The process of translating
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Transcript of The process of translating
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The Process of Translatingby Meibis Gonzalez V.
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Process
• Translating is an operational process where two important steps take place:
– First, we choose an approach
– Second, we translate within four levels
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Approaches
• We either translate from the word to the sentence, from the sentence to the paragraph, to the paragraph to the chapter…then we get the feel and feeling of it
• We might translate also after reading the whole text several times first until we get the feel and feeling of it.
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Comparison of two approachesApproach Process When to use it DisadvantagesSentence by sentence,paragraphby paragraph, or chapter by chapter
From word to sentence to paragraph to chapter
• Easy texts• Literary texts
• Too much revision
• Waste of time
Read wholeText
Read whole text several times first, then translate
• Harder texts• Technical or
institutional texts
• can be mechanical
• Should never stop use of intuition
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Translation is for discussion…
• Translation is for discussion because…– When we translate we should propose a
version for discussion and criticism, not impose a view
– There are no absolutes– Everything is more or less– Nothing is purely objective or subjective– There are no cast-iron rules
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The Four levels
1.Textual level2.The referential level3.The cohesive level4.Level of naturalness
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Textual Level
• The text is the base label. This is the level of literal translations.
• There is transposition of SL grammar into their TL equivalents.
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Textual Level
• The translator intuitively and automatically makes certain conversions of the lexical units into the sense that appears immediately appropriate in the context of the sentence (text based).
• The source text itself and its immediate impression on the translator play a role
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The Referential Level
• The referential level and the textual level are closely involved with each other.
• The referential level deals with content. The message, or semantics of the text play a major role.
• After decoding the message, a conceptual representation is built. The linguistic level that the text offers is supplemented with the necessary additional information.
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The Referential Level
• The translator needs to stand back from the text and have an image of the reality behind it to find the real intention of the writer.
• The translator builds up a referential picture when transforming the SL into the TL text.
• We should not read a sentence without seeing it in its referential level.
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The Cohesive Level
• Cohesion is the link of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which connect various parts of a text.
• The cohesive level links the textual and the referential levels.
• It provides organization, and facilitates understanding. It is clear because the network of words and expressions in the surrounding sentences and paragraphs show logical unity.
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The Cohesive Level• It has two factors: the structure level and the
mood.
• The structure factor happens through the connective words linking the sentences from the known to the new.
• It ensures thus, that there is a sequel, a sequence of time, space, and logic in the text.
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Cohesive Level
• In the mood factor (tone), the translator finds value-laden and value-free passages. The translator is able to differentiate the subjective from the objective in the SL text.
• The cohesive level is a regulator. It secures coherence. It adjusts emphasis.
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Level of Naturalness• It allows the translator decide the lengths of
paragraphs and sentences, the formulation of the title, and the tone of the conclusion.
• This level is target text oriented, focusing exclusively on the construction of the target text.
• • Your translation needs to make sense• It needs to read naturally
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Level of Naturalness
• Here what counts is that the language sounds natural (as in the target language).
• Finding this level might face some possible problems:– word order – one-to-one translation
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Level of Naturalness
– making common structures seem unnatural
– false friends (cognate words)
– participles, infinitives and nominalizations
– old-fashioned or lofty target language diction
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Level of Naturalness
– non-corresponding categories and phenomena in the SL and TL such as tense-aspect, definite article use, idioms and metaphors, nominal compounds, collocations etc.
– Presence of random, unpredictable things that just seem unnatural in the target language
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Bibliography
• Newmark, Peter. (1988). A textbook of Translation.
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Thanks a lot!