THE PROCEDURE HANDBOOK OF ARC...
Transcript of THE PROCEDURE HANDBOOK OF ARC...
THE PROCEDURE HANDBOOK OF ARC WELDING
TWELFTH EDITION
The material presented herein is based on information contained in available literature, developed by The Lincoln Electric Company, or provided by other parties and is believed to be correct. However. the publisher does not assume responsibility or liability for any applications or installations produced from the design, products, processes, techniques, or data set forth in this book.
Thll book may be ord~red from ;tny dut.,r or .epreoen!.alive of The Lincoln Ele(:tri(: Company, or throuCh .ny recolnized book dealer ,n the world or dire<:t from
THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY 22801 St. Clair Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 44117
LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD. 179 WICKSTEED AVE" TORONTO 17, ONTARIO, CANADA
THE LiNCOLN ELECTRIC CO. (Europ4!) S.A. BOULEVARD de STALINGRAD, 76120 GRAND·QUEVILLY , FRANCE
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, THE PROCEDURE HANDBOOK
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9
Section 10
Section 11
Section 12
Section 13
Section 14
Section 15
Section 16
OF ARC WELDING
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTALS
DESIGNING FOR ARC WELDING
VARIABLES IN WELDING FABRICATION
CONSUMABLES AND MACHINERY
WELDING PROCESSES r WELDING CARBON AND LOW-ALLOY STEEL
WELDING STAINLESS STEEL
WELDING CAST IRON AND CAST STEEL I
WELDING ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS
WELDING COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS
QUALITY CONTROL
WELDING COSTS
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
SAFETY IN WELDING
REFERENCE SECTION AND INDEX
v
-A-Abrasion resistanc:e ....... 13.7·19,20 Ac<:eptability. weld . . . . . . . 11.1-3 AC or De, choosing .... 1.3·3;4.2·7.8;5.2·4;6.3·2,3 AC TIG welding . . . . . . . 9.4-3 - 5 Aircraft fabrication, applicable codes and
specifications 2.4-3, 4 Allowables
compressive $tress (AISC) 2.1-9,10 shear stress (AISC-AWS) ... . ..... 2.3-1,2 weld met.al (AISC-AWS) .... 2.3-2,3 fatigue (AISC) ........ 2.3-3 - 7
Alloy nuxes ..... . ..... , 13.7-14 - 16 Alloy steel electrodes ......... 6.2-13-15 Alloying ei(!ments in steel ....... . . . . .. . 6.1-3 Alluminum and aluminum alloys
alloy types .......... . . . . . . . . . .. ..9.1-1 weldability . . . . . . 9.1·1 - 6 welding via shielded metal-arc 9.2-1,2 welding via gas metal-arc 9.3-1-10 weldingviagastungsten.arc ... ~ ... 9.4-1-11
A1uminum bronze .... (see Copper and copper alloys) Angle of twist .. . ...... ,..... . ... 2.1·16,17 Appearance, weld ....... . .. 6.2·17,18; 9.4·3, 8
weldment . . . . . . ... ';-... ....... 2.1-2 Arc, nature of ...........• . ....... . . 1.3-2,3 Arc blow ....... . ....... 3.2·1 ~ 5; 4.4·9 Arc IfOUlfinlf ... 13.5-1 ~ 4 Arc heating ..... • •................. 4.3·10 -12 Arc shielding .... •. .. . 1.3·1, 2;5.~-2, 3;5.2-1;
Arc starti ng
Arc voltage ....... .
5.3·1; 5.4·1,3,4 .... 4.4-9-11;5.4·4;6.4-6;7.3·3;
7.5·2; 9.2·2; 9.4-7,8 ..... 6.4-7 - 9; 6.5·2
1.3-1; 3.2·1- 5; 5.1·2,3; 5.3-1
Arc·welding, fundamentals
historical development ............ 1.1-1-10 Argonshielding.. . .......... 4.1-17,18;9.3-6,7 Assembly, weldment ................ 2.1-4,5 Atomic hydrogen welding .. . ........ 5.6-4, 5 Austenitic manganese steels ...... .. 13.7·4,5 Austenitic stainless steels .. 7.1-2,3,6 - 9,12: 13. 7-5 Automatic welding . 4.3·7 - 10; 5.2-2 - 5; 5.3-2; 5.4-2,4;
6.3·20 - 22; 6.4-9 - 11; 7.5-2, 3
-B-Back blow . . . . . . 3.2-3, 4 Backstep welding . . . . . .. . 3.1-6 Backup methods .. 2.:<,·6;4.4·7,8; 6.3-6, 7; 7.3·2; 9.2-2 Balancing AC power, battery method .. __ . 9.4-3,4 Bead shape .. . .................. 6.3-18 -19 Bendina: loading .................... 2.1-10 -14
Index 16.1·67
Index
BibliOjraphies welded design . . . . . . . . . 2.1-44 stainless steel ................. _ ...... 7.1-12 welding safety ... _ . . . . ..... __ ....... 15.1·5
Box sections. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ___ 3.1-10 Brass, red . . . . . . . . (see Copper and copper alloys) Brinell hardness, measuring ...... . .... 1.2-6 Buckling and twisting ... 3.1-13,14 Burnthrough .... 2.1-42; 5.2-5 "Buttering" 7.2·5; 8.1·5 Butt joints, in stainless steel . . . . . . 7.3-1, 2 Butt welds, types of ......... _ .. _ . . . . . . . 6.2-1
cracking in ............ .• _ • • . . 6.3-19 submeried·arc welding .. . .. . .• • ..... 6.3-6 - 8 in clad steels ... 13.6·2 - 7
-c-Cable&, welding ...... 4.3·1,2; 13.8-3
recommended sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 4.3-2 Calculating welding costs 12.1-1 -12 Camber, control of ....... _ . . .. 3.1 ·8,15 Carbide precipitation . . . . . . . . . 7 .1-8,12 Carbon·arc welding 1.1·2; 4.3-11; 10.1-8; 13.2-2 Carbon dioxide shielding .... _ . 4.1·18,19 Carbon, effect of .......... . _ ..... _ .. 6.1·2 Carbon equivalents .......... 3.3-3 Carbon steels
compositions ................. . .. 6.1-10 low carbon ............. . ... .6.1-10,11 medium and high carbon. . . . . . 6.1-11,12; 13.7-6 structural ... __ . 6.1-12 hililh.stren~h, low·aHoy .... _. 6.1·12 -17 high·stren~h, quenched and tempered 6.1-17 - 19
Carbon steels, welding via self·shielded metal-arc ....... . via submerged-arc ..... . via self-shielded nux-cored process via ras-shielded nux·cored process via ps metal-arc .............. . via gas tungsten-arc
Cast iron
6.2-1- 54 6.3-1- 74 6.4-1- 42
.. 6.5-1-6 6.6-1-4
6.7-1,2
types. . . . . . . . . .8.1-1 welding ...... . . ... .• __ . 8.1-1 - 6
Cast steel, welding . . . • . . . • . • • • . 8.2·1 - 4 Charpy impact test ... 1.2-5,6 Chemical analysis ................. _. 11.2·15,16 Chromium carbides . . . . . . . . . 13.7-2 - 4 Chromium steels .........• .. .. _ . . .. _ .. 6.1·20 Circumferential welding ....• .. . _ ...... 6.3-10 -13;
6.4-8; 13.7-18,19 Clad steels, welding ................ _ .. 13.6-1 - 8 Clampinr . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 4.4·6, 7
16.1-68 Reference Section
Cleaning weldment . . . . . . . . . ..... .. 2.1-5 joints in carbon steel ....... . . . . . . 6.3·16 joints in stainless steel ....... 7.2·3,4 join'" in cast iron .................... 8.1·4 aluminum surfaces ........... 9.1-5,6; 9.2-2; 9.4-7 tungsten electrodes ...... . . . . . . . 9.4·6 welded surfaces . . . . .. 16.1·63
Clothing, protective ............ 15.1·2 Codes and specifications /
derinitions ............... • ... . .... 2,4·1 governing organizations ........ 2.4-1, 2 applications covered .. 2.4-2 - 5 for in-plant pipinl ..................... 13.3-9
Cold cracking ................... 8.2·2 Compression loading ...•........... 2.1-8,9 Compreuive strength ...... .•.. .. . . .... 1.2-1,3 Concavity vs. convexity . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . .. .6.1·1 Conductivity, definitions
eledrical 1.2·6 thermal ........................... 1.2-6, 7
Consumables, welding ....... . ...... 4.1-1 ~ 20 Containers, ..velding ........... 15.1·3 Contaminants, effect on welds ............ 6.3·16, 11 Control S)'$tems, submerged·arc welding 6.3·21,22 Conversion factors .... . ....... 16.1-31 ~ 38 Cooling rates ........ 3.3-1; 6.1-4 - 6; 9.3·3 , 4; 13.7·11 Cooling systems ................ . ... 9.3-3,4 Copper and copper alloys
welding .............. . ..... . ... 10.1-1 - 8 properties .......... .... .... 10.1-1 ,3 overlays .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . 13.1-1
Copper, effect of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .6.1·3 Corner welds ......... 2.2·1 Cost, as a factor in design ................... 2.1·1 Costs, welding ....... 12.1-1 - 11 Cover plates .......... .. 2.1-38,39 Cracking, weld ... 6.1'4 ~ 10; 6.2-19; 6.3·18,19;
8.2,2; 9.1'1,2; 11.2·8 ~ 15; 13.3·3; 13.7-12, 13 Craters, weld .. ........ 9.4-8; 11.1·5 Cupro-nickel ......... (see Copper and copper alloys) Current ranges
fO!' shielded metal-arc electrodes ......... 6.2·2 for submerged·arc electrodes ........... . . 6.3'2
Current variations, effect of ......... 6.3-3, 4; 6.4·9, 11
-D-DCSP TIG welding .......... . ... 9.4·9 - 11
.6.3·7 .. 7.3-3; 8.1-3; 11.1-3 ~ 5;
11.2-1,8; 11.3-7 - 9; 13.6-1 Definitions of arc·welding terms / . . . . .. .. 16.1-1 - 24 Deflection . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-7,8,15,27,28
Deep-groove welds ........ . Defects, weld ......... .
Density .... . . . . . . . . 1.2·6 Deposition rates ............. 5.2-3,"; 5.3·2; 6.2·13 ;
Design evolution of a ..... . formulas ...... .
6.4-4; 6.5-2; 6.6-1, 2; 7.3-3; 7.4-3; 7.5·3; 12.1·8 ~ 10
.... .... 2.1-28,29,31 . . 2.1·7
importance of correct analysis .......... 2.1'30,31 selection .......... 2.1-6,7 specifying weld ................... 2.1-32 ~ 35 systems approach to ........... . . 2.1-6 ~ 44
welded ;oin1l Designing
······•· ....... 2.2·1-8
by equivalent sections .......... 2.1-22 ~ 27 from load conditions qualitative vs. quantitative m~th~ds' ...... ·2.i~~;~ ~~ meeting a design problem .\. ........ 2.1-31,32 sources of trouble ... . ......... l' 2.1-32 ~39 problem identiCication ............... 2.1-37 fOr eHicient fabrication ......•...... 2.1-39 - 42 fQl' strength and rigidity .................. 2.1-7
Destructive te&ting . .......... .•...... 11.2-16,17 Diaional bracing ............ . ....... 2.1-20 Distortion, weldment /"
causes of ~. . .............. . 3.1,1 - 4 control .......... 2.1-4,5; 2.5·5; 3.1'4 -19;
7.2-5; 13.7·14 Double-ending .................. 13.3-7,8 Oral angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.4-6,7, 10 Drills, gage size. . ..... ......... 16.1-39 Drive controls, fixture ................. 4.4-9 -12 Droas . . . . . . . . . . . . .•........ 9.3·5,6 Drying low-hydrogen electrodes .... • ...... 6.2·12, 13 Ductile iron ............... 8.1-1,6 Ductility ........... 1.2'2,3; 9.1-3 Duty cycle ....................... . .. 4.2-1,2
-E-Edge preparatlon ........ . ...... 2.~ -8; 6.3-19;
10.1·3; 13.6·2,5,6 Edge welds ............................ 6.3-10 Efficiency in material use ........... 2.1-39 ~ 41 Elasticity
modulus ot .............. • ....... 1.2-1 - 3, 5 efrect on distortion ............... . .... 3.1·4
Electrical conductivity .. \ ................... 1.2-6 Electricalstickout ............. .. 6.4-5, 6, 9; 6.5-3
(also see Long .tickout) Electrode anlle ........... 6.3-8;6.4-6,7; 6.5·3; 9.4-7 Electrodes
historical development . . ....... 1.1-3 - 9 c1usification ... .. 4.1·1~17;6.4-1-3 mild and low-alloy Iteel ............... 4.1·1- 8 color identification system .......... 4.1-1,2;7.2·2 manual covered ......... 4.1-1- 4; 5.1-3; 6.2'1-15 submerged-arc . . . ....... 4.1-5,6; 7.3-2 flux.cored ... 4.1_6_8;6.4.1_ 4 ;5.3_2;6.4_14 gumetal.arc ....................... 4.1·6-9 stainless steel ............. 4.1·8-10;7.2·1-6;
7.3·2; 7.4-4 cast iron .......... 4.1-10,11;8.1-2 cast steel . ............... 8.2-3, 4 aluminum ...... .. 4.1_11,13;9.2-1;9.4·9,10 copper and copper alloy ..... 4.1·11,14,17; 10.1-2, 3 ASTM steels . . . . . . . . . . ...... 6.2·4 - 7 fut-freeze ....... . ................ 6.2-7,8 fast-fill ... .................. 6.2·8 -10 fast.follow ........ • • . ............ 6.2·10, 1~ low-hydrogen ........•........... 6.2·11 -15 alloy-steel ........... . •.. ........ 6.2:1~719 tungsten .. 6.7-1,9.4 5 , TIG torch ....... _ . . -" .. 9.4-5,6 line pipe arc gouling clad steels
. . . . . . 13.3·1,2 .•....... - ........... 13.5-2, 3
.. ' . .•.......... ' 13.6-3,4 ........... . ....... .....
surfacing ........ . ........ 4.1·16,17 Electrode coru;umption .......... 12.1·4,5; 13.3·4 - 6 Electrode feeding ............... 9.3·4 Electrode holders ....... . .......... 4.3·2, 3 Electrode selection .......... . . . . . . .. 6.2'1,2 Electrode size . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.2·17; 6.3·1, 2, 14 Electrode (tungsten) spitting ........... 9.4·6 Electrogas welding ... 5.4·4; 5.6·2; 6.5·5, 6 Electroslag welding ....... ............ 5.6·1, 2 Elongation ............. . ....... 1.2·1- 3 Endurance limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2·4 Equipment, welding ......... 4.2·1- 8; 4.3·1 - 12;
6.3·19- 22; 6.4·4 - 6; 6.6·2; 9.4·9; 13.1·1,2; 13.8·1; 14.1-1- 8
Etching solutioru; .................... 16.1'64,65 Expansion, thermal .... . ...... 1.2·7; 3.1·3 Evolution of a weldment design ......... 2.1·28,29,31
-F-Face shields ...................... 15.1·1 Fast·fill ................ 5.5-2", 4; 6.2·1; 6.2·8 - 10 Fast·follow (fill·freeze) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.5·2 - 4; 6.2·1;
6.2·10,11;6.4·9,10 F!S~.treeze ................ 5.5·2 - 4;6.2·}; 6.2·7,8 F tlgue allowables (AISC) ........ ........... 2.3·3 - 7 Fati,ue cracking . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.}·38, 3.9 Fatigue strength ...... 1.2·1 - 4 Feeding MIG electrode . • . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3·4 Feeding TIG filler rod ... '-' . . . . . .. 9.4·8 Ferritic stainless steels ............ . .. 7.1·3,4 Filler metals
for stainless steels ................ 7.2·3,4; 7.5·2 for a1uminum ailoys ...... ':-....... 9.1'2:- 5; 9.4·8
Fillet welds
Fire prevention ... , ..... . Fitup ............. .
Fixtures
2.2·1- 5; 2.3·1-7;6.1·7; 6.2·3; 6.3·8, 9; 6.3·18,19
. . . . . . . . . . 15.1-2,3 .... 4.4·6,7; 5.3·3;
....... 6.2·16;6.4·6 .. ~ ..... 2.1-4; 2.1·43; 3.2·5;
4.4·1 -12; 5.5·6 Fixturing, effects on arc blow ......... 3.2·5 Flame shrinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1·3; 3.1·16, 17 Flame straightening ......... . ...... 3.1·3; 3.1·16 Flange·to·web welding .. . .. • ........ 3.1·14,15 Flash·through .. • •............ 5.2·5 Flux·cored eleetrodes . . ........ 6.4·1 - 4 Flux, magnetic ...... . ............... 3.2'4 Flux, recovery ............... 6.3·17 Fluxes, submerged'arc ....... 4.1·6,7; 5.2,1; 6.3'16,17;
7.3·2; 13.7·14 -16 "ux supports ...... . ....... 6.3·11-13
orces, transfer of ............. 2.1·19,20 Forge welding ....... . . • . . . . . ..... 1.1·1 Forming ...........•.... • ........ 2.1·3; 2.1·43 Formulas
design ........................... 2.1·7 deflection ............•....... 2.1·7,8; 2.1·21
' radius of gyration .............. 2.1·9 unit shear on fillet weld ....... 2.1·11 torsional resistance 2.1·16 angular twist ........ . ..... 2.1·17
\~ni~nal properties, closed.,.seetioru; 2.1·17 inertIa .................... . ..... 2.1'21
Index 16.1·69
modulus of elasticity ......•... ••• •...... 3.1·7 transvel'!le weld shrinkage . . . . . . . . • • . .. .. 3.1·8 angular distortion ...............•...... 3.1·8 longitudinal distortion .. . . 3.1·9 carbon equivalent . . . . . . . . 3.3·3 heat input .......... . .............. 3.3·3 cost of labor .............. . . . .... 12.1·2,10 cost of welding materials ......... . ....... 12.1·2 operating factor . . . . . . 12.1·3 weight of electrode coru;umed ...... 12.1·5 time to make weld ................... 12.1·8 melt·off rate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.1·8 weight of weld metal deposited ........... 12.1·10 time for multi·pass weld ........... 12.1·10
Full·alloy welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6·5,6 Full·automatic welding ........ (see Automatic welding) Functioru; of numbers . . . . . . . . . . 16.1·53 - 62
... Fusion, correcting poor . . . . . . . .. 6.2'19
-G-Galvanized steel, welding ............. .. 13.2·1,2 Gases, shielding .......... 1.1·7; 4.1·17 - 20; 5.4-1 - 5
MIG welding of aiuminum ..... 9.3·6, 7 TIG welding of aluminum .............. 9.4·9, 10
Gas entrapment in welds . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3·2 Gas now . . . . . . . . . ...... 6.5·3; 9.3·6, 7 Gas metal·arc (MIG) welding .... 1.1·8;
4.1'17-20;5.4·2-4 carbon and low·alloy steels ..... 6.6·1 - 4 stainless steels ........ . .......... 7.4·1 - 4 aluminum and aluminum alloys .. 9.3·1-10 copper and copper alloys ............. 10.1·5,6 galvanized steel ....................... 13.2·2 clad steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6·6
Gas·shielded flux·cored welding 504·1, 2; 6.5'1 - 6 Gastungsten·arc(TlG)welding ... 1.1·7;4.1·17-20;
4.3·10,11; 5.4·4,5 carbon and tow·alloy steels .............. 6.7·1,2 staintess steels ...................... 7.5·1 - 3 aluminum and aluminum alloys ......... 9.4·1 - 11 copper and copper alloYI ......... 10.1-6 - 8 clad steels ....... 13.6·6
Globular transfer .... . ......... 4.1·19; 5.4·3; 6.6·1 Gouging. . . . . . ................ 13.5·1 - 4 Gray iron ........... 8.1·1,2 Groove·fillet combination welds 2.2·2 - 4 Groove joints ................ 2.2·5 - 8; 6.1·7 - 9;
6.3·19;7.3'1,2 Groove wetds, cracking in ........... . ... 6.1·7 - 9 Ground effect .................... . 3.2·2 Grounding .. ....... 4.3·3,4; 4.4-8, 9; 6.3'14 Guide tips ...... . ............ 6.4·5, 6 Guru;, semiautomatic ....... 1.1·7; 4.3·4 - 6; 504·1;
6.3-20; 6.4·5
-H-Hardenability, total .......... 3.3·3 Hardnessofmetals.. 1.2'1,6;8.2·2;13.7·2,3
coversion tables .................. 16.1·47 - 51 Hardness testing ....................... 11.2·17 Hardsurfacing .......... . ..... 13.7'1- 20
to maintain a cutting edge . . . • . . . . 13.7·7,8 to protect a single surface 13.7·8
16,1,70 Reference Section
to protect contacting surfaces alloy fiuxes procedures ........... .
Head shields Heat effects
13.7·8,9 13.7-14 -16 13.7·16 - 19
...... 15.1-1,2 .. 1.3-4;6.1-3,4;8.2-2;
9.1-1; 9.3-3,4 Heat input ............ 3.1-7; 3.3·1- 3; 6.1-19; 9.1·2 Heat·treatable steel$ .......... . ........ 13.7·5,6 Heliumshielding ........ 4.1-17,18;9.3-6,7 High.frequency arc starting 7.5-2; 9.4-7, 10 History
fusion joining .. . . 1.1-1 -10 covered e lectrode . •. ....... 1.1-3 - 5 arc-welding process ... 1.1·2 - 10
Hoods and booths, exhaust ........ . .. 15.1-4 Hot cracking. . . . ................ 8.2-2; 9.1-1,2 Hot shortness . . . . . . . . . . .......... 7.4·4 Hot-wire welding ..... • ...... 5.6-5; 7.5-3 Hydrogen . . . . • . . . • . . ...... 9.3-2, 3 Hydrostatic testing . ..... .. . .. . . . 11.2·17 HYsteei6... ........ 6.1-17,18
-[-
Impact data conversion table . . . . . . . . . 16.1·37 Impact strength. . ... 1.2·1,5, 6; 13.7·19, 20 Inert gases ....... ...... . .... 1.1·7 Ingot iron . . . . . . . . . . ....... 13.2·3 lnnershield welding .. . .... 1.1 ·8, 9; 5.3·1- 4
(see Self·shielded flux·cored) Inspection and testing ...... 2.1 ·5, 6;11.2·1-17 Installation, weld equipment ..... 14.1-1 - 3 Intermittent welds ......... 2.1·34; 2.2-6; 3.1·6; 11.1·5 Interpass temperatures 3.3·2 - 4; 6.2·17; 8.2·3; 13.4·5 Iron·powder electrodes ...... . 6.2·9 lzod test ......... 1.2·6
Jias and fixtUres
Joint cleanliness Joint design
-J-
....... 2.1·4; 2.1·43; 3.1·14, 15, 17; 3.2·5; 4.4·1 - 12; 9.2·2
· ............ 6.2·16; 6.3·16; 7.2·3, 4 · ......... 2.1·3,4; 2.2·1- 8; 6.2·16;
6.3·6 - 8; 6.6·2, 3; 7 .2,4; 7.3'1, 2; 9.1·2; 9.4·10; 13.4·2 - 4; 13.6·2 - 7
Joint geometry and filup Joint position
.... ~ ......... 6.2·15,16
........ 3.1·14;6.2·15;9.2·2 Joint preparation · . . . . . . . .. 2.2·6 - 8;6.2·16; 8.1·4;
13.6'1 - 3; 10.1·3 Joint requirements .............. 5.5·2 -7; 6.2·1 - 3 Joint restraint .... . ........ 6.1·6 - 9
-L-Lamellar cracking . ............. 6 .1·9 Lap welds . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 6.3·9; 6.3·17 Layout, weldment design ......... 2.1·2,3; 2.1·39, 40 Leak detection ...........•....... 11.2'14.16,17 Lenses, face shield ........ . . ..... 15.1·1,2 Line-Fi ll welding .................... . ... 5.6·5 Uncoln preheat calculator .. ..... .... . . 3.3·3 Liquid·penetrant inspection ..... 11.2'13,14 Loading
determining load conditions . . . . . .. . ... 2.1·2 tYpe:5 of ........................ 2.1·8 - 18
Long stickout ............ 1.3-4; 5.6·5; 6.3'5, 6; 6.4·5
Low·alloy steels ........ . ........... 6.1,20 - 22 Low·hydrogen electrodes ....• •. ... 1.1-6; 6.2'11 -13
-M-Magnetic arc blow ........... 1. . . ... 3.2-1 _ 3 Maif\etic fields (flux) .......... ! ..... ... 3.2.1 _ 4 Magnetic'particle inspection ...... •.. .. 11.2·10 -1 13 Maintenance, welding equipment 14.1,1 _ 7 Malleable iron ..... . . . . . . . . 8.1.1,2 Manganese, effects of .. . ....... ..... 6.1.2 Manipulators, welding ............... 4.4.1 - 12 Manual welding ...... . ........... 5.1'1 _ 4 Martensitic stainless steels ;...Y' ...•••• 7.1·5 - 11; 13.7.5 Materials, efficient use of .............. 2.1·39 - 41 Malerial selection . . . . .. .. 2.1.21,22 Mechanical properties . . . ....... 1.2·1 - 6
as basis for specification .... . ........ 6.1.3 deposited steel weld metal ................. 6.2.2 submerged·arc weld metal .... . ........... 6.3.1 flux·cored electrode weld metal .......... 6.4.2 CO2·shielded flux·cored weld metal ..•....... 6.5·1 ferritic stainless steels ............•... . .. 7.1-4 austenitic ~tainl_ ~tO:lel~ .•••..•....•....•. 7.1.4 martensitic sJ.ainless steels ................ . 7.1-7 stai nless stee~ weld metal .....•• • ........ 7.2·2,3 copper and copper alloys ................ 10.1·3
Mechanical testing ...... . ......... 11.2-16,17 Mechanized travel units ............ 1 .... 4.3-6,7 Mechanized welding .......... (see Automatic welding;
Equipment, welding; and Fixtures) Melting points ......................... 1.2-7,8 Melt-ofC rates ............ 5.2-2; 6.3-3; 12.1-8 Metallographic tests .. 11.2·16 Metals, sourCe:5 of information on .............. 2.4·4 Metal transfer ....... l ........ 1.3·3; 4.1-18; 5.1·2;
5.4·2 - 4; 6.6-1; 7.4-1, 2, 4 MIGwelding .......... .. 1.1·8;4.1-17-20;5.4·2-4 Modulus of elasticity ............ 1.2-1- 3; 3.1-4 Modulus of resilience .............. 1.2·5 Molybdenum steels . . . . . . . .. 6.1·21,22 Moment of inertia ... . ....... 2.1-11,12,27,28 Motor generators ........ . . . . . . .... . 4.2-5 - 7 Multiple arcs . . . . . . . ....... 3.2-3;6.3·13 - 15
6.3-20-22;7.5-3 Muntz metal ...... (see Copper and copper alloys)
-N-Narrow'gap welding . . . . . ..... 5.6-5 Neutral axis .................•..... 2.1-10; 3.1·6 Nickel steels .......••............ 6.1-20 Nickel-chromium steels ... ................. 6.1-20 Nondestructive testinr ................. . 11.2-4, 5 Nomographs
inertia of beam under bendinr load .......... 2.1-12 section modulus of beam under
2.1-13 bending load ......... 25 steel vs. cru;t iron for riridity ............. 2.1· use in conversions .. . ....•.... 2.1.25,2:
Nodular iron ...................... --: ... 8.1.12-6 Notch impact strength ..................... 1.
-0-Operating factor .................... 12.1-2,3 Operation, welding equipment ..... 14.1-1 - 6 Overwelding ......... 2.1-4; 2.1-33, 34; 3.1-5 Oxyacetylene welding ...... . .. 1.1-1 Oxygen in inert shielding gases. . . . . . . . .. . ... 4.1-18
-p-
Paralleling arc welders . . • . . . . 16.1-66 Painting over welds ..... . . . . . . . 16.1-63 Peening . . . . . . . 3.1-7 ; 8.2-3 Penetrameters . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 11.2-7 Penetration ..... 2.3-2; 5.5-2 - 4; 6.2-19; 9.4-2 Phosporu5 bronze "':-... (see Copper and copper alloys) Ph06phorus, effect of ........ . . 6.1"'3 Physical properties or m etals ............ 1.2·6 - 8 Pipeline welding .................. 13.3-1- 9
API qualification tests 11.3-35 - 38; 13.3-8, 9 Piping and tubing
AWS qualification testa Pipe steels' .. Pipe thawing Plasma arc
11 .3-15 - 24 .... 13.3-1,2
...... 13.8·1 - 3
definition . . . . . . . . .. 1.3·2, 3 heating and welding ...... _ . . 4 .3-11, 12; 5.6-3 , 4
Plate preparation . _ .. _ . . . . .. ...... . 2.1·3 Plug welds .......................... 6.3·9 ,10 Polarity, with 5ubmeried-arc ..... :---...... 6 .3-2,3, 17 Porosity, weld . . . . . 5.2-5; 6 .2-13, 18,19; 6.3-15 - 18;
6.6'1,2; 8.2-2; 9.3-2 - 5; 9.4·4; 11.1-4, 5
Positioners .. _ .... _ . . . . . ......... 2.1-4 Positioning of work _..... . ...... _ .~ .3 -2 Postweld heat treatment .. 6. 3,15 ;7.1-9;8.2,3 Power sources (see Welders) .. 4.2-1- 8
classification ..... 4.2-1 , 2 selecting . . . . . . . 4.2-7 ,8 fOf metal·arc welding ...... . .. _ . 5.1·3,4; 7.2-6 for self-shielded flux·cored welding .. . .. 6.4-4 for gas tungsten-arc .. 7.5-2; 9.4·4, 5 .cor arc iouging ........ . . . . . . 13.5-3 for underwater arc weldini ... 13.1-2
~:~~~~~;ec~~~e_n.d~~ ~.e l.d.i~g .. : : : : :: (see Pr~e.d~.r;~J Precipitation hardening ..... _ .. _ . . . . . 7.1·9 - 12 Preheating ............ 3.3-1-7; 6.1·6, 22;6.2·17;
'-- 6.3-15; 7.1-9;8.1·2, 4;
Prequal ified joints ....... . Preb fits Pressure vessels and piping
8.2-2,3; 9.1 -2; 9.2-1,2; 9.4·8; 13.4-5; 13.6·8; 13.7-11, 12
11.3·11-15 .... 6.3·17
. 2.4' 2,3; 3.3-7 11.3·1- 38
applicable codes and specirications Procedure qualification .. Procedures, welding
hasic guidelines ... _ . . . . . . . . 2 .1-5 code vs. commercial quality ~ .. . ..... _ .... 6.2-21 data sheets ... __ ........... 6.2·22; 6 .3-25; 6.4-15 shielded metal-arc with steel ...... 6.2-21 - 54 submerged·arc with steel .... _ . _ . . . 6 .3·23 -74 self-shielded nux·cored with steel 6.4·13 - 42 ~-shielded flux·cored with steel .. _ . 6.5-4, 5
Index /6./-71
gas metal·arc with steel .... . .... 6.6·3 ,4 gas tungsten-arc with steel 6 .7·1 ,2 shielded metal-arc with stai nless ... _ . . . 7.2-6 - 8 submerged-arc wi t h stainless 7.3-2 - 4 gas metal·arc with stainless 7.4-1 ,2 gas tungsten-arc with stainless . . . . .. .. 7.5-1 gas tungsten-arc with aluminum .. _ . 9.4-7, 10, 11 gas metal·arc with aluminum ......... 9.3·7 - 10 gas metal·arc with copper ............ 10.1-6 gas tungsten-arc with silicon bronze .... 10.1·7 gas tungsten-arc with copper .... 10.1·8 prequalified joints .. . _ . ] 1 .3-14 line pipe welding ...... . ... _ .. 13.3-3,4.6 - 8 notea on submerged·arc 6.3·24 notes on self-shielded flux-cored. . . . . . . . . 6.4-14 strength only ........ 6.3-23 ; 6.4·13 reinforcing·bar welding . _ . 13.4-4, 5 with clad steels ... 13.6-1 - 7 hardsurfacing ........ 13.7-16 - 19 pipe thawing .................. _ . 13.8-2,3
Processea, welding history of development carbon·arc shielded metal-arc
1.1·2 - 10 . . 1.1·2; 4.3-11
5.1 -1 - 4 5.2-1- 6 5.3-1- 4
submerged·arc .................. _ . sf!lf-shielded nux-cored ......• • . _ .. gas-shielded nux-cored .. . .• • • _ •.. . . . 5.4-1,2
5.4·2 - 4 gas metal-arc gas tungsten-arc ....... . .... 5.4-4, 5 selection . . . . . . . ... _ ... 5.5-1 - 7 electroslag ....... . . . .. .. . . . . . _ ..... 5.6-1, 2 electrogas ... _ ..... . ........•......... 5.6-2 s tud·arc .. _ ...............• _ . . . . . 5.6-2, 3 plasma-arc ........... _ . . . . .. 5.6-3, 4 atomic hydrogen __ ..........•........ 5.6-4,5 hot-wire .. . . . . . . . .. . 5.6-5 na.nuw-pp ..... . . . . . . • . . . . .. 5.6-5 master chart of . _ . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . 16.1-30
Proortesting ........... . ... 11.2-16,17 Production considerations _. . . • . • . . . 5.5-6 Proportional eleastic limit .... 1.2-2 Protective equipment .. . Pulsed·arc transfer ....... .
4.3-12; 15 .1-1, 2 . 7.4-4
-Q-Quality V8, acceptability Quality, weld ......... .
.. ... . 11.1-2,3 6.2-21 ; 6_3·23; 6.4-13;
9.1-3; 9.3-1 - 6; 11.1-1 - 5 Qualification tests .................. 11.3-1 - 38
AWS buildings and bridges ...... _. . . 11.3-1-15 AWS piping and tubing ... _ . . . . 11.3·15 - 24 ASME boiler and pressure vessel 11.3-24 - 35 API pipeline ....... _ 11.3-35 - 38; 13.3-8, 9 How to pass .................. _ .. 11.3-8 - 10
Quench hardness ................ _ ........ 8.2·2 Quenched and tempered steels ..... 3_3-4 - 6; 6.17 - 19
-R-Radialforces ............ . .... 2.1-36 ,37 Radiographic inspection ........ 11.2-6 - 10; 11.3-7, 8 Radius of gyration ... ___ ... __ .. _ . . . . ... 2.1-9 Reactive additions to shielding gases ... 4.1-17 - 20
16.1·72 Reference Section
Rede&iln by equivalent sections by nomographs .......... .
2.1-22 - 27 2.1-25 - 27 13.H - 6 Reinforcing bars, welding
Repair welding ..... Resistance heating Resistance welding Rigidity
conversion via nomographs designing for ... equivalent rigidity factors
Rockwell hardness measuring Roda, weldin"
... 8.1·3 - 6; 8.2-1 - 4 .. 1.3·3, 4
......... 1.1·1
..... 2.1-25,26 ....... 2.1-7
............. 2.1-23 . . . . . . . . . . 1.2-6
Cr and Cr-Ni ................. . 4.1-9,10 4.1-10 4.1-11
4.1-11 -17
(or cast iron .................. . for aluminum for copper and copper alloys ..
-s-Safety practices. . . . . .. .. 13.1-3,4; 13.5-4; 15.1-1 - 5 Schaerner diagram ..... . . . . . . . . .. .. 7.1·7 Scott connection ...... 3.2-4; 4.2-4 Section thickness, effects of 6.1-5,6 Selection
fixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4-3 - 6 welding process . . . . . . 5.5·1 - 7 process chart .............. . . . ....... 5.5·7 electrodes for ea:rbon and low·alloy steels ... 6.2-1 - 15 electrodes for butt welds . . . . . . . . . . 6.2-1 electrodes for fillet and corner welds ... . . 6.2-3 electrodes for sheet metal welds ..... . ...... 6.2-3 electrodes for ASTM steels . . . . . . . . 6.2·4-7 electrodes for stainless steel ........ 7.2·2,3 electrodes for cast iron ...... 8.1·2,3 electrodes for cast steel . . . .. _ . . 8.2·3,4 electrodes for aluminum and
alu minum alloys ........ . ...... 9.2-1 'harsurfacing materials .. ..... , 13.7-7 -10
Self·shielded nux-cored process .. 5.3-1 - 4-;-6.4-1 - 42 SemiaUstentic steels . . . . . . . . . 7.1-11; 13.7-4 Semiautomatic guns .... . . , ... 1.1·7; 4.3-4 - 6;
5.4-1; 6.3-20; 6.4-5 Semiautomatic welding ... 5.2-1 - 4; 5.3-1 - 4; 6.3-19, 20 Sequen~ welding 3.1·6,11-15 Shear allowables .............. . .. 2.3-1 - 7 Shearioading . . . . . . . . . .... 2.1 -11 Shear strength. . . . . . . . . . 1.2-1,3 Sheet metal
joints ............ . .. 6.2·3,15;6.3-6 welding .................... 6.2-11,15;6.3-10
Shielding, arc ....... 1.3-1, 2; 5.1-2. 3; 5.2·1; 9.3·5 - 7; 9.4-9
Shielded metal-arc process .. . . ......... 5.1-1 - 4 welding cargon and low·alloy steels ... 6.2-1 - 54 we lding stainless steels ................ 7.2·1 - 8 welding a luminum and aluminum alloys 9.2-1,2 welding copper and copper alloys .. 10.1-3 - 5 welding clad steels .. 13.6·2 - 6 welding galvanizes steel ....... 13.2·1,2
Ship construction welding h istory applicable codes and specifications
....... 1.1·6
Shore scleroscope hardness .... . ..... . 2.4·4,5
. .... 1.2-6
Short-cirCuiting transfer (Short-arc welding) 4.1-19; 5.4-3; 6.6-1 ; 7.4·2; 13 2-2
Shrinkage . as a cause of distortion .... - .......... ~3.1-2 , 3 used constructively . .. 3.1 -3 ; 3.1-1,6, 17 control of ........... _ . . . . .. 3.1-4-7 calculating in welds ...... ~. _ ......... 3.1-7 - 9 steel weld beads on cast iron ... \ . . .... . ... 8.1-4 , 5
Sigma phase ........................ . .. . 7~ 1-6 Silicon bronze . .. . ..... (see Copper and copper alloys ) Silicon effect of .................... _ .... 6.1-3 S~7.~, submerged·arc electrodes .. . . . . . 6.3-1, 2 SIZing of welds ...... . ... 2.1-4; 2.2·1, 4 , 5; 2.3-1 , 2 Slag removal ....... . ......... 6.3-12, 13; 6.4 -6 Spalling ...... . . . . . . . . ......... 13.7-11 Spatter ........ . .......... 6.2-18 Specifications ........
in design ........... . · ....... 2.1-31, 32 for intermittent welds ....... 2.1·34 ,35
(see Steels and Steel specification) Speeds, comparative weld inll .......... . 6.3-1 Spittinll, electrode .............. . ...... 9.4-6 Spot checking . . . ~ ........ . . .... 11.2.17 Spot weld ing ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . 5 .4-4 Spray-arc transfer ......... 5.4-2 - 4; 6.6-1 ; 7.4 -1 , 2, 4 Stabilized stainless steels ..... . .. 7.1-8,9 Stainless steels -...
compositions and grades .............. 7.1-1 - 12 weldability ..... . welding via shielded metal-arc welding via su bmerged·arc ..... welding via gas metal-arc .. welding via gas tungsten-arc ....
· .. "')' . 7.1-1 -12 . . .. .. . .. 7.2-1 - 8 · . . _ ..... 7.3-1 - 4 . .•...... 7.4-1 - 4 .. _ •..... 7.5-1-3
Steels AISI designation system ... . . .• . . . 6.1-2, 10 specifications ........ ) ............... 6.1-1 - 3 AlSI-SAE compoSitIOns ...... . .......... 6.1 -10 low-carbon ............... . _ •..... 6.1-10,11 clad ......•. _ • ..... 13.6-1 - 6 medium and high carbon ... •. _ •..... 6.1-11 , 12 structural carbon ........ _ • . . . . ... 6.1-12 high-strength, low-alloy ........•.. 6.1-12 -17
ASTM specifications ............. 6.1-13 - 16 SAE specifications ........ 6.1-16, 17
quenched and tempered .....•• _ • . . . .. 6.1-17 , 18 ASTM: specifications ..• . _ • . . . . . 6.1-18
low-alloy ................. •• ..... 6.1-19 , 20 stai nleSll ... . • ..... . 7.1-1-12 pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 13.3-1 reinforcing.bar .............•.... .:. .... 13.4-1
Steel s pecification by chemistry by mechanical properties by end product
... . _ ....... 6.1-1 -3 .......... 6.1-3
. .... 6.1-3 reinforcing bars ........... . · ..... . .... 13.4-1
1.3·3, 4 ;5.1-1 -4 ... 6.4-5,6,9; 6.5-3,
(see Lon, stickout )
Stick-electrode welding ... . Stickout, electrical ............ .
.............. 2.1·19 .. _ .......... ~1 -12
St iffeners ............ . Stiffness, nomograph Storage tanks
a pplicable codes and specifications .. 24-3 ......... Strength
designing for . . 2.1-7 ...... ' .... '
equivalent strength factor .... . ...... 2.1·24 nomograph ..... . . . • . . . . . 2.1-18 of aluminum alloys underwater welds
....... _ ......... 9.1-3 ........ _ . _ . • . . . 13.1-1
Strength, definitions tensile ...................... . ... 1.2-1,2 compressive . . . • . . . . ..... 1.2-3 shear ______ . . . . . _ .••....... 1.2-3, 4 fatiiue ......... . .• • ..•.. .. ... _ ...... 1.2-4 impact _ . . . .... . .............. . ......... 1,.2·5 yield .. . . . . . . . . .. 1.2-2
StreS!; analysis ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 2.1-33 StreS!; failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18.7-12,13 StreS!; raisers ... . . . . . . . . 1.2·4; 2.1-35, 36 StrelS relief . .. • . . . .. 3.1-7,18; 3.3-7; 13. 6·8 Stress·strain .. [ .••................ 1.2·2 - 5 Stronibacks .. r ..................... 3.1-17,18 Structural steels
carbon ................ . ...... 6.1-12 high-strength, low-alloy 6.1·12 - 17 quench:d and tem,.-ed alloy ......... 6.1·17 - 20
Stud weldlnt- ......................... 5.6-2, 3 Studding .................. . .... 8.1-5,6 Subassemblies, weldment .. --:-7" 2.1-4,43 Submerged-arc welding ...... 1.1-7; 4.3-8 - 10; 5.2-1 - 5
carbon and low·alloy steels ........ 6.3·1 - 74 trouble-shooting guide . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.3-26,27 stainless steels ..... . ............ 7.3-1 - 4 clad ste.1s ................. _ ........ 13.6-6
Sulfur .--effect in steels ........... . segregation ............ .
Symbols desiin formula COlt equation
.........•..•.......... 2.1-0 .................. 12.1-2
standard welding (AWS) ..... . .. 16.1-25 - 29 ,
/ -T-Tandem arc weldinl ......... . ...... 6.3-13, 15, 22 Techniques, welding
shielded me~ arc, carbon and low-alloy steels ........ . 6.2-8-12
submerged·arc, oobon and low·alloy steels ........ . 6.3·2 -15
submerged·arc, carbon and low-alloy steels with multiple arcs ........... 6.3-13 - 15
semiautomatic self·shielded nux-cored, carbon and low-alloy steels
\ fuil·automatic self-shielded nux'cored, carbon and low-alloy steels .....
IU-shielded nux-cored,
6.4-6- 9
6.4-9-11
carbon and low-alloy steela ........ /":- . 6.5-1 - 6 shielded metal·arc, stainless ........ . ... 7.2-4,5 submerged-arc, stainless .. 7.3-3 gas metal-arc, stainless 7.4-1 - 4 gas tungsten·arc, stainless . . . . . .. 7.5·1 - 3 shielded metal-arc, aluminum . . . . . . . . 9.2·12 gas metal-arc, a luminum ......... 9.3-1 - 10 AC TIG, aluminum .......... 9.4·7 - 9 DCSP TIO, aluminum . . . . . . . 9.4-9 - 11 nCRP TIG, aluminum 9.4-11 cast iron .............•.. 8.1-1 - 6
Index 16.1-73
nodular iron ......... 8.1-6 cast steel ......................... 8.2-1 - 4 shielded metal-arc, copper ........•.... 10.1-3 - 5 gas metal-arc, copper ... . •. •• • . . . 10.1·5,6 gas tunpten'arc, copper 10.1-6 - 8 carbon-arc, copper .................. 10.1-8 concrete-reinforcing bars ......... 13.4-1 - 5 underwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 13.1·2,3 galvanized steel ......... . ..•.... .. 13.2·1,2 pipeline ... . .................... 13.3-2 - 8 clad steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 13.6-1-7 hardsurfacing. ....... .. 13.7-10-19
Temperature conversion tables .............. 16.1·52 Temperatures, preheat and interpass ........ 3.3·1 - 5 Tensilestrength . .. . . . ... . . . . 1.2-1.2 Tension loading . . . . . . . ........ 2.1-8 Terms and definitions, arc-welding ........ 16.1·1 - 24 TH",
tensile ............................ 1.2-1,2 mechanical properties, flux-cored welds .. . 6.4-2
11.3·1- 3 11.3-2 - 6 ... 11.3·6
AWS procedure qualification .......... . AWS welder qualificaiton ..... . AWS weldinl operator qualification AWS qualification testli for piping
and tubing .. ASME qualification tests for pipe
and plate ....... . API qualification tests for pipeline
11.3-15 - 24
11.3-24 - 35
welding ... . .............. 11.3-35 - 38 abrasion and impact resistance ......... 13.7-19,20
Thawing water pipes . . . . . . 13.8·1 - 3 Thermal arc blow ............... . . 3.2·3 Thermal conductivity
definition .... of commercial metals effect on shrinkage
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2·6 ............. 1.2·7
. . . . . . .. .. 3.1-4 Thermal efficiencies ....... . ............... 1.3-3 Thermal expansion TIO. welding
. . . . . . . . .. 1.2·7; 3.1·1- 3
..... 1.1-7;4.1·17-20;4.3-10,11; 5.4-4,5; 6.7·1
Time, welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1·7 Timers, synchronous . . . . . .. . ...... 4.4·9 -11 Tolerances, manufacturinll ......•.. 2.1·39 Tool and die steels .. ............... 13.7-7 Torches
carbon·uc ........... . . . . . . 4.3-11 plasma-arc ........... 4.3-11; 5.6-3,4 TIG 4.3-11; 5.4-4,5; 5.6·4; 6.7·2; 7.5-1 - 3;
9.4·5 arc-gouging.. . . . . . . . . . ... 13.5-1,2,4
Torsional loading . . . . . . . ... 2.1·15 -18 Torsional properties, closed tubes 2.1·17 Toughness of metals . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 1.2·5 Transfer of forces ............... 2.1-19,36,37 Travel speed, arc ....... 6.2·15; 6.3-4,5,14,18;
6.4-9-11;6.5-2,3;9.1·2 Trouble-shootinll .......... 6.2-17 - 19; 6.3'26,27;
7.5-2; 7.3·3; 6.4·9; 13.5-4; 14.1-6, 7 Tubular sectiom .......... 2.1-17 Tungsten carbide ...................... 13.7-1,2 Tungsten electrodes, care .nd shaping ..... 9.4-6, 7 Tungsten inert-gas welding ... 1.1-7;4.1-17-20;
4.3-10,11; 5.4·4, 5; 9.4-1-11 Twin-electrode welding ............. 4.3·7 - 9; 6.3·21
16.1·74 Reference Section
-u -Ultimate energy resistance ...... . Ultrasonic inspection ... . Under bead cracking .. . Undercut ... . ..... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2-5 11.2·14, 15
. . (see Cracking) . ... 6.2-18; 11.1·4, 5
Underwater welding .. Unsymmetrical beams
. ........... 13.1-1- 4
Ventilation .. Vertical-down welding Vertical-up welding VisibilitY,lIrc Visual inspection .. Voltaae
............ 3.1-10,11
- y-. .. 15.1-4,5 .. 13.3·2 - 4
............ 6.4·11; 13.3-4 - 6 ................. 5.5·6
..11.2-1-5
constant . . .. .. . . .. .. . 4.2-2; 4.2-6;6.3-22 variable ............. 4.2-2,5,6; 5.1-4; 6.3-21,22;
7.5-2 effect of variations . . . . 6.3·3 - 5; 6.4-7,8; 6.5·2
-IV-
Water piping, specifications for Web·to-flange welding Weights of steel shapes Weights of steel weld metal Weldability
carbon and low·alloy steels
... 2.4-3 .. 3.1-14,15
..... 16.1-43 - 46 ... 12.1·3 - 8
...... 6.1-1-20;6.2-21; 6.3·23; 6.4-13, 14
quenched and tempered steels .......... 6.1-18,19 stainless steels ..................... 7.1·1-12 aluminum and aluminum alloys ... 9.1-1 - 6 copper and copper alloys . . . . . . . . ..... 10.1-1
Weld bead metallurllY ..... ....... . . 6.1-3,4 Weldderect~,~isnifieaneeor .. 11.1_3_5;11.2_1
with clad steels ... . . . . . . 13.6-7 Weld metal, stainless chemical requirement. . . 7.2-1 Weld quality ......... . . . . . . UJ-l- 6 Welded design
reneral considerations ......... 2.1-1 (actors that aCCect ................... 2.1-2 - 6 desirn approach 2.1-6,20 for strength and r igidity ............. . . 2.1'7 evolution of a design ............. 2.1-28,29 qualitative vs. quantitative methods ..... 2.1·29 - 3 1
meeting a desirn problem Welders .... . ....•....... 2.1-31,32 AC transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2'1 - 8
alternators ... :'::::::'::::::::' ::: ~:2'-~:;:.: AC-OC transformer·rectiflers ...... . ..... '14.2-4,5 DC generators .................. .
1· 1 .... 4.a-5 6
mu hp e output ...................... 4.2.7 selection .............. '" . . . . . . . . 4 2-1 8
Welding arc ................ \ .... ..... 1'3-2' 3 Welding cable\i ................. , 4.3~1· 2' i3 .S.3 Weld!ng concrete-reinforcing bars ....... ... '13:4-1'- 6 Weld~ng containers, precautions when ........ 16.1.3 Weld~ng c~ts. . ......... 12.1,1 -12 Weldmg CIrCUIt, basic . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.3.1 Welding currents
choice of ...... . . . . • • . . . . . . . .. 1 3-3 4 ty~ Cor submeried-arc ............... . 6:3.2: 3 for Clrcumferential weldiift,. .. ....... ...... 6.3-12
Welding fixtures .... ... .......... .. (see Filltufft) Welding heads ........ .... 4.3-7 - 10; 4.4-4 - 6; 6.4·2 Welding with mUltiple arcs ....... 6.3·13 - 15 20 - 22 Welding operator qualification ... (see Qualification t-.ta) Welding procedures ............... (see ProcedUretl) Welding processes .... -;..... . . . .. (see Processes, weldinc) Welding processes, AWS master chart ...... ... 16.1-30 Welding sequence ............... 3.1-6,11,12 -15 Welding stainless to mild steel .............. 7.2·5 6 Welding symbols ....... . .. ........ 16.1-25 - b Welding techniques ........ (see Techniques, weldinc) Welding time, minimizing ............ ;/ ... .. 3.1·7 Weldment layout .............. 2.1-2,3; 2.1-39 - 41 Weldor qualification .. ....... (lee Qualification testa) Weld reinforcement .................... 2.2-2 - 4 Weld types .......... . ........ 2.1-33; 2.2-1- 5 White iron .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8.1-1 Wire data ... . ............ 16.1-39 - 41 Wire feeding ... . 'J' . 4.3-4 - 10; 6.3-19, 20; 6.4 ·5
-x-X-ray examination .. .. (see Radi0ft8.phic inspection)
-y-Yield strength ... ....... 1.2-1,2; 3.1·4