The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDAFarmers' Bulletin No. 1438: MakingFermented Pickles, by Edwin LeFevre

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Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1438:Making Fermented Pickles

Author: Edwin LeFevre

Release Date: April 17, 2015 [EBook#48722]

Language: English

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERGEBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN ***

Produced by Tom Cosmas produced frommaterials madeavailable at The Internet Archive.

I

NFORMATION ANDDIRECTIONS for picklingvegetables in brine have beenprepared for the use ofhousewives and producers ofpickles, and to meet theneeds of extension workers.

Cucumber (salt, sour,sweet, dill, and mixed)pickles and sauerkraut aregiven most attention. Stringbeans, green tomatoes,chayotes, mango melons,burr gherkins, cauliflower,corn on the cob, and somefruits, such as peaches andpears, are mentioned.

Although intended mainlyfor guidance in putting uppickles on a small scale inthe home, this bulletin maybe used also in preparinglarge quantities on acommercial orsemicommercial scale.

This bulletin is a revisionof, and supersedes, Farmers'Bulletin 1159.

Washington,D. C.

Issued August,1924

MAKINGFERMENTED

PICKLES

By EDWIN LEFEVRE,Scientific Assistant,

MicrobiologicalLaboratory, Bureau of

Chemistry

CONTENTSPage

How brining preserves vegetables 1Equipment for brining andpickling 2

Supplies for brining and pickling 4

Cucumber pickles 5 Salt pickles 5 Sour pickles 7 Sweet pickles 8 Dill pickles 8Mixed pickles 10Sauerkraut 10Fermentation and salting ofvegetables other than, cucumbersand cabbage

11

Causes of failure 12Coloring and hardening agents 14Tables and tests 14

ALTHOUGH excellent pickles can be

bought on the market at all seasons ofthe year, many housewives prefer tomake their own, particularly when theirhome gardens afford a plentiful supplyof cucumbers.

Brining is a good way to savesurplus cucumbers that can not be usedor readily sold in the fresh state.Instead of letting them go to waste it isvery easy to cure them, after whichthey may be held as long as desired oruntil they can be sold to advantage,either in local markets or to picklemanufacturers. Thus growers areprotected against loss byoverproduction or from inability tospeedily market a perishable crop, andthe pickle market receives the benefit

of a steady supply.

HOW BRININGPRESERVES

VEGETABLESWhen vegetables are placed in

brine the juices and soluble materialcontained in them are drawn out by theforce known as osmosis.

The fermentable sugar present inall fruits and vegetables, which is oneof the soluble substances extracted byosmotic action, serves as food for thelactic-acid bacteria which break it

down into lactic acid and certainvolatile acids. In some vegetables, likecucumbers and cabbage, where thesupply of sugar is ample and otherconditions are favorable to the growthof the lactic bacteria, a decided acidformation takes place, constituting adistinct fermentation. The acid brinethus formed acts upon the vegetabletissues, bringing about the changes incolor, taste, and texture which mark thepickled state.

As a rule, a solution of salt is used,although some vegetables quickly giveup enough moisture to convert dry saltinto brine. Salt also hardens or makesfirm the vegetables placed in brine andchecks the action of organisms which

might otherwise destroy the planttissues.

Cabbage is well preserved in itsown brine in the form of sauerkraut.Other vegetables and some fruits may,under certain conditions, beeconomically preserved by brining. Asa rule, however, canning is preferablefor these products, because food valuesand natural flavors are better preservedby that method. Lack of time, ashortage of cans, or an oversupply ofraw material may justify thepreservation of vegetables other thancucumbers and cabbage by curing inbrine.

EQUIPMENT FORBRINING AND

PICKLINGStone jars are the most convenient

and desirable receptacles (fig. 1) formaking small quantities of pickles.Stoneware is much more easily keptclean and absorbs objectionable odorsand flavors to a smaller extent thanwood. Straight-side, open-top jars,which come in practically all sizes,from 1 to 20 gallons, are best for thispurpose. Those used for the directionsgiven in this bulletin are 4-gallon jarswhich hold about 12 pounds (one-

fourth bushel) of cucumbers. If onlyvery small quantities of pickles are putup, wide-mouth bottles or glass jarswill do.

FIG. 1.—Some suitable containers for home-brinedproducts

Water-tight kegs or barrels are bestfor making larger quantities of pickles.Those used for the directions given inthis bulletin are barrels holding from40 to 45 gallons. They must first be

washed, or possibly charred, to removeall undesirable odors and flavors.Undesirable flavors may be removedby using solutions of potash or sodalye. A strong solution of lye shouldremain in the barrel for several clays,after which the barrel should bethoroughly soaked and washed with hotwater until the lye is removed.

Boards about an inch thick makethe best covers. These may be of anykind of wood, except yellow or pitchpine, which would give the pickles anundesirable flavor. They should befrom 1 to 2 inches less in diameter thanthe inside of the jar or barrel, so thatthey may be easily removed. Dippingthe covers in paraffin and then burning

them over with a flame fills the poresof the wood, thus making itcomparatively easy to keep them clean.Heavy plates of suitable size may beused instead of boards as covers forsmall containers.

A clean white cloth is often neededto cover the material in the jar orbarrel. Two or three thicknesses ofcheesecloth or muslin, cut in circularform, and about 6 inches larger indiameter than the inside of thereceptacle, makes a suitable covering.Sometimes grape, beet, or cabbageleaves are used for this purpose. Grapeleaves are a good covering for dillpickles, and cabbage leaves forsauerkraut.

In addition to the jars, crocks, orkegs in which the pickles are made, 2-quart glass jars are needed for packingthe finished product. If corks are usedfor sealing such containers, they shouldfirst be dipped in hot paraffin.

When vegetables which have beenfermented in a weak brine are to bekept for any length of time, air must beexcluded from them. This may be doneby sealing the containers with paraffin,beeswax, or oil. Paraffin, the cheapestand probably the best of these threesubstances, is easily handled andreadily separated from the pickleswhen they are removed from thecontainers. To remove any dirt, theparaffin should be heated and strained

through several thicknesses ofcheesecloth. Thus the paraffin may beused over and over again. The cleanparaffin is melted and poured over thesurface of the pickles in quantitiessufficient to make, when hardened, asolid coating about half an inch thick.Where there are vermin, lids should beplaced over the paraffin in jars andother covers should be placed over theparaffin in kegs. If applied beforeactive fermentation has stopped, theseal may be broken by the formation ofgas below the layer, making itnecessary to remove the paraffin, heatit again, and once more pour it over thesurface.

In many cases a safer and better

plan for preserving vegetablesfermented in a weak brine is to transferthe pickled product to glass jars assoon as fermentation is completed andseal tightly.

Almost anything which furnishesthe required pressure will serve as aweight to hold the mass down in a jaror keg. Clean stones (except limestone)and bricks are recommended.

FIG. 2.—Salinometer

A pair of kitchen scales andsuitable vessels for determining liquidmeasure are, of course, essential.

The salinometer, an instrument formeasuring the salt strength of a brine,is very useful, although not absolutelynecessary, in brining (fig. 1). Byfollowing the directions given here itwill be possible to make brines of therequired strength without the use ofthis instrument. Results may be readilychecked, however, and any changes inbrine strength which occur from timeto time may be detected by the use ofthe salinometer.

The salinometer scale is graduatedinto 100 degrees, which indicate therange of salt concentration between 0°,the reading for pure water at 60° F,;and 100°, which indicates a saturatedsalt solution (26½ per cent). Table 1(page 14) shows the relation betweensalinometer readings and saltpercentages.

Salinometers are sold for about $1each by firms dealing in chemicalapparatus and supplies.

A sugar hydrometer is very usefulin all canning and pickling work. Eitherthe Brix or Balling scale may be used.Both read directly in percentages ofsugar in a pure sugar solution. A

Balling hydrometer, graduated from 0°to 70°, is a convenient instrument forthe tests indicated in this bulletin.

SUPPLIES FORBRINING AND

PICKLING

SALT

Fine table salt is not necessary.What is known as common fine salt, oreven coarser grades, may be used.Caked or lumpy salt can not be equallydistributed. Salt to which anything hasbeen added to prevent caking is not

recommended for pickling and brining.Alkaline impurities in the salt areespecially objectionable. Anynoncaking salt which contains less than1 per cent of the carbonates orbicarbonates of sodium, calcium, ormagnesium may be used for thispurpose.

VINEGAR

A good, clear vinegar of 40 to 60grain strength (4 to 6 per cent aceticacid) is required in making sour, sweet,and mixed pickles, and is sometimesused for dill pickles. Many picklemanufacturers prefer distilled vinegar,as it is colorless and free from

sediment. If fruit vinegars are usedthey should first be filtered to removeall sediment.

SUGAR

Granulated sugar should be used inmaking sweet pickles. The quantity ofsugar required for each gallon ofvinegar in making sweet liquors isshown in Table 3 (p. 15).

SPICES

Spices are used to some extent inmaking nearly all kinds of pickles, butchiefly for sweet, mixed, and dillpickles. Various combinations are

used, depending on the kind of picklesto be made and the flavor desired.

Peppers (black and cayenne),cloves, cinnamon, celery seed,caraway, dill herb, mustard (yellow),allspice, cardamom, bay leaves,coriander, turmeric, and mace, are theprincipal whole spices for this purpose.Ginger and horse-radish root are usedsometimes. All of these spices may bepurchased in bulk and mixed asdesired. Mixed whole spices, speciallyprepared for pickling purposes, sold inthe stores, are, as a rule, satisfactory.Care should be taken to see that theyare of proper strength.

Oil spices may be desirable under

some circumstances, but their effect isnot so lasting as that of the wholespices.

Turmeric has been much used inboth the commercial and householdpreparation of pickles. While some ofits qualities entitle it to be classedamong the spices, it does not rank inimportance as such with the othersnamed. It is employed largely becauseof its supposed effect on the color ofpickles, which is probablyoverestimated.

Dill herb is practically always usedwith cucumbers when they arefermented in a weak brine and oftenwith other vegetables fermented in this

way. It gives the pickle a distinct flavorwhich is very popular. The dill herb, anative of southern Europe, can begrown in nearly all parts of the UnitedStates and usually is obtainable in themarkets of the larger cities. While theentire stalk of the dill herb is of valuefor flavoring, the seeds are best suitedfor imparting the desired flavor. Forthis reason the crop should beharvested only after the seeds havebecome fully mature but are not so ripethat they fall off. The herb may be usedgreen, dried, or brined. When green orbrined dill is used, twice as much byweight as would be required if thedried herb were used is taken. Dillretains its flavor for a long time when

brined. To preserve it in this way itshould be packed in a 60° brine, or inan 80° brine if it is to be kept for a longtime. Dill brine is as good as the herbfor flavoring.

CUCUMBERPICKLES

Because of their shape, firmness, orkeeping quality some varieties ofcucumbers are better adapted formaking pickles than others. Among thebest of the pickling varieties are theChicago Pickling, Boston Pickling, andSnow's Perfection. Cucumbers ofpractically all varieties, sizes, and

shapes, however, make good pickles.[1]

[1] Information on thecultivation of cucumbers, and thediseases and enemies which attackthem, may be obtained from theUnited States Department ofAgriculture.

Cucumbers to be pickled shouldretain from one-eighth to one-fourthinch of their stems, and they should notbe bruised. If dirty they should bewashed before brining. They should beplaced in brine not later than 24 hoursafter they have been gathered.

Cucumbers contain approximately90 per cent of water. As this largewater content reduces materially the

salt concentration of any brine in whichthey are fermented, it is necessary toadd an excess of salt at the beginningof a fermentation in the proportion of 1pound for every 10 pounds ofcucumbers.

The active stage of cucumberfermentation continues for 10 to 30days, depending largely on thetemperature at which it is conducted.The most favorable temperature is 86°F.

Practically all the sugar withdrawnfrom the cucumbers is utilized duringthe stage of active fermentation, at theend of which the brine reaches itshighest degree of acidity. During this

period the salt concentration should notbe materially increased: for, althoughthe lactic bacteria are fairly tolerant ofsalt, there is a limit to their tolerance.The addition of a large quantity of saltat this time would reduce their acid-forming power just when this isessential to a successful fermentation.Salt, therefore, should be addedgradually over a period of weeks.

SALT PICKLES

Salt pickles, or salt stock, are madeby curing cucumbers in a brine whichshould contain not less than 9.5 percent of salt (approximately 36° on thesalinometer scale) at the start. Not only

must the brine be kept at this strength,but salt should be added until it has aconcentration of about 15 per cent (60°on the salinometer scale). If wellcovered with a brine of this strength,the surface of which is kept clean,pickles will keep indefinitely.

Proper curing of cucumbersrequires from six weeks to two months,or possibly longer, according to thetemperature at which the process iscarried out and the size and variety ofthe cucumbers. Attempts to use shortcuts or to make pickles overnight, as issometimes advised, are based on amistaken idea of what reallyconstitutes a pickle.

Curing of cucumbers is marked byan increased firmness, a greater degreeof translucency, and a change in colorfrom pale green to dark or olive green.These changes are uniform throughoutthe perfectly cured specimen. So longas any portion of a pickle is whitish oropaque it is not perfectly cured.

After proper processing in water,salt pickles may be eaten as such orthey may be converted into sourpickles (p. 7), sweet pickles (p. 8), ormixed pickles (p. 10).

SMALL QUANTITIES

Pack the cucumbers in a 4-gallon

jar and cover with 6 quarts of a 10 percent brine (40° on salinometer scale).At the time of making up the brine, ornot later than the following day, addmore salt at the rate of 1 pound forevery 10 pounds of cucumbers used—in this case 1 pound and 3 ounces. Thisis necessary to maintain the strength ofthe brine.

Cover with a round board or platethat will go inside the jar, and on top ofthis place a weight heavy enough tokeep the cucumbers well below thesurface of the brine.

At the end of the first week, and atthe end of each succeeding week forfive weeks, add one-fourth pound of

salt. In adding salt always place it onthe cover. If it is added directly to thebrine, it may sink, as a result of whichthe salt solution at the bottom will bevery strong, while that near the surfacemay be so weak that the pickles willspoil.

A scum, made up usually of wildyeasts and molds, forms on the surface.As this may prove injurious bydestroying the acidity of the brine,remove it by skimming.

LARGE QUANTITIES

Put into a barrel 5 to 6 inches of a40° brine (Table 1, p. 14) and add 1

quart of good vinegar. In this brineplace the cucumbers as they aregathered. Weigh the cucumbers eachtime before they are added. Put a loose-fitting wooden cover over thecucumbers and weight it down with astone heavy enough to bring the brineover the cover. After the cover andstone have been replaced add to thebrine over the cover 1 pound of salt forevery 10 pounds of cucumbers.

Unless the cucumbers are added toorapidly, it will be unnecessary to addmore brine, for when a sufficientweight is maintained on the cover thecucumbers make their own brine. If,however, the cucumbers are addedrapidly, or if the barrel is filled at once,

more brine may be required. In such acase, add enough of the 40° brine tocover the cucumbers.

When the barrel is full, add 3pounds of salt each week for fiveweeks (15 pounds to a 45-gallonbarrel). In adding the salt, place it onthe cover. Added in this way it goesinto solution slowly, insuring a brine ofuniform strength throughout and agradually increasing salt concentration.Thus, shriveling of the pickles isprevented to a great extent and thegrowth and activity of the lacticbacteria are not seriously checked.

Stirring or agitation of the brinemay be harmful for the reason that the

introduction of air bubbles isconducive to the growth of spoilagebacteria.

From time to time remove the scumwhich forms on the surface.

Where cucumbers are grownextensively for the production ofpickles, curing is done in large tanks atsalting stations. While it involvescertain details of procedure notrequired in barrel quantities, thismethod of curing is essentially thesame.

PROCESSING

After being cured in brine, pickles

must receive a processing in water toremove the excess of salt. If they are tobe used as salt pickles, only a partialprocessing is required. If, however,they are to be made into sour, sweet, ormixed pickles, the salt should belargely, but not completely, removed.Pickles keep better when the salt is notentirely soaked out.

Under factory conditions,processing is accomplished by placingthe pickles in tanks, which are thenfilled with water and subjected to acurrent of steam, the pickles beingagitated meanwhile. In most homes,however, the equipment for suchtreatment is not available.

The best that can be done in thehome is to place the pickles in asuitable vessel, cover them with water,and heat them slowly to about 120° F.,at which temperature they should beheld for from 10 to 12 hours, beingstirred frequently. The water is thenpoured off, and the process is repeated,if necessary, until the pickles have onlya slightly salty taste.

SORTING

After processing, the pickles shouldbe sorted. To secure the most attractiveproduct, pickles should be as nearly aspossible of uniform size. At least threesizes are recognized—small (2 to 3

inches long) , medium (3 to 4 incheslong), and large (4 inches or longer).Only the small sizes are selected forbottling. Fairly small and medium-large cucumbers are well adapted to themaking of sweet pickles. The largersizes may be used for sour and dillpickles. Imperfectly formed pickles,the so-called crooks and nubs, can becut up and added to mixed pickles orother combinations of whichcucumbers form a part. The number ofpickles of various sizes required tomake a gallon is shown in Table 4,page 16.

SOUR PICKLES

After pickles have been processedsufficiently, drain them well and coverthem at once with vinegar. A 45 or 50grain vinegar usually gives all thesourness that is desirable. If, however,very sour pickles are preferred, itwould be well to use at first a 45-grainvinegar, and after a week or 10 daystransfer the pickles to a vinegar of thestrength desired. As the first vinegarused will in all cases be greatlyreduced in strength by dilution with thebrine contained in the pickles, it will benecessary to renew the vinegar after afew weeks. If this is not done and thepickles are held for any length of timethey may spoil.

The best containers for sour pickles

are stone jars, or, for large quantities,kegs or barrels. Covered with a vinegarof the proper strength, pickles shouldkeep indefinitely.

SWEET PICKLES

Cover the cured and processedcucumbers with a sweet liquor made bydissolving sugar in vinegar, usuallywith the addition of spices. Dependingupon the degree of sweetness desired,the quantity of sugar may vary from 4to 10 pounds to the gallon of vinegar, 6pounds to the gallon usually givingsatisfactory results. The chief difficultyin making sweet pickles is theirtendency to become shriveled and

tough, which increases with the sugarconcentration of the liquor. This dangercan usually be avoided by covering thepickles first with a plain 45 to 50 grainvinegar. After one week discard thisvinegar, which in all probability hasbecome greatly reduced in strength,and cover with a liquor made by adding4 pounds of sugar to the gallon ofvinegar. It is very important that theacidity of the liquor used on pickles bekept as high as possible. A decrease inacidity much below a 30-grain strengthmay permit the growth of yeasts, withresulting fermentation and spoilage.

If a liquor containing more than 4pounds of sugar to the gallon isdesired, it would be best not to .exceed

that quantity at first, but gradually addsugar until the desired concentration isobtained. A sugar hydrometer readilyand accurately indicates the sugarconcentration (p. 4). A reading of 42°(Brix or Balling) would indicate aconcentration of approximately 6pounds of sugar to the gallon ofvinegar. (Table 3, p. 15.)

Spices are practically always addedin making sweet pickles. The effect oftoo much spice, especially the strongerkinds, like peppers and cloves,however, is injurious. One ounce ofwhole mixed spices to 4 gallons ofpickles is enough. As spices may causecloudiness of the vinegar, they shouldbe removed after the desired flavor has

been obtained. Heating is an aid to abetter utilization of the spice. Add therequired quantity of spice, in acheesecloth bag, to the vinegar andhold at the boiling point for not longerthan half an hour. Heating too longcauses the vinegar to darken. Ifconsidered desirable, add sugar at thistime, and pour at once over the pickles.

If the pickles are to be packed inbottles or jars, after such preliminarytreatment as may be required, transferthem to these containers and coverthem with a liquor made as desired.

DILL PICKLES

The method for making dill picklesdiffers from that for making saltpickles in two important particulars. Amuch weaker brine is used, and spices,chiefly dill, are added.

Because of the weaker saltconcentration, a much more rapidcuring takes place. As a result they canbe made ready for use in about half thetime required for ordinary brinedpickles. This shortening of the periodof preparation, however, is gained atthe expense of the keeping quality ofthe product. For this reason it isnecessary to resort to measures whichwill prevent spoilage.

SMALL QUANTITIES

Place in the bottom of the jar alayer of dill and one-half ounce ofmixed spice. Then fill the jar, to within2 or 3 inches of the top, with washedcucumbers of as nearly the same sizeas practicable. Add another half ounceof spice and layer of dill. It is a goodplan to place over the top a layer ofgrape leaves. In fact, it would be wellto place these at both the bottom andtop. They make a very suitablecovering and have a greening effect onthe pickles.

Pour over the pickles a brine madeas follows: Salt, 1 pound; vinegar, 1

pint ; water, 2 gallons. Never use a hotbrine at the beginning of afermentation. The chances are that itwould kill the organisms present, thuspreventing fermentation.

Cover with a board cover or platewith sufficient weight on top to holdthe cucumbers well below the brine.

If the cucumbers are packed at atemperature around 86° F., an activefermentation will at once set in. Thisshould be completed in 10 days to 2weeks, if a temperature of about 86° F.is maintained. The scum which soonforms on the surface and whichconsists usually of wild yeasts, butoften contains molds and bacteria,

should be skimmed off.

After active fermentation hasstopped, it is necessary to protect thepickles against spoilage. This may bedone in one of two ways:

(1) Cover with a layer of paraffin.This should be poured while hot overthe surface of the brine or as much of itas is exposed around the edges of theboard cover. When cooled this forms asolid coating which effectually sealsthe pickles.

(2) Seal the pickles in glass jars orcans. As soon as they are sufficientlycured, which may be determined bytheir agreeable flavor and dark-green

color, transfer them to glass jars, andfill either with their own brine or witha fresh brine made as directed. Add asmall quantity of dill and spice. Bringthe brine to a boil, and, after cooling toabout 160° F., pour it over the pickles,filling the jars full. Seal the jars tight.

The plan of preserving dill picklesby sealing in jars has the merit ofpermitting the use of a small quantitywithout the necessity of opening andresealing a large bulk, as is the casewhen pickles are packed in largecontainers and sealed with paraffin.

LARGE QUANTITIES

Fill a barrel with cucumbers. Add 6to 8 pounds of green or brined dill, orhalf that quantity of dry dill, and 1quart of mixed spices. If brined dill isused, it is well to add about 2 quarts ofthe dill brine. The dill and spicesshould be evenly distributed at thebottom, middle, and top of the barrel.Also add 1 gallon of good vinegar.[2]

[2] This addition of vinegar isnot essential, and many prefer not touse it. In the proportion indicated,however, it is favorable to thegrowth of the lactic bacteria andhelps to prevent the growth ofspoilage organisms. Its use,therefore, is to be regarded withfavor. Some prefer to omit themixed spices for the reason that

they interfere with the distinctiveflavor of the dill herb.

Head up tight and, through a holebored in the head, fill the barrel with abrine made in the proportion of one-half pound of salt to a gallon of water.Add brine until it flows over the headand is level with the top of the chime.Maintain this level by adding brinefrom time to time. Remove the scumwhich soon forms on the surface.

During the period of activefermentation, keep the barrel in a warmplace and leave the hole in the headopen to allow gas to escape. Whenactive fermentation is over, asindicated by the cessation of bubbling

and frothing on the surface, the barrelmay be plugged tight and placed instorage, preferably in a cool place.Leakage and other conditions maycause the brine in a barrel of pickles torecede at any time. The barrels shouldbe inspected occasionally, and morebrine added if necessary. Pickles put upin this way should be ready for usewithin about six weeks.

When pickles are to be held instorage a long time, a 28° brine, madeby adding 10 ounces of salt to a gallonof water, should be used. Picklespacked in a brine of this strength willkeep a year, if the barrels are keptfilled and in a cool place. Theimportant factor in preserving pickles

put up in a weak brine, such as isordinarily used for dill pickles, is theexclusion of air. When put up in tightbarrels this is accomplished by keepingthe barrels entirely filled with brine.

MIXED PICKLESOnions, cauliflower, green peppers,

tomatoes, and beans, as well ascucumbers, are used for making mixedpickles. All vegetables should first becured in brine.

For making mixed pickles, verysmall vegetables are much to bepreferred. If larger ones must be used,first cut them into pieces of a desirable

and uniform shape and size. Place inthe bottom of each wide-mouth bottleor jar a little mixed spice. In filling thebottle arrange the various kinds ofpickles in as neat and orderly a manneras possible. The appearance of thefinished product depends largely uponthe manner in which they are packed inthe bottle. Do not completely fill thebottles.

If sour pickles are desired, fill thebottles completely with a 45-grainvinegar. If sweet ones are wanted, fillwith a liquor made by dissolving 4 to 6pounds of sugar in a gallon of vinegar.

Seal tight, and label properly.

SAUERKRAUT

For making sauerkraut in the home,4 or 6 gallon stone jars are consideredthe best containers, unless largequantities are desired, in which casekegs or barrels may be used.

Select only mature, sound heads ofcabbage. After removing all decayed ordirty leaves, quarter the heads and sliceoff the core portion. For shredding, oneof the hand-shredding machines whichcan be obtained on the market is muchthe best, although an ordinary slawcutter or a large knife will do.

In making sauerkraut thefermentation is carried out in a brine

made from the juice of the cabbagewhich is drawn out by the salt. Onepound of salt for every 40 pounds ofcabbage makes the proper strength ofbrine to produce the best results. Thesalt may be distributed as the cabbageis packed in the jar or it may be mixedwith the shredded cabbage before beingpacked. The distribution of 2 ounces ofsalt with every 5 pounds of cabbageprobably is the best way to get an evendistribution.

Pack the cabbage firmly, but nottoo tightly, in the jar or keg. When full,cover with a clean cloth and a board orplate. On the cover place a weightheavy enough to cause the brine tocome up to the cover.

If the jar is kept at a temperature ofabout 86° F., fermentation will startpromptly. A scum soon forms on thesurface of the brine. As this scum tendsto destroy the acidity and may affectthe cabbage, it should be skimmed offfrom time to time.

If kept at 86° F., the fermentationshould be completed in six to eightdays.

A well-fermented sauerkraut shouldshow a normal acidity ofapproximately +20, or a lactic acidpercentage of 1.8 (p. 16).

After fermentation is complete, setthe sauerkraut in a cool place. If the

cabbage is fermented late in the fall, orif it can be stored in a very cool place,it may not be necessary to do morethan keep the surface skimmed andprotected from insects, etc.; otherwiseit will be necessary to resort to one ofthe following measures to preventspoilage:

(1) Pour a layer of hot paraffin overthe surface, or as much of it as isexposed around the cover. Properlyapplied to a clean surface, thiseffectually seals the jar and protectsthe contents from contamination.

(2) After the fermentation iscomplete, pack the sauerkraut in glassjars, adding enough of the "kraut"

brine, or a weak brine made by addingan ounce of salt to a quart of water, tocompletely fill the jars. Seal the jarstight, and set them away in a coolplace.

The second method is much to be preferred to the first. Sauerkrautproperly fermented and stored in thisway has kept throughout a season ingood condition. Placing the jars beforesealing in a water bath and heatinguntil the center of the jar shows atemperature of about 160° F. gives anadditional assurance of good-keepingquality of the "kraut."

In the commercial canning ofsauerkraut, where conditions and

length of storage can not be controlled,heat must always be used.

FERMENTATIONAND SALTING OF

VEGETABLESOTHER THAN

CUCUMBERS ANDCABBAGE

There are three methods ofpreserving vegetables by the use ofsalt:

FERMENTATION IN ANADDED BRINE

Experiments have shown that stringbeans, green tomatoes, beets, chayotes,mango melons, burr gherkins,cauliflower, and corn (on cob) may bewell preserved in a 10 per cent brine(40° on the salinometer scale) forseveral months. Peppers and onions arebetter preserved in an 80° brine. Thebrine must be maintained at its originalstrength by the addition of salt, and thesurface of the brine must be kept freefrom scum. Some of the vegetableslisted, notably string beans and greentomatoes, are well adapted tofermentation in a weak brine (5 per

cent salt), in which case dill and otherspices may be added. The generaldirections given for dill pickles (p. 8)should be followed.

FERMENTATION INBRINE PRODUCED BY

DRY SALTING

This method, of course, can be usedonly for vegetables which containenough water to make their own brine.String beans, if young and tender, maybe preserved in this way. Remove tipsand strings, and, if the pods are large,break them in two. Older beans, anddoubtless other vegetables, could be

preserved by this method if firstshredded in the same manner ascabbage (p. 10). Use salt equal to 3 percent of the weight of the vegetables (1ounce salt to about 2 poundsvegetables).

SALTING WITHOUTFERMENTATION

Enough salt to prevent all bacterialaction must be added. Wash and weighthe vegetables. Mix with themthoroughly one-fourth their weight ofsalt. If after the addition of pressurethere is not enough brine to cover theproduct, add brine made by dissolving1 pound of salt in 2 quarts of water. As

soon as bubbling ceases, protect thesurface by covering with paraffin. Thismethod is especially well adapted tovegetables in which the sugar contentis too low to produce a successfulfermentation, such as chard, spinach,and dandelions. Corn can also be wellpreserved in this way. Husk it andremove the silk. Cook it in boilingwater for 10 minutes, to set the milk.Then cut the corn from the cob with asharp knife, weigh it, and pack it inlayers, with one-fourth its weight offine salt.

The methods of preservationoutlined are not limited to vegetables.Solid fruits, like clingstone peachesand Kieffer pears, can be preserved in

an 80° brine for as long as six months.After the salt has been soaked out, theymay be worked up into desirableproducts by the use of spices, vinegar,sugar, etc. Soft fruits, like Elbertapeaches and Bartlett pears, are bestpreserved in weak vinegar (2 per centacetic acid).[3]

[3] Report of an investigation inthe Bureau of Chemistry on theutilization of brined products, byRhea C. Scott, 1919.

CAUSES OFFAILURE

SOFT OR SLIPPERYPICKLES

A soft or slippery condition, one ofthe most common forms of spoilage inmaking pickles, is the result ofbacterial action. It always occurs whenpickles are exposed above the brine andvery often when the brine is too weakto prevent the growth of spoilageorganisms. To prevent it keep thepickles well below the brine and thebrine at the proper strength. To keeppickles for more than a very few weeksa brine should contain 10 per cent ofsalt. Once pickles have become soft orslippery as a result of bacterial actionno treatment will restore them to a

normal condition.

HOLLOW PICKLES

Hollow pickles may occur duringthe process of curing. This condition,however, does not mean a total loss, forhollow pickles may be utilized inmaking mixed pickles or certain formsof relish. While there are good reasonsto believe that hollow pickles are theresult of a faulty development ornutrition of the cucumber, there is alsoa strong probability that incorrectmethods may contribute to theirformation. One of these is allowing toolong a time to intervene betweengathering and brining. This period

should not exceed 21 hours.

Hollow pickles frequently becomefloaters. Sound cucumbers properlycured do not float, but any conditionwhich operates to lower their relativeweight, such as gaseous distention,may cause them to rise to the surface.

EFFECT OF HARDWATER

So-called hard waters should not beused in making a brine. The presenceof large quantities of calcium salts andpossibly other salts found in manynatural waters may prevent the properacid formation, thus interfering with

normal curing. The addition of a smallquantity of vinegar serves to overcomealkalinity when hard water must beused. If present in any appreciablequantity, iron is objectionable, causinga blackening of the pickles under someconditions.

SHRIVELING

Shriveling of pickles often occurswhen they have been placed at once invery strong salt or sugar solutions, oreven in very strong vinegars. For thisreason avoid such solutions so far aspossible. When a strong solution isdesirable the pickles should first begiven a preliminary treatment in a

weaker solution. This difficulty is mostoften encountered in making sweetpickles. The presence of sugar in highconcentrations is certain to causeshriveling unless

EFFECT OF TOO MUCHSALT ON SAUERKRAUT

Perhaps the most common cause offailure in making sauerkraut is the useof too much salt. The proper quantity is2| per cent by weight of the cabbagepacked. When cabbage is to befermented in very warm weather it maybe well to use a little more salt. As arule, however, this should not exceed 3per cent. In applying the salt see that it

is evenly distributed. The red streakswhich are sometimes seen insauerkraut are believed to be due touneven distribution of salt.

EFFECT OF SCUM

Spoilage of the top layers ofvegetables fermented in brine is sure tooccur unless the scum which forms onthe surface is frequently removed. Thisscum is made up of wild yeasts, molds,and bacteria, which, if allowed toremain, attack and break down thevegetables beneath. They may alsoweaken the acidity of the brine, inwhich way they may cause spoilage.The fact that the top layers have

spoiled, does not necessarily mean,however, that all in the container arespoiled. The molds and otherorganisms which cause the spoilage donot quickly get down to the lowerlayers. The part found in goodcondition often may be saved bycarefully removing the spoiled partfrom the top, adding a little fresh brine,and pouring hot paraffin over thesurface.

EFFECT OFTEMPERATURE

Temperature has an importantbearing on the success of a lacticfermentation. The bacteria which are

essential in the fermentation ofvegetable foods are most active at atemperature of approximately 86° F.,and as the temperature falls below thispoint their activity correspondinglydiminishes. It is essential, therefore,that the foods be kept as close aspossible to 86° F. at the start andduring the active stages of afermentation. This is especiallyimportant in the production ofsauerkraut, which is often made in thelate fall or winter. The fermentationmay be greatly retarded or evenstopped by too low a temperature.

After the active stages of afermentation have passed, store thefood in a cool place. Low temperatures

are always an aid in the preservation offood products.

COLORING ANDHARDENING

AGENTSTo make what is thought to be a

better looking product, it is the practicein some households to "green" picklesby heating them with vinegar in acopper vessel. Experiments have shownthat in this treatment copper acetate isformed, and that the pickles take upvery appreciable quantities of it.Copper acetate is poisonous.

By a ruling of the Secretary ofAgriculture, made July 12, 1912, foodsgreened with copper salts, all of whichare poisonous, will be regarded asadulterated.

Alum is often used for the purposepresumably of making pickles firm.The use of alum in connection withfood products is of doubtfulexpediency, to say the least. If the rightmethods are followed in pickling, thesalt and acids in the brine will give thedesired firmness. The use of alum, orany other hardening agent, isunnecessary.

TABLES AND TESTS

TABLE 1.—Salt percentages,corresponding salinometer readings,

and quantity of salt required to make 6quarts of brine

Salt insolution

Salinometerreading

Salt in 6 quartsof finished

brinePer cent Degrees Ounces

1.06 4 2 2.12 8 4¼3.18 12 6½4.24 16 8½5.3 20 11 7.42 28 14½8.48 32 18 9.54 36 20

10.6 40 22½

15.9 60 35 21.2 80 48 26.5 100 64

The figures given in the first twocolumns of Table 1 are correct. Thosein the last column are correct withinthe possibilities of ordinary householdmethods. To make up a brine from thistable, the required quantity of salt isdissolved in a smaller volume of waterand water is added to make up asnearly as possible to the required 6quarts.

One pound of salt dissolved in 9pints of water makes a solution with asalinometer reading of 40°, orapproximately a 10 per cent brine. In a

brine of this strength, fermentationproceeds somewhat slowly. Pickleskept in a brine maintained at thisstrength will not spoil. One-half poundof salt dissolved in 9 pints of watermakes approximately a 5 per centbrine, with a salinometer reading of20°. A brine of this strength permits arapid fermentation, but vegetables keptin such a brine will spoil within a fewweeks if air is not excluded.

A brine in which a fresh egg justfloats is approximately a 10 per centsolution.

Fermentation takes place fairlywell in brines of 40° strength, and will,to some extent at least, up to 60°. At

80° all fermentation stops.

The volume of brine necessary tocover vegetables is about half thevolume of the material to befermented. For example, if a 5-gallonkeg is to be packed, 2½ gallons of brineis required.

TABLE 2.—Freezing point of brine atdifferent salt concentrations

Salt SalinometerreadingFreezing

temperaturePer cent Degrees °F

5 20 25.210 40 18.715 60 12.220 80 6.1

25 100 0.5

TABLE 3.—Density of sugar sirup

Density

Quantity ofsugar for

each gallonof water[4]

DegreesBrix orBalling Lbs. Ozs.

5 7 10 14.8 15 1 7.5 20 1 14.7525 2 12.5 30 3 9

40 5 8.7545 6 13 50 8 5.2555 10 4 60 12 8

[4] When vinegar is used, theequivalent sugar hydrometerreading would be about 2 degreeshigher than that indicated in thetable.

TABLE 4.—Number of cucumbers ofvarious sizes required to make a gallon

of pickles

Size Variety Number toa gallon1 to 2 inches

long Gherkins[5] 250 to 650

2 to 3 incheslong Small pickles 130 to 250

3 to 4 incheslong

Mediumpickles 40 to 130

4 inches andlonger

Large pickles 12 to 40

[5] Small pickles are usuallydesignated as gherkins. Those ofvery small size are sometimes calledmidgets.

The maximum acidity formed by alactic fermentation of vegetables inbrine varies from 0.25 to 2 per cent.The maximum is reached at or soonafter the close of the active stage offermentation. After this the acidityusually decreases slowly. The stage ofactive fermentation continues for fromone to three weeks, depending upon thetemperature, strength of brine, etc.During this period gas is formed andfroth appears on the surface, owing to

the rising of gas bubbles. At the closeof this period the brine becomes "still."

The quantity of acid formeddepends primarily upon the sugarcontent of the vegetables fermented,but it may be influenced by otherfactors.

Dipping a piece of blue litmuspaper (obtainable at drug stores) in thebrine will show whether the brine isacid. If the paper turns pinkish or red,the brine is acid, but the litmus paperdoes not give a definite indication ofthe degree of acidity.

For those who want to knowaccurately what the degree of acidity is

the following method is outlined:

With a pipette transfer exactly 5cubic centimeters of the brine to asmall evaporating dish. To this add 45cubic centimeters of distilled water and1 cubic centimeter of a 0.5 per centsolution of phenolphthalein in 50 percent alcohol. Then run in slowly a one-twentieth normal sodium hydratesolution. This is best done by using a25 cubic centimeter burette, graduatedin tenths. As the sodium hydrate isbeing added stir constantly, and notecarefully when the entire liquid showsa faint pink tint. This indicates that theneutral point has been reached. Readoff carefully the exact quantity ofsodium hydrate required to neutralize

the mixture in the dish. This numbermultiplied by 0.09 gives the number ofgrams of acid per 100 cubiccentimeters, calculated as lactic,present in the brine.

This method can be used todetermine the acid strength of vinegars.Multiply by 0.06 to ascertain thenumber of grams of acetic acid per 100cubic centimeters present in thevinegar.

The apparatus and chemicalsneeded for this test can be obtainedfrom any firm dealing in chemicalapparatus and supplies.

ORGANIZATION OF THEUNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURE

Secretary ofAgriculture HENRY C. WALLACE.

AssistantSecretary HOWARD M. GORE.

Director ofScientific WORK E. D. BALL.

Director ofRegulatory Work WALTER G. CAMPBELL.

Director ofExtension Work C. W. WARBURTON.

Solicitor R. W. WILLIAMS.

Weather Bureau CHARLES F. MARVIN,Chief.Bureau ofAgriculturalEconomics

HENRY C. TAYLOR,Chief.

Bureau of AnimalIndustry

JOHN R. MOHLER,Chief.

Bureau of PlantIndustry

WILLIAM A. TAYLOR,Chief.

Forest Service W. B. GREELEY. Chief.Bureau ofChemistry C. A. BROWNE, Chief.

Bureau of Soils MILTON WHITNEY.Chief.Bureau ofEntomology L. O. HOWARD, Chief.

Bureau ofBiological Surrey

E. W. NELSON, Chief.

Bureau of PublicRoads

THOMAS H.MACDONALD, Chief.

Bureau of HomeEconomics

LOUISE STANLEY.Chief.

Bureau ofDairying C. W. LARSON, Chief.

Office ofExperimentStations

E. W. ALLEN. Chief.

Fixed NitrogenResearchLaboratory

F. G. COTTRELL,Director.

Publications L. J. HAYNES, InCharge.

LibraryCLARIBEL R. BARNETT.Librarian.

FederalHorticulturalBoard

C. L. MARLATT,Chairman.

Insecticide andFungicide Board

J. K. HAYWOOD.Chairman.

Packers andStockyardsAdministration }

CHESTER MORRILL,Assistant to theSecretary.Grain Futures

Administration

This bulletin is a contribution fromBureau of Chemistry C. A. BROWNE,

Chief. Microbiological Laboratory

CHARLES THOU, Mycologist in Charge.

ADDITIONAL COPIESOF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE

PROCURED FROMTHE SUPERINTENDENT OF

DOCUMENTSGOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.AT

5 CENTS PER COPY▽

Transcriber NotesFigure 1 was moved so that

it would not split a paragraph.

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook ofUSDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1438:Making Fermented Pickles, by Edwin

LeFevre

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