THE PROGRESSIVE

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WHAT WAS HAPPENING LAST TIME?

I. THE ROAD TO PROGRESSIVISMA. The greenback labor party

B. Legacy of populism

1. Failed but…

2. Populist ideas that carried forward:

a. railroad legislation (1903, 1906)

b. income tax (16th Amendment, 1912)

c. expanded currency and credit structure (1913, 1916)

d. direct election of senators (17th Amendment, 1913)

e. initiative, referendum and recall (early 1900s in certain states)

f. postal savings banks (1910)

g. sub treasury plan (1916)

POPULISM PROGRESSIVISM NEW DEAL

(1890-1896) (1900-1920) (1933-1938)

II. RISE OF PROGRESSIVISM

A. Mugwumps (reform-minded republicans

B. Emerging middle class sympathy

C. The progressives

1. Specific issues for reform: (be able to explain each individually)

a. excessive power of trusts b. political machines c. threat of socialismd. squalid conditions in the cities e. working conditions for female labor and child labor f. consumer protection g. voting reform h. conservation i. banking reform j. labor reform (working conditions and unionization) k. prohibition of alcohol i. female suffrage

2. Darker side

III. MAJOR REFORM ISSUES: TRUSTS, POLITICAL MACHINES, LIVING AND WORKING CONDITIONS IN CITIES

A. Trusts dominant/ plutocracy

B. Political machines

C. Challenges from growing cities

IV. PROGRESSIVE ANALYSTS

A. University social science departments

B. John Dewey- “learning by doing” “education for life”

C. Lester Frank Ward- challenged survival of the fittest, advocated adapting society

D. Charles Beard- modern historical interpretation

E. Writings: Wealth against commonwealth, theory of the leisure class, how the other half lives

F. Social gospel movement

V. MUCKRAKERS

A. Journalists attempted to expose the evils of society.

B. Lincoln Steffens- Shame of the cities

C. Ida M. Tarbell- exposed standard oil

D. Upton Sinclair, The jungle

E. David G. Phillips: "The Treason of the State" in cosmo

F. John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906)

G. Ray Stannard Baker, Following the Color Line (1908)

VI. PROGRESSIVE ACTIVISTS (CRUSADERS)

A. wanted improved living conditions for women and children

B. Jane Adams: first gen college educated, Hull house, helped found the NAACP, pacifist

C. Women and Child labor reform

1. Most successful progressive cause

2. Florence Kelley

3. Gains: Muller V. Oregon, Triangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire!!!, child labor act 1916

4. A lot eventually overturned by the supreme court

VII. POLITICAL REFORMS

A. Robert La Follett and the "Wisconsin Experiment“

- Direct primary, direct election of senators, insurgents v. old guard republicans

B. Australian (secret) ballot- weakens political machines

C. Galveston and the commission system- also weakens political machines

VIII. PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT –THE FIRST "MODERN" PRESIDENT

A. First pres. to focus on gov. to help public interest

-”bully pulpit”

B. First pres. to really get into foreign affairs

C. Regulation of corporations

- Anthracite coal strike 1902, department of commerce and labor, attacks JP Morgan's Norther securities co.

D. Consumer protection

- The jungle inspired meat inspection act of 1906, pure food and drug act

E. Conservation

- John Muir and the sierra club

- “wise use” policy, new lands reclamation act, federal reserves

IX. PANIC OF 1907

A. short but brutal

– “runs” on banks, indictments against speculators

– Roosevelt blamed, he blamed wall street

B. Results

- Demonstrated need for more flexible currency

- Labor and local reformers gained support of the middle class

X. PRESIDENT WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT

A. Election of 1908

B. Taft as trustbuster

C. Progressive legislation

XI. SPLIT IN THE REPUBLICAN

A. Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 1909

B. Ballinger-Pinchot controversy (1910)

C. Split in Rep. complete when taft leaves progressives

D. Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism”, 1910

E. Rep. loose congress 1910

F. 1911, Taft pressed an anti-trust suit against U.S. Steel Corp.

G. Taft-Roosevelt split

XII. ELECTION OF 1912

A. Woodrow Wilson

B. Progressive-Republican party (bull moose party)

C. Rep. pick Taft who doesn’t campaign

D. Results

- Wilson wins 435-88-8

- Socialist party Eugene Debs got 6%

E. Why did Progressive-Republican party fail?

a. It was fatally centered around one leader: TR.

b. The party elected few candidates to state and local offices and had no patronage to give

followers

c. Yet, the party’s impact spurred Wilsonian Democrats to enact their progressive ideas.

XIII. PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON

A. Background: professor, university president, governor, focused on strong moral leader, but?

B. Started with a clear plan: more positive laws than even Lincoln, attacked tariffs, banks and trusts

C. Underwood tariff bill 1913

- Significantly reduced the tariff, and created a graduated income tax

D. Federal reserve act 1913

- Federal reserve system still out current national bank system

- A federal reserve board overseas 12 regional districts, could print money

E. Attacking trusts

- Federal trade commission act of 1914

- Clayton anti-trust act of 1914

F. Other reforms: “new nationalism”, Louis Brandeis, farm loan, warehouse act, federal highways,

workingman's compensation, child labor, Adamson act

XIV. THE SUPREME COURT DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA.

A. The court overturned many progressive gains

B. 1918 Hamer v. Dagenhart overturned child labor act

C. Adkins v. children's hospital overturned minimum wage law

D. Scheck v. US 1919 upheld espionage and sedition acts limiting free speech

XV. PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL (1874-1919)

A. Liquor use increased after civil war

B. Women's Christian temperance movement 1874

C. Anti-saloon league 1893

D. “dry” laws

E. Attitude of sacrifice during WWI

F. 18th amendment 1819 enforced by the Volstead act

G. The great failures of the progressives

XVI. WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

A. 1848 Seneca fall convention

B. Factions merge in 1893: national American women's suffrage association

C. Gains in western states

D. 1893 to 1910 13,000 to 75,000

E. Alice Paul's militant tactics

F. 19th amendments 1920

XVII. AFRICAN AMERICANS MADE FEW GAINS DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

A. TR criticized for BTW dining at the white house

B. The Great Migration resulted in violence: Chicago race riot

C. Lynching's continue during this period: opposed by Ida Wells-Barnett

D. Organizing for increased rights

- WEB DuBois V. BTW led to the Niagara movement 1905-09, “talented tenth”

- NAACP

E. Wilson and African Americans

- Not good, white supremacist, liked Birth of a nation by DW Griffith

- Increase government segregation

- Left out of democratic party

XVIII. THE DARKER SIDE OF PROGRESSIVISM

A. Imposing middle class values

B. Supported segregation to ease social tension

C. Nativists and anti immigrant

D. Legislation of morality/ prohibition

E. Social Darwinism led to eugenics and White supremacy

F. 1st “red scare”

G. WWI enabled them and then everyone was fed up.