The Radio Frequency Identification Technology

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THE RADIO

FREQUENCY

IDENTIFICATIONTECHNOLOGY


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THE BASICS OF RFID

TECHNOLOGYRFID is an ADC (automated data collection) technology

that uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data

between a reader and a movable item to identify,categorize, track...

RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical

sight or contact between reader/scanner and thetagged item


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THE RFID BASICALLY CONSIST OF

ONE OR MORE RF TAGS

ONE OR MORE ANTENNAS

ONE OR MORE INTERROGATERS ONE OR MORE HOST COMPUTER

AN APPLICATION SOFTWARE


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RFID system components

Ethe

rnet

RFID

Reader

RFID Tag RF Antenna Network Workstation


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RFID OPERATION


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STEPS OF COMMUNICATION

THE HOST COMPUTER READS AND GIVES THE COMMANDS.

THE READER AND THE TAG COMMUNICATES THROUGH RFSIGNAL.

THE READER GENERATES A CARRIER SIGNAL ON

APPLICATION OF THE HOST. THE CARRIER SIGNAL IS SENT THROUGH THE ANTENNAS.

THE CARRIER SIGNAL HITS THE TAG AND THE SIGNAL ISMODIFIED BY THE TAG.

THE SIGNAL IS THEN RECEIVED BY THE ANTENNA AND TOTHE READER.

READER DECODES THE DATA AND SEND TO THE HOST.


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Tag

Insert

AntennaReader

Firmware

Customers

MIS

Host

Application

Software API

TCP/IP

Power~

Asset

Asset/Tag

RFID System Components(block diagram)

POWER


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RFID 2005 IIT Bombay 8

RFID tags: Smart labels

and a chipattached to it

on a substratee.g. a plastic

foil ...

an antenna,printed, etchedor stamped ...

A paper labelwith RFID inside

Source: www.rfidprivacy.org


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Tags can be attached to almost anything:

Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods

vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel

Passive Tags Do not require power Draws from Interrogator Field

Lower storage capacities (few bits to 1 KB) Shorter read ranges (4 inches to 15 feet)

Usually Write-Once-Read-Many/Read-Only tags

Cost around 25 cents to few dollars

Active Tags

Battery powered Higher storage capacities (512 KB)

Longer read range (300 feet)

Typically can be re-written by RF Interrogators

Cost around 50 to 250 dollars

RFID tags


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RFID TAGS

Variations: Memory

Size (16 bits - 512 kBytes +) Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM

Type: EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam Arbitration (Anti-collision)

Ability to read/write one ormany tags at a time

Frequency

125KHz - 5.8 GHz Physical Dimensions

Thumbnail to Brick sizes Price ($0.50 to $250)


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Tag block diagram

Antenna

Power Supply

Tx Modulator

RxDemodulator

Control Logic(Finite Statemachine)

Memory

Cells

Tag Integrated Circuit (IC)


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RFID tag memory

Read-only tags Tag ID is assigned at the factory during manufacturing

Can never be changed

No additional data can be assigned to the tag

Write once, read many (WORM) tags Data written once, e.g., during packing or manufacturing

Tag is locked once data is written

Similar to a compact disc or DVD

Read/Write Tag data can be changed over time

Part or all of the data section can be locked


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RFID readers

Reader functions: Remotely power tags

Establish a bidirectional data link

Inventory tags, filter results

Communicate with networked server(s)

Can read 100-300 tags per second

Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as

Entrance/exit

Point of sale

Readers can also be mobile/hand-held


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Antenna fields: Inductive coupling

TransceiverTag Reader

antenna

RFIDTag

IC or microprocessor

antenna


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Antenna fields: Propagation coupling

TransceiverTag Reader

antenna

RFIDTag

IC or microprocessor

antenna


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Operational frequenciesFrequency

RangesLF

125 KHzHF

13.56 MHz

UHF868 - 915

MHz

Microwave2.45 GHz &

5.8 GHzTypical MaxRead Range

(Passive Tags)

Shortest1-12

Short2-24

Medium1-10

Longest1-15

Tag PowerSource

Generally passivetags only, using

inductive coupling

Generally passivetags only, using

inductive orcapacitivecoupling

Active tags withintegral batteryor passive tags

using capacitivestorage,

E-field coupling

Active tags withintegral battery orpassive tags usingcapacitive storage,E-field coupling

Data Rate Slower Moderate Fast Faster

Ability to readnear

metal or wetsurfaces

Better Moderate Poor Worse

Applications

Access Control &Security

Identifying widgets

throughmanufacturingprocesses or in

harsh environmentsRanch animalidentificationEmployee IDs

Library booksLaundryidentification

Access ControlEmployee IDs

supply chaintrackingHighway toll

Tags

Highway toll Tags

Identification ofprivate vehicle

fleets in/out of ayard or facilityAsset tracking


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RFID Summary

Strengths

Advanced technology Easy to use High memory capacity Small size

Weaknesses

Lack of industry and applicationstandards

High cost per unit and high RFIDsystem integration costs

Weak market understanding ofthe benefits of RFID technology

Opportunities

Could replace the bar code

End-user demand for RFIDsystems is increasing

Huge market potential in manybusinesses

Threats

Ethical threats concerning

privacy life Highly fragmented competitive

environment


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RFID APPLICATIONS

PORTAL APPLICATION-BILL OF LOADING

MATERIAL TRACKING

CONVEYNER/ASSEMBLY LINE

SHIPPING VALIDATION


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THE HAZMAT LABEL


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INTELLIGENT LABEL

The Radio Frequency Identification Technology

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