The Project Gutenberg EBook of Garden

and Forest Weekly, Volume 1 No. 1,

February 29, 1888, by Various

This eBook is for the use of anyone

anywhere at no cost and with

almost no restrictions whatsoever. You

may copy it, give it away or

re-use it under the terms of the Project

Gutenberg License included

with this eBook or online at

www.gutenberg.org

Title: Garden and Forest Weekly, Volume

1 No. 1, February 29, 1888

Author: Various

Editor: C. S. Sargent

Release Date: April 26, 2010 [EBook

#32141]

Language: English

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG

EBOOK GARDEN AND FOREST WEEKLY ***

Produced by Bryan Ness, Lesley Halamek

and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at

http://www.pgdp.net (This

file was produced from images generously

made available

by the Library of Congress)

IMPORTANT NEWBOOKS.

I.

By WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS.

A PRIL HOPES. A Novel. ByWILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS.12mo, Cloth, $1 50.

Mr. Howells never wrote a more bewitching book.It is useless to deny the rarity and worth of the skillthat can report so perfectly and with such exquisitehumor the manifold emotions of the modernmaiden and her lover.—Philadelphia Press.

M ODERN ITALIAN POETS.Essays and Versions. By WILLIAM DEAN

HOWELLS.Author of “April Hopes,” &c. With Portraits. 12mo,Half Cloth, Uncut Edges and Gilt Tops, $2 00.

A portfolio of delightsome studies.... No acute andpenetrating critic surpasses Mr. Howells in trueinsight, in polished irony, in effective and yet

graceful treatment of his theme, in that light andindescribable touch that fixes your eye on the trueheart and soul of the theme.—Critic, N. Y.

II.

CONCLUSION OF KINGLAKE’SCRIMEAN WAR.

K INGLAKE’S CRIMEAN WAR.The Invasion of the Crimea:its Origin, and an account of its Progress down tothe Death of Lord Raglan. By ALEXANDERWILLIAM KINGLAKE. With Maps and Plans. FiveVolumes now ready. 12mo, Cloth, $2 00 per vol.

Vol. V. From the Morrow of Inkerman to the Fallof Canrobert; just published.—Vol. VI. From theRise of Pelissier to the Death of Lord Raglan—completing the work—nearly ready.

The charm of Mr. Kinglake’s style, the wonderfulbeauty of his pictures, the subtle irony of hisreflections, have made him so long a favorite andcompanion, that it is with unfeigned regret we readthe word “farewell” with which these volumesclose.—Pall Mall Gazette, London.

III.

T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE’SAUTOBIOGRAPHY.

W HAT I REMEMBER. By T.

ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE.With Portrait. 12mo, Cloth, $1 75.

The most delightful pot-pourri that we could desireof the time just anterior to our own.... Mr. Trollopepreserves for us delightful, racy stories of his youthand the youth of his century, and gives us glimpses

of loved or worshipped faces banished before ourtime. Hence the success of these writtenremembrances.—Academy, London.

IV.

BY THE AUTHOR OF “SELF-HELP.”

L IFE AND LABOR; or,Characteristics of Men of Industry,Culture, and Genius. By SAMUEL SMILES, LL.D.,Author of “Self-Help,” &c. 12mo, Cloth, $1 00.

Commends itself to the entire confidence ofreaders. Dr. Smiles writes nothing that is not fresh,strong, and magnetically bracing. He is one of themost helpful authors of the Victorian era.... This isjust the book for young men.—N. Y. Journal ofCommerce.

V.

THOMAS W. HIGGINSON’S NEW BOOK.

W OMEN AND MEN. By THOMAS

W. HIGGINSON,Author of “A Larger History of the United States,”&c. 16mo, Cloth, $1 00.

These essays are replete with common-sense ideas,expressed in well-chosen language, and reflect onevery page the humor, wit, wisdom of the author. —N. Y. Sun.

VI.

Plain, sensible, sturdy advice.—ChicagoNews.

B IG WAGES, AND HOW TOEARN THEM. By A FOREMAN.16mo, Cloth, 75 cents.

The views of an intelligent observer upon some ofthe foremost social topics of the day. The style issimple, the logic cogent, and the tone moderateand sensible.—N. Y. Commercial Advertiser.

VII.

The standard authority upon theInquisition.—Philadelphia Ledger.

H ISTORY OF THEINQUISITION OF THE MIDDLEAGES.B y HENRY CHARLES LEA. To be completed in

THREE VOLUMES. 8vo, Cloth, Uncut Edges and GiltTops, $3 00 per volume. Vols. I. and II. now ready.Vol. III. nearly ready.

Characterized by the same astounding reach ofhistorical scholarship as made Mr. Lea’s“Sacerdotal Celibacy” the wonder of Europeanscholars. But it seems even to surpass his formerworks in judicial repose and in the mastery ofmaterials.... Of Mr. Lea’s predecessors no one is solike him as Gibbon.—Sunday-School Times,Philadelphia.

VIII.

THE NAVIES OF THE UNITED STATESAND OF EUROPE.

M ODERN SHIPS OF WAR. BySIR EDWARD J. REED, M.P.,

late Chief Constructor of the British Navy, andEDWARD SIMPSON, Rear-Admiral U.S.N., latePresident of the U.S. Naval Advisory Board. WithSupplementary Chapters and Notes by J. D.JERROLD KELLEY, Lieutenant U.S.N. Illustrated.Square 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $2 50.

This is the most valuable contribution yet made tothe popular literature of modern navies.... Thewhole country is indebted to the authors and to thepublishers for a book on men-of-war that both inmatter and make-up is without an equal.—N. Y.Herald.

IX.

Full, from beginning to end, with goodstories.—Saturday Review, London.

M Y AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND

REMINISCENCES.By W. P. FRITH, R.A. Portrait. 12mo, Cloth, $1 50.

The whole round of English autobiography doesnot comprise a work more full of character, morerich in anecdote, or more fruitful in entertainmentfor the general reader. A delightful volume. —London Daily News.

X.

NEGRO TROOPS IN THE REBELLION.

H ISTORY OF THE NEGROTROOPS IN THE WAR OF THEREBELLION. 1861-1865.B y G. W. WILLIAMS, LL.D. Portrait. 8vo, Cloth,Ornamental, $1 75.

Mr. Williams has written an excellent book. He was

one of the gallant men whose patriotic deeds hecommemorates, and he has made a careful study ofall the best accessible records of theirachievements. His people may well be proud of theshowing.—N. Y. Tribune.

XI.

$500 A YEAR FOR A FAMILY.

F AMILY LIVING ON $500 AYEAR. A Daily ReferenceBook for Young and Inexperienced Housewives.By JULIET CORSON. 16mo, Cloth, Extra, $1 25.

Miss Corson has rendered a valuable service bythis book, in which she shows conclusively how forfive hundred dollars a plentiful, appetizing andvaried diet can be furnished throughout the year toa family.—N. Y. Sun.

XII.

SOME RECENT FICTION.

C APTAIN MACDONALD’SDAUGHTER. By ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL.16mo, Cloth, $1 00.

N ARKA, THE NIHILIST. ByKATHLEEN O’MEARA.16mo, Cloth, Extra, $1 00.

M R. ABSALOM BILLINGSLEA,AND OTHER GEORGIAN FOLK.

B y R. M. JOHNSTON. Illustrated. 16mo, Cloth,Extra, $1 25.

A MAGNIFICENT PLEBEIAN.By JULIA MAGRUDER.16mo, Cloth, Extra, $1 00.

A PRINCE OF THE BLOOD. ByJAMES PAYN.16mo, Cloth, 75 cents.

The above works are for sale by all booksellers, orwill be sent by HARPER & BROTHERS, postpaid, toany part of the United States and Canada onreceipt of price. Catalogue sent on receipt of TenCents in postage stamps.

Published by HARPER& BROTHERS, New

York.

GARDEN ANDFOREST:

An Illustrated WeeklyJournal of Horticulture,

Landscape Art andForestry.

GARDEN AND FOREST will bedevoted to Horticulture in all itsbranches, Garden Botany, Dendrologyand Landscape Gardening, and willdiscuss Plant Diseases and Insectsinjurious to vegetation.

Professor C. S. SARGENT, of Harvard

College, will have general editorialcontrol of GARDEN AND FOREST.

Professor WM. G. FARLOW, of HarvardCollege, will have editorial charge ofthe Department of Cryptogamic Botanyand Plant Diseases.

Professor A. S. PACKARD, of BrownUniversity, will have editorial chargeof the Department of Entomology.

Mr. WM. A. STILES will be the ManagingEditor.

GARDEN AND FOREST will recordall noteworthy discoveries and allprogress in science and practice withinits field at home and abroad. It will

place scientific information clearly andsimply before the public, and makeavailable for the instruction of allpersons interested in garden plants theconclusions reached by the mosttrustworthy investigators.Arrangements have been made tofigure and describe new and little-known plants (especially NorthAmerican) of horticultural promise. Adepartment will be devoted to thehistory and description of ornamentaltrees and shrubs. New florists’ flowers,fruits and vegetables will be madeknown, and experienced gardeners willdescribe practical methods ofcultivation.

GARDEN AND FOREST will reportthe proceedings of the principalHorticultural Societies of the UnitedStates and the condition of thehorticultural trade in the chiefcommercial centres of the country.

GARDEN AND FOREST, in view ofthe growing taste for rural life, and ofthe multiplication of countryresidences in all parts of the UnitedStates, especially in the vicinity of thecities and of the larger towns, willmake a special feature of discussingthe planning and planting of privategardens and grounds, small and large,and will endeavor to assist all whodesire to make their home surroundings

attractive and artistic. It will be amedium of instruction for all personsinterested in preserving and developingthe beauty of natural scenery. It willco-operate with Village ImprovementSocieties and every other organizedeffort to secure the proper ordering andmaintenance of parks and squares,cemeteries, railroad stations, schoolgrounds and roadsides. It will treat ofLandscape Gardening in all its phases;reviewing its history and discussing itsconnection with architecture.

GARDEN AND FOREST will givespecial attention to scientific andpractical Forestry in their variousdepartments, including Forest

Conservation and economic TreePlanting, and to all the importantquestions which grow out of theintimate relation of the forests of thecountry to its climate, soil, watersupply and material development.

Original information on all thesesubjects will be furnished by numerousAmerican and foreign correspondents.

Among those who have promisedcontributions to GARDEN ANDFOREST are:M r . SERENO WATSON, Curator of theHerbarium, Harvard College.Prof. GEO. L. GOODALE, Harvard College. “ WOLCOTT GIBBS, “

“ WM. H. BREWER, Yale College. “ D. G. EATON, “ “ WM. J. BEAL, Agricultural College ofMichigan. “ L. H. BAILEY, Jr., “ “ “ “ J. L. BUDD, Agricultural College of Iowa. “ B. D. HALSTED, “ “ “ “ E. W. HILGARD, University of California. “ J. T. ROTHROCK, University ofPennsylvania. “ CHAS. E. BESSEY, University of Nebraska. “ WM. TRELEASE, Shaw School of Botany,St. Louis. “ T. J. BURRILL, University of Illinois. “ W. W. BAILEY, Brown University. “ E. A. POPENOE, Agricultural College,Kansas. “ RAPHAEL PUMPELLY. United States

Geological Survey. “ JAMES H. GARDINER, Director New YorkState Survey. “ WM. R. LAZENBY, Director of the OhioAgricultural Experiment Station. “ W. W. TRACY, Detroit, Mich. “ C. V. RILEY, Washington, D. C.Mr. DONALD G. MITCHELL, New Haven, Conn. “ FRANK J. SCOTT, Toledo, O.Hon. ADOLPHE LEUÉ, Secretary of the OhioForestry Bureau. “ B. G. NORTHROP, Clinton, Conn.Mr. G. W. HOTCHKISS, Secretary of the LumberManufacturers’ Association.Dr. C. L. ANDERSON, Santa Cruz, Cal.M r . FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED, Brookline,Mass. “ FRANCIS PARKMAN, Boston.Dr. C. C. PARRY, San Francisco.

Mr. PROSPER J. BERCKMANS, President of theAmerican Pomological Society. “ CHARLES A. DANA, New York. “ BURNET LANDRETH, Philadelphia. “ ROBERT RIDGEWAY, Washington, D. C. “ CALVERT VAUX, New York. “ J. B. HARRISON, Franklin Falls, N. H.D r . HENRY P. WALCOTT, President of theMassachusetts Horticultural Society.Mr. C. G. PRINGLE, Charlotte, Vt. “ ROBERT DOUGLAS, Waukegan, Ill. “ H. W. S. CLEVELAND, Minneapolis, Minn. “ CHAS. W. GARFIELD, Secretary of theAmerican Pomological Society. “ C. R. ORCUTT, San Diego, Cal. “ B. E. FERNOW, Chief of the ForestryDivision, Washington, D. C. “ JOHN BIRKENBINE, Secretary of thePennsylvania Forestry Association.

“ JOSIAH HOOPES, West Chester, Pa. “ PETER HENDERSON, New York. “ WM. FALCONER, Glen Cove, N. Y. “ JACKSON DAWSON, Jamaica Plain, Mass. “ WM. H. HALL, State Engineer,Sacramento, Cal. “ C. C. CROZIER, Department ofAgriculture, Washington, D. C.The Rev. E. P. ROE, Cornwall, N. Y.Dr. C. C. ABBOTT, Trenton, N. J.Mrs. SCHUYLER VAN RENSSELAER, New York. “ MARY TREAT, Vineland, N. J.Dr. KARL MOHR, Mobile, Ala.Hon. J. B. WALKER, Forest Commissioner ofNew Hampshire.Mr. WM. HAMILTON GIBSON, Brooklyn, N. Y. “ EDGAR T. ENSIGN, Forest Commissionerof Colorado. “ E. S. CARMAN, Editor of the Rural New

Yorker. “ WM. M. CANBY. Wilmington, Del. “ JOHN ROBINSON, Salem, Mass. “ J. D. LYMAN, Exeter, N. H. “ SAMUEL PARSONS, Jr., Superintendent ofCentral Park, N. Y. “ WM. MCMILLAN, Superintendent ofParks, Buffalo. N. Y. “ SYLVESTER BAXTER, Boston. “ CHARLES ELIOT, Boston. “ JOHN THORPE, Secretary of the New YorkHorticultural Society. “ EDWIN LONSDALE, Secretary of thePhiladelphia Horticultural Society. “ ROBERT CRAIG, President of thePhiladelphia Florists’ Club. “ SAMUEL B. PARSONS, Flushing, N. Y. “ GEORGE ELLWANGER, Rochester. “ P. H. BARRY, Rochester.

“ W. J. STEWART, Boston, Mass. “ W. A. MANDA, Botanic Gardens,Cambridge, Mass. “ DAVID ALLAN, Mount Vernon, Mass. “ WM. ROBINSON, North Easton, Mass. “ A. H. FEWKES, Newton Highlands, Mass. “ F. GOLDRING, Kenwood, N. Y. “ C. M. ATKINSON, Brookline, Mass.

D r . MAXWELL T. MASTERS, Editor of theGardener’s Chronicle.M r . GEO. NICHOLSON, Curator of the RoyalGardens, Kew.“ W. B. HEMSLEY, Herbarium, Royal Gardens,Kew.“ WM. GOLDRING, London.Mr. MAX LEICHTLIN, Baden Baden.M . EDOUARD ANDRÉ, Editor of the Revue

Horticole, Paris, France.D r . G. M. DAWSON, Geological Survey ofCanada.Prof. JOHN MACOUN, “ “ “M. CHARLES NAUDIN, Director of the Gardensof The Villa Thuret, Antibes.Dr. CHAS. BOLLE, Berlin.M. J. ALLARD, Angers, Maine & Loire, France.Dr. H. MAYE, University of Tokio, Japan.P r o f . D. P. PENHALLOW, Director of theBotanical Gardens, Montreal.M r . WM. SAUNDERS, Director of theAgricultural Experiment Station, Ontario.“ WM. LITTLE, Montreal.

Single numbers, 10 cents. Subscriptionprice, Four Dollars a year, in advance.

THE GARDEN AND FOREST

PUBLISHING CO., Limited,

D. A. MUNRO, Manager. TRIBUNE

BUILDING, NEW YORK

GARDEN ANDFOREST.

PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY

THE GARDEN AND FOREST

PUBLISHING CO.[LIMITED.]

OFFICE: TRIBUNE BUILDING, NEW YORK.

Conducted by Professor C. S. SARGENT.

ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTERAT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK,

N. Y.

NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY,FEBRUARY 29, 1888.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.EDITORIAL ARTICLES:—

Asa Gray. TheGardener’sMonthly.The White Pinein Europe

1

The Forests ofthe WhiteMountain

FrancisParkman. 2

LandscapeGardening.—ADefinition

Mrs. Schuyler VanRensselaer. 2

Floriculture inthe United States

PeterHenderson. 2

How to Make aLawn

Professor W. J.Beal. 3

Letter fromLondon

W.Goldring. 4

A New Departure A. H.

inChrysanthemums

Fewkes. 5

New Plants fromAfghanistan

MaxLeichtlin. 6

Iris Tenuis, withfigure

SerenoWatson. 6

Hardy Shrubs forForcing

Wm.Falconer. 6

Plant NotesC. C. Pringle;Professor W.

Trelease. 7 Wire Netting forTree Guards

A. A.Crozier. 7

Artificial Water,with Illustration 8

Some New Roses EdwinLonsdale. 8

Two Ferns andTheir Treatment

F.Goldring. 9

Timely Hints John

about Bulbs Thorpe. 9 ENTOMOLOGY:

ArsenicalPoisons in theOrchard

Professor A. S.Packard. 9

THE FOREST: The White Pinein Europe

Professor H.Mayr. 10

European Larchin Massachusetts 11

Thinning PinePlantations

B. E.Fernow. 11

BOOK REVIEWS: Gray’s Elementsof Botany

Professor G. L.Goodale. 11

Kansas ForestTrees

Professor G. L.Goodale. 12

PUBLIC WORKS:—TheFalls of

Minnehaha—APark forWilmington

12

FLOWER MARKETS:—NewYork—Philadelphia—Boston

12

Asa Gray.

T HE whole civilized world ismourning the death of Asa Gray with adepth of feeling and appreciationperhaps never accorded before to a

scholar and man of science.

To the editors of this Journal the loss atthe very outset of their labors is seriousindeed. They lose a wise andsympathetic adviser of greatexperience and mature judgment towhom they could always have turnedwith entire freedom and in perfectconfidence; and they lose a contributorwhose vast stores of knowledge andgraceful pen might, it was reasonableto hope, have long enriched theircolumns.

The career of Asa Gray is interestingfrom many points of view. It is thestory of the life of a man born in

humble circumstances, without theadvantages of early education, withoutinherited genius—for there is no tracein his yeoman ancestry of any germ ofintellectual greatness—who succeededin gaining through native intelligence,industry and force of character, aposition in the very front rank of thescientific men of his age. Among thenaturalists who, since Linnæus, havedevoted their lives to the descriptionand classification of plants, four or fivestand out prominently in the characterand importance of their work. In thislittle group Asa Gray has fairly won forhimself a lasting position. But he wassomething more than a meresystematist. He showed himself

capable of drawing broad philosophicalconclusions from the dry facts hecollected and elaborated with suchuntiring industry and zeal. This powerof comprehensive generalization heshowed in his paper upon the“Characters of Certain New Species ofPlants Collected in Japan” by CharlesWright, published nearly thirty yearsago. Here he first pointed out theextraordinary similarity between theFloras of Eastern North America andJapan, and then explained the peculiardistribution of plants through thenorthern hemisphere by tracing theirdirect descent through geological erasfrom ancestors which flourished in thearctic regions down to the latest

tertiary period. This paper wasProfessor Gray’s most remarkable andinteresting contribution to science. It atonce raised him to high rank amongphilosophical naturalists and drew theattention of the whole scientific worldto the Cambridge botanist.

Asa Gray did not devote himself toabstract science alone; he wrote assuccessfully for the student as for theprofessional naturalist. His long list ofeducational works have no equals inaccuracy and in beauty andcompactness of expression. They havehad a remarkable influence upon thestudy of botany in this country duringthe half century which has elapsed

since the first of the series appeared.

Botany, moreover, did not satisfy thatwonderful intellect, which hard workonly stimulated but did not weary, andone of Asa Gray’s chief claims todistinction is the prominent andcommanding position he took in thegreat intellectual and scientificstruggle of modern times, in which,almost alone and single handed he borein America the brunt of the disbelief inthe Darwinian theory shared by most ofthe leading naturalists of the time.

But the crowning labor of Asa Gray’slife was the preparation of a descriptivework upon the plants of North

America. This great undertakingoccupied his attention and much of histime during the last forty years of hislife. Less fortunate than his greatestbotanical contemporary, GeorgeBentham, who turned from the lastpage of corrected proof of his workupon the genera of plants to the bedfrom which he was never to rise again,Asa Gray’s great work is leftunfinished. The two volumes of the“Synoptical Flora of North America”will keep his memory green, however,as long as the human race is interestedin the study of plants.

But his botanical writings and hisscientific fame are not the most

valuable legacy which Asa Gray hasleft to the American people. Moreprecious to us is the example of his lifein this age of grasping materialism. Itis a life that teaches how industry andunselfish devotion to learning canattain to the highest distinction and themost enduring fame. Great as were hisintellectual gifts, Asa Gray wasgreatest in the simplicity of hischaracter and in the beauty of his pureand stainless life.

It is with genuine regret that we readthe announcement of the

discontinuance of the Gardener’sMonthly. It is like reading of the deathof an old friend. Ever since we havebeen interested in the cultivation offlowers we have looked to the Monthlyfor inspiration and advice, and itspages have rarely been turned withoutfinding the assistance we stood in needof. But, fortunately, the Gardener’sMonthly, and its modest andaccomplished editor, Mr. ThomasMeehan, were one and the same thing.It is Mr. Meehan’s long editorialexperience, high character, greatlearning and varied practicalknowledge, which made theGardener’s Monthly what it was.These, we are happy to know, are not to

be lost to us, as Mr. Meehan will, in asomewhat different field and with newassociates, continue to delight andinstruct the horticultural public.

Americans who visit Europe cannot failto remark that in the parks and pleasuregrounds of the Continent no coniferoustree is more graceful when young ormore dignified at maturity than ourWhite Pine. The notes of Dr. Mayr, ofthe Bavarian Forest Academy, inanother column, testify that it holds aposition of equal importance as a foresttree for economic planting. It thrivesfrom Northern Germany to Lombardy,corresponding with a range of climate

in this country from New England toNorthern Georgia. It needs brightsunshine, however, and perhaps it is forlack of this that so few good specimensare seen in England. It was among thefirst of our trees to be introduced there,but it has been universally pronouncedan indifferent grower.

The Forests of the WhiteMountains.

N EW Hampshire is not a peculiarlywealthy State, but it has some

resources scarcely equaled by those ofany of its sisters. The WhiteMountains, though worth little to thefarmer, are a piece of real estate whichyields a sure and abundant income byattracting tourists and their money; andthis revenue is certain to increase,unless blind mismanagementinterposes. The White Mountains are atpresent unique objects of attraction;but they may easily be spoiled, and theyearly tide of tourists will thus beturned towards other points of interestwhose owners have had more sense andforesight.

These mountains owe three-fourths oftheir charms to the primeval forest that

still covers them. Speculators havetheir eyes on it, and if they arepermitted to work their will the Statewill find a most productive piece ofproperty sadly fallen in value. If themountains are robbed of their foreststhey will become like some parts of thePyrenees, which, though much higher,are without interest, because they havebeen stripped bare.

The forests of the White Mountainshave a considerable commercial value,and this value need not be sacrificed.When lumber speculators getpossession of forests they generally cutdown all the trees and strip the land atonce, with an eye to immediate profit.

The more conservative, and, in the end,the more profitable management,consists in selecting and cutting out thevaluable timber when it has matured,leaving the younger growth for futureuse. This process is not very harmful tothe landscape. It is practicedextensively in Maine, where the art ofmanaging forests with a view to profitis better understood than elsewhere inthis country. A fair amount of goodtimber may thus be drawn from theWhite Mountains, without impairingtheir value as the permanent source ofa vastly greater income from theattraction they will offer to anincreasing influx of tourists. At thesame time the streams flowing from

them, and especially the Pemigewasset,a main source of the Merrimac, will besaved from the alternate droughts andfreshets to which all streams areexposed that take their rise inmountains denuded of forests. Thesubject is one of the last importance tothe mill owners along these rivers.

F. Parkman.

Landscape Gardening.—ADefinition.

S OME of the Fine Arts appeal to the

ear, others to the eye. The latter are theArts of Design, and they are usuallynamed as three—Architecture,Sculpture and Painting. A man whopractices one of these in any of itsbranches is an artist; other men whowork with forms and colors are at thebest but artisans. This is the popularbelief. But in fact there is a fourth artwhich has a right to be rated with theothers, which is as fine as the finest,and which demands as much of itsprofessors in the way of creative powerand executive skill as the mostdifficult. This is the art whose purposeit is to create beautiful compositionsupon the surface of the ground.

The mere statement of its purpose issufficient to establish its rank. It is theeffort to produce organic beauty—tocompose a beautiful whole with anumber of related parts—which makesa man an artist; neither the productionof a merely useful organism nor of asingle beautiful detail suffices. Aclearly told story or a single beautifulword is not a work of art—only a storytold in beautifully connected words. Asolidly and conveniently built house, ifit is nothing more, is not a work ofarchitecture, nor is an isolated stone,however lovely in shape and surface. Adelightful tint, a graceful line, does notmake a picture; and though the paintermay reproduce ugly models he must

put some kind of beauty into thereproduction if it is to be esteemedabove any other manufactured article—if not beauty of form, then beauty ofcolor or of meaning or at least ofexecution. Similarly, when a mandisposes the surface of the soil with aneye to crops alone he is anagriculturist; when he grows plants fortheir beauty as isolated objects he is ahorticulturist; but when he disposesground and plants together to produceorganic beauty of effect, he is an artistwith the best.

Yet though all the fine arts are thusakin in general purpose they differ eachfrom each in many ways. And in the

radical differences which exist betweenthe landscape-gardener’s and all theothers we find some reasons why itsaffinity with them is so commonlyignored. One difference is that it usesthe same materials as nature herself. Inwhat is called “natural” gardening ituses them to produce effects whichunder fortunate conditions naturemight produce without man’s aid.Then, the better the result, the lesslikely it is to be recognized as anartificial—artistic—result. The moreperfectly the artist attains his aim, themore likely we are to forget that he hasbeen at work. In “formal” gardening,on the other hand, nature’s materialsare disposed and treated in frankly

unnatural ways; and then—as a more orless intelligent love for natural beautyis very common to-day, and anintelligent eye for art is rare—theartist’s work is apt to be resented as animpertinence, denied its right to itsname, called a mere contorting anddisfiguring of his materials.

Again, the landscape-gardener’s artdiffers from all others in the unstablecharacter of its productions. Whensurfaces are modeled and plantsarranged, nature and the artist mustwork a long time together before thetrue result appears; and when once ithas revealed itself, day to day attentionwill be forever needed to preserve it

from the deforming effects of time. Itis easy to see how often neglect orinterference must work havoc with thebest intentions, how often the passageof years must travesty or destroy thebest results, how rare must be the casesin which a work of landscape art reallydoes justice to its creator.

Still another thing which affectspopular recognition of the art as such isour lack of clearly understood terms bywhich to speak of it and of those whopractice it. “Gardens” once meantpleasure-grounds of every kind and“gardener” then had an adequatelyartistic sound. But as the significanceof the one term has been gradually

specialized, so the other has graduallycome to denote a mere grower ofplants. “Landscape gardener” was atitle first used by the artists of theeighteenth century to mark the newtendency which they represented—thesearch for “natural” as opposed to“formal” beauty; and it seemed to themto need an apology as savoring,perhaps, of grandiloquence or conceit.But as taste declined in England it wasassumed by men who had not theslightest right, judged either by theiraims or by their results, to beconsidered artists; and to-day it isfallen into such disesteem that it isoften replaced by “landscapearchitect.” This title has French usage

to support it and is in many respects agood one. But its correlative—“landscape architecture”—isunsatisfactory; and so, on the otherhand, is “landscape artist,” though“landscape art” is an excellent genericterm. Perhaps the best we can do is tokeep to “landscape gardener,” and tryto remember that it ought always tomean an artist and an artist only.

M. G. van Rensselaer.

Floriculture in the UnitedStates.

A T the beginning of the presentcentury, it is not probable that therewere 100 florists in the United States,and their combined green-housestructures could not have exceeded50,000 square feet of glass. There arenow more than 10,000 floristsdistributed through every State andTerritory in the Union and estimating5,000 square feet of glass to each, thetotal area would be 50,000,000 feet, orabout 1,000 acres of green-houses. Thevalue of the bare structures, withheating apparatus, at 60 cents persquare foot would be $30,000,000,while the stock of plants grown in themwould not be less than twice that sum.

The present rate of growth in thebusiness is about 25% per annum,which proves that it is keeping wellabreast of our most flourishingindustries.

The business, too, is conducted by abetter class of men. No longer thanthirty years ago it was rare to find anyother than a foreigner engaged incommercial floriculture. These menhad usually been private gardeners,who were mostly uneducated, andwithout business habits. But to-day, themen of this calling compare favorablyin intelligence and business capacitywith any mercantile class.

Floriculture has attained suchimportance that it has taken its place asa regular branch of study in some ofour agricultural colleges. Of late years,too, scores of young men in all parts oft h e country have been apprenticingthemselves to the large establishmentsnear the cities, and already some ofthese have achieved a high standing;for the training so received by a ladfrom sixteen to twenty, better fits himfor the business here than ten years ofEuropean experience, because much ofwhat is learned there would proveworse than useless here. The English orGerman florist has here to contend withunfamiliar conditions of climate and amanner of doing business that is novel

to him. Again he has been trained tomore deliberate methods of working,and when I told the story a few yearsago of a workman who had potted10,000 cuttings in two inch pots in tenconsecutive hours, it was stigmatizedin nearly every horticultural magazinein Europe as a piece of Americanbragging. As a matter of fact this sameworkman two years later, potted 11,500plants in ten hours, and since thenseveral other workmen have pottedplants at the rate of a thousand per hourall day long.

Old world conservatism is slow toadopt improvements. The practice ofheating by low pressure steam will

save in labor, coal and constructionone-fifth of the expense by oldmethods, and nearly all the large green-house establishments in this country,whether private or commercial, havebeen for some years furnished with thebest apparatus. But when visitingLondon, Edinburgh and Paris in 1885, Ineither saw nor heard of a single casewhere steam had been used for green-house heating. The stress ofcompetition here has developedenterprise, encouraged invention anddriven us to rapid and prudent practice,so that while labor costs at least twiceas much as it does in Europe, our pricesboth at wholesale and retail, are lower.And yet I am not aware that American

florists complain that their profitscompare unfavorably with those oftheir brethren over the sea.

Commercial floriculture includes twodistinct branches, one for theproduction of flowers and the other forthe production of plants. During thepast twenty years the growth in theflower department of the business hasoutstripped the growth of the plantdepartment. The increase in the sale ofRosebuds in winter is especiallynoteworthy. At the present time it issafe to say that one-third of the entireglass structures in the United States areused for this purpose; many largegrowers having from two to three acres

in houses devoted to Roses alone, sucherections costing from $50,000 to$100,000 each, according to the style inwhich they are built.

More cut flowers are used fordecoration in the United States than inany other country, and it is probablethat there are more flowers sold in NewYork than in London with a populationfour times as great. In London andParis, however, nearly every door-yardand window of city and suburb showthe householder’s love for plants, whilewith us, particularly in the vicinity ofNew York (Philadelphia and Boston arebetter), the use of living plants forhome decoration is far less general.

There are fashions in flowers, and theycontinually change. Thirty years agothousands of Camellia flowers wereretailed in the holiday season for $1each, while Rosebuds would not bring adime. Now, many of the fancy Rosessell at $1 each, while Camellia flowersgo begging at ten cents. TheChrysanthemum is now rivaling theRose, as well it may, and no doubtevery decade will see the rise and fallof some floral favorite. But beneaththese flitting fancies is the substantialand unchanging love of flowers thatseems to be an original instinct in man,and one that grows in strength withgrowing refinement. Fashion may nowand again condemn one flower or

another, but the fashion of neglectingflowers altogether will never prevail,and we may safely look forward in theexpectation of an ever increasinginterest and demand, steadyimprovement in methods ofcultivation, and to new and attractivedevelopments in form, color andfragrance.

Peter Henderson.

How to Make a Lawn.

"A SMOOTH, closely shavensurface of grass is by far the most

essential element of beauty on thegrounds of a suburban home.” This isthe language of Mr. F. J. Scott, and it isequally true of other than suburbangrounds. A good lawn then is worthworking for, and if it have a substantialfoundation, it will endure forgenerations, and improve with age.

We take it for granted that the drainageis thorough, for no one would build adwelling on water soaked land. Nolabor should be spared in making thesoil deep, rich and fine in the fullimport of the words, as this is the stockfrom which future dividends of joy andsatisfaction are to be drawn. Beforegrading, one should read that chapter of

Downing’s on “The Beauty in Ground.”This will warn against terracing orleveling the whole surface, and insure acontour with “gentle curves andundulations,” which is essential to thebest effects.

If the novice has read much of theconflicting advice in books andcatalogues, he is probably in a state ofbewilderment as to the kind of seed tosow. And when that point is settled it isreally a difficult task to secure pureand living seeds of just such species asone orders. Rarely does either seller orbuyer know the grasses called for,especially the finer and rarer sorts; andmore rarely still does either know their

seeds. The only safe way is to have theseeds tested by an expert. Mr. J. B.Olcott, in a racy article in the “Reportof the Connecticut Board ofAgriculture for 1886,” says, “Fifteenyears ago nice people were oftensowing timothy, red top and clover fordoor-yards, and failing wretchedly withlawn-making, while seedsmen andgardeners even disputed the identity ofour June grass and Kentucky blue-grass.”

We have passed beyond that stage ofignorance, however; and to thequestion what shall we sow, Mr. Olcottreplies: “Rhode Island bent andKentucky blue-grass are their foolish

trade names, for they belong no moreto Kentucky or Rhode Island than toother Northern States. Two sorts of fineAgrostis are honestly sold under thetrade name of Rhode Island bent, and,as trade goes, we may considerourselves lucky if we get even thecoarser one. The finest—a little thefinest—Agrostis canina—is a ratherrare, valuable, and elegant grass, whichshould be much better known by grassfarmers, as well as gardeners, than it is.These are both good lawn as well aspasture grasses.” The grass usually soldas Rhode Island bent is Agrostisvulgaris, the smaller red top of the Eastand of Europe. This makes an excellentl awn. Agrostis canina has a short,

slender, projecting awn from one of theglumes; Agrostis vulgaris lacks thisprojecting awn. In neither case have wein mind what Michigan and New Yorkpeople call red top. This is a tall,coarse native grass often quiteabundant on low lands, botanicallyAgrostis alba.

Sow small red top or Rhode Islandbent, and June grass (Kentucky bluegrass, if you prefer that name), Poapratensis. If in the chaff, sow in anyproportion you fancy, and in anyquantity up to four bushels per acre. Ifevenly sown, less will answer, but thethicker it is sown the sooner the groundwill be covered with fine green grass.

We can add nothing else that willimprove this mixture, and either aloneis about as good as both. A little whiteclover or sweet vernal grass or sheep’sfescue may be added, if you fancythem, but they will not improve theappearance of the lawn. Roll theground after seeding. Sow the seeds inSeptember or in March or April, andunder no circumstance yield to theadvice to sow a little oats or rye to“protect the young grass.” Instead ofprotecting, they will rob the slendergrasses of what they most need.

Now wait a little. Do not bediscouraged if some ugly weeds get thestart of the numerous green hairs which

slowly follow. As soon as there is anything to be cut, of weeds or grass, mowclosely, and mow often, so that nothingneed be raked from the ground. AsOlcott puts it, “Leave one crop where itbelongs for home consumption. Therains will wash the soluble substance ofthe wilted grass into the earth to feedthe growing roots.” During succeedingsummers as the years roll on, the lawnshould be perpetually enriched by theleaching of the short leaves as they areoften mown. Neither leave a very shortgrowth nor a very heavy growth forwinter. Experience alone must guidethe owner. If cut too closely, some of itmay be killed or start too late in spring;if left too high during winter, the dead

long grass will be hard to cut in springand leave the stubble unsightly. Afterpassing through one winter the annualweeds will have perished and leave thegrass to take the lead. Perennial weedsshould be faithfully dug out ordestroyed in some way.

Every year, add a top dressing of somecommercial fertilizer or a little finelypulverized compost which may bebrushed in. No one will disfigure hisfront yard with coarse manure spreadon the lawn for five months of the year.

If well made, a lawn will be a perpetualdelight as long as the proprietor lives,but if the soil is thin and poor, or if the

coarser grasses and clovers are sowninstead of those named, he will bemuch perplexed, and will very likelytry some expensive experiments, and atlast plow up, properly fit the land andbegin over again. This will make thecost and annoyance much greater thanat first, because the trees and shrubshave already filled many portions ofthe soil. A small piece, well made andwell kept, will give more satisfactionthan a larger plot of inferior turf.

W. J. Beal.

Horticultural Exhibitions inLondon.

At a late meeting of the floralcommittee of the Royal HorticulturalSociety at South Kensington amongmany novelties was a group of seedlingbulbous Calanthes from the garden ofSir Trevor Lawrence, who has devotedmuch attention to these plants and hasraised some interesting hybrids. Abouttwenty kinds were shown, ranging incolor from pure white to deep crimson.The only one selected for a first-classcertificate was C. sanguinaria, withflowers similar in size and shape tothose of C. Veitchii, but of an intenselydeep crimson. It is the finest yet raised,s u r p a s s i n g C. Sedeni, hithertounequaled for richness of color. Thepick of all these seedlings would be C.

sanguinaria, C. Veitchii splendens , C.lactea, C. nivea, and C. porphyrea. Theadjectives well describe the differenttints of each, and they will beuniversally popular when once theyfind their way into commerce.

Cypripedium Leeanum maculatum,also shown by Sir Trevor Lawrence, isa novelty of sterling merit. The originalC. Leeanum, which is a cross betweenC. Spicerianum and C. insigne Maulei,is very handsome, but this varietyeclipses it, the dorsal sepal of theflower being quite two and one-halfinches broad, almost entirely white,heavily and copiously spotted withpurple. It surpasses also C. Leeanum

superbum, which commands such highprices. I saw a small plant sold atauction lately for fifteen guineas andthe nursery price is much higher.

Lælia anceps Schrœderæ, is the latestaddition to the now very numerous listof varieties of the popular L. anceps.This new form, to which the committeewith one accord gave a first classcertificate, surpasses in my opinion allthe colored varieties, with the possibleexception of the true old Barkeri. Theflowers are of the average size andordinary form. The sepals are rosepink, the broad sepals very light,almost white in fact, while thelabellum is of the deepest and richest

velvety crimson imaginable. Thegolden tipped crest is a veritablebeauty spot, and the pale petals act likea foil to show off the splendor of thelip.

Two new Ferns of much promisereceived first class certificates. Onenamed Pteris Claphamensis is a chanceseedling and was found growing amonga lot of other sporelings in the gardenof a London amateur. As it partakes ofthe characters of both P. tremula and P.serrulata, old and well known ferns, itis supposed to be a natural crossbetween these. The new plant is oftufted growth, with a dense mass offronds about six inches long, elegantly

cut and gracefully recurved on all sidesof the pot. It is looked upon byspecialists as just the sort of plant thatwill take in the market. The othercertificated fern, Adiantum Reginæ, is agood deal like A. Victoriæ and issupposed to be a sport from it. But A.Reginæ, while it has broad pinnæ of arich emerald green like A. Victoriæ, hasfronds from nine to twelve inches long,giving it a lighter and more elegantappearance. I don’t know that theVictoria Maidenhair is grown inAmerica yet, but I am sure those whodo floral decorating will welcome it aswell as the newer A. Reginæ. A thirdMaidenhair of a similar character is A.rhodophyllum and these form a trio that

will become the standard kinds fordecorating. The young fronds of allthree are of a beautiful coppery redtint, the contrast of which with theemerald green of the mature fronds isquite charming. They are warm green-house ferns and of easy culture, and aresupposed to be hybrid forms of the oldA. scutum.

Nerine Mansellii, a new variety of theGuernsey Lily, was one of the loveliestflowers at the show. From the commonGuernsey Lily it differs only in color ofthe flowers. These have crimpled-edged petals of clear rose tints; and theumbel of flowers is fully six inchesacross, borne on a stalk eighteen inches

high. These Guernsey Lilies have ofrecent years come into prominence inEnglish gardens since so manybeautiful varieties have been raised,and as they flower from Septemberonward to Christmas they are found tobe indispensable for the green-house,and indoor decoration. The old N.Fothergillii major, with vivid scarlet-crimson flowers and crystalline cells inthe petals which sparkle in the sunlightlike myriads of tiny rubies, remains afavorite among amateurs. BaronSchroeder, who has the finestcollection in Europe, grows this oneonly in quantity. An entire house isfilled with them, and when hundreds ofspikes are in bloom at once, the display

is singularly brilliant.

A New Vegetable , a Japanese plantcalled Choro-Gi, belonging to the Sagefamily, was exhibited. Its botanicalname is Stachys tuberifera and it wasintroduced first to Europe by theVilmorins of Paris under the name ofCrosnes du Japon. The edible part ofthe plant is the tubers, which areproduced in abundance on the tips ofthe wiry fibrous roots. These are oneand a half inches long, pointed at bothends, and have prominent raised rings.When washed they are as white ascelery and when eaten raw tastesomewhat like Jerusalem artichokes,but when cooked are quite soft and

possess the distinct flavor of boiledchestnuts. A dish of these tubers whencooked look like a mass of largecaterpillars, but the Committeepronounced them excellent, and nodoubt this vegetable will now receiveattention from some of our enterprisingseedsmen and may become afashionable vegetable because new andunlike any common kind. The tuberswere shown now for the first time inthis country by Sir Henry Thompson,the eminent surgeon. The plant isherbaceous, dying down annuallyleaving the tubers, which multiply veryrapidly. They can be dug at any time ofthe year, which is an advantage. Theplant is perfectly hardy here and would

no doubt be so in the United States, asit remains underground in winter. [Afigure of this plant with the tubersappeared in the Gardener’s Chronicle ,January 7th, 1888.—ED.]

Phalænopsis F. L. Ames , a hybridmoth orchid, the result of intercrossingP. grandiflora of Lindley with P.intermedia Portei (itself a naturalhybrid between the little P. rosea andP. amabilis ), was shown at a laterexhibition. The new hybrid is verybeautiful. It has the same purplishgreen leaves as P. amabalis , but muchnarrower. The flower spikes areproduced in the same way as those ofP. grandiflora , and the flowers in form

and size resemble those of that species,but the coloring of the labellum ismore like that of its other parent. Thesepals and petals are pure white, thelatter being broadest at the lips. Thelabellum resembles that of P.intermedia, being three-lobed, thelateral lobes are erect, magenta purplein color and freckled. The middle ortriangular lobe is of the same color asthe lateral lobes, but pencilled withlongitudinal lines of crimson, flushedwith orange, and with the terminalcirrhi of a clear magenta. The columnis pink, and the crest is adorned withrosy speckles. The Floral Committeeunanimously awarded a first-classcertificate of merit to the plant.

A New Lælia named L. Gouldiana hashad an eventful history. Therepresentative of Messrs. Sander, of St.Albans, the great orchid importers,while traveling in America saw itblooming in New York, in thecollection of Messrs. Siebrecht &Wadley, and noting its distinctness andbeauty bought the stock of it. The sameweek another new Lælia flowered inEngland and was sent up to one of theLondon auction rooms for sale. As it soanswered the description of theAmerican novelty which Messrs.Sander had just secured it was boughtfor the St. Albans collection, and nowit turns out that the English novelty andthe American novelty are one and the

same thing, and a comparison of datesshows that they flowered on the sameday, although in different hemispheres.As, however, it was first discovered inthe United States, it is intended to callit an American orchid, and that is whyMr. Jay Gould has his name attached toit, In bulb and leaf the novelty closelyresembles L. albida, and in flower bothL. anceps and L. autumnalis. Theflowers are as large as those of anaverage form of L. anceps, the sepalsare rather narrow, the petals as broad asthose of L. anceps Dawsoni, and bothpetals and sepals are of a deep rosepink, intensified at the tips as if thecolor had collected there and wasdripping out. The tip is in form

between that of L. anceps and L.autumnalis and has the prominentridges of the latter, while the color is arich purple crimson. The black viscidpubescence, always seen on the ovaryof L. autumnalis, is present on that ofL. Gouldiana. The plants I saw in theorchid nursery at St. Albans lately,bore several spikes, some having threeor four flowers. Those who have seen itare puzzled about its origin, someconsidering it a hybrid between L.anceps and L. autumnalis, othersconsider it a distinct species and to thelatter opinion I am inclined. Whateverits origin may be, it is certain we havea charming addition to midwinterflowering orchids.

W. Goldring.

London, February 1st.

A New Departure inChrysanthemums.

Fig. 1.—Chrysanthemum—Mrs. Alpheus Hardy.

T HE Chrysanthemum of which the

figure gives a good representation isone of a collection of some thirtyvarieties lately sent from Japan to thelady for whom it has been named, Mrs.Alpheus Hardy of Boston, by a youngJapanese once a protégé of hers, butnow returned as a teacher to his nativecountry. As may be seen, it is quitedistinct from any variety known in thiscountry or Europe, and the Japanesebotanist Miyabe, who saw it atCambridge, pronounces it a radicaldeparture from any with which he isacquainted.

The photograph from which theengraving was made was taken just asthe petals had begun to fall back from

the centre, showing to good advantagethe peculiarities of the variety.

The flower is of pure white, with thefirm, long and broad petals stronglyincurved at the extremities. Upon theback or outer surface of this incurvedportion will be found, in the form ofquite prominent hairs, the peculiaritywhich makes this variety unique.

Fig. 2.—Hair from Petal of Chrysanthemum,much enlarged. a—resin drop. b—epidermis of

petal with wavy cells.

These hairs upon close examination arefound to be a glandular outgrowth ofthe epidermis of the petals, multi-cellular in structure and with a minutedrop of a yellow resinous substance atthe tip. The cells at first conform to thewavy character of those of theepidermis, but gradually becomeprismatic with straight walls, as shownin the engraving of one of the hairs,which was made from a drawingfurnished by Miss Grace Cooley, of theDepartment of Botany at WellesleyCollege, who made a microscopicinvestigation of them.

This is one of those surprises thatoccasionally make their appearancefrom Japan. Possibly it is a chanceseedling; but since one or two otherspecimens in the collection are strikingin form, and others are distinguishedfor depth and purity of color, it is moreprobable that the best of them havebeen developed by careful selection.

This Chrysanthemum was exhibited atthe Boston Chrysanthemum Show lastDecember by Edwin Fewkes & Son ofNewton Highlands, Mass.

A. H. Fewkes.

New Plants from

Afghanistan.

Arnebia cornuta.—This is a charmingnovelty, an annual, native ofAfghanistan. The little seedling withlancet-like hairy, dark green leaves,becomes presently a widely branchingplant two feet in diameter and one andone-half feet high. Each branch andbranchlet is terminated by alengthening raceme of flowers. Theseare in form somewhat like those of anautumnal Phlox, of a beautiful deepgolden yellow color, adorned andbrightened up by five velvety blackblotches. These blotches soon becomecoffee brown and lose more and moretheir color, until after three days they

have entirely disappeared. Duringseveral months the plant is very showy,the fading flowers being constantlyreplaced by fresh expanding ones.Sown in April in the open border, itneeds no care but to be thinned out andkept free from weeds. It must,however, have some soil which doesnot contain fresh manure.

Delphinium Zalil.—This, also, is anative of Afghanistan, but its character,whether a biennial or perennial, is notyet ascertained. The Afghans call itZalil and the plant or root is used fordyeing purposes. Some years ago weonly knew blue, white and purplelarkspurs, and then California added

two species with scarlet flowers. Theabove is of a beautiful sulphur yellow,and, all in all, it is a plant ofremarkable beauty. From a rosette ofmuch and deeply divided leaves, rises abranched flower stem to about twofeet; each branch and branchlet endingin a beautiful spike of flowers each ofabout an inch across and the wholespike showing all its flowers open atonce. It is likely to become a first ratestandard plant of our gardens. To haveit in flower the very first year it mustbe sown very early, say in January, inseed pans, and transplanted later, whenit will flower from the end of May untilthe end of July. Moreover, it can besown during spring and summer in the

open air to flower the following year. Itis quite hardy here.

Max Leichtlin.

Baden-Baden.

Iris tenuis.*

Fig. 3.—Iris tenuis.

T HIS pretty delicate species of Iris,Fig. 3, is a native of the CascadeMountains of Northern Oregon. Itslong branching rootstocks are scarcelymore than a line in thickness, sendingup sterile leafy shoots and slenderstems about a foot high. The leaves arethin and pale green, rather taller thanthe stems, sword-shaped and half aninch broad or more. The leaves of thestem are bract-like and distant, theupper one or two subtending slenderpeduncles. The spathes are short, verythin and scarious, and enclose the basesof their rather small solitary flowers,which are “white, lightly striped andblotched with yellow and purple.” The

sepals and petals are oblong-spatulate,from a short tube, the sepals spreading,the shorter petals erect and notched.

The peculiar habitat of this speciesdoubtless accounts in good measure forits slender habit and mode of growth.Mr. L. F. Henderson, of Portland,Oregon, who discovered it in 1881,near a branch of the Clackamas Rivercalled Eagle Creek, about thirty milesfrom Portland, reports it as growing inthe fir forests in broad mats, its verylong rootstocks running along near thesurface of the ground, just covered bymoss or partly decayed fir-needles,with a light addition of soil. This alsowould indicate the need of special care

and treatment in its cultivation. InMay, 1884, Mr. Henderson took greatpains to procure roots for the BotanicGarden at Cambridge, which werereceived in good order, but which didnot survive the next winter. If taken up,however, later in the season or veryearly in the spring, it is probable thatwith due attention to soil and shadethere would be little trouble incultivating it successfully. Theaccompanying figure is from a drawingby Mr. C. E. Faxon.

Sereno Watson.

* TENUIS. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. ,xvii, 380. Rootstock elongated, veryslender (a line thick); leaves thin,ensiform, about equaling the stems,

four to eight lines broad; stems scarcelya foot high, 2 or 3-flowered, with two orthree bract-like leaves two or threeinches long; lateral peduncles veryslender, as long as the bracts; spathesscarious, an inch long; pedicelssolitary, very short; flowers small,white marked with yellow and purple;tube two or three lines long; segmentsoblong-spatulate, the sepals spreading,one and one-half inches long, the petalsshorter and emarginate; anthers as longas the filaments; styles with narrowentire crests; capsule oblong-ovate,obtuse, nine lines long.]

Hardy Shrubs for Forcing.

S HRUBS for forcing should consistof early blooming kinds only. Theplants should be stocky, young andhealthy, well-budded and well-ripened,and in order to have first-class stockthey should be grown expressly forforcing. For cut flower purposes only,we can lift large plants of Lilacs,Snowballs, Deutzias, Mock orangesand the like with all the ball of rootswe can get to them and plant at once inforcing-houses. But this should not bedone before New Year’s. We shouldprepare for smaller plants some monthsahead of forcing time. say in thepreceding April or August, by liftingthem and planting in small pots, tubs or

boxes as can conveniently contain theirroots, and we should encourage them toroot well before winter sets in. Keepthem out of doors and plunged till afterthe leaves drop off; then either mulchthem where they are or bring them intoa pit, shed or cool cellar, where thereshall be no fear of their getting dry, orof having the roots fastened in by frost.Introduce them into the green-house insuccession; into a cool green-house atfirst for a few weeks, then as theybegin to start, into a warmer one. Fromthe time they are brought into thegreen-house till the flowers begin toopen give a sprinkling overhead twice aday with tepid water. When they havedone blooming, if worth keeping over

for another time, remove them to acool house and thus gradually hardenthem off, then plant them out in thegarden in May, and give them twoyears’ rest.

Shrubs to be forced for their cutflowers only should consist of suchkinds as have flowers that look welland keep well after being cut. Amongthese are Deutzia gracilis, commonLilacs of various colors, StaphylleaColchica, Spiræa Cantonensis(Reevesii) single and double, theGuelder Rose, the Japanese Snowballa n d Azalea mollis. To these may beadded some of the lovely double-flowering and Chinese apples, whose

snowy or crimson-tinted buds and leafytwigs are very pretty. The severaldouble-flowered forms of Prunustriloba are also desirable, but a healthystock is hard to get. Andromedafloribunda and A. Japonica set theirflower buds the previous summer forthe next year’s flowers, and are,therefore, like the Laurestinus, easilyforced into bloom after New Year’s.Hardy and half-hardy Rhododendronswith very little forcing may be had inbloom from March.

In addition to the above, forconservatory decoration we mayintroduce all manner of hardy shrubs.Double flowering peach and cherry

trees are easily forced and showy whilethey last. Clumps of Pyrus arbutifoliacan easily be had in bloom in March,when their abundance of deep greenleaves is an additional charm to theirprofusion of hawthorn-like flowers.The Chinese Xanthoceras is extremelycopious and showy, but of briefduration and ill-fitted for cutting.Bushes of yellow Broom and double-flowering golden Furze can easily behad after January. Jasminumnudiflorum may be had in bloom fromNovember till April, and Forsythiafrom January. They look well whentrained up to pillars. The early-flowering Clematises may be used tocapital advantage in the same way,

from February onward. Although theMahonias flower well, their foliage atblooming time is not always comely.Out-of-doors the American Red-budmakes a handsomer tree than does theJapanese one; but the latter ispreferable for green-house work, as theflowers are bright and the smallestplants bloom. The Chinese Wistariablooms as well in the green-house as itdoes outside; indeed, if we introducesome branches of an out-door plantinto the green-house, we can have it inbloom two months ahead of the balanceof the vine still left out-of-doors.Hereabout we grow Wistarias asstandards, and they bloommagnificently. What a sight a big

standard wistaria in the green-house inFebruary would be! Among othershrubs may be mentioned Shadbush,African Tamarix, Daphne of sorts andExochorda. We have also a good manybarely hardy plants that may bewintered well in a cellar or cold pit,and forced into bloom in early spring.Among these are Japanese Privet,Pittosporum, Raphiolepis, Hydrangeasand the like.

And for conservatory decoration wecan also use with excellent advantagesome of our fine-leaved shrubs, forinstance our lovely Japanese Maplesand variegated Box Elder.

Wm. Falconer.

Glen Cove, N. Y.

Plant Notes.

A Half-hardy Begonia.—Whenbotanizing last September upon theCordilleras of North Mexico some twohundred miles south of the UnitedStates Boundary, I found growing inblack mould of shaded ledges—even inthe thin humus of mossy rocks—at anelevation of 7,000 to 8,000 feet, a plantof striking beauty, which Mr. SerenoWatson identifies as Begonia gracilis,HBK., var. Martiana , A. DC. From asmall tuberous root it sends up to aheight of one to two feet a single

crimson-tinted stem, which terminatesin a long raceme of scarlet flowers,large for the genus and long enduring.The plant is still further embellished byclusters of Scarlet gemmæ in the axilsof its leaves. Mr. Watson writes: “Itwas in cultivation fifty years and moreago, but has probably been long agolost. It appears to be the most northernspecies of the genus, and should be themost hardy.” Certainly the earthfreezes and snows fall in the highregion, where it is at home.

Northern Limit of the Dahlia.—In thesame district, and at the sameelevation, I met with a purple floweredvariety of Dahlia coccinea, Cav. It was

growing in patches under oaks andpines in thin dry soil of summits ofhills. In such exposed situations theroots must be subjected to some frost,as much certainly as under a lightcovering of leaves in a northern garden.The Dahlia has not before beenreported, as I believe, from a latitudenearly so high.

C. G. Pringle.

Ceanothus is a North American genus,represented in the Eastern States byNew Jersey Tea, and Red Root (C.Americanus and C. ovalus), and in theWest and South-west by some thirtyadditional species. Several of thesePacific Coast species are quite

handsome and well worthy ofcultivation where they will thrive.Some of the more interesting of themare figured in different volumes of theBotanical Magazine, from plantsgrown at Kew, and I believe that thegenus is held in considerable repute byFrench gardeners.

In a collection of plants made inSouthern Oregon, last spring, by Mr.Thomas Howell, several specimens ofCeanothus occur which are prettyclearly hybrids between C. cuneatusand C. prostratus, two common speciesof the region. Some have the spreadinghabit of the latter, their flowers are ofthe bright blue color characteristic of

that species, and borne on slender bluepedicels, in an umbel-like cluster. Butwhile many of their leaves have theabrupt three-toothed apex of C.prostratus, all gradations can be foundfrom this form to the spatulate,toothless leaves of C. cuneatus. Otherspecimens have the more rigid habit ofthe latter species, and their flowers arewhite or nearly so, on shorter palepedicels, in usually smaller and denserclusters. On these plants the leaves arecommonly those of C. cuneatus, butthey pass into the truncated and toothedform proper to C. prostratus.

According to Focke(Pflanzenmischlinge, 1881, p. 99), the

French cross one or more of the blue-flowered Pacific Coast species on thehardier New Jersey Tea, a practice thatmay perhaps be worthy of trial byAmerican gardeners. Have any of thereaders of GARDEN AND FOREST ever metwith spontaneous hybrids?

W. Trelease.

Wire Netting for Tree Guards.—Onsome of the street trees of Washingtonheavy galvanized wire netting is usedto protect the bark from injury byhorses. It is the same material that isused for enclosing poultry yards. Itcomes in strips five or six feet wide,and may be cut to any length required

by the size of the tree. The edges areheld in place by bending together thecut ends of the wires, and the whole issustained by staples over the heavywires at the top and bottom. This guardappears to be an effective protectionand is less unsightly than any other ofwhich I know, in fact it can hardly bedistinguished at the distance of a fewrods. It is certainly an improvement onthe plan of white-washing the trunks,which has been extensively practicedhere since the old guards wereremoved.

A. A. Crozier.

Artificial Water.

O NE of the most difficult parts of alandscape gardener’s work is thetreatment of what our grandfatherscalled “pieces of water” in sceneswhere a purely natural effect is desired.The task is especially hard when thestream, pond or lake has beenartificially formed; for then Nature’sprocesses must be simulated not onlyin the planting but in the shaping of theshores. Our illustration partiallyreveals a successful effort of this sort—a pond on a country-seat nearBoston.

It was formed by excavating a piece of

swamp and damming a small streamwhich flowed through it. In thedistance towards the right the land lieslow by the water and gradually rises asit recedes. Opposite us it forms littlewooded promontories with grassystretches between. Where we stand it ishigher, and beyond the limits of thepicture to the left it forms a high, steepbank rising to the lawn, on the furtherside of which stands the house. Thebase of these elevated banks and thepromontories opposite are planted withthick masses of rhododendrons, whichflourish superbly in the moist, peatysoil, protected, as they are, from dryingwinds by the trees and high ground.Near the low meadow a long stretch of

shore is occupied by thickets of hardyazaleas. Beautiful at all seasons, thepond is most beautiful in June, whenthe rhododendrons are ablaze withcrimson and purple and white, andwhen the yellow of the azalea-beds—discreetly separated from therhododendrons by a great clump oflow-growing willows—finds delicatecontinuation in the buttercups whichfringe the daisied meadow. The liftedbanks then afford particularly fortunatepoints of view; for as we look downupon the rhododendrons, we see theopposite shore and the water with itsrich reflected colors as over the edge ofa splendid frame. No accent ofartificiality disturbs the eye despite the

unwonted profusion of bloom andvariety of color. All the plants aresuited to their place and in harmonywith each other; and all the contours ofthe shore are gently modulated andsoftly connected with the water byluxuriant growths of water plants. Thewitness of the eye alone wouldpersuade us that Nature unassisted hadachieved the whole result. But beautyof so suave and perfect a sort as this isnever a natural product. Nature’sbeauty is wilder if only because itincludes traces of mutation and decaywhich here are carefully effaced.Nature suggests the ideal beauty, andthe artist realizes it by faithfullyworking out her suggestions.

A Piece of Artificial Water.

Some New Roses.

T HE following list comprises mostof the newer Roses that have been ontrial to any extent in and aboutPhiladelphia during the present winter:

Puritan (H. T.) is one of Mr. HenryBennett’s seedlings, and perhapsexcites more interest than any other. Itis a cross between Mabel Morrison andDevoniensis, creamy white in color anda perpetual bloomer. Its flowers havenot opened satisfactorily this winter.The general opinion seems to be that itrequires more heat than is needed forother forcing varieties. Further trialwill be required to establish its merit.

Meteor (H. T., Bennett.)—Somecultivators will not agree with me inclassing this among hybrid Teas. In itsmanner of growth it resembles someTea Roses, but its coloring and scantyproduction of buds in winter areindications that there is HybridRemontant blood in it. It retains itscrimson color after being cut longerthan any Rose we have, and rarelyshows a tendency to become purplewith age, as other varieties of this colorare apt to do. For summer bloomingunder glass it will prove satisfactory.In winter its coloring is a rich velvetycrimson, but as the sun gets stronger itassumes a more lively shade.

Mrs. John Laing (H. R., Bennett,) is aseedling from Francois Michelon,which it somewhat resembles in habitof growth and color of flower. It is afree bloomer out-of-doors in summerand forces readily in winter. Blooms ofit have been offered for sale in thestores here since the first week inDecember. It is a soft shade of pink incolor, with a delicate lilac tint. Itpromises to become a general favorite,as in addition to the qualities referredto, it is a free autumnal bloomeroutside. For forcing it will be triedextensively next winter.

Princess Beatrice (T., Bennett,) wasdistributed for the first time in this

country last autumn, but has so farbeen a disappointment in this city. Butsome lots arrived from Europe too lateand misfortunes befell others, so thatthe trial can hardly be counteddecisive, and we should not hastilycondemn it. Some have admired it forits resemblance, in form of flower, to aMadame Cuisin, but its color is not justwhat we need. In shade it somewhatresembles Sunset, but is not soeffective. It may, however, improveunder cultivation, as some other Roseshave done; so far as I know it has notbeen tried out-of-doors.

Papa Gontier (H. B., Nabonnaud.)—This, though not properly a new rose, is

on trial for the first time in this city. Ithas become a great favorite withgrowers, retailers and purchasers. Inhabit it is robust and free blooming,and in coloring, though similar to BonSilene, is much deeper or darker. Thereseems to be a doubt in some quarters asto whether it blooms as freely as BonSilene; personally, I think there is notmuch difference between the two.Gontier is a good Rose for outdoorplanting.

Edwin Lonsdale.

Two Ferns and theirTreatment.

Adiantum Farleyense.—Thisbeautiful Maidenhair is supposed to bea subfertile, plumose form of A.tenerum, which much resembles it,especially in a young state. Fordecorative purposes it is almostunrivaled, whether used in pots or fortrimming baskets of flowers orbouquets. It prefers a warm, moisthouse and delights in abundant water.We find it does best when pottedfirmly in a compost of two parts loamto one of peat, and with a goodsprinkling of sifted coal ashes. In thiscompost it grows very strong, thefronds attaining a deeper green andlasting longer than when grown in peat.When the pots are filled with roots give

weak liquid manure occasionally. Thisfern is propagated by dividing the rootsand potting in small pots, which shouldbe placed in the warmest house, wherethey soon make fine plants. Where it isgrown expressly for cut fronds the bestplan is to plant it out on a bench inabout six inches of soil, taking care togive it plenty of water and heat, and itwill grow like a weed.

Actiniopteris radiata.—A charminglittle fern standing in a genus by itself.In form it resembles a miniature fanpalm, growing about six inches inheight. It is generally distributedthroughout the East Indies. Incultivation it is generally looked upon

as poor grower, but with us it grows asfreely as any fern we have. We grow alot to mix in with Orchids, as they donot crowd at all. We pot in a compostof equal parts loam and peat with a fewashes to keep it open, and grow in thewarmest house, giving at all timesabundance of water both at root andoverhead. It grows very freely fromspores, and will make good specimensin less than a year. It is an excellentFern for small baskets.

F. Goldring.

Timely Hints About Bulbs.

S PRING flowering bulbs in-doors,such as the Dutch Hyacinths, Tulipsand the many varieties of Narcissus,should now be coming rapidly intobloom. Some care is required to getwell developed specimens. When firstbrought in from cold frames orwherever they have been stored tomake roots, do not expose them eitherto direct sunlight or excessive heat.

A temperature of not more than fifty-five degrees at night is warm enoughfor the first ten days, and afterwards, ifthey show signs of vigorous growth andare required for any particularoccasion, they may be kept ten degreeswarmer. It is more important that they

be not exposed to too much light thanto too much heat.

Half the short stemmed Tulips, dumpyHyacinths and blind Narcissus we seein the green-houses and windows ofamateurs are the result of excessivelight when first brought into warmquarters. Where it is not possible toshade bulbs without interfering withother plants a simple and effective planis to make funnels of paper largeenough to stand inside each pot and sixinches high. These may be left on thepots night and day from the time theplants are brought in until the flowerspike has grown above the foliage;indeed, some of the very finest

Hyacinths cannot be had in perfectionwithout some such treatment. Bulbousplants should never suffer for waterwhen growing rapidly, yet on the otherhand, they are easily ruined if allowedto become sodden.

When in flower a rather dry and cooltemperature will preserve them thelongest.

Of bulbs which flower in the summerand fall, Gloxinias and tuberous rootedBegonias are great favorites and easilymanaged. For early summer a few ofeach should be started at once—usingsandy, friable soil. Six-inch pots, welldrained, are large enough for the very

largest bulbs, while for smaller eventhree-inch pots will answer. In a green-house there is no difficulty in findingjust the place to start them. It must besnug, rather shady and not too warm.They can be well cared for, however, ina hot-bed or even a window, but someexperience is necessary to make asuccess.

Lilies, in pots, whether L. candidum orL. longiflorum that are desired to be inflower by Easter, should now receiveevery attention—their condition shouldbe that the flower buds can be easilyfelt in the leaf heads. A temperature offifty-five to sixty-five at night shouldbe maintained, giving abundance of air

on bright sunny days to keep themstocky. Green fly is very troublesomeat this stage, and nothing is morecertain to destroy this pest than to dipthe plants in tobacco water which, to beeffective, should be the color of strongtea. Occasional waterings of weakliquid manure will be of considerablehelp if the pots are full of roots.

J. Thorpe.

Entomology.

Arsenical Poisons in the Orchard.

A S is well known, about fifty percent. of the possible apple crop in theWestern states is sacrificed each yearto the codling moth, except in sectionswhere orchardists combine to applybands of straw around the trunks. Butas is equally well known this is rather atroublesome remedy. At all events, inIllinois, Professor Forbes, in a bulletinlately issued from the office of theState Entomologist of Illinois, claimsthat the farmers of that state suffer anannual loss from the attacks of thissingle kind of insect of some two andthree-quarters millions of dollars.

As the results of two years’experiments in spraying the trees with

a solution of Paris green, only once ortwice in early spring, before the youngapples had drooped upon their stems,there was a saving of about seventy-five per cent. of the apples.

The Paris green mixture consisted ofthree-fourths of an ounce of the powderby weight, of a strength to contain 15.4per cent. of metallic arsenic, simplystirred up in two and a half gallons ofwater. The tree was thoroughly sprayedwith a hand force-pump, and with thedeflector spray and solid jet-hosenozzle, manufactured in Lowell, Mass.The fluid was thrown in a fine mist-like spray, applied until the leavesbegan to drip.

The trees were sprayed in May andearly in June while the apples were stillvery small. It seems to be of little useto employ this remedy later in theseason, when later broods of the mothappear, since the poison takes effectonly in case it reaches the surface ofthe apple between the lobes of thecalyx, and it can only reach this placewhen the apple is very small and standsupright on its stem, It should be addedthat spraying “after the apples havebegun to hang downward isunquestionably dangerous,” since evenheavy winds and violent rains are notsufficient to remove the poison fromthe fruit at this season.

At the New York Experimental stationlast year a certain number of trees weresprayed three times with Paris greenwith the result that sixty-nine per cent.of the apples were saved.

It also seems that last year about halfthe damage that might have been doneby the Plum weevil or curculio wasprevented by the use of Paris green,which should be sprayed on the treesboth early in the season, while the fruitis small, as well as later.

The cost of this Paris green application,when made on a large scale, withsuitable apparatus, only once or twice ayear, must, says Mr. Forbes, fall below

an average of ten cents a tree.

The use of solutions of Paris green orof London purple in water, applied byspraying machines such as wereinvented and described in the reports ofthe national Department of Agricultureby the U. S. Entomologist and hisassistants, have effected a revolution inremedies against orchard and forestinsects. We expect to see them, incareful hands, tried with equal successin shrubberies, lawns and flowergardens.

A. S. Packard.

The Forest.

The White Pine in Europe.

T HE White Pine was among thevery first American trees which cameto Europe, being planted in the year1705 by Lord Weymouth on hisgrounds in Chelsea. From that date, thetree has been cultivated in Europeunder the name of Weymouth Pine; insome mountain districts of northernBavaria, where it has become a realforest tree, it is called Strobe, after theLatin name Pinus strobus. Aftergeneral cultivation as an ornamentaltree in parks this Pine began to be usedin the forests on account of its

hardiness and rapid growth, and it isnow not only scattered through most ofthe forests of Europe, but covers inGermany alone an area of some 300acres in a dense, pure forest. Some ofthese are groves 120 years old, andthey yield a large proportion of theseed demanded by the increasingcultivation of the tree in Europe.

The White Pine has proved so valuableas a forest tree that it has partlyovercome the prejudices which everyforeign tree has to fight against. Thetree is perfectly hardy, is not injured bylong and severe freezing in winter, norby untimely frosts in spring or autumn,which sometimes do great harm to

native trees in Europe. On account ofthe softness of the leaves and the bark,it is much damaged by the nibbling ofdeer, but it heals quickly and throws upa new leader.

The young plant can endure beingpartly shaded by other trees far betterthan any other Pine tree, and evenseems to enjoy being closelysurrounded, a quality that makes itvaluable for filling up in young forestswhere the native trees, on account oftheir slow growth, could not be broughtup at all.

The White Pine is not so easily brokenby heavy snowfall as the Scotch Pine,

on account of the greater elasticity ofits wood. The great abundance of softneedles falling from it every yearbetter fits it for improving a worn-outsoil than any European Pine, thereforethe tree has been tried with success as anurse for the ground in forestplantations of Oak, when the latterbegin to be thinned out by nature, andgrass is growing underneath them.

And finally, all observations agree thatthe White Pine is a faster growing treethan any native Conifer in Europe,except, perhaps, the Larch. The exactfacts about that point, taken frominvestigations on good soil in variousparts of Germany, are as follows:

Years. Height.

The WhitePine at

20reaches

7.5meters.

“ 30 “ 12.5 “ “ 40 “ 18.5 “ “ 50 “ 22.5 “ “ 60 “ 26.5 “ “ 70 “ 28.5 “ “ 80 “ 30.0 “ “ 90 “ 32.0 “

For comparison I add here the average

growth on good soil, of the ScotchPine, one of the most valuable andwidely distributed timber trees ofEurope.

Years. Height.

TheScotchPine at

20reaches

7.3meters.

“ 30 “ 11.6 “ “ 40 “ 15.7 “ “ 50 “ 19.4 “ “ 60 “ 22.1 “

“ 70 “ 24.0 “ “ 80 “ 26.0 “ “ 90 “ 27.5 “ “ 100 “ 28.5 “ “ 120 “ 30.0 “

That is, the White Pine is ahead of itsrelative during its entire life and attainsat 80 years a height which the ScotchPine only reaches in 120 years. Itappears then that the whole volume ofwood formed within a certain period byan acre of White Pine forest is greaterthan that yielded by a forest of ScotchPine within the same period.

As far as reliable researches show, aforest of White Pine when seventy

years old gives an annual increment of3 cords of wood per acre. On the samearea a forest of Scotch Pine increasesevery year by 2.4 cords on the best soil,2 cords on medium soil, and 1.5 cordson poor soil.

But notwithstanding the splendidqualities which distinguish the WhitePine as a forest tree its wood has neverbeen looked upon with favor in Europe.Many of those who are cultivating theWhite Pine for business seem to expectthat they will raise a heavy and durablewood. These are the qualities prized intheir own timber trees, and they seemto think that the White Pine must be sohighly prized at home for the same

qualities, when in fact it is thelightness and softness of the woodwhich are considered in America. Itwould seem also that some Europeanplanters believe that a Pine tree existswhich will yield more and at the sametime heavier wood than any other treeon the same area. It is a general rulethat the amount of woody substanceannually formed on the same soil doesnot vary in any great degree with thedifferent kinds of trees. For instance, ifwe have good soil we may raise 2,200lbs. per acre of woody substance everyyear, from almost any kind of timbertree. If we plant a tree forming a woodof low specific gravity, we get a largevolume of wood, and this is the case

with the White Pine. If we plant on thesame ground an Oak tree, we will getsmall volume of wood, but the weightof the woody substance will be thesame, that is, 2,200 pounds ofabsolutely dried wood per acre.

It is remarkable that there is hardly anydifference in the specific gravity of thewood of the White Pine grown inEurope and in its native country. Icollected in Central Wisconsin wood-sections of a tall tree and compared thespecific gravity with the wood of afull-grown tree of White Pine from aBavarian forest. The average specificgravity of the Bavarian tree was 38.3.The average specific gravity of the

American tree was 38.9. In both treesthe specific gravity slightly increasedfrom the base to the top. ProfessorSargent gives 38 as the result of hisnumerous and careful investigations.

I was much surprised that the thicknessof the sap-wood varied much in favorof the Bavarian tree.

The sap-wood measured in thickness:

Of theBavariantree.

Of theAmericantree.

At thebase

2.7centimeters

9centimeters.

In themiddle

.4 “ 6 “

Withinthecrown

.3 “ 4 “

I am inclined to believe that on accountof the generally drier climate ofAmerica a greater amount of water,and, therefore, of water-conductingsap-wood, is necessary to keep thebalance between the evaporation andtransportation of the water. The woodof the White Pine is certainly betterfitted for many purposes than any treewith which nature has provided Europe,and yet one can hardly expect it to

easily overcome fixed habits andprejudices. It will devolve upon themore intelligent proprietors of wood-land in Europe to begin with theplantation of the White Pine on a largescale. No Conifer in Europe can becultivated with so little care and risk asthe White Pine; the frost does notinjure the young plant, and thenumerous insects invading theEuropean trees during their whole life-time inflict but little harm.Subterranean parasites are thinning outthe plantations to some extent, but inno dangerous way.

H. Mayr.

Tokio, Japan.

Abies amabilis.—Professor JohnMacoun detected this species duringthe past summer upon many of themountains of Vancouver’s Islandwhere with Tsuga Pattoniana it iscommon above 3,000 feet over the sealevel. The northern distribution of thisspecies as well as some other BritishColumbia trees is still a matter ofconjecture. It has not been noticednorth of the Fraser River, but it is notimprobable that Abies amabilis will befound to extend far to the north alongsome of the mountain ranges of thenorth-west coast.

European Larch in

Massachusetts.

I N 1876 the Trustees of theMassachusetts Society for thePromotion of Agriculture offered apremium for the best plantations of notless than five acres of European Larch.The conditions of the competition werethat not less than 2,700 trees should beplanted to the acre, and that only poor,worn-out land, or that unfit foragricultural purposes, be used in theseplantations.

The prize was to be awarded at the endof ten years. The committee appointed

to award the prize were C. S. Sargentand John Lowell. The ten years havingexpired, this Committee lately madethe following report:

Mr. James Lawrence, of Groton,and Mr. J. D. W. French, of NorthAndover, made plantations duringthe spring of 1877 in competitionfor this prize. Mr. Lawrence,however, at the end of one yearwithdrew from the contest, andMr. French is the only competitor.Your Committee have visited hisplantation at different timesduring the past ten years, and havenow made their final inspection.The plantation occupies a steep

slope facing the South andcovered with a thin coating ofgravelly loam largely mixedtowards the bottom of the hill withlight sand. This field in 1877 wasa fair sample of much of thehillside pasture land of the easternpart of the State. It had been earlycleared, no doubt, of trees, and thelight surface soil practicallyexhausted by cultivation. It wasthen used as a pasture, producingnothing but the scantiest growth ofnative Grasses and Sedges with afew stunted Pitch Pines. Land ofthis character has no value fortillage, and has practically littlevalue for pasturage. Upon five

acres of this land Mr. Frenchplanted fifteen thousand EuropeanLarch. The trees were one foothigh, and were set in the sod fourfeet apart each way, except alongthe boundary of the field, wherethe plantation was madesomewhat thicker. The cost of theplantation, as furnished by Mr.French, has been as follows:

15,000 Larch(imported), $108 50

Fencing, 20 81Surveying, 6 00Labor, 104 69 ——— Total, $240 00

This, with compound interest atfive per cent. for ten years, makesthe entire cost to date of theplantation of five acres, $390.90.

The Trees for several years grewslowly and not very satisfactorily.Several lost their leaders, and invarious parts of the plantationsmall blocks failed entirely. Thetrees, however, have greatlyimproved during the last fouryears, and the entire surface of theground is now, with one or twoinsignificant exceptions,sufficiently covered. There appearto be from 10,000 to 12,000 larchtrees now growing on the five

acres. The largest tree measured is25 feet high, with a trunk 26inches in circumference at theground, There are severalspecimens of this size at least, andit is believed that all the trees,including many which have notyet commenced to grow rapidly orwhich have been overcrowded andstunted by their more vigorousneighbors, will average 12 feet inheight, with trunks 10 to 12 inchesin circumference at the ground.Many individuals have increasedover four feet in height during thepresent year. It is interesting tonote as an indication of whatMassachusetts soil of poor quality

is capable of producing, thatvarious native trees have appearedspontaneously in the plantationsince animals were excluded fromthis field. Among these are WhitePines 6 to 8 feet high, Pitch Pines14 feet high, a White Oak 15 feethigh and a Gray Birch 17 feethigh. The Trustees offered thisprize in the belief that it wouldcause a plantation to be madecapable of demonstrating thatunproductive lands in this Statecould be cheaply covered withtrees, and the result of Mr.French’s experiment seems to beconclusive in this respect. It hasshown that the European Larch

can be grown rapidly and cheaplyin this climate upon very poorsoil, but it seems to us to havefailed to show that this tree hasadvantages for general economicplanting in this State which arenot possessed in an equal degreeby some of our native trees. Landwhich will produce a crop ofLarch will produce in the sametime at least a crop of white pine.There can be no comparison in thevalue of these two trees inMassachusetts. The White Pine ismore easily transplanted than theLarch, it grows with equal andperhaps greater rapidity, and itproduces material for which there

is an assured and increasingdemand. The White Pine,moreover, has so far escapedserious attacks of insects anddangerous fungoid diseases whichnow threaten to exterminate indifferent parts of Europe extensiveplantations of Larch.

Your Committee find that Mr.French has complied with all therequirements of the competition:they recommend that the premiumof one thousand dollars be paid tohim.

Answers to Correspondents.

When the woods are cut clean inSouthern New Hampshire White Pinecomes in very, very thickly. Is it best tothin out the growth or allow the trees tocrowd and shade the feebler onesslowly to death?

J. D. L.

It is better to thin such over-crowdedseedlings early, if serviceable timber iswanted in the shortest time. Thestatement that close growth is neededto produce long, clean timber, needssome limitation. No plant can developsatisfactorily without sufficient light,air and feeding room. When trees aretoo thickly crowded the vigor of everyone is impaired, and the process of

establishing supremacy of individualsis prolonged, to the detriment even ofthose which are ultimately victorious.The length is drawn outdisproportionately to the diameter, andall the trees remain weak.

Experience has proved that plantationswhere space is given for proper growthin their earlier years, yield more andbetter wood than do Nature’s densesowings. Two records are added inconfirmation of this statement, andmany others could be given:

1. A pine plantation of twelve acreswas made, one half by sowing, theother half by planting at proper

distances. In twenty-four years the firstsection had yielded, including thematerial obtained in thinnings, 1,998cubic feet, and the latter, 3,495 cubicfeet of wood. The thinnings had beenmade, when appearing necessary, atten, fifteen and eighteen years in theplanted section, yielding altogether tenand three-quarter cords of roundfirewood and seven cords of brush; andat eight, ten and twenty years in thesowed section, with a yield of onlythree and one-fifth cords of roundfirewood at the last thinning and sevenand four-fifths cords of brush wood.

2. A spruce growth seeded after thirty-three years was still so dense as to be

impenetrable, with scarcely anyincrease, and the trees were coveredwith lichens. It was then thinned outwhen thirty-five, and again when forty-two years old. The appearance greatlyimproved, and the accretion in sevenyears after thinning showed 160 percent. increase, or more than 26 percent. every year.

The density of growth which will givethe best results in all directionsdepends upon the kind of timber andsoil conditions.

—B. E. Fernow.

Washington, D. C.

Book Reviews.

Gray’s Elements of Botany.

F IFTY-ONE years ago, Asa Gray,then only twenty-six years of age,published a treatise on botany adaptedto the use of schools and colleges. Itwas entitled “The Elements of Botany.”Its method of arrangement was soadmirably adapted to its purpose, andthe treatment of all the subjects somature and thorough, that the workserved as a model for a large workwhich soon followed,—the well-knownBotanical Text-book, and the same

general plan has been followed in allthe editions of the latter treatise. Abouttwenty-five years after the appearanceof the Elements, Dr. Gray prepared amore elementary work for the use ofschools, since the Text-book hadbecome rather too advanced andexhaustive for convenient use. Thiswork was the “Lessons in Botany,” abook which has been a great aidthroughout the country, in introducingstudents to a knowledge of theprinciples of the science. Withoutreferring to other educational worksprepared by Dr. Gray, such as “HowPlants Grow,” etc., it suffices now tosay that for two or three years, he hadbeen convinced that there was need of a

hand-book, different in essentialparticulars from any of itspredecessors. When we remember thatall of these had been very successfulfrom an educational point of view, aswell as from the more exacting one ofthe publishers, we can understand howstrong must have been the motivewhich impelled the venerable but stillactive botanist to give a portion of hisfast-flying time to the preparation ofanother elementary work. In answer toremonstrances from those whobelieved that the remnant of his daysshould be wholly given to thecompletion of the “Synoptical Flora,”he was wont to say pleasantly, “Oh, Igive only my evenings to the

‘Elements.’” And, so, after a day’swork, in which he had utilized everyavailable moment of sunlight, he wouldturn with the fresh alertness which hasever characterized every motion andevery thought, to the preparation ofwhat he called fondly, his “legacy” toyoung botanists. That precious legacywe have now before us.

In form it is much like the Lessons, butmore compact and yet much morecomprehensive. Its conciseness ofexpression is a study in itself. To giveit the highest praise, it may be said tobe French in its clearness andterseness. Not a word is wasted: hence,the author has been able to touch

lightly and still with firmness everyimportant line in this sketch of theprinciples of botany. This work, in thewords of its author, “is intended toground beginners in Structural Botanyand the principles of vegetable life,mainly as concerns Flowering orPhanerogamous plants, with whichbotanical instruction should alwaysbegin; also to be a companion andinterpreter to the Manuals and Florasby which the student threads hisflowery way to a clear knowledge ofthe surrounding vegetable creation.Such a book, like a grammar, mustneeds abound in technical words, whichthus arrayed may seem formidable;nevertheless, if rightly apprehended,

this treatise should teach that the studyof botany is not the learning of namesand terms, but the acquisition ofknowledge and ideas. No effort shouldbe made to commit technical terms tomemory. Any term used in describing aplant or explaining its structure can belooked up when it is wanted, and thatshould suffice. On the other hand, plansof structure, types, adaptations, andmodifications, once understood, are notreadily forgotten; and they givemeaning and interest to the technicalterms used in explaining them.”

The specific directions given forcollecting plants, for preparingherbarium specimens, and for

investigating the structure of plantsmake this treatise of great use to thosewho are obliged to study without ateacher. The very extensive glossarymakes the work of value not only tothis class of students, but to those, aswell, whose pursuits are directed in ourschools. The work fills, in short, thevery place which Dr. Gray designed itshould.

G. L. Goodale.

The Kansas Forest Trees Identified byLeaves and Fruit, by W. A. Kellerman,Ph.D., and Mrs. W. A. Kellerman(Manhattan, Kansas). This octavopamphlet of only a dozen pages

contains a convenient artificial key forthe rapid determination of seventy-fivespecies of trees. By the use of obviouscharacters the authors have made thework of identification comparativelyeasy in nearly every instance, and evenin the few doubtful cases, the studentwill not be allowed to go far astray.The little hand-book ought to be foundof use even beyond the limits of theState for which it was designed.

G. L. Goodale.

Public Works.

The Falls of Minnehaha.—A tract offifty acres, beautifully located on the

Mississippi, opposite the mouth of theMinnehaha, has been acquired by theCity of St. Paul, and land will mostprobably be secured for a drive ofseveral miles along the river. The bankhere is more than 100 feet high, oftenprecipitous, clothed with a rich growthof primeval forest, shrubbery andvines. It is hoped that Minneapolis maysecure the land immediately opposite,including the Falls of Minnehaha andthe valley of the stream to the greatriver. In this event a great park couldbe made between the two cities, easilyreached from the best part of both, withthe Mississippi flowing through it andthe Falls as one of its features. This, inconnection with the park so beautifully

situated on Lake Como, three milesfrom St. Paul, and the neat parks ofMinneapolis and its superbly keptsystem of lake shore drives, wouldsoon be an object worthy of the civicpride of these enterprising and friendlyrivals.

A Park for Wilmington, Del.—Aftermany delays and defeats the people ofthis city have secured a tract of morethan 100 acres, mostly of fine rockywoodland, with the classic Brandywineflowing through it, and all within thecity limits, together with two smallertracts, one a high wooded slope, theother lying on tide water, and bothconvenient to those parts of the city

inhabited by workingmen and theirfamilies. A topographical survey ofthese park lands is now in progress aspreparation for a general plan ofimprovement. Of the “BrandywineGlen” Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted oncewrote: “It is a passage of naturalscenery which, to a larger city, wouldbe of rare value—so rare and desirablethat in a number of cities severalmillion dollars have been willinglyspent to obtain results of which the bestthat can said is, that they somewhatdistantly approach, in character andexpression, such scenery as the peopleof Wilmington have provided for themwithout expense.”

Flower Market.

Retail Prices in the Flower Market.

NEW YORK, February 23d.

There is a glut of flowers, particularlyof tea roses of an indifferent quality.Bon Silene buds cost from 75 cts. to $1a dozen, Perle des Jardins, Niphetos,Souvenir d’un Ami, and Papa Gontiersbring $1.50 a dozen. C. Mermets arevery fine and from 30 to 35 cts. each.Not more than one in three La Franceroses is perfect; they bring from 25 cts.to 50 cts. each. Mde. Cuisin and Dukeof Connaught are 25 cts. each, Bennets20 cts. each and Brides 25 cts. each.

American Beauties are $1 to $1.50each, according to the location wherethey are sold. Puritans cost 75 cts.each, and Jacqueminots 50 cts. MagnaChartas are the most popular of thehybrid roses at present. They, Anna deDiesbach and Mad. Gabriel Luizetbring from $1 to $1.50 each.

Mignonette is very plentiful, wellgrown and of the spiral variety; itbrings 75 cts. a dozen spikes retail,very large spikes bring as high as 15cts. each. Hyacinths, Lilies-of-the-Valley and Tulips bring $1 a dozen.Lilacs cost 25 cts. for a spray of one ortwo tassels. Violets are abundant,mostly of the Marie Louise variety, and

bring $2 a hundred. Fancy long stemred Carnations cost 75 cts. a dozen;short stem Carnations are 50 cts. adozen; the dyed Carnations, named“Emerald,” are in brisk demand andsell for 15 cts. each. Daffodils are $1 adozen; those dyed bring 20 cts. each.Finely grown Forget-me-not brought insmall quantity to retail dealers sells for10 cts. a spray. Calla Lilies bring $2and $3 a dozen, and Longiflorum Lilies$4 a dozen.

PHILADELPHIA, February 23d.

Heavy demands for flowers droppedoff short on Ash Wednesday, and

decreased each day until Saturday,when the regular orders for looseflowers caused the trade to pick upagain. The demand for Orchids issteadily growing; a fair quantity is usedat balls and parties, but nothing incomparison to Roses, Violets and Lily-of-the-Valley. Violets have been ingreater demand, so far, than for severalyears. Large quantities of Tulips havebeen used recently for tabledecorations, especially the pinkvarieties, the favorite color for dinnersand lunches. The American BeautyRose, when cut with long stems, andreally first class in every other respect,has been in great demand, at the bestprices. Md. Gabrielle Luizet is scarce,

the local growers not havingcommenced to cut in quantity; it isfrequently asked for. Carnationplateaus in solid colors have been usedfreely. Lilacs are considered choice andhave been in good demand. Retailprices rule as follows: Orchids, from25 cts. to $1 each; La France, Mermet,Bride and Bennet Roses, $3 per dozen;Jacques, $4 to $5; American Beauty, $4to $9; Puritan, $4; Anna de Diesbach,$5 to $7.50; Papa Gontier, Sunset,Perle des Jardins and Mad. Cuisin,$1.50; Bon Silene, $1.00; Niphetos, $1to $1.50. Lily-of-the-Valley, andRoman Hyacinths, bring $1 per dozen;Mignonette, 50 cts., and Freesia thesame per dozen; Heliotrope, Pansies,

Carnations, and Forget-me-nots, 35 cts.per dozen. Violets bring from $1 to$1.50 per hundred; Lilium Harrisii,$3.00 per dozen; Callas $2 per dozen,and Lilacs $2 per bunch of about eightsprays. Daffodils sell briskly at from$1 to $1.50 per dozen.

BOSTON, February 23d.

The season of Lent is always lookedforward to by the florists with anxiety,for the rest from receptions, assembliesand balls cuts off one of the chiefoutlets for the choicest flowers: a fewwarm days are sufficient to overstockthe market, and prices take a fall.

Buyers are learning, however, that atno period of the year can cut flowers behad in such perfection and variety asduring February and March, andalthough not much required for partyoccasions they are bought for otherpurposes in increasing quantities everyyear, so that the advent of Lent doesnot now produce utter stagnation in theflower trade. In Roses there is atpresent a large assortment offered.From the modest Bon Silene, and itsnew competitor, Papa Gontier, up tothe magnificent American Beauty andHybrid Perpetuals, may be found everygradation of color, size and fragrance.Retail prices vary from 75 cts. perdozen for Bon Silenes and $1.50 to $2

for Perles, Niphetos, etc., up to $3 and$4 for the best Mermets, Niels and LaFrance; Hybrids and Jacques of bestquality bring from $6 to $9 per dozen.In bulbous flowers a large variety isshown. Lily-of-the-Valley sells for$1.50 per dozen sprays; Narcissus ofvarious kinds, Hyacinths and Tulips for$1 per dozen; Violets, 50 cts. perbunch; Pansies, Mignonette,Heliotrope, Forget-me-not andCalendulas, 50 cts. per doz. Longstemmed Carnations are to be had ingreat variety at 75 cts. per dozen;Callas 25 cts. each, and Smilax 50 cts.a string. At this season Smilax is at itsbest, being its time of flowering, andthe flowers are deliciously fragrant.

Publishers’ Note.

A photogravure of Mr. A. St.Gaudens’s bronze medallion of the lateProfessor Asa Gray will be publishedas a supplement to the second numberof GARDEN AND FOREST.

For lawn and cemetery planting. These can now be furnishedin great variety, from our extensive collection, at reducedprices.We have now on hand a large supply of the following rareBeeches, all of which have been recently transplanted, andare in consequence abundantly furnished with fine roots:—

PURPLE-LEAVED BEECH.

From 6 to 10 feet high; elegant specimens. All weregrafted from the beautiful “Rivers’ variety,” so justlycelebrated for the intense blood-red color of its foliage.

WEEPING BEECH.

From 6 to 10 feet high, suitable for immediate effect, andwell supplied with decidedly pendulous branches.

CRESTED and FERN-LEAVED BEECHES.

We offer a superb stock of these, averaging in heightfrom 5 or 6 to 10 feet, all well rooted and nicelyfurnished.

In EVERGREENS

We have now in stock a large supply of American,Siberian and Golden Arbor Vitæs , Balsam Firs,Hemlocks and Norway Spruce; good, young, healthy

plants, especially desirable for screens and hedges.

In SHRUBBERY

Our assortment is very complete, embracing many rareand elegant species. Our immense stock of some kindsenables us to accept orders at very low rates.

HOOPES, BRO. & THOMAS,Maple Avenue Nurseries,

WEST CHESTER, PA.

TUBEROUS BEGONIAS.

AWARDED FOUR GOLD MEDALS.

Gold Medal Collection, quite unrivaled.Tubers in

a dry state can be safely transmitted fromEngland until April.

PRICES WHEN SELECTION IS LEFT TO US:

A Collection, Named,our

bestcollection

B “ “verychoiceselection

C “ “ choiceselection

D “ “ very goodselection

E “ “ goodselection

F “ “ordinaryselection

G “ Unnamedbestselectionsto color

H “ “verychoiceselection

J “ "bestwhites,distinct

K “ “ choiceselectionvery

L “ “ good,selectedto colorforbedding

M “ “good bestdo. per100, 40s.,

DOUBLE VARIETIES.

PRICES (OUR SELECTION):

P Collection,Named, our

bestcollection,each 7s.6d. and

13s. 6d.

R “ “verychoiceditto

S “ “ choiceditto

T “ “ very goodditto

W “ Unnamed

our verychoice,selected,distinct

X “ “choice,selectedin 6 colors

Z “ “ mixedditto

BEGONIA SEED.

Gold Medal strain from Prize Plants.New Crop. Sealed packets. Choicemixed, from single varieties. 1s. and2s. 6d. per packet; 5s. and 10s. extralarge packets; double varieties, 1s.,2s. 6d. and 5s. per packet; largepackets, 10s. Collections—12named varieties, single, separate, 5s.6d.; 6 named varieties, separate, 3s.

CALADIUM ROOTS.

The Finest Collection in the world.Best named varieties, per doz., 30s.,36s., 42s., 48s. and 60s.

GLOXINIA ROOTS.

In dormant state till March. Ourunequalled collection. Self colors,and spotted. Best sorts to name,12s., 18s., 24s., 30s., 36s. and 42s.per doz. Unnamed, very choice, 6s.,9s. and 12s. per doz.

GLOXINIA SEED.

Saved from our Prize Plants; erectflowering, drooping, mixed andspotted, separate, per packet, 1s., 2s.6d. and 5s.

OTHER FLOWER SEEDS.

The choicest strains of Primula,Cineraria, Calceolaria, Cyclamen,

Hollyhock, Dahlia, Pansies, Asters,Stocks, and every other sort.

All kinds of Plants, Roses, FruitTrees, etc., that can be importedfrom England, safely transmitted inWardian cases.

Remittances or LondonReferences must always accompanyorders. Flower Seeds by post. Ordersshould reach us soon as possible.

CATALOGUES GRATIS AND POSTFREE.

BLÜCHER UNHORSED AT LIGNY.Drawn by R. F. Zogbaum. Engraved byPeckwell.

THE CAMPAIGN OF WATERLOO.By JOHN C. ROPES. With illustrations byR. F. Zogbaum, and drawings made byW. T. Smedley, especially commissionedby this Magazine to visit the field. Astrikingly original history of thisgreatest of military events. A concludingarticle, beautifully illustrated, willappear in April.

BEGGARS. The third of the series ofcharming essays by ROBERT LOUIS

STEVENSON. The New York Tribune saysin referring to this series:“The matter is of itself enough to interest every person in theleast interested in literature, and the manner of it is such as tomake us ask again of him for the hundredth time, as it wasasked of Macaulay, ‘Where did he get that style?’”

A SHELF OF OLD BOOKS. —LEIGHHUNT. By MRS. JAMES T. FIELDS.Illustrated with drawings, portraits andfac-similes. A charming account of someof the literary treasures owned by thelate James T. Fields.

THE ELECTRIC MOTOR AND ITSAPPLICATIONS. By FRANKLIN LEONARD

POPE. With 14 illustrations. Mr. Popedescribes the great advances recentlymade by which electricity takes theplace of steam, or supplements it in so

many directions.

THE NIXIE. A Fantastic Story. By MRS.

ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.

MENDELSSOHN’S LETTERS TOMOSCHELES. From the MSS. in thepossession of Felix Moscheles. ByWILLIAM F. APTHORP. II. (Conclusion.)With portraits, reproductions ofdrawings, musical scores, etc."The letters are full of interest, especially in their frankobservations on musical affairs of Mendelssohn’sday.“—Boston Saturday Evening Gazette.

THE DAY OF THE CYCLONE. Astirring Western story, founded on theGrinnell (Ia.) tornado. By OCTAVE

THANET.

FIRST HARVESTS.—Chapters VII-X.By F. J. STIMSON. (To be continued.)

NATURAL SELECTION—A Novelettein Three Parts. By H. C. BUNNER.(Conclusion.) With Illustrations.

POEMS. By THOMAS NELSON PAGE, C. P.

CRANCH, BESSIE CHANDLER, and CHARLES

EDWIN MARKHAM.“In its one year of life SCRIBNER’S MAGAZINE has takennot only an exalted and permanent place in periodicalliterature but one that the world could in no sensespare.”—Boston Traveller.A year’s subscription, consisting of twelve monthly numbers,gives more than 1,500 pages of the best, most interesting,and valuable literature. More than 700 illustrations fromdesigns by famous artists, reproduced by the best methods.

Price, 25 cents. $3.00 a year.

A Brilliant New Novel by the author of“The Story of Margaret Kent.”

QUEEN MONEY.

1 vol., 12mo, $1.50.

“This is the strongest story thatthis author has yet told. It isessentially a novel ofcharacter-painting, more eventhan ‘Margaret Kent’ or ‘Sonsand Daughters’. It is superior toeither of these. The merits of‘Queen Money’ are verygreat.... Interesting andvaluable and remarkably true to

life. It is a book to be quoted,to be thought about, to betalked about.”

LOOKING BACKWARD.

2000-1887. BY EDWARD BELLAMY, author of“Miss Ludington’s Sister.” $1.50.

“‘The Duchess Emilia’ and ‘She’ are notmore strange than this story.”

UNDER THE SOUTHERN CROSS.

By M. M. BALLOU, author of “Due North,”“Edge-Tools of Speech,” etc. $1.50.

A journey, in 1887, to Australia, Tasmania,Samoa, New Zealand and other South-Sea

Islands.

For sale by all booksellers, or will be sent,post free, on receipt of price by

TICKNOR & CO., Boston.

The year 1888 promises to be a year of splendid politicaldevelopment, one and all redounding to the glory and triumphof a

UNITED

DEMOCRACY.In the Front Line will be found

THE SUN,Fresh from its magnificent victory over the combined foes ofDemocracy in its own State, true to its convictions, truthfulbefore all else, and fearless in the cause of truth and right.THE SUN has six, eight, twelve, and sixteen pages, asoccasion requires, and is ahead of all competition ineverything that makes a newspaper.

Daily, $6 00Daily and Sunday, 7 50Sunday, 16 and 20 pages, 1 50Weekly, 1 00

Address THE SUN,New York.

is offering the very bestaccident insurance at cost.$5,000 for death by accident,$25 weekly indemnity, andliberal indemnity for loss of

eye or limb. Costs $13 to $15per year.

Membership Fee, $5.

320 & 322 Broadway, NewYork.

Charles B. Peet, President.James R. Pitcher,

Secretary and Gen’l Manager.

FOR SPRING PLANTING.

Rhododendrons,Azaleas,

JapaneseMaples,

And all other hardyOrnamental Trees, StreetTrees, Evergreens, Shrubs,Roses and Vines of selectedquality, in quantity, at lowestrates; also, all the best Fruits.Priced Catalogue onapplication.

FRED. W. KELSEY,

208 Broadway, NEWYORK.

At once the most completeand the best Botanical

series published,

COMPRISING:

Gray’s How Plants Grow,Gray’s How Plants Behave,Gray’s Lessons in Botany,Gray’s Field, Forest and Garden Botany,Gray’s School and Field Botany,Apgar’s Plant Analysis,

Gray’s Manual of Botany,Gray’s Lessons and Manual,Gray’s Structural Botany,Goodale’s Physiological Botany,Gray’s Structural and Systematic Botany,Coulter’s Manual of the Rocky Mountains,The same, Tourist’s Edition,Gray and Coulter’s Manual of WesternBotany,Gray’s Synoptical Flora—TheGamopetalæ,Chapman’s Flora of Southern U.S.

Send for our new descriptivepamphlet of Gray’s Botanies,containing PORTRAIT ANDBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ofthe Author.Books for Introduction or

examination furnished on veryfavorable terms.

IVISON,BLAKEMAN & CO.,

753-755 Broadway, New York,

AND

149 Wabash Ave., Chicago.

In presenting to our large and growingcompany of patrons this, the fifth edition ofour book, our dominant feeling is one ofextreme pleasure at the generous welcomegiven our preceding efforts. And we offerthis edition in the belief and hope that it maysuggest ideas that may be of use, and thatmay be practically carried out in the makingof gardens that must be a source of delight.

The wide-spread desire for better and more

artistic gardening is evidenced by the articlesrecently published on the subject by theforemost and ablest magazines. An excellentarticle on “Old Garden Plants,” in Harper’sMonthly for December, 1887, encourages usgreatly in our efforts to popularize the HardyFlowers so loved by our grandmothers,together with many fine plants of more recentintroduction.

As we were the first in this country to gathera fine collection of Hardy Plants from allquarters of the earth, and to offer them whenthere was but small demand for such, we arepleased indeed that so much attention is nowbeing given to them, feeling that our effortsin behalf of the almost forgotten hardyplants, will tend to the creation of gardensmore permanent and beautiful, and at muchsmaller outlay than any that can be madewith tender plants.

The fifth edition of our book is now ready. Itis the largest and best work on hardy plantspublished in this country, and contains manyfinely illustrated articles, among which are,“A Talk about Roses;” “Hardy Plants andModes of Arranging Them;” “The Making ofthe Hardy Border;” “Some Beauties in theirNative Wilds;” “Rhododendrons, Kalmiasand Hardy Azaleas;” “Hardy Aquatic Plants;”“Tropical Garden Effects with Hardy Plants;”“A Garden Party;” etc., etc.

The book is finely printed on the best ofpaper, is of real merit and rare beauty, andwill be sent post-paid, bound in durableflexible covers for 50 cents, or in leather for75 cents, but the price paid will be allowedon the first order for plants, making the bookreally free to our customers.

Our descriptive catalogue, containing a

complete descriptive list of the best andlargest collection of Hardy Plants in America,sent on receipt of 10 cents in stamps.

Our special list of valuable, low-priced, well-grown plants mailed upon application.

B. A. ELLIOTT CO., No. 56 Sixth Street,Pittsburgh, Pa.

CHRYSANTHEMUMSA SPECIALTY.

Our catalogue for Spring of 1888,contains a select list of New and

Old Chrysanthemums, including:

“MRS. ALPHEUS HARDY,”the beautiful variety figured in thispaper. Also a collection of FineFlowering Cannas.

EDWIN FEWKES & SON,

NEWTON HIGHLANDS, MASS.

A REAL BONANZA IN SEEDS.—Being one of the largest growers ofFlower Seeds in America, I want toinduce extensive trial, and for 65cts.will send, postpaid, 32 papersChoice New Seeds, growth of ’81,

75 to 500 seeds & mixed colors ineach. New Large & Fancy Pansies,the finest ever offered , (awardedSpecial Prize by Mass. Hort’lSociety) 60 distinct sorts and anendless variety of rich colors, allmixed; Double Asters; Japan Pinks,50 vars. mixed; Large A. D. Phlox;Double Portulaca; New Godelias;New White Mignonette; NewNivaliana; Everlastings; New GiantCandytuft; V. Stocks; NewMarigolds; Mottled, Striped andFringed Petunias; Verbenas, 300vars. mixed; New GoldenChrysanthemums; DoubleLarkspurs; Velvet fl.; New YellowMignonette; Double Gaillardia;New Double Dwarf Zinnias; DoubleSalens; New Double White Aster,the finest white ever offered;Butterfly fl.; Double Daisies & 8other choice kinds, amounting to

$3.75 at regular rates, but tointroduce will send the whole 32papers for only 65 cts. This is anhonest, square offer, but if youdoubt it, send 15 cts. or 5 letterstamps, and I will send you 7sample papers, my choice, butin c lu d in g Pansies, Asters andImproved Prize Sweet Williams , 50vars. mixed. Am sure a trial willprove all claims. New Cataloguefree. L. W. GOODELL, Pansy Park,Dwight P. O. Mass.

Edited by W. J. YOUMANS,

Is filled with scientific articlesby well-known writers onsubjects of popular and

practical interest. Its range oftopics, which is widening withthe advance of science,comprises:

Domestic and Social Economy.Political Science, or the

Functions ofGovernment.

Psychology andEducation.

Relations of Scienceand Religion.

Conditions of HealthandPrevention ofDisease.

Art andArchitecturein PracticalLife.

RaceDevelopment.

AgricultureandFood-Products.

NaturalHistory;Exploration;Discovery,etc.

It contains Illustrated Articles,Portraits, BiographicalSketches; records the advancemade in every branch ofscience; is not technical; and isintended for non-scientific aswell as scientific readers.

No magazine in the worldcontains papers of a more

instructive and at the same timeof a more interesting character.

Single number, 50 cents.Yearly subscription,$5.00.

D. APPLETON & CO.,Publishers, New York.

POINTS TOADVERTISERS.

Nothing is sold withoutpushing, unless it has amonopoly.

No two articles can be pushedin exactly the same way.

In advertising you want toreach possiblecustomers, not merelypeople.

The best mediums for one lineof goods may be theworst for another.

Advertising should not bevisionary, it should notbe attended to as a merepastime.

Success means thought, the dayof chance successes isnearly over.

It costs no more to publishgood matter than it doespoor.

The preparation of anadvertisement is asimportant as thepublishing.

An advertiser needs an agent,as a client does a lawyer.

The agent, however, asks noretainer and saves hiscustomer money.

A merchant cannot studyadvertising all the time

—a good agent studiesnothing else.

The customer’s interests are theagent’s. If the agent is tosucceed, the businessdone must be successful.

The undersigned want business,but not badly enough tohandle what is“questionable.“

They are honest and capable,their customers say, andthey give close personalattention to theirbusiness.

HERBERT BOOTH KING& BROTHER,

ADVERTISING AGENTS,

202 Broadway, N. Y.(Copyright, 1887.)

Send for Circulars.

A VALUABLE WORK UPON

AMERICAN TREES,Which should be in every Library in the

United States.

Fourth Edition, Just Ready. Price Reduced.

EMERSON’S TREES AND SHRUBS.

THE

TREES AND SHRUBSGROWING NATURALLYin the Forests ofMassachusetts.By George B. Emerson.Fourth Edition. Superblyillustrated with nearly 150plates (46 beautifulheliotypes and 100lithographs), 2 vols. 8vo.

Cloth. Price, $10.00net; formerly $12.00 net.

THE

SAME, with 36 of theplates beautifully colored.Price, $16.00 net;formerly $20.00 net.

Though this work nominallytreats of the trees and shrubs ofMassachusetts, it is equallyapplicable to the flora of manyother States; indeed all NewEngland and a greater part ofthe Middle States. In it isdescribed every important treeor shrub that grows naturally inMassachusetts, and in otherStates of the same latitude, thedescriptions being the result ofcareful personal observation. Itis, indeed, a comprehensive andconvenient manual for almost

every section of the Union.The illustrations of thesevolumes constitute one of theirmost important and attractivefeatures. A large number of theplates are by the eminentauthority on this subject, ISAAC

SPRAGUE.Volume I. treats of the Pines,Oaks, Beeches, Chestnuts,Hazels, Hornbeams, Walnuts,Hickories, Birches, Alders,Plane Trees, Poplars, andWillows.Volume II. treats of the Elms,Ashes, Locusts, Maples,Lindens, Magnolias,Liriodendrons, and the shrubs.

LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,Publishers,

234 Washington Street, Boston.

HOUGHTONMIFFLIN & CO’S

Beautiful New Books.

BIOGRAPHY.

Memoir of Ralph Waldo Emerson.

B y JAMES ELLIOT CABOT. With afine new steel Portrait. 2 vols.12mo, gilt top, $3.50.

Henry Clay.

Vols. XV. and XVI. in series of

American Statesmen. By CARL

SCHURZ. 2 vols. 16mo, gilt top,$2.50; half morocco, $5.00.

Patrick Henry.

Vol. XVII. of AmericanStatesmen. By MOSES COIT

TYLER. 16mo, gilt top, $1.25.

Benjamin Franklin.

Vol. X. of American Men ofLetters. By JOHN BACH

MCMASTER, author of "A Historyof the People of the UnitedStates.“ With a steel Portrait.16mo, gilt top, $1.25.

NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES.

The Second Son.

By Mrs. M. O. W. OLIPHANT andTHOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH. 12mo,$1.50.

The Gates Between.

B y ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS,author of “The Gates Ajar,““Beyond the Gates,“ etc. $1.25.

Paul Patoff.

By F. MARION CRAWFORD, author of“A Roman Singer,“ etc. Crown8vo, $1.50.

Jack the Fisherman.

A powerful and pathetictemperance story. By ELIZABETH

STUART PHELPS. 50 cents.

Knitters in the Sun.

A book of excellent Short Stories.B y OCTAVE THANET. 16mo,$1.25.

A Princess of Java.

A novel of life, character andcustoms in Java. By Mrs. S. J.

HIGGINSON, 12mo, $1.50.

The Story of Keedon Bluffs.

B y CHARLES EGBERT CRADDOCK. Astory for Young Folks, andOlder Ones. $1.00.

A New Book by Bret Harte.

“A Phyllis of the Sierras,” and “ADrift from Redwood Camp,”$1.00.

*** For sale by all Booksellers.Sent by mail, post-paid, onreceipt of price by thePublishers,

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.,BOSTON.

11 EAST 17TH STREET, NEW YORK.

Shady Hill Nurseries,Cambridge, Mass.

THE SOURCE OFNOVELTIES IN

ORNAMENTALS!The New TREE LILAC (Syringa Japonica)was first grown commercially, and first soldfrom Shady Hill Nurseries.

The Beautiful WEEPING LILAC (SyringaLigustrina Pekinensis Pendula), called byMr. Samuel B. Parsons, at the AmericanPomological Convention, at Boston (where itwas first exhibited and received a first-classCertificate of Merit from the Mass. Hort.Society), “the most beautiful of all our smallWeeping Trees.” This also will be sent out in

the autumn of this year.

Here also is grown, in large numbers, thelovely little flowering tree, called the “TEAROSE CRAB,” the most exquisite of all ourflowering trees. Ten thousand of this treehave been ordered by Messrs. V. H. Hallock& Son.

Here originated the Hardy PerennialGaillardia (G. Aristata Templeana of PeterHenderson’s new catalogue), the most showyand only hardy Gaillardia of this latitude.

A full descriptive catalogue, of all the thingsgrown at Shady Hill, will be issued inFebruary, fully illustrated with engravingsand containing four full page lithographs, ineight colors, of the four new trees, viz.: “TeaRose Crab,” Tree Lilac, Weeping Lilac, andthe Fastigiate-Maiden Hair Tree. This will besent free to all who will send address.

F. L. TEMPLE, Cambridge,Mass.

JOHN SAUL’S WASHINGTONNURSERIES.

Our Catalogue of new, rare andbeautiful Plants for 1888 willbe ready in February. Itcontains list of all the mostbeautiful and rare Green-houseand Hot-house Plants incultivation, as well as allnovelties of merit. Well grownand at very low prices. EveryPlant lover should have a copy.

ORCHIDS.—A very large

stock of choice East Indian,American, etc. Also, Cataloguesof Roses, Orchids, Seeds, Trees,etc. All free.

JOHN SAUL, Washington, D. C.

WESTERN N. C. ORNAMENTALSHRUBS AND TREES.

Descriptive Price List sent onapplication. Detaileddescription of the newRhododendron Vaseyi, witheach List. Azalea arborescens isone of our specialties.Correspondence solicited.KELSEY BROS., HighlandsNursery, Highlands, N. C.

G ARDENERS. —Thorough,practical man, wants situationto take charge of a good privateplace or institution; 19 years’experience in Europe and U. S.;English, age 35, married, one offamily; first-class reference.Address J. S., care H. A.Dreer, 714 Chestnut St.Philadelphia, Pa.

GOLD

STRAWBERRY, a New Berry ofvery fine quality, now offeredfor the first time. Also, JEWELL,JESSIE, BELMONT, and othervarieties. Address. P. M. AUGUR

& SONS, Originators,MIDDLEFIELD, CONN.

N EW PLANTS. Ourillustrated Floral Catalogue ofnew, rare and beautiful Plants,Orchids, Palms, Roses, Bulbs,

Vines, Trees, Shrubs and Seeds,also, all the Novelties of theseason, NOW READY. Every loverof plants should have a copy.Prices low. Send for it; FREE toall. PAUL BUTZ & SON. NewCastle, Pa.

Y OU are about to write for a

catalogue. No doubt you wantthe best—the truestdescriptions, the clearest noteson plant culture, plainest typeand most beautiful illustrations.We have put forth every effortto make ours such. Those whohave seen it, say it is. It tellsmany reasons why you can buySEEDS and Plants—so manyof which are grown on theWestern prairies—better andcheaper at CHICAGO than youcan elsewhere. Then why not doso? Our Chicago Parks Flowersand Plants; our MarketVegetables, and our GardeningImplements make up a bookthatTELLS THE WHOLE STORY,

and is a work of art which will

please you. Send 15 cents andreceive the catalogue and apaper of the above seeds free.

TRIED BY TIME

RACTICAL people are wellpleased with the recentdevelopment inhorticultural journalism bywhich the youngAMERICANGARDEN absorbed theo l d Gardener’s Monthly ,which included the

Horticulturist, started byAndrew Jackson Downing,over forty-two years ago.

I told our local society justwhat I really think the otherday, that you come the nearestmy ideal of a HorticulturalMonthly for popular circulationof any of the makers of suchliterature.—CHAS. W. GARFIELD,Sec’y Michigan HorticulturalSociety.

The magazine in now clearlythe best horticulturalpublication in America, andsoon I trust I can say the bestextant.—DR. E. LEWIS

STURTEVANT.

As much as I regret the melting

away of that old landmark, theGardener’s Monthly, of which Iwas a reader since 1867, as gladI feel that the transfer has beenmade into good hands.—R.

MAITRE. Florist, New Orleans.

I have been a subscriber to theGardener’s Monthly from itsfirst number. I feel sorry thatthe journal is going away fromPhiladelphia, but am glad it hasgone into such good hands.—CHAS. H. MILLER. LandscapeGardener, Fairmount Park.

Indispensable to the fruitgrowers, horticulturists,gardeners and florists (bothpractical and amateur) of thiscountry.—CYRUS T. FOX, StatePomologist of Pennsylvania.

It is a lamentable failing ofhorticultural educators inmaking the work intricate andapparently hard of execution.Your new cover is in perfectaccord with the contents, viz.: Itexpresses and teacheshorticulture pure and simple.—GEO. R. KNAPP, Rahway, N. J.

Adapted to the wants ofAmateurs, CountryDwellers, PracticalGardeners and FruitGr owe r s , THE AMERICAN

GARDEN has stood the testof Time, the great leveler,and receives theendorsements and supportof all these classes in every

section and many lands.

The equal in cost and value ofmany $2, and $4 publications,this handsome and practicalillustrated magazine ofhorticulture costs only $1.00 ayear. In Club with Garden andForest for $4.50. Address:

E. H. LIBBY, Publisher, 751Broadway, N. Y.

The American Florist,A SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL

For florists, and all who growplants or flowers under glass. Itprints nothing but hardcommon-sense matter, theexperience of practical menwho have been therethemselves and know what theyare talking about.Liberally Illustrated. Price,$1.00 a Year of 24 Numbers.

SAMPLE COPY 6 CENTS IN STAMPS.American Florist Co., 54La Salle St., Chicago.

[page viii]

Seeds, Seeds,Seeds.

To our friendswho have not

already receivedit, we are ready tomail our

NEW CATALOGUE

OF

HIGH CLASS SEEDS

FOR 1888,

Containing all the

Novelties of theSeason, both inVEGETABLE,FLOWER andTREE Seeds.

J. M. Thorburn & Co.,

15 JOHN STREET,

NEW YORK.

OUR MANUAL OFEVERYTHING FOR THEGARDEN is this season thegrandest ever issued, containingthree colored plates and superbillustrations of everything that isnew, useful and rare in Seedsand Plants, together with plaindirections of “How to grow

them,” by PETERHENDERSON. This Manual,which is a book of 140 pages,we mail to any address onreceipt of 25 cents (in stamps.)To all so remitting 25 cents forthe Manual, we will, at the sametime, send free by mail, inaddition, their choice of any oneof the the following novelties,the price of either of which is 25cents: One packet of the newGreen and Gold Watermelon orone packet of new SuccessionCabbage, or one packet of newZebra Zinnia, or one packet ofButterfly Pansy (see illustration),or one packet of new MammothVerbena, or one plant of thebeautiful Moonflower, on thedistinct understanding, however,that those ordering will state inwhat paper they saw this

advertisement.

BOTANYCLASSES

furnished with fresh plants and flowersfrom the Southern Mountains, including allt h e AZALEAS andRHODODENDRONS found east of theRockies, I can furnish RhododendronVastyi and Shortii galacifolia, and otherrare plants. Order Shortii early, as itblooms in March and April.

T. G. HARBISON,Principal of Highlands

Academy, Highlands, N. C.

Transcriber's Note:

Missing and/or damagedpunctuation has been repaired.

Fig. 3, Iris tenuis, has beenmoved from p. 10 to p. 6

Errata:

p. 3: (Floriculture) 'county'

probably error for 'country'. "...scores of young men in allparts of the country have..."

p. 4: (Lawn) 'whch' correctedto 'which' "... finely pulverizedcompost which may bebrushed in."

p. vi: (WESTERN N. C.ORNAMENTAL SHRUBSAND TREES). 'Rhodendron'corrected to 'Rhododendron'"Descriptive Price List sent onapplication. Detaileddescription of the newRhododendron Vaseyi, witheach List."

Corrections are also indicatedby a dotted line underneath thecorrection.

Scroll the mouse over the wordand the original text willappear.

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of

Garden and Forest Weekly, Volume 1 No.

1, February 29, 1888, by Various

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK

GARDEN AND FOREST WEEKLY ***

***** This file should be named 32141-

h.htm or 32141-h.zip *****

This and all associated files of various

formats will be found in:

http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/1/4/32141/

Produced by Bryan Ness, Lesley Halamek

and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at

http://www.pgdp.net (This

file was produced from images generously

made available

by the Library of Congress)

Updated editions will replace the

previous one--the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain

print editions means that no

one owns a United States copyright in

these works, so the Foundation

(and you!) can copy and distribute it in

the United States without

permission and without paying copyright

royalties. Special rules,

set forth in the General Terms of Use

part of this license, apply to

copying and distributing Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works to

protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept

and trademark. Project

Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and

may not be used if you

charge for the eBooks, unless you

receive specific permission. If you

do not charge anything for copies of

this eBook, complying with the

rules is very easy. You may use this

eBook for nearly any purpose

such as creation of derivative works,

reports, performances and

research. They may be modified and

printed and given away--you may do

practically ANYTHING with public domain

eBooks. Redistribution is

subject to the trademark license,

especially commercial

redistribution.

*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE

OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm

mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by

using or distributing this work

(or any other work associated in any way

with the phrase "Project

Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with

all the terms of the Full Project

Gutenberg-tm License (available with

this file or online at

http://gutenberg.org/license).

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of

this Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic work, you indicate that you

have read, understand, agree to

and accept all the terms of this license

and intellectual property

(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you

do not agree to abide by all

the terms of this agreement, you must

cease using and return or destroy

all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic works in your possession.

If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy

of or access to a Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do

not agree to be bound by the

terms of this agreement, you may obtain

a refund from the person or

entity to whom you paid the fee as set

forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a

registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an

electronic work by people who

agree to be bound by the terms of this

agreement. There are a few

things that you can do with most Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works

even without complying with the full

terms of this agreement. See

paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of

things you can do with Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you

follow the terms of this agreement

and help preserve free future access to

Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary

Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"

or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright

in the collection of Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly

all the individual works in the

collection are in the public domain in

the United States. If an

individual work is in the public domain

in the United States and you are

located in the United States, we do not

claim a right to prevent you from

copying, distributing, performing,

displaying or creating derivative

works based on the work as long as all

references to Project Gutenberg

are removed. Of course, we hope that

you will support the Project

Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free

access to electronic works by

freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm

works in compliance with the terms of

this agreement for keeping the Project

Gutenberg-tm name associated with

the work. You can easily comply with

the terms of this agreement by

keeping this work in the same format

with its attached full Project

Gutenberg-tm License when you share it

without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place

where you are located also govern

what you can do with this work.

Copyright laws in most countries are in

a constant state of change. If you are

outside the United States, check

the laws of your country in addition to

the terms of this agreement

before downloading, copying, displaying,

performing, distributing or

creating derivative works based on this

work or any other Project

Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes

no representations concerning

the copyright status of any work in any

country outside the United

States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all

references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with

active links to, or other immediate

access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm

License must appear prominently

whenever any copy of a Project

Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the

phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or

with which the phrase "Project

Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed,

displayed, performed, viewed,

copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone

anywhere at no cost and with

almost no restrictions whatsoever. You

may copy it, give it away or

re-use it under the terms of the Project

Gutenberg License included

with this eBook or online at

www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2. If an individual Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived

from the public domain (does not contain

a notice indicating that it is

posted with permission of the copyright

holder), the work can be copied

and distributed to anyone in the United

States without paying any fees

or charges. If you are redistributing

or providing access to a work

with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"

associated with or appearing on the

work, you must comply either with the

requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1

through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for

the use of the work and the

Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set

forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or

1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright

holder, your use and distribution

must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1

through 1.E.7 and any additional

terms imposed by the copyright holder.

Additional terms will be linked

to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for

all works posted with the

permission of the copyright holder found

at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or

remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm

License terms from this work, or any

files containing a part of this

work or any other work associated with

Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform,

distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this

electronic work, without

prominently displaying the sentence set

forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with

active links or immediate access to the

full terms of the Project

Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and

distribute this work in any binary,

compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or

proprietary form, including any

word processing or hypertext form.

However, if you provide access to or

distribute copies of a Project

Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than

"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format

used in the official version

posted on the official Project

Gutenberg-tm web site

(www.gutenberg.org),

you must, at no additional cost, fee or

expense to the user, provide a

copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a

means of obtaining a copy upon

request, of the work in its original

"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other

form. Any alternate format must include

the full Project Gutenberg-tm

License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access

to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any

Project Gutenberg-tm works

unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8

or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee

for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided

that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the

gross profits you derive from

the use of Project Gutenberg-tm

works calculated using the method

you already use to calculate your

applicable taxes. The fee is

owed to the owner of the Project

Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he

has agreed to donate royalties

under this paragraph to the

Project Gutenberg Literary Archive

Foundation. Royalty payments

must be paid within 60 days

following each date on which you

prepare (or are legally required to

prepare) your periodic tax

returns. Royalty payments should

be clearly marked as such and

sent to the Project Gutenberg

Literary Archive Foundation at the

address specified in Section 4,

"Information about donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary

Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money

paid by a user who notifies

you in writing (or by e-mail)

within 30 days of receipt that s/he

does not agree to the terms of the

full Project Gutenberg-tm

License. You must require such a

user to return or

destroy all copies of the works

possessed in a physical medium

and discontinue all use of and all

access to other copies of

Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with

paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any

money paid for a work or a

replacement copy, if a defect in the

electronic work is discovered and

reported to you within 90 days

of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of

this agreement for free

distribution of Project Gutenberg-

tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or

distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic work or group of works on

different terms than are set

forth in this agreement, you must obtain

permission in writing from

both the Project Gutenberg Literary

Archive Foundation and Michael

Hart, the owner of the Project

Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the

Foundation as set forth in Section 3

below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and

employees expend considerable

effort to identify, do copyright

research on, transcribe and proofread

public domain works in creating the

Project Gutenberg-tm

collection. Despite these efforts,

Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

works, and the medium on which they may

be stored, may contain

"Defects," such as, but not limited to,

incomplete, inaccurate or

corrupt data, transcription errors, a

copyright or other intellectual

property infringement, a defective or

damaged disk or other medium, a

computer virus, or computer codes that

damage or cannot be read by

your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF

DAMAGES - Except for the "Right

of Replacement or Refund" described in

paragraph 1.F.3, the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation,

the owner of the Project

Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other

party distributing a Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this

agreement, disclaim all

liability to you for damages, costs and

expenses, including legal

fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO

REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT

LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH

OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE

PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE

THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE

TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR

UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE

LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT,

INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR

INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE

NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH

DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR

REFUND - If you discover a

defect in this electronic work within 90

days of receiving it, you can

receive a refund of the money (if any)

you paid for it by sending a

written explanation to the person you

received the work from. If you

received the work on a physical medium,

you must return the medium with

your written explanation. The person or

entity that provided you with

the defective work may elect to provide

a replacement copy in lieu of a

refund. If you received the work

electronically, the person or entity

providing it to you may choose to give

you a second opportunity to

receive the work electronically in lieu

of a refund. If the second copy

is also defective, you may demand a

refund in writing without further

opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of

replacement or refund set forth

in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is

provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER

WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR

IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO

WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS

FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow

disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or

limitation of certain types of damages.

If any disclaimer or limitation set

forth in this agreement violates the

law of the state applicable to this

agreement, the agreement shall be

interpreted to make the maximum

disclaimer or limitation permitted by

the applicable state law. The

invalidity or unenforceability of any

provision of this agreement shall not

void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to

indemnify and hold the Foundation, the

trademark owner, any agent or employee

of the Foundation, anyone

providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic works in accordance

with this agreement, and any volunteers

associated with the production,

promotion and distribution of Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works,

harmless from all liability, costs and

expenses, including legal fees,

that arise directly or indirectly from

any of the following which you do

or cause to occur: (a) distribution of

this or any Project Gutenberg-tm

work, (b) alteration, modification, or

additions or deletions to any

Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any

Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the

Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with

the free distribution of

electronic works in formats readable by

the widest variety of computers

including obsolete, old, middle-aged and

new computers. It exists

because of the efforts of hundreds of

volunteers and donations from

people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to

provide volunteers with the

assistance they need, are critical to

reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's

goals and ensuring that the Project

Gutenberg-tm collection will

remain freely available for generations

to come. In 2001, the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

was created to provide a secure

and permanent future for Project

Gutenberg-tm and future generations.

To learn more about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

and how your efforts and donations can

help, see Sections 3 and 4

and the Foundation web page at

http://www.pglaf.org.

Section 3. Information about the

Project Gutenberg Literary Archive

Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive

Foundation is a non profit

501(c)(3) educational corporation

organized under the laws of the

state of Mississippi and granted tax

exempt status by the Internal

Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN

or federal tax identification

number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3)

letter is posted at

http://pglaf.org/fundraising.

Contributions to the Project Gutenberg

Literary Archive Foundation are tax

deductible to the full extent

permitted by U.S. federal laws and your

state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is

located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.

Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its

volunteers and employees are scattered

throughout numerous locations. Its

business office is located at

809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT

84116, (801) 596-1887, email

business@pglaf.org. Email contact links

and up to date contact

information can be found at the

Foundation's web site and official

page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:

Dr. Gregory B. Newby

Chief Executive and Director

gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4. Information about Donations

to the Project Gutenberg

Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and

cannot survive without wide

spread public support and donations to

carry out its mission of

increasing the number of public domain

and licensed works that can be

freely distributed in machine readable

form accessible by the widest

array of equipment including outdated

equipment. Many small donations

($1 to $5,000) are particularly

important to maintaining tax exempt

status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying

with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in

all 50 states of the United

States. Compliance requirements are not

uniform and it takes a

considerable effort, much paperwork and

many fees to meet and keep up

with these requirements. We do not

solicit donations in locations

where we have not received written

confirmation of compliance. To

SEND DONATIONS or determine the status

of compliance for any

particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit

contributions from states where we

have not met the solicitation

requirements, we know of no prohibition

against accepting unsolicited donations

from donors in such states who

approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully

accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment

of donations received from

outside the United States. U.S. laws

alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web

pages for current donation

methods and addresses. Donations are

accepted in a number of other

ways including checks, online payments

and credit card donations.

To donate, please visit:

http://pglaf.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the

originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm

concept of a library of electronic works

that could be freely shared

with anyone. For thirty years, he

produced and distributed Project

Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose

network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often

created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as

Public Domain in the U.S.

unless a copyright notice is included.

Thus, we do not necessarily

keep eBooks in compliance with any

particular paper edition.

Most people start at our Web site which

has the main PG search facility:

http://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about

Project Gutenberg-tm,

including how to make donations to the

Project Gutenberg Literary

Archive Foundation, how to help produce

our new eBooks, and how to

subscribe to our email newsletter to

hear about new eBooks.