The P.R.C.

Geography 20% of world’s population

Middle KingdomGeographic isolation causes ethnocentrism

Cultural Isolation Population Density

80% live on eastern 10% of land

Percentages of Percentages of Different LandformsDifferent Landforms

Percentages of Percentages of Different LandformsDifferent Landforms

Pacific “Rim of Fire”Pacific “Rim of Fire”Pacific “Rim of Fire”Pacific “Rim of Fire”

Rivers Huang He

1st civilizationChina’s SorrowLoess

Yangtze RiverProvide fish, irrigation, hydropower, living space and transportation

The Polluted Yellow The Polluted Yellow RiverRiver

The Polluted Yellow The Polluted Yellow RiverRiver

Population Density

Winter MonsoonsWinter MonsoonsWinter MonsoonsWinter Monsoons

Summer MonsoonsSummer MonsoonsSummer MonsoonsSummer Monsoons

Agriculture

Intensive agriculture and terrace farming attempt to feed 1,600,000,000Chinese

““Brown” China vs. Brown” China vs. “Green” China“Green” China

““Brown” China vs. Brown” China vs. “Green” China“Green” China

Rice DominantW

heat

Dom

inan

t

Pasture and Oasis

Double-crop rice

Fuels, Power, Minerals, & Fuels, Power, Minerals, & Metals in ChinaMetals in China

Fuels, Power, Minerals, & Fuels, Power, Minerals, & Metals in ChinaMetals in China

Belief Systems

Confucius philosophy Creates basis of culture

Family most important Human nature is good Duty is to obey Filial Piety

Belief Systems

Buddhism Four Noble

Truths Eightfold Path Nirvana

Neolithic 3,000 B.C. 1,500 B.C.

Shang 1523 B.C. – 1028 B.C.

Chou 1027 B.C. – 256 B.C.

Ch’in 221 B.C. - 206 B.C.

Han 206 B.C.-220A.D.

Sui 581-618

T’ang 618-906

Sung 960-1279

Yuan(Mongol) 1280-1365

Ming 1368 - 1644

Ch’ing (Manchu) 1644-1912

Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E.

Established China’s first empire Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E) Legalist rule

Bureaucratic administration Centralized control Military expansion Book burnings --> targetedConfucianists

Buried protestors alive! Built large section of the Great

Wall

Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

- Feudal System

Merchants

Peasants

War Lords

EmperorNobles

The Great Wall - 200 B.C.

- keep foreigners out

Dynastic Rule (1200-1912)

Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.

“People of the Han” --> original Chinese

Paper invented [105 B.C.E.]

Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many

Buddhism introduced into China

Expanded into Central Asia

Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE)

His jade suit has 2498 pieces!

Han – Roman Empire ConnectionHan – Roman Empire Connection

Sui Dynasty, 581-618 C.E.Sui Dynasty, 581-618 C.E. “Land

Equalization” System –> land redistribution.

Unified coinage. Grand Canal

constructed. Established an

army of professional soldiers.

People were overworked and overtaxed!

Cultural Diffusion

Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.

Imperial examination system perfected.

Liberal attitude towards all religions. Spread of

Buddhism in China Golden Age of foreign

relations with other countries. Japan, Korea,

Persia

Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.

New technologies: Printing --> moveable print Porcelain Gunpowder Mechanical clocks

More cosmopolitan culture.

Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road.

Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia.

Foot-Binding in Tang ChinaFoot-Binding in Tang China

Broken toes by 3 years of age.

Size 5 ½ shoe on the left

Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class.

Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books.

Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power!

Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song

Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song

Mongol InvasionsMongol Invasions

Mongolian Empire

Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”

Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”

The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]

Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”] 1162 - 1227 from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of

Central Asia]

The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]

Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: If you do not pay homage,

we will take your prosperity. If you do not have prosperity,

we will take your children. If you do not have children,

we will take your wife. If you do not have a wife,

we will take your head. Used cruelty as a weapon --

> some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

Mongol Rule

1.Mongols Unite China under Genghis Khan

2.Build capital at Beijing

3.Marco Polo visits and finds noodles, gunpowder, ice cream and coal.

Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.

Kublai Khan [1260-1294] Pax Mongolica

[“Mongol Peace”] Tolerated Chinese culture

but lived apart from them. No Chinese in top govt.

posts. Believed foreigner were

moretrustworthy.

Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. Marco Polo

Marco Polo’s TravelsMarco Polo’s Travels

A Venetian merchant who traveled through Yuan China: 1271-1295

“Black Stones” [coal]

Gunpowder.

Noodles.

Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.

The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in the mid-14c.

Sent fleets against Japan. 1281 --> 150,000 warriors Defeated by kamikazi [“winds of the

gods”]

Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.

The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E.Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E.

Golden Age of Chinese Art Moderation Softness Gracefulness

Three different schools ofpainting developed.

Hundreds of thousands ofworkers constructed theForbidden City.

Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)

Ming “Treasure Fleet” Each ship 400’ long & 160’

wide China’s “Columbus?”

1371-1435

Admiral Zheng He’s VoyagesAdmiral Zheng He’s Voyages First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men].

Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip].

Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men]. Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500

men]. Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419 Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422

Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.

Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433 Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to

restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam 100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip.

Imperialism in China

Manchu Dynasty(1644-1912) No European had visited China since Marco Polo

China had products that Europe wantedPorcelain, silk, jade and tea

Pre-Industrial Revolution Pre 1800s British had unfavorable balance of trade strict limits on foreign traders.

China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported. Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the

Chinese than they sold to them

Opium War 1839-1842 British smuggle opium Chinese become addicted Chinese gov. resent opium trade destroys 20,000 chests of opium

Opium War - Results 1842 - Treaty of

Nanjing Chinese pay

indemnities British receive

several trading ports Britain gains Hong

Kong Extra-territoriality

granted to British citizens living in China

Decline of Manchu

Irrigation systems neglected= massive flooding of Huang He valley.

The population explosion = hardship for China’s peasants.

Continued Chinese isolation Political corruption

Taiping Rebellion - 1850-64

Peasants revolt against: high taxes needed to pay for Opium War

gov.’s failure to control opium and foreigners

Westerners help weak Manchu put down rebellion

Over 40 million Chinese killed

Manchu became puppets of the west

Sino-Japanese Wars 1894 &1910

Japan wins Takes

KoreaTaiwan Manchuria

Spheres of Influence in China

Explain

Hundred Days of Reform

-China loses Sino-Japanese War (1895)

-Emperor launched reforms: - western education- public school system- westernization of Chinese

government- reform of the army

Empress Dowager returned to power

Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900

Boxers =Righteous Harmonious Fists

Rebel against foreign control and lose Foreign technology

too strong Beijing under

foreign control Forced to

modernize

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese Civil War Sun Yixan tries to form

republic Three Principles of the

People: Nationalism – no foreigners Democracy – end dynastic rule Livelihood – economic

prosperity Sun dies Chiang takes over but loses

civil war to communists in 1949

Arable LandArable LandArable LandArable Land

Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E.Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E.

Started public schools.

Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam.

Civil service system bureaucrats Confucian scholar-gentry

Revival of Chinese landscape painting.