THE PRESIDENCIES OF JAMES MADISON AND JAMES MONROEThe Last of the Founding Fathers

WE BEGIN WITH PRESIDENT MADISON

if we truly believed that the pen is mightier than the sword, our nation’s capital would have been called “Madison, D.C.”, instead of Washington, D.C.

ECONOMIC NATIONALISM

• After the War of 1812, President Madison recommends the American System: • Better fortifications• A standing army and strong navy• New National Bank• Protection of new industries• System of canals and roads• A national university

• “The Republicans have outfederalized federalism”

THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

• Original bank’s charter expired in 1811• State banks had little regulation and flooded the marketplace with sketchy

currency

• New bank was located in Philadelphia with a 20 year charter• Supported by John C. Calhoun of SC and Henry Clay of KY• Opposed by Daniel Webster of Mass

PROTECTIVE TARIFF

• Tariff of 1816• Embargo of 1807 had inspired domestic manufacturing• Peace after the war brought cheap British goods and a movement to protect

American industries• Would become a sectional issue between the manufacturing North and

agricultural South

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS

• War of 1812 highlighted transportation shortcomings• Construction of the National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia,

Illinois• Improved transportation created a national market for goods and services• Mills and factories sprout across the country• First stirrings of the industrial revolution

AND ONTO PRESIDENT MONROE

The last founding father and the third to die on Independence Day.

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

• When Monroe is elected, the power of the Federalist party was declining, leading to relatively few political disagreements• Problems under the surface:• Financial problems (Panic of 1819)• Growing pains in the West• Tension over slavery (MO Compromise)

JUDICIAL NATIONALISM

• Marbury v. Madison• Judicial Review

• Fletcher v. Peck• Struck down federal and state laws

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward• States cannot void contracts

• McCulloch v. Maryland• Upholds Congress’ implied powers to charter a Bank• “Power to tax is the power to destroy”

• Gibbons v. Ogden• National supremacy in regulating commerce

Chief Justice, John Marshall: Molder of the Court!

MONROE DOCTRINE

• Monroe Doctrine (1823) - President Monroe, in his annual address to Congress, stated a stern warning to the European powers.  • Major topics:• non-colonization • era of colonization in the Americas was over.

• nonintervention• warned against foreign intervention• warned Britain to stay out of the Western Hemisphere• US would not intervene in foreign wars

REACTION TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE

• The Europeans powers were offended by the Monroe Doctrine• America had soft military strength• Symbol of growing American nationalism

• Monroe’s Concerns• American security•Warned the Old World power to stay away

ELECTION OF 1824

• Meet the candidates:• William Crawford, Sec. of Treasury• John Quincy Adams, Sec. of State• Henry Clay, Speaker of the House• Andrew Jackson, War hero!

• No majority in the Electoral College, goes to the HoR

• Clay throws his support behind Adams and mutters “that killing 2500 Englishmen at New Orleans doesn’t qualify for the complicated duties of President”

• Becomes known as “The Corrupt Bargain”• Adams appoints Clay as his Sec. of State