The Quest for Energy
description
Transcript of The Quest for Energy
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The QuestThe Questfor Energyfor EnergyThe Petroleum IndustryThe Petroleum Industry
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Discovering and Discovering and Producing PetroleumProducing PetroleumInterpreting the UnseenInterpreting the Unseen
Silicon GraphicsSilicon Graphics
• Trap• Source• Charge
• Tools- Gravity- Magnetics- Seismic - Wells
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Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements
• Source RockSource Rock -- A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone organic matterorganic matter
• Reservoir RockReservoir Rock - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates: - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates:- Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil - Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil
accumulatesaccumulates- Permeability - passage-ways between pores through - Permeability - passage-ways between pores through which oil and gas moveswhich oil and gas moves
• Seal RockSeal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)
• Migration RouteMigration Route - Avenues in rock through which oil and - Avenues in rock through which oil and gas gas moves from source rock to trapmoves from source rock to trap
• TrapTrap - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that focuses oil and gas into an accumulationfocuses oil and gas into an accumulation
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Hydrocarbon Trap TypesHydrocarbon Trap Types
American Petroleum Institute, 1986American Petroleum Institute, 1986
Salt DomeFault
Unconformity
Pinchout
Anticline
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The Basic TrapThe Basic Trap
GasGas
OilOil
WaterWater
Petroleum Accumulates in AnticlinesPetroleum Accumulates in Anticlines
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Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements
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Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements
Source RockSource Rock
Top Seal RockTop Seal Rock
Reservoir RockReservoir Rock
Anticlinal TrapAnticlinal Trap
(Organic Rich)(Organic Rich)
(Impermeable)(Impermeable)
PotentialPotentialMigration RouteMigration Route
(Porous/Permeable)(Porous/Permeable)
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Seismic Imaging of AnticlineSeismic Imaging of Anticline
Vibrator Truck(Energy Source)Recording Truck Geophone
(Receivers)
American Petroleum Institute, 1986American Petroleum Institute, 1986
ReturningReturningSound WavesSound Waves
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Seismic Image of AnticlineSeismic Image of Anticline
10001000
20002000
30003000
Mill
isec
onds
Mill
isec
onds
1 km1 km
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World Fuel Consumption: 1970-1994World Fuel Consumption: 1970-1994
Cook and Sheath, 1997Cook and Sheath, 1997
Mill
ion
tonn
es o
il eq
uiva
lent
Mill
ion
tonn
es o
il eq
uiva
lent
YearYear
8,0008,000
7,0007,000
6,0006,000
5,0005,000
4,0004,000
3,0003,000
2,0002,000
1,0001,000
00
1970
1970
1972
1972
1974
1974
1976
1976
1978
1978
1980
1980
1982
1982
1984
1984
1986
1986
1988
1988
1990
1990
1992
1992
1994
1994
OilOil
Natural GasNatural Gas
Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy
HydroelectricityHydroelectricity
CoalCoal
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Projected World Energy SuppliesProjected World Energy Supplies
Equivalentper (GBOE)
Equivalentper (GBOE)
024839-2
19001900 19201920 19401940 19601960 19801980 20002000 20202020 20402040 20602060 20802080 30003000
2020
4040
6060
8080
100100100 BILLION
BARRELS
Billion Barrels
of Oil
Year
Billion Barrels
of Oil
Year Natural
GasNatural
Gas
HydroelectricHydroelectric
Crude OilCrude Oil
Solar, Wind Geothermal
Nuclear Electric
1993
CoalCoal
24929
Decreasing
Decreasing
Fossil F
uelsF
ossil Fuels
Ne
w T
echno
logies
Ne
w T
echno
logies
World Energy DemandWorld Energy Demand
after Edwards,AAPG 8/97
Careers inCareers inOil & GasOil & Gas
Remain ImportantRemain Important
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Global ExplorationGlobal Oil and Gas Fields
GasGasOilOil
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US PetroleumUS PetroleumOccurrenceOccurrenceGulf of Mexico is only Gulf of Mexico is only significant, economicsignificant, economicprovince remainingprovince remaining
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Geoscience Demographics in 1998Geoscience Demographics in 1998For a Typical Major Oil CompanyFor a Typical Major Oil Company
7676
140140
255255
191191
9090
4848
151533
2323
00
5050
100100
150150
200200
250250
300300
>25>25 26-2926-29 30-3430-34 35-3935-39 40-4440-44 45-4945-49 50-5450-54 55-5955-59 60+60+
Age (yrs)Age (yrs)
Age Brackets for Geoscientists Worldwide
Insuffic
ient Replace
ment
Insuffic
ient Replace
ment Increasing Retirement
Increasing Retirement
1975-83 Boom Hiring1975-83 Boom Hiring
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Global ExplorationGlobal ExplorationOpportunities for Future Growth
VenezuelaVenezuelaW. AfricaW. Africa
GOM includingGOM includingMexicoMexico
CaspianCaspian SakhalinSakhalin
VietnamVietnam
Australia Australia BrazilBrazil
W. SiberiaW. Siberia
India India
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State of the Industry and the State of the Industry and the CountryCountry
• Is Iraq and Afganistan about oil? Is Iraq and Afganistan about oil?
To some extent, yes! To some extent, yes! • What has been US foreign policy on the Middle East What has been US foreign policy on the Middle East
since WWII?since WWII?• We import a dangerously high percentage of oilWe import a dangerously high percentage of oil• The myth of US energy self-sufficiency: ANWRThe myth of US energy self-sufficiency: ANWR
will only supply our demand for a few months will only supply our demand for a few months • What happened to alternative fuel research?What happened to alternative fuel research?• New ways to generate energy: hydrogen cellsNew ways to generate energy: hydrogen cells
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State of the IndustryState of the Industry• Mergers and Takeovers: fewer companies,Mergers and Takeovers: fewer companies, risk-aversionrisk-aversion• Shareholder Influence and the short-term: the EnronShareholder Influence and the short-term: the Enron phenomenon and corporate behaviorphenomenon and corporate behavior• Reliance on computers: what happens when the Reliance on computers: what happens when the network goes down?network goes down?• The productivity revolution: lay-offs and getting by with The productivity revolution: lay-offs and getting by with fewer employees but doing fine fewer employees but doing fine • The demographics of few students entering The demographics of few students entering petroleum programs in universitiespetroleum programs in universities
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Relatively cheap energy Relatively cheap energy
• Global warming and sea-level change: combustion Global warming and sea-level change: combustion (CO2) is a problem regardless of global warming(CO2) is a problem regardless of global warming• Car pollution: SUV’s and suburban commutingCar pollution: SUV’s and suburban commuting• We will run out of water before fuelWe will run out of water before fuel• Fisheries and the environment: we are beyondFisheries and the environment: we are beyond the thresholdthe threshold• Overpopulation and food supplyOverpopulation and food supply• The oil industry’s record on the environmentThe oil industry’s record on the environment• The cost of gasoline in the US vs. the rest of the The cost of gasoline in the US vs. the rest of the
worldworld