THE PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE ACT AND REACT IN RELATION TO OTHERS

• HUMANS RELY ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE TO MAKE SENSE OUT OF SITUATIONS– SOCIAL STRUCTURE

• RELATIVE STABLE PATTERNS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

• THESE PATTERNS MAKE THE SOCIAL WORLD UNDERSTANDABLE AND HELP GUIDE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

– LET’S BREAK THESE PATTERNS DOWN...

HOW MANY OF YOU LIKE THINGS STRUCTURED? WHY?

• COMPLETE ISOLATION FOR 6 MONTHS– PASSIVE, ANXIOUS, FEARFUL

WHEN RETURNED

• PROVIDED A ARTIFICIAL MOTHER– EMOTIONALLY

DAMAGEDWHEN RETURNED

• PROVIDED ARTIFICIAL MONKEY COVERED IN CLOTH (CLUNG TO MOTHER)– SHOWED LITTLE

EMOTIONAL DISTRESS

– ADULTS MUST ALSO CRADLE CHILDREN SO THEY DEVELOP EMOTIONALLY

• IF OTHER MONKEYS AROUND, ABSENCE OF THE MOTHER WAS NOT SEVERE– LACK OF SOCIAL

EXPERIENCE, RATHER THAN THE ABSENCE OF THE PARENT WAS EMOTIONALLY DAMAGING

• SHORTER PERIODS OF SOCIAL ISOLATION CAUSED ONLY TEMPORARY DISTRESS– LONG-TERM ISOLATION

CAUSES IRREVERSIBLE EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DAMAGE

YouTube - harry harlow & rhesus monkeys - development.url

Psychologist John B. Watson• BEHAVIORISM:

– BEHAVIOR IS NOT INSTINCTIVE BUT LEARNED

• PEOPLE ARE EQUALLY HUMAN, DIFFERING ONLY IN THEIR CULTURAL PATTERNS

– HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS ROOTED IN NURTURE NOT NATURE

• REALIZING INHERITED POTENTIAL DEPENDS ON HAVING AN OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP IT

– A CHILD’S BRAIN MUST BE STIMULATED EARLY IN LIFE OR IT DOES NOT FULLY DEVELOP

• NURTURE IS OUR NATURE YouTube - John Watson - Pequeno Albert (legendado).url

Watson's Little Albert Study.url

EFFECTS OF SOCIAL ISOLATION ON CHILDREN

• BORN TO AN UNMARRIED AND MENTALLY IMPAIRED WOMAN WHO LIVED WITH HER FATHER

• LOCKED HER DAUGHTER AWAY FOR 5 YEARS IN A STORAGE ROOM WITH HER HANDS TIED

• ANNA HAD NO SOCIAL EXPERIENCE FOR 5 YEARS

– NO THOUGHTS, EMOTIONS, OR MEANINGFUL BEHAVIOR HAD DEVELOPED (NO PERSONALITY)

• AT AGE EIGHT HER MENTAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT WAS LESS THAN A 2 YEAR OLD

– AT 10 SHE USED WORDS BUT THEN DIED

• SOCIAL ISOLATION LEFT HER PERMANENTLY DAMAGED

• BORN TO AN UNMARRIED AND MENTALLY IMPAIRED WOMAN WHO LIVED WITH HER FATHER

• LOCKED HER DAUGHTER AWAY FOR 5 YEARS IN A STORAGE ROOM WITH HER HANDS TIED

• ANNA HAD NO SOCIAL EXPERIENCE FOR 5 YEARS

– NO THOUGHTS, EMOTIONS, OR MEANINGFUL BEHAVIOR HAD DEVELOPED (NO PERSONALITY)

• AT AGE EIGHT HER MENTAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT WAS LESS THAN A 2 YEAR OLD

– AT 10 SHE USED WORDS BUT THEN DIED

• SOCIAL ISOLATION LEFT HER PERMANENTLY DAMAGED

• BORN TO A DEAF-MUTE MOTHER THAT SPENT TIME WITH HER IN A DARK ROOM

• LOCKED AWAY FOR 6 YEARS BUT THE MOTHER WAS PHYSICALLY WITH HER

• PSYCHOLOGISTS HAD HER TRYING TO TALK IN A WEEK AND 1 1/2 YEARS LATER HAD A VOCAB OF 2000 WORDS– LEARNED IN TWO

YEARS WHAT MOST LEARN IN SIX

– BY 14 SHE WAS IN THE 6TH GRADE

• BORN TO A DEAF-MUTE MOTHER THAT SPENT TIME WITH HER IN A DARK ROOM

• LOCKED AWAY FOR 6 YEARS BUT THE MOTHER WAS PHYSICALLY WITH HER

• PSYCHOLOGISTS HAD HER TRYING TO TALK IN A WEEK AND 1 1/2 YEARS LATER HAD A VOCAB OF 2000 WORDS– LEARNED IN TWO

YEARS WHAT MOST LEARN IN SIX

– BY 14 SHE WAS IN THE 6TH GRADE

NATURE OR NURTURE

Slide Show.urlETHNOMETHODOLOGY

SOCIAL EXPERIENCE IS CRUCIAL IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

• GIRL LOCKED AWAY AT 2 AND DISCOVERED AT THE AGE OF 13

– TIED NAKED TO A POTTY CHAIR IN A DARK GARAGE

– AT NIGHT PLACED IN A STRAITJACKET

• SHE COULD NOT WALK, CHEW FOOD, SPEAK, OR CONTROL HER BLADDER

– HAD THE MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF A 1 YEAR OLD

• TODAY, SHE ONLY HAS THE LANGUAGE ABILITY OF A YOUNG CHILD

A RECOGNIZED SOCIAL POSITION THAT AN INDIVIDUAL OCCUPIES

• EVERY STATUS INVOLVES PARTICULAR DUTIES, RIGHTS AND EXPECTATIONS

• STATUSES CONNECT US TO OTHERS

• IN SHORT, A STATUS DEFINES WHO AND WHAT WE ARE IN RELATION TO OTHERS

CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A LABEL

ALL THE STATUSES A PERSON HOLDS AT A GIVEN TIME

• JOINING AN ORGANIZATION OR QUITTING AN ORGANIZATION ADDS OR DELETES TO OUR STATUS SET

• EXAMPLES:– MOTHER

– BUSINESS WOMEN

– SISTER

– DAUGHTER

– WIFE

STATUS/ROLE ACTIVITY

HOW STATUSES ARE OBTAINED• TYPE OF STATUS

– ASCRIBED: INVOLUNTARY POSITIONS RECEIVED AT BIRTH OR ASSUMED INVOLUNTARILY LATER IN LIFE

– GENDER AND EVEN RELIGION– ACHIEVED: VOLUNTARY POSITIONS

THAT REFLECT PERSONAL ABILITY AND EFFORT

– DROP OUT, UNEMPLOYMENT, DOCTOR

• OFTEN THE TWO TYPES WORK TOGETHER. WHAT WE ARE ASCRIBED OFTEN HELPS US ACHIEVE OTHER STATUSES

• EXAMPLE: HOW MIGHT A HIGH (OR LOW) ECONOMIC STATUS HELP PEOPLE “ACHIEVE” OTHER STATUSES AS THEY GO THROUGH LIFE?– DOCTOR, KENNEDY, PRESIDENT

HEY! I WORKED HARD TO ACHIEVETHIS STATUS IN LIFE!

THE STATUS THAT SEEMS TO DEFINE A PERSONALSO, A PERSON’S “MASTER STATUS” CAN EITHER WORK IN FAVOR OR AGAINST A PERSON.

•POSITIVES

–KENNEDY

–DOCTOR

•NEGATIVES

–AIDS

–CRIMINAL

MY BEST FRIEND! DINNER FOR ONE!

Jackson Jury Speaks To Reporters - video.urlStream.asx

...THE BEHAVIOR EXPECTED OF SOMEONE WHO FILLSA PARTICULAR STATUS

• ROLE SET– A NUMBER OF ROLES

ATTACHED TO A SINGLE STATUS

• DISCIPLINARIAN

• SPORTS AUTHORITY

• DIETITIAN

• BUSINESSWOMAN

• CAREGIVER

• DR. MOM

• KITCHEN QUEEN

• PRETTY MOM

A PERSON’S ROLE IN ANY STATUS IS A SET OF EXPECTATIONS FOR BEHAVIOR

ROLES DEMAND A PERSON’S TIME AND ENERGY • ROLE CONFLICT

– INCOMPATIBILITY AMONG ROLES WITH TWO OR MORE STATUSES

• EXAMPLE: CONFLICT BETWEEN ROLE EXPECTATIONS OF A POLICE OFFICER WHO CATCHES HER OWN SON USING DRUGS AT HOME

– Boyfriend/girlfriend issues

• ROLE STRAIN– INCOMPATIBILITY AMONG ROLES

CORRESPONDING TO A SINGLE STATUS• EXAMPLE: MANAGER WHO TRIES TO BALANCE

CONCERN FOR WORKERS WITH TASK REQUIREMENTS

– Boyfriend/girlfriend issues

YouTube - Jeremiah Wright - Hillary Clinton ain't never been called....url

LEAVING ROLES BEHIND• ROLE EXIT - BECOMING AN “EX”

– DISENGAGING FROM SOCIAL ROLES

– VERY TRAUMATIC IF NOT PROPERLY PREPARED

• PROCESS OF BECOMING AN “EX”– INITIATE CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT LIFE

– RAISE DOUBTS ABOUT WILLINGNESS OR ABILITY TO CONTINUE WITH A CERTAIN ROLE

– EXAMINATION OF NEW ROLE POSSIBILITIES LEADS TO A TURNING POINT AT WHICH TIME ONE DECIDES TO PURSUE A NEW LIFE

– CHALLENGE OF LEARNING NEW EXPECTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEW ROLE

• EXAMPLE: GOING THROUGH A MID-LIFE CRISIS!

• EXAMPLES: DIVORCE AND DATING AGAIN– “EXES” CARRY ON A SELF-IMAGE SHAPED BY AN EARLIER

ROLE, WHICH CAN INTERFERE WITH BUILDING A NEW SENSE OF SELF

– I WON’T LET IT HAPPEN TO ME AGAIN!

STATUSES AND ROLES HELP US AS WE GO ABOUT CONSTRUCTING REALITY

• SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY– THE PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE CREATIVELY SHAPE REALITY

THROUGH SYMBOLIC INTERACTION

– WE PRESENT OURSELVES IN TERMS THAT SUIT THE SETTING AND OUR PURPOSE

• TELLS PERSON WHAT OTHER INDIVIDUAL IS LIKE– PERSON FALLS INTO RECOGNIZABLE SOCIAL CATEGORY

• TELLS WHAT WE CAN EXPECT IN TERMS OF BEHAVIOR FROM THE INDIVIDUAL– GRANDFATHER=KIND, JUDGE=DIGNIFIED, TEACHER=PROFESSIONAL

• HELPS US KNOW HOW WE ARE EXPECTED TO BEHAVE TOWARDS OTHERS– SYMBOLS IN MILITARY REPRESENT RANK, SO OTHERS KNOW HOW TO

ACT

• WE LISTEN OR LOOK FOR CLUES TO TELL US HOW TO RELATE TO PEOPLE– HELLO, I’M GREGG SCHMIDT, MR. SCHMIDT, DR. SCHMIDT, SENATOR

SCHMIDT

LEONARD BICKMAN

• A DIME WAS LEFT IN A PHONEBOOTH

• WHEN FOUND, A WELL DRESSED OR A POORLY DRESSED PERSON APPROACHED THE INDIVIDUAL– WELL-DRESSED PERSON WAS

GIVEN THE DIME 77% OF THE TIME

– POORLY-DRESSED PERSON WAS GIVEN THE DIME 38% OF THE TIME

WILL DRESS AFFECT HOW PEOPLE RESPOND TO YOU?

TWO OR MORE PEOPLE WHO IDENTIFY AND INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER

• PRIMARY GROUP (PERSONAL ORIENTATION)– SMALL SOCIAL GROUP WHOSE MEMBERS SHARE PERSONAL

AND ENDURING RELATIONSHIPS

– THE FIRST GROUP WE EXPERIENCE IN LIFE (SOCIALIZATION)• EACH PERSON IS UNIQUE AND IRREPLACEABLE

• SECONDARY GROUP (GOAL ORIENTATION)– LARGE AND IMPERSONAL SOCIAL GROUP WHOSE MEMBERS

PURSUE A SPECIFIC INTEREST OR ACTIVITY

– WE ARE ALWAYS AWARE OF WHAT WE OFFER OTHERS AND WHAT WE RECEIVE IN RETURN

• HOW ARE YOU? DO WE REALLY CARE?

• CAN SECONDARY GROUP NORMS BE VIOLATED?

• HOW DO YOU ENSURE THAT YOU WILL BE A MEMBER OF A PRIMARY GROUP?

HOW DO WE MAKE SENSE OF COUNTLESS FAMILIAR SITUATIONS?

• LANGUAGE AND BEHAVIOR REST UPON DEEPER ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE WORLD WE LIVE IN

• ETHNOMETHODOLOGY– A PROCESS THROUGH WHICH WE

“BREAK THE RULES” IN ORDER TO SEE HOW PERSONS BUILD THEIR REALITIES

• BY OBSERVING REACTIONS TO SITUATIONS IN WHICH PEOPLE “BREAK WITH EXPECTED NORMS,” ONE CAN BEGIN UNDERSTANDING THE UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS

• HOW “REALITY IS CONSTRUCTED”

• TRY THIS AT HOME OR ON FRIENDS– HOW ARE YOU? DO I REALLY WANT

TO KNOW?

HOW DO YOU MAKE SENSE OF THIS?

EXAMINING SOCIAL INTERACTION IN TERMS OF THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES

• PRESENTATION OF SELF– IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

– WE ENHANCE OUR PERFORMANCE

• ROLE PERFORMANCE– COSTUME=DRESS

– PROPS=OBJECTS CARRIED ALONG

– MANNER=TONE OF VOICE & GESTURES

– STAGE=PERFORMANCE CRAFTED ACCORDING TO SETTING

• EXAMPLE:– GOING TO THE DOCTOR AND

PLAYING THE SICK ROLE AS EXPECTED

– JOKE LOUDLY IN A BAR AND DOING THE REVERSE IN CHURCH

MUF

YouTube - Casino Royale trailer.url

DECEPTIVE PERFORMANCESDETECTING LIES WITHIN PERFORMANCES

• USING WORDS– SIMPLE SLIPS OF THE TONGUE

• QUALITY OF SPEECH (VOICE)– HINTS OF DISCOMFORT: PAUSES, STUMBLING

– TREMBLING OR SHAKY VOICE

• BODY LANGUAGE– SUDDEN SWALLOWING, RAPID BREATHING, AND TRYING TO

“FAKE IT” OFTEN PROVIDE CLUES TO DECEPTION: NERVOUSNESS

• FACIAL EXPRESSIONS– RAISING AND DRAWING TOGETHER OF THE EYEBROWS (AN

INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT) INDICATES FEAR OR WORRY

Eye Movement and Lying - How to detect lies.url YouTube - Dateline NBC To Catch a Predator.url

• DEMEANOR– WOMEN GENERALLY OCCUPY POSITIONS OF LESSER POWER (POWERFUL

PEOPLE ENJOY MORE FREEDOM• ABOUT HALF OF ALL WORKING WOMEN IN THE U.S. HOLD CLERICAL OR SERVICE

JOBS THAT PLACE THEM UNDER THE CONTROL OF MEN

• WOMEN MUST CRAFT THEIR PERSONAL PERFORMANCE

• PERSONAL SPACE: THE SURROUNDING AREA WHICH A PERSON MAKES SOME CLAIM TO PRIVACY

– FEMININITY MEASURED BY HOW LITTLE SPACE WOMEN OCCUPY (DAINTINESS)

– MASCULINITY MEASURED BY HOW MUCH TERRITORY A MAN CONTROLS (TURF) – muscular men considered more attractive

• MEN INTRUDE INTO WOMEN’S PERSONAL SPACE, BUT IF A WOMEN INTRUDES INTO MEN’S PERSONALL SPACE IT’S SEEN AS SEXUAL

• STARING– WOMEN EMPLOY EYE CONTACT TO SUSTAIN CONVERSATION

• WOMEN WORK HARDER AT SUSTAINING EYE CONTACT

– WHEN MEN STARE THEY ARE CLAIMING SOCIAL DOMINANCE (OBJECT)

• SMILING– WOMEN SMILE MORE THAN MEN, WHICH CAN BECOME A NERVOUS HABIT

(INDICATES SUBMISSION OR MAKING PEACE)

• TOUCHING– GENERALLY TOUCHING IS SOMETHING MEN DO TO WOMEN

– ALTHOUGH SUBTLE, IT DEMONSTRATES MALE DOMINANCE

YouTube - Brock Lesnar meets the nWo.url

GENDER AND LANGUAGEGENDER AND LANGUAGE

• LANGUAGE– CONVEYS MEANING ON MORE THAN

ONE LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING

– CONTROL• FEMALE PRONOUNS AND OWNERSHIP

• WOMEN OFTEN ADOPT THE HUSBAND’S NAME

• MOTORCYCLE=SHE’S A BEAUTY

– VALUES• TRADITIONALLY FEMININE TERMS

ARE MORE LIKELY TO CHANGE TO NEGATIVE MEANINGS THAN THEIR MASCULINE COUNTERPARTS

– ATTENTION• CHOOSING THE “HE” WORD TO

REPRESENT “ALL” PERSONS

UNCONVENTIONAL REALITY CAN BE HUMOROUS AND PROVIDES US WITH AN EXAMPLE OF THE

IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

USE OF HUMOR IN INTERACTION• HUMOR IS UNCONVENTIONAL SINCE IT

REPRESENTS A VIOLATION OF CULTURAL PATTERNS

• “NOT GETTING IT” MEANS THAT A PERSON DOES NOT UNDERSTAND THE CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL REALITIES EMBEDDED IN THE JOKE

• HUMOR IS TIED TO A COMMON CULTURE AND DOES NOT TRANSLATE EASILY

• HUMOR ACTS AS A SAFETY VALVE SINCE IT OFTEN DEALS WITH “HOT BUTTON” (EVEN DANGEROUS) ISSUES

• IF HUMOR CAN LIBERATE, IT CAN ALSO OPPRESS, AS IT DOES WITH JOKES ABOUT RACE, SEX, GENDER, AND THE DISABLED

YouTube - Mad TV- To catch a Predator.url