"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.“

- 10th Amendment

1958 Provides funds for math, science, and

foreign language programs Enacted for the “security of the nation” There is some debate about the

legality of this act

1964 Brown vs. Board of Education of

Topeka, Kansas Title IV- gave the federal government

power to desegregate schools Title VI- gave the federal government

power to withhold funds from segregated schools

1965 Made federal government the center of

policy making power Provided funds and support for poverty

programs, school libraries, textbooks and other instructional materials, counseling and health services, and remedial instruction

Research centers and labs to advance educational practice were established with ESEA funds

1992 Created by President Bill Clinton in

attempt to expand the federal role in education

Responsible for distributing and certifying curricular content, student performance standards, and opportunity-to learn standards

January 8, 2002 Signed into law by President George W.

Bush Part of ESEA Requires states to close the achievement

gap and ensure that all students achieve academic proficiency all 12 years

Schools must make adequate yearly progress (AYP) or be subject to improvement, corrective action, and reconstructing measures

2010 Enacted by President Barack Obama Part of the American Recovery and

Reinvestment Act Geared toward improving schools,

raising achievement, driving reforms and producing better results for students

Barbour, C., Barbour, N. H., & Scully, P. A. (2004). Families, Schools, and Communities Building Partnerships for Educating Children (3rd Edition) (3 ed.). Alexandria, VA: Prentice Hall.

Chapter 2. Dupuis, V. L., Gollnick, D. M., Hall, G. E., Johnson, J. A., & Musial, D. L. (2001).

Introduction to the Foundations of American Education (12th Edition) (12 ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Chapters 5 and 8. Mcnergney, J. M., & Mcnergney, R. F. (2006). Education: The Practice and Profession

of Teaching (5th Edition) (5 ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Chapters 5, 8, and 9. Sadker, D. M., & Zittleman, K. (2008). Teachers Schools & Society (2Rev Ed ed.).

New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapter 5. Reuters. (n.d.). FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Tenth Amendment. FindLaw: Cases and

Codes. Retrieved September 8, 2010, from http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment10/

Department of Education. (n.d.). The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001). ED.gov. Retrieved September 8, 2010, from www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html

Department of Education. (n.d.). ED Recovery Act. ED.gov. Retrieved September 9, 2010, from www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/leg/recovery/recovery-plans-2010.pdf