The Protestant Reformation

Reform: to change for the better

The Reformation was the questioning of the authority of the Catholic Church and some of its corrupt practices by individuals who believed in their potential to communicate with God more honestly.

Key Terms• Reform: to change for the better• Protestant: one who protests (objects)• Clergy: those who perform the

functions of a church• Indulgence: a grant by the pope of partial

remission (lessening) of time to be spent in purgatory or of some other consequence of a sin.

• Schism: a split or break• Heresy: contradiction of beliefs (sin)

Background—Late Background—Late Middle AgesMiddle Ages

• Great Schism (Western)

• French King and Pope quarrel over taxing clergy

• Pope dies

• New pope moves Catholic center from Rome to Avignon, France

Pope Clement V: 1305–1314

Pope John XXII: 1316–1334

Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342

Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352

Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362

Pope Urban V: 1362–1370

Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378

Popes of Avignon 1305-1377Result: Christians

believe the Church is controlled by the French king and lose respect for the office of the pope. (the papacy)

•1377—Papacy moves back to Rome (p.349)(p.349)

•1378—French Cardinals leave Rome, return to Avignon, elect own pope.

•40 years—two popes—people call for reform

St. Catherine of Sienna—p. 351 (Italy)

•Devoted “bride” of Jesus

•Convinced Pope to return to Rome—helped end schism

•Example for leading spiritual life

•Church asks for too much money

•Questioned pope’s authority

•Sale of indulgences immoral

•Bible supreme source of authority—not pope

John Wycliffe --England

Indulgence: salvation for sale $

A release from punishment in the afterlife—plenary or partial.

Became a way for corrupt church officials to make money—they sold them!

•Had Bible translated from Latin & printed in English

•Banned from Catholic Church as a heretic.

•His followers persecuted

p. 350

Jan Hus (Bohemia—now part of Germany): follower of Wycliffe burned for his beliefs:

•return church to people

•Church too wealthy• Jesus, not pope,

head of church

•Bible should be in people’s common language

p. 351

Renaissance Influence

•worth of individual

•questioning

•human potential

•individuals begin to take initiative over institutions

So……….

The Reformation was the questioning of the authority of the Catholic Church and some of its corrupt practices by individuals who believed in their potential to communicate with God more honestly.

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Dutch Humanist

•Wrote In Praise of Folly: Satire that highlighted the abuses of Church leaders-- widely read

•Wanted to reform the Church from within

•Catholic priest against Indulgences

•95 Thesis posted on door of Wittenberg Cathedral in Germany

•List of arguments against many Church abuses.

Accused Church of selling false salvation.

Martin Luther

•Believed that men attained salvation through faith—not just through good works (or indulgences!)

•Bible true source of authority

•All Christians are priests—can attain own salvation

through the effective use of the word of God.

Introduction the Luther—the Movie

• Johann Tetzel (1465-1519) was a Dominican priest who is perhaps best known for selling indulgences during the 16th century. In 1517, Tetzel was trying to raise money for the ongoing construction of St. Peter's Basilica and it is believed that Martin Luther was inspired to write his 95 Theses, in part, due to Tetzel's actions during this period.

ALFRED MOLINA (Johann Tetzel)

Emperor Charles V

HRE

HRE 800 (Green)

HRE 1500 (White)

Prince Frederick the Wise

(kicked ideas around with Erasmus)

Prince of Saxony—a German state

Diet of Worms (Diet is a gathering of officials, Worms is a city in Germany.)

•Meeting where he is found to be a heretic & excommunicated from Catholic Church (like trial)

Peace of Augsberg p. 353

• Cause: German Lutherans and Catholics were warring over religion

• Result: Christian unity ended—because each prince within the HRE could determine the religion of his region

John Calvin: French

Beliefs:

•God had already chosen those who would be saved (Predestination)

•Wealth & business success was a sign you had been chosen

p. 354

• To do away with corruption and abuses of power by members of the Catholic clergy.

• To purify the Church

• To make the Bible the true source of authority—that’s why translation was important

What Reformers Wanted

King Henry VIII—p. 355

•Founder of the Church of England

•Also called Anglican or Episcopalian

•Wife # 1 –no male heir, he wants divorce. Pope won’t allow.

•Forms his own Church to marry wife #2

•Also wanted the wealth of the Church

English priest who supported Martin Luther’s beliefs.

Visited Belgium where he was arrested and burned as a heretic.

Helped write King James version of Bible

William Tyndale

Council of Trent p. 364

• What was its purpose?

• List results