•THE PROGRESSIVE ERA•AN EMERGING WORLD POWER•WORLD WAR I AND BEYOND

Emergence of the modern united states

1890-1920

The Progressive Era

1B, 7B, 7C

The Drive for Reform

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE

Progressive EraMuckrakerLincoln SteffensJacob RiisSocial GospelSettlement HouseJane AddamsDirect PrimaryInitiativeReferendum Recall

Origins of Progressivism

Progressivism Reform Honest, efficient government Leaders emerged from growing middle class Dissatisfied industrial workers Few wealthy Americans

Common Beliefs

Believed industrialization and urbanization had created social and political problems

Wanted laws to address the issues of the poor

Logic and reason to make society work in a more efficient way

Similar to Populism Rid of government corruption Make government more responsive to people’s needs

Differed from Populism Mostly middle class

Target a Variety of Problems

Political and Government Reform Women’s right to vote Honest government Political machines

Social Welfare Crowded cities Need paved streets Water sanitation Decent housing

Target a Variety of Problems, Cont’d

Big Business “busts the trusts” Create more economic opportunities for small

business Sherman Antitrust Act is inadequate and ineffective

Labor Conditions Reduce the growing gap between the rich and poor Attack the harsh conditions Child labor laws

Muckrakers Reveal the Need for Reform

Journalists and writersUncovered a wide range of illsGiven name by Teddy Roosevelt

A “muckrake” is a tool used to clean manure and hay out of animals stables

Journalists

Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities Collection of articles on political corruption\

Jacob Riis Photographer How the Other Half Lives Shot the crowded, unsafe, rat-infested tenement

buildingsIda Tarbell

The History of Standard Oil Report of John Rockefeller’s ruthless methods to ruin

his competitors

Novelists

Frank Norris The Octopus Dramatized Southern Pacific Railroad’s stronghold on

California farmersUpton Sinclair

The Jungle Wrote about the despairs of Chicago immigrants

working in meat packing industry “aimed for their hearts but hit them in their

stomachs”

Progressives Reform Society

The Social Gospel Walter Rauschenbusch

Christianity is the basis of social reform Followed Bible’s teachings of charity and justice People can make society “the Kingdom of God” Pushed an end to child labor, shorter work week, limit

corporations and trustsSettlement Houses

Community center that provided social services to the urban poor Classes in child care, English, nursery schools, theater, art, etc

Put in place to help and assimilate Jane Addams: The Hull House in Chicago, leading figure

Protecting Children

Florence Kelley Lawyer, got Illinois to ban child labor Helped for National Child Labor Committee

Lobbied the federal government to create the U.S. Children’s Bureau in 1912

Keating-Owens Act, 1916 Banned child labor Later ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

1938 before child labor is banned for good

Improving Education

States passed laws that required children to attend school until a certain age

Debate Work skills vs literature and music Girls vs boys

John Dewey Educator New subjects: history/geography as well as work skills

Helping Industrial Workers

Working conditions made industrial work unsafe

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in 1911 No chance to escape,

exits were locked Killed 146 workers Result: New York

passed laws to make workplaces safer Other cities and states

followed suit

Reforming Government

Election Rules Direct Primary

An election where citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections

Wisconsin is the first to pilot this, Gov. Robert La Follete Initiative

Gave citizens the power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot

Referendum Gave citizens the power to approve or reject laws

Recall Gave citizens the power to remove public servants from office

All of these give the PEOPLE more political power

2C, 4A, 4B

Women Make Progress

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE

Florence KelleyNCLTemperance MovementMargaret SangerIda B. WellsSuffrageCarrie Chapman CattNAWSAAlice PaulNineteenth Amendment

Working Women Face Hardships

Difficult jobs, long hours, dangerous conditions

Many had to hand over wages to the men in the family

Easily cheated or bullied by employersNo right to vote

Little influence on politicians

Reformers Champion Working Women’s Rights

Key goal: limit working hours Oregon law capped at 10 hours Muller vs Oregon

Argument: long working hours harm women & families Decision: “women could be placed in a class by themselves”

Laws can limit their working hours and not for men At the time, seen as a victory. It was later used against women when

they demanded things such as equal pay.

Florence Kelley: lawyer that worked for child labor Believed women were hurt by the unfair prices of goods needed

for women to run their homes Helped form National Consumer’s League (NCL)

Labels for goods produced in fair, safe, healthy conditions Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)

Worked for minimum wage and 8 hour work day

Women Work for Change in Family Life

Key goal: improve family life Temperance Movement: practice of never drinking alcohol

Lead by WCTU Argument: men spent earnings on liquor, not family Result: lead to the passage of the 18th amendment (prohibition)

Birth Control Nurse Margaret Sanger Mother’s should have fewer children First birth control clinic

National Association of Colored Women (NACW) Ida B. Wells Teacher helped set up day-care centers to educate black

children

Women Fight for the Right to Vote

Suffrage: the right to voteCarrie Chapman Catt

Urged women to join NAWSA Action on 2 fronts

Congress pass a constitutional amendment Referendum process to pass state suffrage laws

• Helped in New York, Michigan, Oklahoma

Alice Paul Formed National Women’s Party (NWP) Used public marches to push women’s right to vote

The 19th Amendment

1917, U.S. enters WWI Kelley and Catt led

the NAWSA to support the war effort

Convinced legislators to support a women’s suffrage amendment

1919: Congress passes the 19th Amendment Gave women the right

to vote Women first vote in

the 1920 election

4ABC

The Struggle Against Discrimination

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE

AmericanizationBooker T. WashingtonW.E.B. DuBoisNiagara MovementNAACPUrban LeagueAnti-Defamation LeagueMutualistas

Progressivism Presents Contradictions

Progressive Era not so progressive for non-whites and immigrant Americans Most Progressives were white, Anglo-Saxon

Protestant Indifferent and even hostile to minorities

Social Reform or Social Control? Americanization=assimilation

Settlement houses, etc Taught English and tried to change immigrants way of

life How to dress and eat “American” Get rid of food and culture of their homelands

Believed assimilating would make immigrants more loyal

Racism Limits the Goals of Progressivism

Most Progressives were prejudiced against those who were Nonwhite Non Protestant Non Middle Class

African Americans Demand Reform

Booker T. Washington “gradual” progress

W.E.B. DuBois “immediate” equality Niagara Movement

Black men across the south were being denied right to vote Denounced gradual progress Wanted more education than “work skills” Never got very strong

NAACP 1909 Included black and white Progressives Use the courts to challenge unfair laws

Urban League African Americans migrating from rural to urban

areas Focused on poorer workers

Reducing Prejudice and Protecting Rights

Anti-Defamation League Jewish group formed in response to anti-Semitism Goal: defend Jews and others against verbal and physical

attacks, false statements, and justice and fair treatmentMexican Americans

Mutualistas Groups that made loans and provided legal assistance Had insurance programs to help if too sick to work

Native Americans Urged to preserve their cultures and avoid being dependent on

governmentAsian Americans

Fought laws that prevented them from being citizens Shot down by the Supreme Court

1B, 1C, 2B

Roosevelt’s Square Deal

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE

Theodore RooseveltSquare DealHepburn ActMeat Inspection ActPure Food and Drug ActJohn MuirGifford PinchotNational Reclamation ActNew NationalismProgressive Party

Roosevelt Shapes the Modern Presidency

First “Progressive” President after Presidents considered weak in the Gilded Age

Spanish-American War Hero Fought with the Rough Riders Calvary William McKinley’s Vice-President

Assassinated allowing T. Roosevelt to become President in 1901

Square Deal Used his office and power to convince Americans the need for

reform Goals: keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage

of small business owners and the poor What his goal WAS NOT: everyone gets rich, government take

care of the lazy

Trust Busting and Regulating Industry

Strike involvement 1902, coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike

Better pay and shorter work day He was sympathetic toward workers BUT

Coal is needed to keep factories running and homes warm What did he do?

First: tried to reason with coal miners=FAIL Second: threatened to send in federal troops to take control of

mines and run them with federal employees Result: Mine owners gave small pay raise and 9 hour work

day Why does it matter?

For the first time, the federal government had stepped in to help workers in a labor dispute

Roosevelt Takes on the Railroads

Issue: the cost of shipping freight Companies can charge what they want

1887: Congress created the ICC to oversee rail charges

1900: Supreme Court had stripped most of ICC power

1906: Hepburn Act Gave the ICC strong enforcement power Gave government the authority to set and limit

shipping costs

Roosevelt Enforces the Sherman Antitrust Act

Got a reputation as “trust buster”

Saw a difference in “good trust” and “bad trusts” Big business can be

more efficient Supported as long as

they did business FAIRLY

Regulating the Food and Drug Industries

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Led Congress to

pass the Meat Inspection

Act in 1906 Pure Food and

Drug Act (FDA)

The Government Manages the Environment

Should National Forests be Conserved or Preserved? T. Roosevelt loved nature

Admired John Muirefforts led to Yellow Stone National Park He did not believe all forest land should be preserved

Some should be conserved and use their natural resources

Gifford Pinchot Led the Division of Foresty Forests be preserved for public use

Trees have time to mature into good labor to be used for housing, etc.

Water Policy Highly controversial natural resource

Who owned water rights and how water was to be shared National Reclamation Act of 1902

Gave the Federal government the power to decide

Roosevelt and Taft Differ

Roosevelt helped Taft get elected in 1908 Left his policies to Taft to continue

Taft took own course Payne-Aldrich Act: didn’t lower tariffs as much as

Roosevelt wanted Mann-Elkins Act: government control of telephone

and telegraph rates Proposed income tax Busted Standard Oil Trust Relaxed the Sherman Antitrust Act Fired Gifford Pinchot

New Nationalism

Roosevelt was IRRATE with Taft for breaking away from “his policies”

Traveled the country speaking about New Nationalism Program to restore the government’s trust-busting ability Declared himself “strong as a bull moose” Vowed to tackle trusts in a third presidential term

1912 election The Taft-Roosevelt split the Republican Party

Roosevelt became the “Progressive Party” The split in the party allowed the Democrats, Woodrow

Wilson, to win the election

6ABC

Wilson’s New Freedom

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE

Woodrow WilsonNew FreedomSixteenth AmendmentFederal Reserve ActFederal Trade CommissionClayton Antitrust Act

Wilson Wins the Election of 1912

The split in the Republican Party allowed Democrat Wilson to win the election

Called his plan New Freedom Resembled Roosevelt’s New Nationalism

Strict government control of corporations

Wilson Regulates the Economy

Congress lowers tariffs and Raises Taxes Passed Underwood Tariff

Prevented big manufacturers from unfairly charging high prices

1913 Sixteenth Amendment Graduated income tax

Wealthy people pay a higher percentage of their income than poor people

Rationale: money the government lost from lowering tariffs would be made up from the income tax collected

Federal Reserve, 1913

Placed national banks under the control of a central board Set up regional banks

to hold the reserve funds from commercial banks

Still in place today Protects the

American economy from having too much money in the hands of one person, bank, or region.

Sets interest rates

Wilson Strengthens Antitrust Regulation

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Monitor business practices, false advertising, and

dishonest labelingClayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act Spelled out specific activities businesses could not do

Workers’ Rights Protected

The Clayton Antitrust Act also protected labor unions from being attacked as trusts Remember the Sherman Antitrust Act did the opposite

Working Man’s Compensation Act Gave wages to temporarily disabled civil service

employees

Progressivism’s Legacy

Expanding Voters’ Influence Direct Primary Initiative Referendum Recall

More protection of Americans’ private lives at the same time gaining more control

Left the idea the government can take action to help people fix problems Also a criticism of Progressivism

People will now want to rely on the government to fix ALL their problems