The process of process modeling by Hajo Reijers
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Transcript of The process of process modeling by Hajo Reijers
The Process
of Process Modeling
Hajo Reijers
PAGE 2
Jakob Pinggera
Stefan Zugal
Barbara Weber
Dirk Fahland
Hajo Reijers
Irene Vanderfeesten
Matthias Weidlich
Jan Mendling
Pnina Soffer
Jan Claes
Geert Poels
PAGE 3
Process Models in BPM
common
understanding
identify problems in
the business process
discover opportunities
for improvement execute
Error rates between 10% and 50% in industrial process
model collections (Mendling 2009, Fahland et al. 2009, Mendling et al. 2008)
impedes comprehensibility and maintainability
of process models (Mendling 2008, Weber & Reichert 2008, Weber et al. 2011)
• Non intention-revealing or inconsistent naming (Mendling et al. 2010)
• Redundant process fragments (Hallerbach et al. 2010)
• Large and unnecessarily complex process models (Soto et al. 2008)
Quality Problems
PAGE 4
Elicitation Formalization
Process Model Development Lifecycle
PAGE 5
Challenges
Elicitation Formalization
Good communication
between stakeholders
and effective
negotiation processes
Significant process
modeling skills and
good modeling
support
PAGE 6
1. Learn from process modelers
2. Investigate tool/notation impact on modeling
3. Support modeling:
• modeling methodology
• modeling notation
• modeling tools
Overall objective: Improve Formalization
PAGE 7
Elicitation Formalization
Analyze Formalization as a Process
Elicitation
Formalization
Comprehension
Modeling Reconciliation
PAGE 8
process modeling
• motivation
• elicitation + formalization
capture as a process
• conceptual idea
• what does it look like
insights:
• dialogue document
• modeling styles
• eye-tracking
PAGE 9
Outline
iterative, highly flexible process
depends on individual modeler
3 successive phases
Process of Process Modeling (PPM)
Comprehension
Modeling Reconciliation
PAGE 10
same product (process model)
What does the PPM look like?
PAGE 11
same product (process model)
record modeling steps
What does the PPM look like?
PAGE 12
PAGE 13
Model recording
CREATE_START_EVENT
CREATE_ACTIVITY CREATE_EDGE
CREATE_XOR_GATEWAY
CREATE_AND_GATEWAY
MOVE_ACTIVITY
CREATE_EDGE_BENDPOINT NAME_EDGE
RENAME_ACTIVITY
DELETE_ACTIVITY
Cheetah Experimental Platform: http://bpm.q-e.at/?page_id=56
classify modeling steps
accumulate in Modeling Phase Diagrams (PPMs)
What does the PPM look like?
PAGE 14
PAGE 15
Experiments
process modeling
• motivation
• elicitation + formalization
capture as a process
• conceptual idea
• what does it look like
some insights
• dialogue document
• attention fixation
• modeling styles
PAGE 16
Outline
DIALOGUE DOCUMENT
PAGE 17
PAGE 18
Dialogue document
P.J.M. Frederiks and Th.P. van der Weide: Information modeling: The process and the required
competencies of its participants. Data and Knowledge Engineering 58 (2006) 1, 4-20.
Dialogue document
Factor of interest: Organization of dialogue
document
Factor levels: Breadth-first, Depth-first, Random
Results: Correctness
Very similar
PAGE 20
Results: Modeling time
Breadth-first significantly quicker than random
Results: Accuracy
Random has a significant higher distance
Results – Dialogue document
Modeling is difficult
• High percentage of syntactical errors
Organization dialogue document:
• Limited effect on syntactical correctness
• Big effect on accuracy
Breadth first seems favorable:
• Modeling time lowest
• Modelers most closely follow dialogue document
PAGE 23
MODELING STYLES
PAGE 24
PAGE 25
Modeling styles
PAGE 26
Approach
Understandable
models
Non-understandable
models
J. Claes, I. Vanderfeesten, H.A. Reijers, J. Pinggera, M. Weidlich, S. Zugal, B. Weber, J. Mendling, G. Poels and D. Fahland.
Tying Process Model Quality to the Modeling Process: The Impact of Structuring, Movement, and Speed. Accepted to 10th
International Conference on Business Process Management (BPM 2012)
PAGE 27
Structured modeling
Creating blocks ‘as a whole’ (before moving on to
the creation of the rest of the model)
ACT
ACT
X X ACT
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Movement
PAGE 29
Speed
Structured modeling
Moves
Speed
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Test
maxSimulBlock understandability 0.028*
percNumBlockAsAWhole understandability 0.030*
avgMoveOnMovedElements understandability 0.049*
percNumElementsWithMoves understandability 0.648
totTime understandability 0.031*
totCreateTime understandability 0.014*
EYE-TRACKING
PAGE 31
PAGE 32
Eye-tracking
33
Modeler
creating a formal model is a process in itself
we record and measure this process of modeling
modeling is difficult
structure dialogue document has an impact
modeling styles differ – relation with model quality
in search of what makes modeling difficult
PAGE 34
Summary
good modelers model quickly
good modelers model structuredly
Take away
questions:
• can we improve the process of process modeling?
• can we develop effective modeling instructions?
• can we provide effective tool support?
PAGE 36
The future
X X
Questions?
PAGE 37
Hajo Reijers
http://www.reijers.com
Twitter: @MultumNonMulta
S.N. Cant, D.R. Jeffery and B Henderson-Sellers: A conceptual model of cognitive complexity of
elements of the programming process. Information and Software Technology 37 (1995) 7, pp.
351-362.
J. Claes, I. Vanderfeesten, H.A. Reijers, J. Pinggera, M. Weidlich, S. Zugal, B. Weber, J.
Mendling, G. Poels and D. Fahland. Tying Process Model Quality to the Modeling Process: The
Impact of Structuring, Movement, and Speed. Accepted to 10th International Conference on
Business Process Management (BPM 2012)
P.J.M. Frederiks and Th.P. van der Weide: Information modeling: The process and the required
competencies of its participants. Data and Knowledge Engineering 58 (2006) 1, 4-20.
A. Hallerbach, T. Bauer and M. Reichert: Capturing Variability in Business Process Models: The
Provop Approach. Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice 22
(2010) 6–7, pp. 519–546.
J. Mendling: Metrics for Process Models: Empirical Foundations of Verification, Error Prediction
and Guidelines for Correctness, Springer, 2008.
J. Mendling: Empirical Studies in Process Model Verification. Transactions on Petri Nets and
Other Models of Concurrency II, Springer, 2009, pp. 208–224.
G. Miller: The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for
Processing Information. Psychological Review 63 (1956), pp. 81-87.
J. Mendling, H.A. Reijers and J. Recker, Activity Labeling in Process Modeling: Empirical Insights
and Recommendations, Information Systems 35 (2010) 4, pp. 467-482.
J. Mendling, H.M.W. Verbeek, B.F. van Dongen, W.M.P. van der Aalst and G. Neumann:
Detection and Prediction of Errors in EPCs of the SAP Reference Model, Data & Knowledge
Engineering 64 (2008) 1, pp. 312-329.
J. Pinggera, P. Soffer, S. Zugal, B. Weber, M. Weidlich, D. Fahland, H.A. Reijers and J. Mendling:
Modeling Styles in Business Process Modeling. In: Proc. BPMDS ’12 (accepted), 2012.
P. Rittgen, Quality and perceived usefulness of process models, In: Proc. SAC’10, 2010, pp. 65-
72.
A.-W. Scheer, ARIS - Business Process Modeling, 3rd ed., Springer 2000.
M. Soto, A. Ocampo and J. Munch: The Secret Life of a Process Description: A Look into the
Evolution of a Large Process Model, In: Proc. ICSP'08, 2008, pp. 257-268.
B. Weber and M. Reichert: Refactoring Process Models in Large Process Repositories In: Proc.
CAiSE'08 (2008), pp. 124-139.
B. Weber, M. Reichert, J. Mendling and H.A. Reijers: Refactoring Large Process Model
Repositories.. Computers and Industry 62(2011) 5, pp. 467-486.