The Protestant Reformation

The shattering of Christian Unity

Causes of the Protestant Reformation

• The Renaissance.While there were great literary and artistic achievements the Renaissance turned away from God to celebrate the human.

A series of popes were infected with the spirit of the renaissance and less on spiritual matters

Rise of Nationalism

• Kings become the center of authority in their own territories.

• They resent papal claim to authority over their subjects

Major Protestant Ideas

• Human nature is morally corrupt.

• Faith alone saves

• Bible is source of authority not pope.

• Accepts Baptism and Eucharist as the only Sacraments

Role of personalities

• Some remarkable men came on the scene at this crucial time.

• Luther, Zwingli, Calvin and Henry VIII of England

Review ?’s on 202

• Briefly explain 3 convictions that were central to Luther’s teaching.

• What was the Augsburg Confession?

• What agreement was reached with the Peace of Augsburg?

Luther’s teachingsKey event: 95 theses posted in

1517.Wittenberg Cathedral• Humans are depraved.

Faith alone saves• The bible not the

pope is the center of authority.

• Individual interpretation of the Bible

• Accepts Baptism and Eucharist

• Rejects holy days, honoring of saints, indulgences, the rosary, monasticism, other five sacraments

Review ?’s on page 207

• How did Calvin’s beliefs differ from Luther’s?

• Describe the theocracy that Calvin established in Geneva.

• What was Calvin’s belief in predestination?

• Why did Henry Vii break from the Church and make himself head of the Church in England?

• Who was Thomas More, and what became of him?

Ulrich Zwingli• Democratic rule

for the church• More anti-

clerical, anti-institutional than Luther.

• Removed Images from churches, banned all church music, abolished fast days

• Believed In only spiritual presence of Christ in the Eucharist

Teachings of John Calvin

• Humans are utterly depraved

• Some are predestined for salvation;others for hell.

• Christ died onlyfor the saved who

cannot resist God’s grace or backslide.

Accepts only baptism and Eucharist

Rejects whatever cannot be found in the Bible.

What is Predestination?

• Predestination teaches that God determines people for salvation or damnation before they are born and there is nothing they can do by their own efforts to win salvation.

AnglicanismHenry VIII establishes the

Church of EnglandThe pope is not the

universal authority over the whole church,

The monarch is the head of the church in England.

Accepts:7 sacraments andmost Roman Catholic

beliefs and practices

The Catholic Reformation(also called the counter reformation)• Church slow to respond to the Protestants.

• Political reasons and also did not recognize how seriously the teachings of the reformers challenged Catholic beliefs.

The Council of Trent

• 1545-1563• Called by Pope Paul III• 25 meetings in 3 sessions• Dealt with doctrine (what we believe) and

• Discipline (how we behave)

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A partial listdoctrinal issues

• Papal supremacy was reaffirmed

Scripture AND tradition

No to private interpretation of the Bible. Church’s authority interprets the bible for us.

• Transubstantiation is reaffirmed.

• Christ is really present, whole and entire, in both the consecrated bread and wine

Doctrinal issues

• Confession and absolution are the normal way by which mortal sins are forgiven

• Set the # of sacraments at 7

• Declared the existence of purgatory and that souls in purgatory can be helped by prayer and by the Mass.

Disciplinary Issues

• Clerical abuses attacked; bishops must reside in their dioceses, priests in their parishes, and monks and nuns in their monasteries and convents.

• Establishment of seminaries for the training of future priests

• Index of Forbidden books> kept Catholics away from heretical ideas

Reform,but not Unity

• The council of Trent DID reform the abuses that caused the Protestant Reformation. But it failed to reunite the followers of Luther, Calvin or Henry VIII

• New orders were founded to undertake the reforms started by the council.The well-defined decisions of the Council of Trent guided the church until Vatican Council II in the 1960,s

Ignatius of Loyola

• Founded the Jesuits, or Society of Jesus ( S.J.)

• Soldier>injured in war> read lives of the saints> recognized that only life according to the Gospels had any meaning for him.

The Society of Jesus

• Spiritual Exercises> deeper conversion to Christ

• Their main purpose was to spread Christianity by teaching and preaching.

• Vow of absolute obedience to the pope.

• 15 years of study!

Society of Jesus-2• Jesuits were on the faculties of most of the major universities in Catholic regions.

• They were convinced a good Catholic education would ensure loyalty to the church.

• Through the peaceful means of study and teaching the Jesuits promoted reform and helped stop the spread of Protestantism in Europe.

Teresa of Avila

• Seeks monastic reform• Establishes a small convent to live simply, pray, meditate.

• “discalced” without shoes• Asked to establish more convents

Teresa of Avila-2

• Famous spiritual writer> “The Interior Castle”

• Teresa said that at the center of every person’s soul is God:” In the center and the middle is the main dwelling place where the very secret exchanges between God and the soul take place.”