The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young...
Transcript of The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young...
![Page 1: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Psychology of Babies:How relationships support development from
birth to twoLynne Murray
![Page 2: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Influences on development
• Child’s own characteristics- e.g., temperament (especially relevant to emotion regulation and self-control)
• Continuing environment
Nonetheless
Early experience can either directly affect development (e.g. language learning) or set the child on a pathway, which then
affects how child engages with other people and the wider world
![Page 3: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Early development, when infants are helpless, unfolds
in the context of social relationships –the ‘Social
brain’
Relationships support development in Four key
psychological domains
social-understand others, share and cooperate;
attachment-feel secure and resilient;
emotion regulation- manage difficult feelings and
learn self-control;
cognitive-develop skills, language, reasoning
![Page 4: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
In each of these four domains, development by age two-three years predicts later child (and sometimes even adult) functioning.
e.g., Social understanding by two years predicts ‘Theory of mind’ skills and social competence in later childhood (Thoermer et al., 2012)
![Page 5: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Attachment in infancy predicts quality of intimate relationships (Groh et al., 2014) and experience of depression in adolescence (Murray et
al., 2011).
• Aggression that is pervasive and persistent at two-three years predicts violence and aggression in adolescence (Tremblay et al., 2005)
• Cognition (memory/attention/IQ) in infancypredicts academic achievement at 16 and 21 years (Fagan et al., 2007; Murray et al., 2010; Bornstein, 2012)
![Page 6: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
‘Specificity of effects’
Each domain of child psychological
development involves a different kind of
support from the baby’s carers.
This has important implications for interventions
![Page 7: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1. Support for social understanding
‘Mirroring’, or
imitation games-
support ‘core relatedness’
‘Ostensive marking’-
helps share connection
to the world
![Page 8: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Support for social understanding
• Engaging in teasing-
baby plays with
others’ mental experiences
![Page 9: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Support for social understanding
• Pretend play-
Imagining others’
mental experiences
• Talking about feelings
![Page 10: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2. Support for attachment security
Attachment needs are active when the baby feels
vulnerable
-e.g., tired; ill, frightened, alone
Babies develop attachments to the key people
who care for them
- e.g., parents, grandparents, professionals
Feel ‘secure’ when attachment needs are met-i.e.
when carer responds, supports and understands
Being securely attached doesn’t mean being
‘overly dependent’
![Page 11: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Classic signs of attachment
• Separation anxiety
• Stranger fear
• During separation and reunion in an unfamiliar
environment
![Page 12: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Signs of attachment- separation anxiety 7 months
![Page 13: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Signs of attachment- stranger fear 8-11 months
![Page 14: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Signs of secure attachment- in
separation and reunion 18 months
![Page 15: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3. Support for emotion regulation and
control
![Page 16: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Support for emotion regulation and
control
• Mismatch repair
• Body games
• Play fighting
• Dealing with conflicts
• Routines
• Reasoning and discussion
• Encouraging helpfulness
![Page 17: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Interactions are NOT perfect- frequent
‘mismatches’
![Page 18: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Repairing mismatches supports
learning to cope
![Page 19: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Body games: extend tolerance and regulatory abilities
![Page 20: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Practising risky emotions
![Page 21: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Play, or ‘mock’ fighting, supports
effortful control
![Page 22: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Handling frustration: Routine gives sense
of predictability, and therefore control
![Page 23: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Managing conflict-flexibility, warmth
![Page 24: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
consistency
![Page 25: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Harnessing impulse to join in
encourages cooperation
![Page 26: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Explaining and negotiating- about spitting
![Page 27: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
An amicable truce
![Page 28: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
4. Cognitive development
‘Cognitive’ includes
• Attending
• Reasoning
• Learning
• Language
• And, in babies, actions and motor skills
![Page 29: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Learning from action experience
![Page 30: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Support through relationships
• Contingency
• Attention regulation
• Facilitation and scaffolding
• Talking and book sharing
![Page 31: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Contingency: the Double Video
Experiment (Murray & Trevarthen, 1985)
Speaker playing mother’s
voiceSpeaker playing baby’s voice
Monitor
mum’s
face
Monitor
baby’s
face
Camera filming
baby
Baby
watching
mum on TV
monitor
Camera filming
mother
Mum
watching
baby on TV
monitor
![Page 32: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Contingency Disruption-Double Video
Experiment: Live sequence
Iris watches her mother who is contingently responding to her behaviour
![Page 33: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Contingency Disruption- Double
Video experiment: Replay
Iris watches her mother who is not contingently responsive to her behaviour
![Page 34: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Infant behaviour in live, replay and live
conditions of double video
Smiling
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Live Replay Live2
Murray & Trevarthen, 1985
![Page 35: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Helping sustain attention
![Page 36: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
‘Scaffolding’ new skills
![Page 37: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Book sharing
Young babies like
to explore
Older babies can
learn words
![Page 38: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Book sharing
Making links to
the baby
helps the learning
process
![Page 39: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Conclusions 1
• Wider background- e.g., economic, regulation
of day care and parental leave, mental state-all
affect parental (and professionals’) care.
• In turn, that care influences infant
development.
• Know from many longitudinal studies of a
variety of populations what the key parenting
factors are.
![Page 40: The Psychology of Babies: how relationships support … · 2016. 3. 21. · Book sharing Young babies like to explore Older babies can learn words. Book sharing Making links to the](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071301/609eff8e4d41f556c512875b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Conclusions 2
• Growing evidence base that specific parenting
qualities support different domains of children’s
development.
• These change as the infant develops
• Understanding these developmental processes
enables us to target interventions in a more focused
way, so as to maximize their benefits