Arnold Toynbee A Study Of History Abridgement Of Vol. I-VI - D.C. Somervell_Part3.pdf
The publication of the Majles Library...Al-Lam‘at-al-Ilhya is the abridgement of Naraqi's other...
Transcript of The publication of the Majles Library...Al-Lam‘at-al-Ilhya is the abridgement of Naraqi's other...
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H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
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197
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Ganj�na-i-Bah�rist�n (H�ikmat I)
Compiled by Ali Aujabi
This collection comprises of 18 treatises titled as following:
1. Mant�iq-i-S�ughr�; 2. Al-Durrah; 3. Sharh�-al-Is�gh�j�; 4. Al-
Ib�nat ‘an Wahd�n�yatall�h; 5. Tart�b-al-Sa‘�d�t; 6. M�h�yat-
i-Nafs; 7. Tajauhar-al-Ajs�m; 8. Shif�’-al-Qulub; 9. Kaif�yat
Ma‘aiyat-al-W�jib; 10. Ris�la-i-I‘tiq�d�; 11. Khulq-al-A‘m�l;
12. Pursishh� wa P�sukhh�-yi-H�ikam�; 13. Ma‘�d; 14.
Nas���yih�; 15. H�aq�qat-al-H�aq�’iq; 16. Lat��’�f-al-Tauh��d; 17.
H�usn wa Dil; 18. H�usn wa ‘Ishq.
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198
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Ganj�na-i- Bah�ristan (H�ikmat II)
Compiled by Ali Aujabi
This collection comprises of 12 Treatises as following:
1. Kubr�-i- Manz�m; 2. Kubr�-i-Manz�m; 3. Al-gharra (The
Arabic Translation of Mantiq-i-Kubr�); 4. Al-Sullam-al-
Mar�naq; 5. Q�n�n-al-‘Is�mat wa Burh�n-al-H�ikmat; 6. Sharh�-
i-Ris�la-i-Z�n�n; 7. H��shiyat-al-Muh��kim�t bain-i-Sharh��-al-
Ish�r�t; 8. Risala dar H�arkat-i-Jauhar�; 9. Ris�lat-i-I‘tiq�d�ya;
10. Ris�lat-al-Jabr wa’l-Tafw�d�; 11. Gauhar-i-Yag�na; 12.
H�ulyat-al-Abd�l.
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199
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
F�r�b� wa Maktabash
Ian Richard Netton
Translated by Gol Baba Saeedi.
The book F�r�b� wa Maktabash (Farabi and his school) reviews
one of the most dynamic periods in the development of middle
centuries Islam. It is the period which covers late 9th to early
11th century A.D. This period is studied with having five
outstanding scholars and on the basis of the first and greatest
name among them it is called Farabiism period. The great
Islamic Philssopher, F�r�b�, after Aristotle has introduced a
special school of thought and the author has named it Farabi
School.
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200
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Tasn�m-al-Muqarrab�n
(the Persian Commentary on the Man�zil-
al-S�’ir�n by Khw�ja ‘Abdull�h Ans��r�:
Authored by Shamsudd�n Muh�ammad
Tab�dak�n� T��s�; Editing and Research by
Saiyid Mohammad Tabatabayi Behbahani
(Mansoor).
Tab�dak�n� has writhen Tasn�m-al-Muqarrab�n with on attention
to ‘Abdul Razz�q K�sh�n�’s commentary on the Man�zil-al-
S�’ir�n by Khw�ja ‘Abdull�h Ans��r�. This Commentary following
the book Man�zil-al-S�’ir�n has ten ‘qism’ (part) from ‘bid�yat’
to ‘nih�y�t’ and each ‘qism’ has ten chapters.
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201
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Al-Il�h�y�t min -al-Muh��kim�t bain-i-Sharh�� -al-Ish�r�t
Authored by Qut�budd�n Muh�ammad bin
Muh�ammad Al-R�z�, with the notes by
M�rz� Hab�bull�h renowned as F�d�il
B�ghnuw�; Edited by Majeed Hadizadeh
In This book, two Commentaries by Fakhrudd�n R�z� and
Khw�ja Nas��rudd�n T��s� on the book Ish�r�t by sheikh-al-Ra’is
(Avicenna) have been compared and evaluated. This book has
also the notes of Mull� H�ab�b M�rz� J�n B�ghnuw� Sh�razi. He,
Like Fakhr R�z�, has defended the beliefs of Ash‘arites. This
book has been published with the collaboration of the Research
Centre of Mir�th-i-Makt�b (Written Heritage).
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202
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Azal�yat-al-Nafs wa Baq�'uh�
Authored by Ibn-i-Kamm�na; Editing and
Research by Ensiyeh Barkhah; English
Introduction by Sabine Schmidtke and
Reza Pourjavadi.
This work consists of two parts titled Azal�yat-al-Nafs wa
Baq�'uh� and Abad�yat-al-Nafs wa Qidamuh� wa Bas�tatha.
The author, in the first part, has explained and expanded his
innovative reason for the pre-existence and eternity of Nafs
(self or soul) and in the Second part he has proved the survival
of nafs by some of his own innovative reasons.
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203
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Al-Lama‘�t -al-‘Arsh�ya
Authored by Mull� Muh�ammad Mahd�
Nar�q�, Research by Ali Aujabi.
This work is a course of Philosophy in Ishr�q� style and
consists of five fundamental parts: Lama‘a-i-Awwal: On the
existence and essence, Lama‘a-i-Duwwum: On the Jal�l�ya
(terrible) and Jam�l�ya (amiable) attributes. Lam‘a-i-Siwwum:
On the manner of creating existence (life). Lam‘a-i-Chah�rum:
On the human essence. Lam‘a-i-Panjum: On the prophethood
and manner of revelation and descending of angels. This book
has been published with the cooperation of the Congress for
Paying Respect to Naraqi Scholars.
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204
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Al-Lam‘at-al Il�h�ya f�'l-H�ikmat -al-Muta‘�l�ya
Authored by Mull� Muh�ammad Mahd�
Nar�q�, Translated by Dr. Alireza Baqer.
Al-Lam‘at-al-Il�h�ya is the abridgement of Naraqi's other book
titled Al-Lama‘�t-al-‘Arsh�ya and the book Al-Kalam�t-al-
Waj�za is the abridgement of Al-lam‘at-al- Il�h�ya. This book
has been published with the cooperation of the Congress of
Nar�q� Scholars.
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205
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Mafh�m-i-Khud��
Socilogical, anthrofological and sociological
approache towards the origin of god's Concept,
Authored by John Bawker; Iranslated by:
Azra Loo Aliyan.
This book has been earomarked for research about the origin of
God's concept or the sense of God-Seeking from the point of
Sociology, anthropology and phenomenology. The writer has
made use of all the research fields of second half of the 19th
century A.D. till the recent decades and has explained and
criticized them.
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206
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
�d��h�-i-Mukh�lif-al-Sunna li-Nas�s�-al-kit�b wa’l-Sunna
Authored by Al-‘All�ma-Al-H�ill�; Editing
and Research by B�b� S�d�t Raz� Bihabadi
This book is a kind of commentary based on speculative
theology in which ‘All�ma H�ill� has presented the fundamentals
of Sunnite Speculative theology about Quran and reviewed the
reasons of opposing Sunnite speculative theology with Quranic
verses. He has also mentioned the opinion of Ash‘arites and
has stated the reason of its contravention with Quran. Since
Mutazelites and Imami Shiites are of the same opinion about
daily bread (sustenance) , it seems that All�ma by Sunnites
means Ash‘aris.
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207
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
I‘tir�fn�ma
(The Diary of Abgar (‘Al� Akbar) Arman�,
One of New Converts to Islam of Shah
Sulaiman and Shah Sultan Husain Safavi's
Era, Along with Ris�la-i-Shin�kht in Gurji
script on affirming Shiism by a Georgian
new convert to Islam of Shah Abbas'
time): Research, Editing and Explanations
by Dr. Mansoor Sefatgul
The present research is about the phenomenon of new
conversions to Islam in Safavid era. In this research two
treatises by new converts to Islam of this period have been
studied. The first treatise is authored by one Armenian convert
to Islam named Abgar who, after becoming Muslim selected
`Al� Akbar as his name. Ali Akbar's daily memoirs which have
become famous as I`tir�fn�ma contain useful information
about the circumstances of his becoming Muslim and Julfa's
Armenians' reaction, the description of his journey to Europe
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H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
and Turkey and also pilgrimage to Mashhad. I`tir�fn�ma has
been written by Ali Akbar during the reign of Shah Sultan.
Husain Safavi. The second treatise in this book is named
Ris�la-i-Shin�kht. This treatise has been written by one
Georgian new convert to Islam named `�s� in the time of Shah
Abbas Safavi I. Ris�la-i-Shin�kht is in Georgian script and
with the word to word Persian translation under the Georgian
words and it is about the Shiite beliefs. This treatise is in
versified form and considered the first Persian –Georgian
dictionary of Safavid era.
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209
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Al-S�ir�t�-al-Mustaq�m
(f� Rabt�-al-H��dith bi’l –Qad�m): Authored by
M�r muh�ammad B�qir D�m�d; Research and
Presentation by Ali Aujabi
The book Al-S�ir�t�-al-Mustaq�m is the most complicated work
of M�rd�m�d in Arabic language which has been written about
one of the most complicated philosophical questions: the
question of ‘h�ud�th wa qidam’ (temporal origin or coming into
being and eternity) and subjects like relation between the
created and the eternal, the nature and kinds of motion, the
nature of time and …
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210
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Al-Arba‘�n�y�t li-kashf-i-Anw�r -al-Quss�y�t
Authored by Sa‘id Muh�mmad bin
Muh�ammad Muf�d Al-Qum�; Edited
and Annotated, by Najafqoli Habibi
This book comprises of ten treatises on different subjects and
their titles are. R�h�-al-S�al�t, Ash�r wa Bish�r f� H�aq�q-i-
Ikhtil�f-al-W�qi‘ fi'l-Qara�t-al-Sab‘, Alfaw�’id-al-Rid�-w�ya,
Mirq�t-al-Asr�r wa Mi‘r�j-al-Anw�r, AL-Nafah��t-i- Il�h�ya.
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211
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
D�dg�h-i-Fakhr-i-R�z� wa Aquinas dar B�b-i-Qidam -i-‘lam
Authored by Mu‘ammar Iskandar
ghl�; Translater by Azra Loo Aliyan
The author has compiled this book in four chapters: 1. The
background and past record of the subject; 2. Fakhrudd�n
R�z�'s view about the eternity of the world; 3. Thomas Aquinas
view about the eternity of the world; 4. Comparison of the
views of Fakhr R�z� and Aquinas regarding the eternity of the
world.
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212
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
y�na-i-Jah�n Num� wa Tilism-i-Ganj Gush�
Authored by Ab� Sa‘�d bin Yahy� Yaman�;
Editing & Research by Dr. Muhammad
Reza Mowahhedi and Elaheh Rabi‘i Mazre‘e
Shahi
�y�na-i-Jah�n Num� wa T�ilism-i-Ganj Gush� is a mystical
work by an unpopular writer in 7th to 8th century A.H. named
Ab� Sa‘�d Yaman�. He has presented this work to S�adrudd�n
Ah�mad Kh�lid� Zanj�n�, the minister of Ilkhanid period (killed
in 699 A.H.).
The writing style of the book is simple and easy and the author
has explained the mystical and sufistic subjects in the style of
preachers and admonishers of 7th – 8th centuries A.H. using
Quranic verses, traditions, narratives, Persian and Arabic
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213
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
poems and anecdotes etc. In �y�na-i-Jah�n Num� much
interest in quoting allegorical and sometimes mysterious tales
is seen which are totally used for expressing mystical – ethical
subjects. In many of the chapters of the book the impact of
Najm R�z�’s Mirs��d-al-‘Ib�d is very clear. Some of the
allegorical tales of Suhraward� too are quoted with the
reference of their source.
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214
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Il�h�y�t-i-Falsaf�-i- Thomas Aquinas
Authored by Loo ji. Eldrs; Translated
by Shahaboddin Abbasi.
This book is the Translation of the first two chapters of the
original English text: 1. Short History of Philosophical
Theology in West; 2. The text and The Explanation of
Aquinas’ Five Logical Reasons of Aquinas on the Affirmation
of god's Existence, which itself is a separate Treatise.
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215
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Two Philosophical Treatises (‘Ain-al-H�ikma & Ta‘l�q�t)
Authored by M�r Qaw�mudd�n Muh�ammad
R�z� Tehrani; Research & Editing by Ali
Aujabi
The author, in this work, has explained the main thoughts of
Mull� Rajab ‘Al� Tabr�zi and the constituent of this philosophical
system and has Criticized the meaninqs of ‘wuj�b’ (necessity)
and ‘imk�n’ (possibility).
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216
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Qaw�‘id-al-Sal�t��n
Authord by Saiyid Muh�ammad ‘Abdul
H�as�b bin Ah�mad ‘Alaw� ‘�mil�; Edited by
Rasool Ja‘far�y�n.
Qaw�‘id-al-Sal�t��n is one of the texts which have been written
in the continuation of writing Tradition of writing on politics
and based on the same sources and was presented to Shah
Sulaim�n S�afaw�.
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217
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Al-Mash�ri‘ wa’l-Mat��rih��t
Authored by Shaikh Shah�budd�n
Suhraward�; Translated and annotated
by Sadruddin Taheri
Al-Mash�ri‘ wa’l-Mat��rih�t is the most detailed Peripateticist
work of Suhraward� and comprises of the three sciences of
logic, natural science and theology. The present book is the
translation of the theology part of the book with the editing of
Henry Corbin.
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H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Hid�yat-al-Us��l (Persian Commentary on B�b-i-H��d�
‘Ashar (11th chapter)
by unknown writer; Edited by Isma’eel
Tajbakhsh
This book is the commentary on the B�b-i- H�d� ‘Ashar by
‘All�ma Hill� (d. 726 A.H.). The date of authoring this
commentary is 981 A.H. Hid�yat-al-Us��l is a commentary
based on “q�l” and “aq�l” and occasionally the critisicm on
Ash‘ar� and Mu‘tazelite philosophers and dialectcians views is
also seen in it. Hid�yatull�h’s aim in this commentary is
scholarly defence of Shiite speculative theology’s beliefs.
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219
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Al-Mulakhkhas� f� Us��l-al-D�n
By Murtad�� Abu’lq�sim ‘Al� bin Al-
Husain bin Muh�ammad Al-M�saw�;
Research by Mohammad Reza Ansari
Qomi
Al-Mulakhkhas is one of the most important writings of Saiyid Murtad�� ‘Alam-al-Hud� (355 – 426 A.H.) on speculative
theology and comprises of 5 chapters: Chapter I: Al-Kal�m fi’l-
S�if�t; Chapter II: F� Nafy-al-Ru’yat ‘Anhu wa jam�‘ D�ur�b-al-
Idr�k; Chapter III: Al-Kal�m fi’l-‘Adl; Chapter IV: Al-Kal�m
fi’l-Ir�dat wa M� yata‘alluq Bihum�; Chapter V: Al-Kal�m
fi’l-Kal�m wa Ah�w�luh wa Ah�k�m. This book has been
published with the cooperation of Markaz-i-Nashr-i-
Danishg�h� (Center of University Publication).
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220
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
The Criticism of Darwin’s Philosophy
Authored by �yatull�h-al-‘Uz�m� Abilmajd
al-Shaikh Muh�ammad Rid�� al-Najaf� al-
Isfah�n�; Research by Hamed Naji Isfahani
The book Naqd-i-Falsafa-i-D�rwin (Criticism of Darwin’s
Philosophy) has been written in reply to Darwin’s Theory of
Evolution and his irrational and religious requisites and as the
most important Arabic commentator of Darwin in the last
century was Shibl� Shumaiyil (Chibl� Chemayel) the first part
of the present book is the supporter of replying to his work.
After the publication of Shumaiyil’s works, ‘All�ma
Abulmajd Najaf� decided to write in reply of his works and
therefore wrote a book in three parts titled Naqd-i-Falsafa-i-
D�rwin but yet there is no information about its third part.
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H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
‘All�ma Najaf� has earmarked the first part of his book to the
criticism of first discourse of Bochner’s commentary. The
second part of his book has been planned in the form of a
debate in two discourses on the basis of some contemporary
writings of author’s time. Najaf� has allocated this part of his
work to the theological requirements of Darwin’s theory.
The discourses of this part are: Ist Discourse: This discourse
deals with the discussions of the affirmation of creator, analysis
of end, the circumstances of creating the world from non-
existence and non-eternity of material and in the meantime the
accurate reply of the commentators of Darwin and the quality
of their reasoning have been mentioned. IInd Discourse: It is in
defence of religions and in this discourse the reply to some of
the contemporary doubts in the negation of religions in the
defence of materialism and some of the Marxist sayings has
been given.
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H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
‘Arsh-al-�q�n f� Sharh-i-Taqw�m-al-�m�n
saiyid Muhammad ‘Abdul Has�b bin
Saiyid Ahmad ‘Alaw�; Edited by Ali
Aujabi and Akbar Saqafiyan
‘Arsh-al-q�n is short notes on the book Taqw�m-al-m�n
which has been written with an intention of explaining
ambiguous and important points of the said book.
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H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Sharh-i-Fus��l-i-Nas��r�ya
Muh�ammad bin Ah�mad Khwajag� Sh�r�z�,
Research by Khadijeh Moqaddaszadeh
This book is one of the commentaries written on the treatise
Fus�l (Fus�l-i-Nas�r�ya) by Khw�ja Nas��rudd�n T�s�. The
commentator who is one of the Muslim thinkers of 10th – 11th
century A.H. in Sh�r�z has made an effort to mix his explanations
amidst the passages of Khw�ja Nas��r. He is not only a
commentator and at various places of his work, he also
criticises the theological and philosophical thoughts of Khwaja
Nas��r.
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224
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Sitta Ras�’il f� Ithb�t-i-W�jib -al-Wuj�b-bi’l-Dh�t wa fi’l Il�h�y�t
Shamsudd�n Muhammad bin Ahmad
Khafr�, Research by Dr. Firoozeh
Saatchiyan
This book is comprises of six detailed and short treatises of the
author: 1. Al-Ris�lat f� Ithb�t-i-W�jib-al-Wuj�d bi’l-Dh�t wa
S�hf�tih. 2. Al-Ris�lat fi’l-Il�h�y�t. 3. Al-Ris�lat f� Muhimm�t-i-
Mas�’il min-al- Il�h�y�t-al-H�d�yat-il� Ma‘rifat-al-Mabda’-al-
Awwal. 4. Al-Ris�lat fi’l Il�h�y�t. 5. Al-Ris�lat fi’l Il�h�y�t-i-
W�jib-al-Wuj�d-i-Ishr�q�ya-Mash�’�ya. 6. Tatammat-i-Kal�m-
al-F�dhil-al-Khafr� f� Kal�m-al-S�f�ya.
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225
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Shif�’-al-Qul�b wa Tajauhar-al-Ajs�m
Ghay�thudd�n Mans��r Dashtak�; Research
by Ali Aujabi
This book comprises of two works by Mans��r Dashtak�. Shif�’-
al-Qul�b is a commentary on Ibn-i-S�n�’s Shif�’ and Tajauhar-
al-Ajs�m is a reply to the criticism presented regarding one of
the works of Dashtak�’s father in the field of the acidity of
some of the substances. The editor of these works together with
presenting a short biography of the author has introduced his
philosophical course and shown the importance of Dashtak�and
his status in that period.
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226
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
An�s al-Wah�dah wa Jal�s al-Khalwah
By Mah�m�d Gulist�nah Is�fah�n�; Research
and Edited by Mojtaba Motahhari
Written between 730 and 750, the work deals with moral and
literary themes and concepts in 20 chapters in imitation of
Zamakhshar�’s Rab�‘ al-Abr�r wa Nus�s al-Akhb�r. One of the
merits of the work is that the author deals with moral concept
on the basis of moral and mystical principles.
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H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Sharh� al-Ish�r�t wa al-Tanb�h�t of Ab� ‘Al� S�n� (Commentary on Avicenna’s Remarks and Admonitions)
By Fakhr al-D�n Muh�ammad R�z�; Edited
with an introduction by Seyyed Muhammad
Emadi Hae’ri
This is a critical commentary written by an Ash‘arite
theologian on one of the most important works of Ab� ‘Al�
S�n�. The facsimile copy of the manuscript is in the possession
of Islamic Consultative Assembly Library, no. 10609, which
was completed in 614/1217. The manuscript is considered one
of the earliest available copies of the work.
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228
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Ghuniyat al-Nazu‘
By Fakhr al-D�n Ab� al-Mak�rim
Hamzah b. ‘Al� b. Zohreh Husayn�
Halab�; Facsimile edition with an
introduction by Seyyed Muhammad
Emadi Hae’ri
This is a facsimile edition of the manuscript no. 10564 kept in
the Islamic Consultative Assembly Library, whose completion
date is recorded as 614A.H. The book is one of the most
important Shi‘a works of the Halab (Aleppo) region written in
Arabic on Imami religious sciences. Another feature of the
book is the existence of a note written by Khw�jah Nas��r T�s�
in 1226 at the end of the manuscript.
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229
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Du Ris�lah az K�shif al-Ghit�� ‘alayha M�rz� Muh�ammad Akhb�r� (Two Treatises by K�shif al-Ghit��
against M�rz� Muhammad Akhb�r�)
Research and Edited by Rasoul Ja‘farian
This is a collection of two treatises written by Sheikh Ja’far
K�shif al-Ghit��, a thirteenth-century A.H. mujtahid, against
M�rz� Muh�ammad Akhb�r� titled Ris�lah al-Mas�’il wa al-
Ajwabah (on the controversy between M�rz� Muh�ammad
Akhb�r� and the Shi‘a scholars residing in the Holy Shrines)
and Ris�lah Kashf al-Ghit��’ ‘an Ma‘�yib M�rz� Muh�ammad
‘Aduww al-‘Ulam� (on the wrongdoings and profane and
corrupt beliefs of M�rz� Muh��ammad Akhb�r�)
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230
H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
Nih�yat al-Iqd�m (Facsimile Copy)
By T�j al-D�n Muh�ammad b. ‘Abd al-
Kar�m Shahrist�n�; by Seyyed Muhammad
Emadi Hae’ri
This is a facsimile copy in the original size of the manuscript
no. 10607 in possession of the Islamic Consultative Assembly
Library, whose completion date is recorded as 538 A.H.
Nih�yah al-Iqd�m is Shahrist�n�’s most famous work on
Ash‘arite theology.
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H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
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H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)
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H�ikmat (Philosophy, Speculative Theology, Logic, Mysticism)