof thedecadrachmbuthisargumentsare

o logical heprefersthedateof4 3B . C . forthe issueandthinksitw as

ofdgiare iatothearmy describedbyDiodorus. 1 2

antetradrachmsrepresentedinthehoard(nos. 232-539 it isimmedi-

ytheyfollowandreflectE .B oehringer sarrangement:4coinsbelong

5 8 t o G ro u p 2 n o s. 2 3 - 4 3 2 8 1 to G r ou p 3 n o s. 2 4 4- 5 24 a n d 5 to t h e

hek etosgroup nos. 525-39. WhilethespecimensofGroup2inthehoard

nk age w iththreeobversediesusedfore ightco ins(a ratioof2. 6 ) ; it

age istrulyama ing especia lly forSeries8 9 and11. Thereare114

rachms.Thepatternof thehoardsupportsstronglyE .B oehringer s

massiveandintensivecoinage whichmostlikelywasstruckovera

me.The15 tetradrachmsofGroup4stretchover Series13a-band

kage.Theoutputheremusthavebeenmuchmore limited.Nos.525-

presentasomewhatstaringande pressionlessarchaisticstyle particularly the

andconstituteasB oehringerrightlyremarked atransitionalgroupbe-

sivecoinageand theD emareteiongroup andtheseverestylewhich

Group4 14a clearlyanew phasebegins: theheadismuchlarger the

eflansmorespread.Theeyeis fullyinprofilewithfor thefirsttimea

s: the iris thepupil andeyelashesonupperandlow erlids. The

red.Thehairstylestillshows theinfluenceofthearchaicfashionbut

ayandthe krobylosisminimi ed.Soonitwill berolledupand

plicatedandinnovativecompositionsasonR 353orR 374boundbya

eredcompletelybyasakkosonR 435.Theq uadrigadoesnotshowthe

iteasclearlybut thecharioteerisnowmorearticulatedand muscular

ringofthehorses morerealistic.ThelatesttetradrachmofSyracusein

o e h r in g er 4 8 3 ( V 2 5 7/ R 3 4 ) t h e la t es t i n hi s G ro u p 4 1 4 a. B o e h r in g er s

up hisnos. 408- 27 includes108obversedies( V 211-V 318 and145

431 presumablyevenlyspreadbetw een474and450B . C . DieV 257stylist i-

stgroupofthe heads the15tetradrachmsofourhoard coveraspan

dthusbedatedaround4 5B . C . accordingtothetradit ionalchronology.

veto beloweredbyabout10to 15yearsaswill beseenfromthe

e andoftheevidenceofother hoards.

anissuein thehoard onecanreturnto theothergroupsandseewhat

drawnfromthe runof308tetradrachms.Thefourtetradrachmsof

representtheo ldestcoinsinthehoard asw ehaveseentheymostlike ly

Silv iaHurter eds. TheA rthurS. Dew ingC ollectionofGreek C oins A C NA C 6 ( New

p . 50 - 51 .

ove n. 114 , pp. 9-40.

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00B . C . The irconditionhoweverise ce llent 1 3w ithhardlyanymore

thelatestspecimensofSyracuse( nos.525-39 orofGelaor Messana.

cudethattheR anda z ohoardisina llprobabil ityasavingshoard

ationofwealthofoneindividualor onefamilyovermanyyears and

ne ampleofcoinstakenfromcirculationat thespecifictimeofburial.

3 introducesthedo lphinsaroundtheheadtogetherw itha largerA rethusa

ein q uitegoodcondition.

andcloselydie-linkedcomponentofthehoard astabulatedin

) .1 4D ottedlinesindicatenewlinksnot knowntoE .B oehringerin1929.A

MariaAlfoldi sdemonstratesthatthehoardcontentsmatche actly

hringer scorpus.Atthe sametimesomeminorrevisionscanbe suggest-

tonsofnos. 247( V 37/ R 47 and248( V 37/ R 49 show thatSeries6aends

er80 , andSeries6 bstartsw ithB oehringer81(V 38/ R 53 . More importantis

s. 307-9(V 6 4/ R 187 ) . B oehringerdidnotk now theobversedie forhis

187 inSeries11becauseof itssimilarityw ithR 179( nos. 43 -38 and

. Thisnew combinationplacesR 187 inSeries8b it isinsty leverycloseto

9( nos. 299 300 and305 ; compareespecia lly therenderingof theeyeand

87 is99 ; o f importance isthatif187 canbecomparedtoreverses

thetwoissuesareveryclose instyleandthereforein time.

readyemphasi edthatw ithGroup3 8andinparticularSeries8b w e

andmediocrityinthestyleof theArethusaheadsthatit becomes

ali edhead letaloneamasterpiece.Thereis norealstylisticdevel-

nos. 258f f . andSeries12 ratherj ustdif ferenttypesofheadsandhair

n theneckandshoulderofno. 258occursagaininSeries 8b

ona largertypeofhead Series9a nos. 3 6 - 7. Otherheadsaresmaller as

319 348-49. Othersareofadef inite lyugly a lmostbarbarousstyle l ik ethe

389-92 393-9 , 397 orthoseof theengraversofnos. 423 425 431

heplaceheretodividethediesof themassiveco inageintogroupsand

tengravers w hichcanbedoneinspiteof the low artist icq ua lity . B ut

f f icetoshow thatthedifferencesbetw eenB oehringer sSeriesaredueto

a chronologicalprogression.O nlySeries12e theD emareteionissue

vations.Thereisonlyonetetradrachmofthis groupintheR anda z o

theobverse isinpoorcondit ion thediehow everisw ornandnottheco in.1 7

disappearedfromthisdie thelastofthe groupoftetradrachmsofSeries

mparisonabetterpreserveddieinspite ofthebreakabovetheupper

thee pressionof theface issof ter theeye isnow forthef irstt imein

stylisticallyhomogeneousgroupandbelongtogether.J enkins1 8

suesafterthe D emareteionissue12einorderto fillthegapbetween

sttw otetradrachmsofSeries12e R 27 andR 27 E areverysim ilarto

eoncemorethatI w orkedmainlyw ithcastsandsaw onlyverybrie flyasmallportion

yracuseandGela however theknownspecimenshelpustodeterminewhetherthe

assim ilarlyplottedtheentirerunofSyracusandiesdow ntotheDemareteion( Group

k ad r ac h mo n ( a b ov e n . 1 52 , T a bl e 1 .

rachminthe NelsonB unkerH untcollectionisreputedto comefromthishoard

ta inanddidnotinclude it inthecata logue.

akus p. 188 391notes" Stempelk aummehrk enntlich. A tany ratew ehavea lready

anda z ohoardprobably representsasav ingsdepositandthereforechronological

tionofthe coinsmustbedrawnonlywith thegreatestcaution.

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36/100 C r e a



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ries12dandeventosomediesin12a lik eR 201or12b( R 215 indicatingthata

sarrangementispossible . R . T . W ill iams 1 9amongothers hasreadily

uggestionbutKraay re ectedit 170forhim itisunthink ablethatthe" new

teionissueshouldnothaveinfluencedthefollowingSeries12a-d.Table2

ustratesthedie link ageofB oehringerGroup3asrepresentedintheR anda z o

emassivecoinagecanbediv idedintothreegroupsorphases: 1 Series6 -

3 S e ri e s 12 a -d .

blydevelopedinachronologicalse uence butwithinthephasesthe

aralleland contemporary.I believethatphase1representsthebegin-

atSy racuse phase2theco inageaf terthebattleofH imeraandphase3

eDemarete ionissuebelongse itherattheendofphase2orw ithphase3.

eedto discusstheburialdateand thehoardevidence.

p . 2.

p p . 13 - 1 .

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a t h i t r u s t . o r g /�

The Randazzo hoard 1980 and Sicilian chronology in the early fifth century B.C. / Carmen...

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Transcript of The Randazzo hoard 1980 and Sicilian chronology in the early fifth century B.C. / Carmen...