EXPERT KNOWLEDGE AT YOUR FINGERTIPS

MAY 2013 – ISSUE 29

NOVEDAD: Enfoque latinoamericano del editor principal de ElSitioAvicola, Chris Wright

Role of Animal Agriculture inBeating Antimicrobial ResistanceA recent conference in Thailand examined the devel-opment of antimicrobial resistance, the roles playedby human and veterinary medicine and how animalagriculture can contribute to the solution, including asuccess story from Europe. Senior editor, Jackie Lin-den, reports.

The Swann Report published by the UK governmentin 1969 was among the first warnings of the emer-

gence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. It rec-ommended banning the use of human therapeutic an-tibiotics as growth promoters for animals and this ledto the start of restrictions in the 1990s, according toProfessor Trevor Bagust, President of the World Vet-erinary Poultry Association.

In his introduction as moderator of the closing con-ference on antimicrobial resistance at the VIV Animal

This feature is continued on page 4

May 2013 – Issue 29

Conference Sheds New Light onFamiliar Turkey HealthChallenges - P8

Among the health issues covered in the Turkey Sci-ence and Production Conference in Chester, UK, inMarch, reports senior editor, Jackie Linden, wereAPEC, histomoniasis and antimicrobial resistance is-sues.

New Studies Examine Effects ofLighting on Chickens - P16

Two recent studies show that broilers perform bet-ter under LED lighting than fluorescent lamps whilelayer behaviour is affected by light wavelength.

Egg Output Growth Exceeds GlobalAverage in Africa and Oceania - P10

At 3.2 per cent and 3.0 per cent, respectively, forthe years 2000 to 2011, the increases in average an-nual egg production for Africa and Oceania wereabove the global average of 2.2 per cent, accordingto the latest analysis for ThePoultrySite from sea-soned industry watcher, Terry Evans.

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Housing & Equipment 18

Health & Welfare 22

Breeding & Genetics 26

Biosecurity & Hygiene 30

Feeding & Nutrition 32

Incubation & Hatching 36

Processing & Packaging 38

ELSITIOAVICOLA.COM 40

INDUSTRY EVENTS 44

BUSINESS DIRECTORY 46

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COVER STORY

Role of Animal Agriculturein Beating Antimicrobial

ResistanceA recent conference in Thailand examined the devel-opment of antimicrobial resistance, the roles playedby human and veterinary medicine and how animalagriculture can contribute to the solution, includinga success story from Europe. Senior editor, Jackie Lin-den, reports.

P1

Human infection caused by influenza A(H7N9) in China is in the news daily. Inpoultry, it is a low-pathogenic disease – going largely unnoticed in flocks – butthere are likely to be impacts for the poultry industry in China and further afield,which are explored in the news section of this edition of ThePoultrySite Digital.

‘Poultry Health and Disease’ is our topic for this month, in fact, and the lead fea-ture examines the issue of antimicrobial resistance and what role animal agricul-ture can play in helping to mitigate it.

Several important aspects for the industry were covered in the VIV Animal HealthSummit in Bangkok, Thailand in March. Among these was a presentation on howthe Dutch have succeeded in cutting antibiotic use in the broiler industry signif-icantly in just a couple of years.

On poultry disease, there is a report from this year’s Turkey Science and Pro-duction Conference under the theme of ‘new approaches to old challenges’. Anew study shows that Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC) may, after all, be a primarypathogen. One poultry vet describes his experiences in controlling blackhead inturkeys and we return to the subject of antibiotic resistance as a third speakerput into perspective the role of turkeys.

Changing topic, seasoned industry watcher, Terry Evans, continues his analysis ofthe trends in the global egg industry, turning his attention to Africa and Oceania,regions where output growth has easily exceeded the global average.

Finally, there is a summary of two new research papers on the effects of lightingon broilers and layers.

Jackie Linden

Editorial

Health & Disease

Jackie LindenThePoultrySite.com Senior Editorjackie.linden@5mpublishing.com

Contact

Jackie LindenSenior Editorjackie.linden@5mpublishing.comTel: +44 (0) 1234 818180

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Alex GuyHead of Tactical Salesalex.guy@5mpublishing.comTel: +44 (0) 1234 818180Mobile/Cell:+44 (0)7867 357546

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Continued from page 1

Role of Animal Agriculture in Beating Antimicrobial Resistance

4

Health Summit inBangkok, Thailand inMarch, he added: “An-timicrobial resistanceis a problem that willnot go away. Our aimmust be to reducethe rate of its spread.”

NATURE STRIKESBACK: A GLOBALPROBLEMProfessor Wim deWit said that Alexan-

der Fleming, who discovered penicillin in 1928, ex-pressed concern that bacteria could developresistance to antibiotics soon after his discovery.

Past director of the department of risk assessmentfor the Dutch Food Authority at the Ministry of Agri-culture, Professor de Wit continued that in the 1980s,it was recognised that the situation was reaching cri-sis point.

Until around 1940, human mortality in the Nether-lands declined – as the result of better hygiene, foodand housing as well as the introduction of antibiotics.

Using the example of enterohaemmorhagic  E. coli(EHEC), he explained that the large number of con-sumers that could be affected and the high risk ofmortality are factors that concern retailers and awide range of foods can carry contamination, includ-ing raw or undercooked meats and unpasteuriseddairy products.

Other emerging risks come from animals, he said, cit-ing the example of farm workers and pigs, which carrythe same strains of Clostridium difficile. No differenceshave been found between organic and conventionalproduction and resistance has been found in the en-vironment.

Intensive animal husbandry is thought to be a majorcontributor to antimicrobial resistance, according toProfessor de Wit, who mentioned limiting the stock-ing density of farm animals as one of his recommen-

dations, citing evidence that Campylobacter cases de-clined after farms were depopulated following avianflu in the Netherlands.

International action and communication are required,and different antibiotics should be used in agricultureand medicine. The Federation of Veterinarians of Eu-rope is recommending prescribing vets supervision,and there should be no incentives for farmers to useantibiotics but rather to focus on thorough cleaningand disinfection. Animal stocking density and growthrates should be reduced, he suggested.

As for retailers, he stressed the importance of trans-parency in the supply chain and full traceability, as wellas communication of risks to consumers. They shouldconsider the future for certain high-risk products.

Looking ahead, Professor de Wit mentioned the po-tential for new antibiotics (under an EU programmecalled COMBACTE), bacteriophages and competitiveexclusion products.

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND SUPERBUGSAT THE HUMAN-ANIMALINTERFACE

Dr Jim Campbell, mi-crobiologist at Ox-ford UniversityClinical ResearchUnit (OUCRU), out-lined his studies inViet Nam, wherevery high levels of re-sistance have beenfound in Campylobac-ter coli in poultry andpigs as well as in C. jejuni, with patterns very similar inchildren and pigs/poultry in Ho Chi Minh City. He saidthat this resistance seemed to be transferred in bothdirections.

As environmental markers, rats too showed high re-sistance, which was thought to have originated inducks that are kept on contaminated rivers and rice-fields.

Professor Wim de Wit

Dr Jim Campbell

5

FEATURE ARTICLE

“Resistance goes beyond boundaries of hospitals andfarms,” he said.

These drugs have been abused and over-used andamong Dr Campbell’s recommended interventions isthe rationalisation of antibiotic use in hospitals, usingcombination treatments where they have been shownto work, as well as better control over the use of an-tibiotics in the community. Greater use of diagnosticswould discourage automatic blanket treatments.

On farms, he stressed the need to change farm prac-tices. As an example, he said that cleaning and disin-fection is sometimes carried out on pens before theyare empty, resulting in animals getting a sub-optimaldose of disinfectant, which is thought to be relatedto chloramphenicol resistance.

PERSPECTIVE ON ANTIBIOTICS FROM THEANIMAL HEALTH INDUSTRyIn 50 years, thehuman populationwill need 100 percent more food, 70per cent of whichmust come from effi-c iency-enhancingtechnology, saidThomas Shryock ofElanco AnimalHealth. He repre-sented the Interna-tional Federation forAnimal Health(IFAH) on behalf of the Asian Animal Health Associa-tion (AAHA).

His summary of actions and recommendation neededat the national and international levels included:

- Responsible Use guidelines: appropriate veteri-nary antibiotic practices described; education, dis-ease prevention, stakeholder responsibilities

- Antimicrobial resistance monitoring: need forstandardised methodology so comparisons can bemade over time and between locations and labo-ratories

- Antimicrobial sales/use monitoring

- Regulatory controls – decisions based on risk as-sessment and approval with appropriate label in-dications and use, under prescription

- Research into new products and new methods.

Mr Shryock distinguished therapeutic from non-ther-apeutic use. Therapeutic use may be to an individualor group that are either clinically ill or at risk of beinginfected; this may cover prevention in animals that areat high risk of becoming ill due to pathogen exposure.Non-therapeutic use – with the aim of growth-pro-motion of healthy animals – may be differentiatedfrom therapeutic use by regulatory authorities re-garding the type of product allowed.

Finally Mr Shryock presented a consensus on clinicalpractice guidelines for veterinarians, which includedan emphasis on prevention strategies, such as vacci-nation and high levels of biosecurity, nutrition, housingand animal management. Therapeutic use should beminimised by treating only at-risk and ill animals, andusing licensed products under label directions as faras possible. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics reduce therisk of resistance selection and amplification.

He emphasised the importance of the relationshipbetween veterinarian, client and patient as well asrecord-keeping and the periodic review of usagepractices in tackling the issue of antimicrobial resist-ance.

SUCCESS WITH DUTCH APPROACH TOANTIBIOTIC USE REDUCTIONIn December 2008, an official voluntary agreementwas set up to tackle antibiotic resistance in theNetherlands involving four animal sectors (poultry,pigs, cattle and veal calves) and four stakeholdergroups (farmers, livestock industry, vets and the feedindustry), facilitated by the Ministry of Economic Af-fairs.

As Erik de Jonge, Policy and PA advisor at ProductBoard Feed for Poultry and Eggs in the Netherlands,explained in his presentation, the aims were to useantibiotics less, better and more transparently.

Thomas Shryock

Role of Animal Agriculture in Beating Antimicrobial Resistance

6

Compared to thebase level of use in2009, overall targetswere to reduce an-tibiotic used by 20per cent, 50 per centand 70 per cent in2011, 2013 and 2015,respectively.

So what was theDutch approach?

Each sector formed a six-step Action Plan:

1. registration of all delivered antibiotics on a cen-tral database

2. contract drawn up between farmer and vet, asa one-to-one relationship

3. development of health and treatment plans –covering animal husbandry as well as treatment ofdisease (based on diagnostic and sensitivity test-ing), both reviewed annually

4. establish guidelines for the prescription of an-tibiotics, including first, second- and third-choicesof medicine, based on efficacy, the risk of resist-ance and minimum use of antibiotics used inhuman medicine

5. individual feedback with a benchmark to farmers(every three months) and vets to raise awarenessof antibiotic use and to amend the farm’s healthand treatment plans, and

6.approach to reduction of antibiotics on each in-dividual farm

For the farm approach to reducing antibiotics, thescheme for poultry was started in January 2013. Eachfarm is classified by a category: ‘target category’ is forthose already achieving the target reduction, i.e. 50per cent of the 2009 national average; ‘signal category’where the focus is to improve within four weeks; ‘ac-tion category 1’ will require additional screening ofthe farm; and ‘action category 2’ involves the farmerseeking independent expert advice to cut antibiotic

use on his farm. In each case, the farmer decideswhich of these measures to take.

And has the system worked? Mr de Jonge explainedthat participation rates are very high, covering 90 to95 per cent of farmers in the each sector. Further-more, veterinary antibiotic sales have reduced by 52per cent between 1999 and 2012.

In his conclusions, he said that antibiotic use in Dutchanimal production overall was down by 32 per centin 2011 and by 51 per cent in 2012 (the first sixmonths) so the original targets have been achieved.In the broiler sector, the reductions were 26 per centand 40 per cent in 2011 and 2012, respectively, andso the Dutch broiler industry is well on its way toachieving the targets.

Mr de Jonge added: “We can’t stop now! We have to goon to achieve the 70 per cent reduction target by2015.”

Erik de Jonge

https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/the-poultry-site/id489824502?ls=1&mt=8

Conference Sheds New Light on Familiar Turkey Health Challenges

8

Feature Article

Conference Sheds New Light onFamiliar Turkey Health Challenges

Among the health issues covered in the Turkey Scienceand Production Conference in Chester, UK, in March,reports senior editor, Jackie Linden, were APEC, his-tomoniasis and antimicrobial resistance issues.

NEW INSIGHT INTO PATHOGENIC E. COLIAvian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) continues tocause major economic losses to the poultry industryworldwide, said Dr Rikke Heidemann Olsen on theUniversity of Copenhagen in Denmark.

Conventional wisdom is that APEC is a secondarypathogen, which takes advantage of viral infections.

However, her studies using new molecular methodsshow the E. coli acting as a primary pathogen and pro-viding the opportunity for colonisation by anotherpathogen, histomonas (blackhead disease).

Dr Olsen said that control of APEC relies on highbiosecurity, epidemiological investigations that identifythe source of infection (which may be the hatcheryor parent stock) and the development of an effectivevaccine.

HISTOMONIASISHistomoniasis (blackhead) is a protozoal disease ofturkeys, chickens and other galliform birds, according

9

FEATURE ARTICLE

to Keith Warner of Minster Vets in Hereford, UK. Hereported to the conference experience from hispractice of the disease on turkey farms over the lastfew years.

From these, he concluded that biosecurity can pro-tect housed turkeys on concrete floors but it is notsufficient as the only control method. Changing bootscan help to prevent contamination of a ‘clean’ house,he said.

However, when infection is present, there are no au-thorised medications currently available for successfultreatment, a situation about which veterinarians – es-pecially those covering ‘minor species’ includingturkeys – often express concerns. Rapid use of fen-bendazole has some beneficial effects, said MrWarner, and it is used successfully in preventativeprogrammes.

On the very limited number of treatment options forwhat can be a very costly disease, the UK industryhas requested authorisation to use dimetridazole inbreeding birds not destined for human consumption.The UK government opposes this without absoluteguarantees of traceability as the drug is classified as acarcinogen.

Paramomycin (Histobloc) has been considered for ap-proval by the EU authorities but, according to MrWarner, more work is required on post-marketingmonitoring. In the meantime, it may be used if PCRtests confirm the presence of histomonads on aflock-by-flock basis but this leads to a delay in startingtreatment that reduces its efficacy. The product workswell when given in feed as a preventative programme,he said.

Looking to the future, Mr Warner mentioned that thevaccine developed by Dr Michael Hess of the Veteri-nary University of Vienna looks promising.

EMERGING ISSUES ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESIST-ANCE IN TURKEySThree issues on antibiotic resistance in turkeys wereidentified and described by Christopher Teale of theAnimal Health Veterinary Laboratories Agency(AHVLA) in Shrewsbury, UK.

On Salmonella, he said that some serovars have muchgreater propensity to develop resistance than others.Of the common foodborne types, for example, Sal-monella Typhimurium tends to be much more resist-ant that Salmonella Enteritidis. Salmonella Kentucky,which was previously associated with human infec-tions following international travel, has subsequentlybeen detected in European poultry. Salmonella Saint-paul is the fourth most frequently reported serovarin European turkeys and isolates were shown in a re-cent study to display resistance to six antibiotics.

An EFSA report from 2012 revealed turkey flocks inGermany and Hungary to be positive for Methicillin-Resistant  Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Anotherstudy in Germany looking in detail at 20 turkey flocksfound turkeys in 18 flocks to be positive, as weremany of the farm workers who cared for them. Thetypes of MRSA found were mostly the clonal complex(CC) 398 type, which is generally associated with live-stock, particularly pigs. It has been known rarely tocause illness in farm-workers but it is different fromthe types that pose a serious threat to humans inhospitals and the community.

Finally, on E.coli, Mr Teale said that normal commensalbacteria in turkeys are not pathogenic to the birds orhumans. However, they do represent a possible reser-voir of resistant genes and a recent UK study hasconfirmed that commensal E. coli from turkeys carrygenes for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)resistance.

FURTHER READINGFind out more information on the diseases men-tioned in this article by clicking here.

Egg Output Growth Exceeds Global Average in Africa and Oceania

10

Global Poultry Trends

Egg Output Growth Exceeds GlobalAverage in Africa and OceaniaAt 3.2 per cent and 3.0 per cent, respectively, for theyears 2000 to 2011, the increases in average annual eggproduction for Africa and Oceania were above theglobal average of 2.2 per cent, according to the latestanalysis for ThePoultrySite from seasoned industrywatcher, Terry Evans.

AFRICAEgg production in Africa looks to be on target toreach three million tonnes per year in 2015. At firstsight, it appears that the industry hardly expanded in2011 (Tables 1 and 2) but this is because the totalshown for the region of 2.65 million tonnes makesno allowance for production in the former Sudan,now divided into Sudan and South Sudan. If this hadamounted to about 56,000 tonnes in that year, theprovisional total for Africa would be around 2.7 mil-lion tonnes, showing a gain of some 60,000 tonnes or2.3 per cent over 2010.

However, for some of the counties, the final 2011 datais still not yet be available, in which case, the FAO willhave inserted the previous year’s figure to enable themto come to an assessment of the regional total. Hence,some figures will be subject to revision later this year.Over the period 2000 to 2008, Africa’s egg industrygrew by an average of almost four per cent a year.However, 2009 witnessed a dramatic cut-back inEgypt and to a lesser extent in South Africa, such thatthe regional total contracted by almost 67,000 tonnesor 2.6 per cent. The following year saw a sharp re-covery of some 4.8 per cent to 2.65 million tonnesand by possibly a further 2.3 per cent in 2011 to givean estimate for that year of 2.71 million tonnes.

Between 2000 and 2011, it appears that Africa’s eggindustry has expanded by around 3.2 per cent a yearcompared with a global figure of some 2.2 per cent.Hence, Africa has managed to increase its share of

11

FEATURE ARTICLE

world output from just below four per cent to a littleabove this figure (Table 1).

The combined output from the biggest five egg pro-ducing countries – Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt, Mo-rocco and Algeria – of 1.86 million tonnes representsmore than two-thirds of the regional total (Table 3).

Nigeria is the biggest producer, recording an averageannual growth of more than four per cent as outputrose from 400,000 tonnes to 636,000 tonnes be-tween 2000 and 2011. However, as an indication ofthe great variation that can be found in productionfigures depending on the source, the Nigerian repre-sentative attending last year’s annual conference ofthe International Egg Commission (IEC) claimed that

egg output in 2011 was 1.25 million tonnes – doublethe quantity estimated by the FAO.

Almost all eggs are brown and more than 70 per centof the commercial flock, put at 65 million, is housedin cages. It is generally considered that, if the govern-ment were to help the industry establish egg process-ing enterprises, this would not only lessen the impactof seasonal gluts on market prices but also providegreat nutritional benefits through the development ofa range of egg products. As this technology is expen-sive, it is unlikely that companies will be willing tomake such an investment without financial backingfrom the government.

South Africa has the second largest industry. Here

Table 1. World hen egg production (million tonnes)2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011P 2012E 2013E

Africa 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8

Americas 10.4 11.7 12.3 12.3 12.5 12.8 12.9 13.2 13.2 13.2

Asia 29.0 32.6 33.0 34.5 36.3 37.0 37.6 38.2 38.4 38.6

Europe 9.5 9.9 10.1 10.0 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.6 10.6 10.6

Oceania 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

WORLD 51.0 56.6 57.9 59.6 61.7 62.8 63.8 65.0 65.3 65.5

P = preliminarySource: FAO to 2011; 2012 and 2013 author's estimates

Figure 1. Leading egg producers in Africa (‘000 tonnes)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Algeria Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Africa

2011P2010200920082007200620052000

Egg Output Growth Exceeds Global Average in Africa and Oceania

12

Country 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011PAlgeria 101.0 175.0 178.5 195.7 184.4 193.6 193.6 195.0

Angola 4.3 5.2 4.3 4.5 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.5

Benin 6.9 7.2 10.1 10.9 13.8 13.1 14.0 14.4

Botswana 3.2 4.2 4.8 5.0 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.5

Burkina Faso 39.4 45.1 46.3 47.5 48.7 51.1 52.0 52.0

Burundi 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1

Cameroon 13.0 13.4 14.6 13.5 13.5 14.9 15.0 15.0

Cape Verde 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2

Central African Rep. 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3

Chad 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0

Comoros 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Congo 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6

Cote d'Ivoire 33.0 28.7 27.9 25.0 30.4 30.0 32.0 32.0

Dem. Rep. Congo 7.0 6.9 7.0 7.3 7.5 8.7 8.9 8.9

Egypt 176.7 235.0 240.0 279.0 355.5 249.3 291.2 305.5

Equatorial Guinea 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Eritrea 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2

Ethiopia 28.6 35.0 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 35.1 35.1

Gabon 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.1

Gambia 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Ghana 21.7 25.2 27.8 31.3 33.7 36.7 36.7 39.8

Guinea 12.2 18.6 19.7 20.9 22.2 23.5 24.5 25.0

Guinea-Bissau 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4

Kenya 60.7 57.9 66.7 68.6 76.6 81.0 80.6 85.8

Lesotho 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7

Liberia 4.2 3.6 4.5 5.0 5.8 5.0 5.2 5.4

Libya 60.0 63.1 64.6 60.0 60.0 62.2 62.5 62.5

Madagascar 14.9 16.7 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.2 16.1 16.1

Malawi 19.5 20.2 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.3 20.2 20.2

Mali 11.9 10.1 10.4 10.7 14.1 13.7 13.9 14.1

Mauritania 4.7 4.3 5.4 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.5

Mauritius 12.5 13.0 12.2 11.7 11.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Morocco 235.0 225.1 244.0 259.4 192.4 200.0 230.0 230.0

Mozambique 12.4 14.6 14.1 14.3 13.5 13.6 14.5 14.5

Namibia 1.6 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4

Niger 7.8 8.3 7.5 7.6 7.6 8.5 7.5 7.9

Nigeria 400.0 500.4 526.4 552.8 581.0 612.6 623.4 636.0

Reunion 5.1 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.5 5.9 6.7 6.7

Rwanda 2.2 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9

Sao Tome/Principe 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6

Senegal 17.6 27.0 28.0 27.8 27.7 26.7 29.6 29.6

Seychelles 2.2 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3

Sierra Leone 8.0 9.2 9.1 9.0 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2

Somalia 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.4

South Africa 318.0 365.5 414.0 438.0 473.0 450.0 473.0 490.0

Sudan (former) 45.0 47.0 47.0 52.4 53.6 54.8 55.9 -

Swaziland 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2

Togo 6.3 8.0 7.3 8.1 8.7 9.3 9.3 9.3

Tunisia 82.0 84.0 83.0 87.0 89.0 88.0 90.8 90.8

Uganda 20.4 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.1 23.1

United Rep. Tanzania 33.8 36.3 35.1 35.1 33.3 31.2 32.5 32.5

Zambia 39.2 42.3 42.8 42.5 42.8 45.0 49.5 54.0

Zimbabwe 22.0 25.9 26.9 27.6 29.3 29.8 29.6 29.6

AFRICA 1,917.2 2,242.4 2,362.4 2,497.5 2,589.7 2,522.9 2,644.6 2,704.8

Table 2. Hen egg production in Africa ('000 tonnes)

P= provisional, - no dataCountries producing less than 50 tonnes have been excluded

Source: FAO

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FEATURE ARTICLE

production dipped in 2009 as a result of the eco-nomic down-swing reducing egg demand, which de-pressed prices. However, following the cut-back inproduction, prices escalated 20 per cent year-on-year,giving good profits for producers and boosting outputin 2010 and 2011. This again created a level of over-supply, putting severe pressure on prices. Neverthe-less, over the 11 years, the industry achieved anannual growth rate of four per cent, with total pro-duction – commercial, rural and hatching eggs –reaching 490,000 tonnes.

According to this country’s report to the IEC, theoutput from a commercial flock of some 24.2 millionbirds in 2011 exceeded 404,000 tonnes. Some 86 percent of layers were in cages, the remainder being kepton free range. The split between brown and white egglayers was put at 30:70.

The IEC country report from the Southern AfricanPoultry Association states: “The prevalence of a widespectrum of diseases is a matter of real concern. Al-though the industry has improved its position in thisrespect, live bird movement, poor biosecurity andvaccination programmes not executed as per specifi-cations, will continue to be a hazard to the industry.”The flock was expected to peak at 25 million in June2012.

Although the egg industry in Egypt has expanded bymore than five per cent over the past decade or so,it is clear from, Table 2 that production failed to reachthe 2008 peak in the succeeding years.

In Morocco, the fourth largest industry, output onlysurpassed the 2000 level in three of the following 11years, while for 2011, the estimated figure of 230,000tonnes was below that recorded in 2000.

In Algeria, as in many African countries, while the in-dustry has expanded rapidly, the gains mainly oc-curred over the period 2000-2008, increases sincethen being much more moderate, reflecting the moredifficult economic environment for producers in re-cent years.

OCEANIAFor Oceania, egg production expanded by some threeper cent a year between 2000 and 2011. But, the in-

Source: FAO

CountryNigeria 636.0

South Africa 490.0

Egypt 305.5

Morocco 230.0

Algeria 195.0

Tunisia 90.8

Kenya 85.8

Libya 62.5

Zambia 54.0

Burkina Faso 52.0

Ghana 39.8

Ethiopia 35.1

United Rep. Tanzania 32.5

Cote d'Ivoire 32.0

Zimbabwe 29.6

Senegal 29.6

Guinea 25.0

Uganda 23.1

Malawi 20.2

Madagascar 16.1

Cameroon 15.0

Mozambique 14.5

Benin 14.4

Mali 14.1

Mauritius 10.0

Togo 9.3

Sierra Leone 9.2

Dem. Rep. Congo 8.9

Niger 7.9

Reunion 6.7

Mauritania 5.5

Liberia 5.4

Botswana 4.5

Angola 4.5

Chad 4.0

Namibia 3.4

Burundi 3.1

Rwanda 2.9

Somalia 2.4

Central African Rep. 2.3

Eritrea 2.2

Cape Verde 2.2

Gabon 2.1

Lesotho 1.7

Congo 1.6

Guinea-Bissau 1.4

Seychelles 1.3

Swaziland 1.2

Gambia 0.9

Comoros 0.8

Sao Tome/Principe 0.6

Equatorial Guinea 0.4

Table 3. Egg production ranking in Africa in 2011('000 tonnes)

Egg Output Growth Exceeds Global Average in Africa and Oceania

14

crease in volume terms of some 78,000 tonnes canmainly be attributed to a gain of some 62,000 tonnesin Australia and of nearly 10,000 tonnes in NewZealand, these two countries accounting for 93 percent of the regional total (Tables 4 and 5).

In most instances, the FAO’s estimates of egg produc-tion are higher than those from other sources be-cause the figures include assessments of both thecommercial and backyard or village flocks, as well asthe output of hatching eggs for both the layer andbroiler sectors. However, as mentioned earlier, thereare some instances, where the opposite is true.

Australia is an example as the Australian Egg Cor-poration Ltd (AECL) estimates commercial egg pro-duction in 2011 at nearly 287,000 tonnes – well abovethe FAO figure of 205,000 tonnes. The AECL puts thenumber of layers in 2011 at 16.5 million, of which 68per cent were in cages, 25 per cent on free range andseven per cent in a barn system. Virtually all the birdslay brown eggs. The industry, like most, is susceptibleto the global market for feed ingredients, hence feedprices in mid-2012 were higher than in the previousthree years. This will have been reflected in the costof egg production and eventually in market prices.

While the data on egg production in  NewZealand released by the IEC, at around 65,000tonnes in 2011, are again higher than that shown inthe FAO stats, the trend is for relatively steady annualproduction. There are only 125 commercial egg pro-

ducers, the largest 20 accounting for 75 per cent oftotal output in 2011. Some 83 per cent of birds arecurrently housed in conventional cages, 14 per centon free-range and three per cent in barns.

Under a new animal welfare code, conventional cagesare to be phased out by 2022 being – in the main –replaced by the larger colony cages. It is estimatedthat at least 45 per cent of the conventional cages willdisappear by 2018 and some observers believe thatall the old cages will be removed well before the 2022deadline. This change is expected to cause major dis-ruption to egg supplies, which will be reflected in bothtotal and per person egg consumption in the next fewyears.

Table 4. Hen egg production in Oceania ('000 tonnes)

P = provisional, - no dataCountries producing less than 50 tonnes have been excluded

Source: FAO

Country 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011PAustralia 143.0 138.6 171.3 161.7 160.0 159.3 174.0 205.2Fiji 3.2 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.5 5.7 5.7French Polynesia 1.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.0Guam 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9Kiribati 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3Micronesia 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0New Caledonia 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.0 0.2New Zealand 43.0 50.9 51.0 46.6 53.2 51.8 52.3 52.3Papua New Guinea 4.5 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.5 4.5Samoa 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Solomon Isl. 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7Tonga 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3Vanuatu 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0OCEANIA 199.4 205.3 238.2 224.2 229.8 228.5 246.4 277.6WORLD 51,013.1 56,609.9 57,934.7 59,588.0 61,703.7 62,762.1 63,753.0 65,002.6

Table 5. Egg production ranking inOceania in 2011 ('000 tonnes)

Country

Australia 205.2

New Zealand 52.3

Fiji 5.7

Papua New Guinea 4.5

French Polynesia 3.0

Vanuatu 1.0

Guam 0.9

Solomon Isl. 0.7

Samoa 0.4

Tonga 0.3

Kiribati 0.3

New Caledonia 0.2

Micronesia 0.0

Source: FAO

https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/el-sitio-avicola/id519675362?mt=8

New Studies Examine Effects of Lighting on Chickens

16

Feature Article

New Studies Examine Effects ofLighting on Chickens

Two recent studies show that broilers perform betterunder LED lighting than fluorescent lamps while layerbehaviour is affected by light wavelength.

BROILER PREFERENCES FOR LIGHTINGExPLORED IN BRAZILIAN STUDIES

Vision is important in poultry behaviour and welfare.Poultry have highly specialised visual systems and themajority of their behaviour is mediated by vision, ac-cording to Angélica Signor Mendes from the Techno-logical Federal University of Paraná in Brazil andco-authors there and at Purdue University in the USand Brazil's State University of Campinas.

In a study1 published in Journal of Applied Poultry Re-search, they evaluated the lighting preference of broilerchickens exposed to different lighting sources and theirproduction performance.

Overall, birds exposed to light-emitting diode (LED)lighting performed better that those reared undercompact fluorescent lamps (CFL). Seven-day-old malebroiler under LED lights had better feed efficiency thanthose of the same age under CFL.

In the first experiment, the researchers evaluated thepreference of birds for white and yellow lighting pro-vided by LED bulbs. Bird preference was assessed by

Image courtesy of Agrilamp

17

FEATURE ARTICLE

videos recorded during the experiment. In a secondexperiment, they studied the performance of broilerchickens exposed to LED and CFL.

Performance was assessed in terms of mortality rate,bird bodyweight, daily bodyweight gain, feed consump-tion and feed conversion.

The chickens occupied environments with yellow andwhite LED lighting evenly and did not show any behav-ioural preference for one of the environments. How-ever, birds ate more at 21, 28, and 35 days of age whenexposed to white LED lighting.

Generally, Mendes and co-authors commented thatbirds exposed to LED lighting presented better pro-duction performance than birds under the CFL. Seven-day-old male chickens presented better feedconversion under LED illumination than did males ofthe same age under CFL.

SWISS STUDy LOOKS AT DIFFERENT LIGHTCOLOURS FOR LAyING HENS

Results of a trial in Switzerland2 revealed that layinghens under green light carried out more explorationand that red light made them less aggressive than whitelight. The study also confirmed previous work that redlight accelerates sexual development but the effect wasmore due to wavelength than light intensity.

The best method for lighting poultry houses has beenan issue for many decades, generating much interest asnew systems become available, according to re-searchers at Bern University of Applied Sciences. BeatHuber-Eicher and colleagues explain in their paper inPoultry Science that poultry farmers are now increas-ingly using coloured LED to illuminate hen houses, forexample, in Germany, Austria, the Netherlands andEngland). In Switzerland, they report, all new systemsare now equipped with LED, usually green ones.

LED give monochromatic light from different wave-lengths and have several advantages over conventionalilluminants, including high energy efficiency, long life,high reliability and low maintenance costs.

They examined the effects of illumination with white,red and green LED on behaviour and production pa-

rameters of laying hens. Light intensities in the threetreatments were adjusted to be perceived by hens asequal.

Twenty-four groups of 25 laying hens were kept inidentical compartments (5.0×3.3 metres) equippedwith a litter area, raised perches, feed and drinking fa-cilities, and nest boxes. Initially, they were kept underwhite LED for a two-week adaptation period.

For the next four weeks, eight randomly chosen com-partments were lit with red LED (640nm) and eightmore with green LED (520nm). Behaviour was moni-tored during the last two weeks of the trial. Addition-ally weight gain, feed consumption, onset of lay andlaying performance were recorded.

The results showed minor effects of green light on ex-plorative behaviour while red light reduced aggressive-ness compared with white light. The results confirmedprevious research that red light accelerated sexual de-velopment of laying hens and this trial demonstratedthat this effect was due to the specific wavelength andnot the intensity of light, concluded Huber-Eicher andcolleagues. They added, however, that an additional ef-fect of light intensity should not be excluded.

REFERENCES

1. Mendes A.S., S..J. Paixão, R. Restelatto, G.M. Morello,D.J. de Moura and J.C. Possenti. 2013. Performance andpreference of broiler chickens exposed to differentlighting sources. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 22(1):62-70. doi:10.3382/japr.2012-00580

2. Huber-Eicher B., A. Suter and P. Spring-Stähli. 2013.Effects of colored light-emitting diode illumination onbehavior and performance of laying hens. Poult. Sci.92(4):869-873. doi: 10.3382/ps.2012-02679

Poultry Industry News

INFLUENCE OF RAISED PLASTICFLOORS COMPARED WITH PINESHAVING LITTER ON ENVIRONMENTAND PEKIN DUCK CONDITION

US - In this trial, the overall condition of the duckswas described as being good. However, the propor-tion of ducks having a 0 or 1 feather score was higherfor the litter floor systems than slats and the slat-reared birds had cleaner feathers.

Commercial poultry production management prac-tices have been under increased public scrutinydriven by concerns for food safety and animal wel-fare, explain D.M. Karcher of Michigan State Univer-sity and co-authors there and at Hope College, SouthCrossing Veterinary Center and Ohio State Univer-sity.

In their paper in Poultry Science, they continue that,within the United States, wood shavings and raisedplastic floors are common flooring systems used induck production. It is intuitive that each flooring typewould present different management challenges in-fluencing physical characteristics of growing ducks.

Read More...

LAYER HYBRIDS REACT DIFFERENTLYTO FIBRE SOURCE

SWEDEN - Layers in enriched cages frequentlypecked at straw pellets provided with the feed or inletter bath, report researchers based in Uppsala butthe two hybrid lines studied behaved differently intheir pecking behaviour and in terms of eggshellstrength.

Litter may constitute a significant source of insolublefibre to laying hens, according to Robin Kalmendaland colleagues at the Swedish University of Agricul-tural Sciences in Uppsala but they found that therewere marked hybrid differences in the interactionwith litter.

In their paper in Journal of Applied Poultry Research,they explain that poultry may obtain fibre from thefeed or from the ingestion of, for example, fibrous lit-ter materials.

Read More...

19

Housing & Equipment

AGRILAMP AT THE SHOWS

THAILAND - Continuing the success experienced atprevious poultry trade shows, Agrilamp received aphenomenal response after recently attending VIVAsia and AgraMe in March, and Fieravicola in April,where Agrilamp technology and the benefits it bringswere showcased.

With various projects continuing within the MiddleEast, and following the introduction of Agrilamp’sPlug-and-Play system, its popularity was highlightedby AgraMe’s board of judges who certified the Plug-and-Play system as Highly Commended for the ‘BestNew Product for Gulf Market – Poultry’.

Additionally, Agrilamps’s Sales Director, JohnMatcham, gave a well received presentation on theEffects of LED Lighting on Poultry which focused onthe benefits to poultry production and animal wel-fare.

At VIV Asia, Agrilamp engaged with...Read More...

TERMOTECNICA PERICOLI EXPANDSASIA-PACIFIC PRESENCE

ASIA - Although Termotecnica Pericoli has been ac-tive in the Asian markets since 1992 the companyfirst established a personal presence in the regionwith the establishment of a Regional Office inMalaysia in May of 2010.

As a consequence and the impact of this permanentpresence and the very positive response from themarket place this presence is now being expanded.

With effect from January 2013 the Regional office hasbeen replaced with the formation and establishmentof Pericoli Asia-Pacific Sdn Bhd which is a wholly sub-sidiary of Termotecnica Pericoli S.r.l. Pericoli Asia-Pa-cific has been established as a full manufacturing andwarehouse facility in order to further meet the com-pany’s goals and objectives for the Asian region toprovide the highest level of sales support and serviceto their growing market.

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20

Poultry Industry News

UNILIGHT: AFFORDABLE,HIGH-PERFORMANCE LED LIGHTS

UK - Energy conservation and environment policiesare dramatically changing the lighting world. LED isthe only and final solution - the least energy of alllights and no mercury.

Uni-light LLC has spent years in Silicon Valley to de-velop an efficient, robust, resistant and long-life lightadapted for the poultry and egg layer industry.

The company's lights are tested at the University ofAuburn, chosen by Victorsson Industries, the biggestequipment manufacturer in Scandinavia, and are in-stalled in large numbers of poultry houses in the UKand elsewhere.

The lights give more illumination per Watt than anyother in the market, are resistant to ammonium,formaldehyde and dust and can be flushed with water.

Read More...

ATTIC INLET OPERATION GUIDELINES

US - Simple rules to get the most out of a poultryhouse attic inlet system from Michael Czarick (Ex-tension Engineer) and Brian Fairchild (Extension Poul-try Scientist) with the University of Georgia in theseries, 'Poultry Housing Tips'.

When it comes to operating any air inlet system dur-ing the cooler times of the year, it is important tokeep in mind that our primary objective is to max-imise the amount of fresh air we bring in withoutcausing excessive decreases in air temperature or ex-cessive increases in fuel usage.

Quite simply, the more air we can bring in withoutdecreasing house temperature, the fresher the air willbe, and the better our birds will perform. For in-stance, let's say you have older birds and four 36-inchfans are operating because the house is a degree orso above the target temperature. you could set yourcontroller to maintain a low static pressure (0.03"),which would cause the inlets to open wide, the cooloutside air would quickly drop to the floor, housetemperature would quickly decrease, resulting in thefans turning off.

Read More...

NATURAL VENTILATION INORGANICPOULTRY HOUSES IN COLDWEATHER

Winter ventilation and proper management in coolerambient temperatures to control egg size in brownlayers was the topic of Dr Morgan Hayes' presenta-tion at the Midwest Poultry Federation Conventionin St. Paul, Minnesota, US, writes Carla Wright, Editor,ThePoultrySite.

Most organic egg production in the US is from brownbirds and these layers have an easy ability to lay verylarge eggs beyond what the industry can use.

“I have seen up to 56-pound case weights and the in-dustry struggles once case weight gets over 51pounds. In cooler barn temperatures, brown birds eatmore feed and this drives egg size higher. Once thebird gets to a heavier case weight, it is almost impos-sible to bring it down even later on in summer.

Read More...

Poultry Industry News

ROSLIN STUDY SHOWS HOWSALMONELLA COLONISES THE GUT

UK - Scientists have studied how Salmonellacolonises the intestines of food-producing animals.This is relevant both to the welfare of the animalhosts and to contamination of the food chain andfarm environment. Researchers plan to use data col-lected to develop vaccines to control Salmonella inanimals and humans.

Salmonella is a major cause of human diarrhoeal in-fections and is frequently acquired from chickens, pigsand cattle, or their products. Around 94 million suchinfections occur in people worldwide each year, withapproximately 50,000 cases in the UK per annum.

In a BBSRC-funded collaboration between the Uni-versity of Cambridge’s Department of VeterinaryMedicine, the University of Edinburgh’s Roslin Insti-tute and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, scien-tists have studied how Salmonella colonises theintestines of food-producing animals.

Read More...

WHAT CAUSES FOOT DERMATITIS INPOULTRY?

GERMANy - There are many factors that contributeto footpad dermatitis but the primary factor is wetlitter, according to Dr Tom Tabler and colleagues atMississippi State University Extension Service.

Good litter management and proper ventilation arecritical to preventing footpad dermatitis (FPD) andmaintaining health in poultry flocks. Footpad dermati-tis first became an issue for the poultry industry inthe 1980s but it surely existed long before that time.

The condition is known by a variety of names, includ-ing pododermatitis and contact dermatitis. It is char-acterised by inflammation and ulcers on the footpadand toes. The sores can be shallow or deep. Deep ul-cers may lead to abscesses of the underlying tissueand structures (Greene et al., 1985). For many years,the feet (or 'paws') of broiler chickens received littleattention but that all changed during the 1980s. Untilthen, chicken paws were not a saleable product andwere rendered along with blood...

Read More...

23

Health & Welfare News

Influenza A(H7N9): Impacts on thePoultry Industry

CHINA - An update on the current situation onH7N9 flu in people and the impacts on the poultryindustry by senior editor, Jackie Linden.

The latest information from WHO (on 29 April) givesa total of 126 confirmed human cases of avian in-fluenza A(H7N9) virus, of whom, 24 have died. Sincethe first reported case in February, all the cases werein China's neighbouring, easternmost provinces ofJiansu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang. On 25 April,however, came the first report of a case outsideChina; one person in Taiwan has been confirmed withthe virus in Taipei. He had recently returned from theaffected area of China.

This viral strain is a triple reassortant H7N9 influenzavirus, with components from H7Nx, H11N9 andH9N2 - all of avian origin but at least one elementoriginates in wild birds.

So far, it has not been possible to establish how thevirus is transmitted, nor the likelihood of person-to-person transmission.

A joint international mission has recently completeda study of the situation in China at the invitation ofthe Chinese government.

The mission team reported: "According to availableevidence, birds infected by the virus, especially poultry,and the environment contaminated by the virus arethe most likely sources of infection. The risk of infec-tion appears most concentrated in live poultry mar-kets".

They said: "Steps taken so far, such as the suspensionof live bird markets in Shanghai, were timely andsound. In Shanghai, it appears that so far poultry in-fections are limited to live markets". However, they

24

Poultry Industry News

cautioned that experts still have only a limited under-standing of the full extent of the disease.

The first of the mission's seven recommendations is"to undertake intense and focused investigations todetermine the source(s) of human H7N9 infectionswith a view to taking urgent action to prevent con-tinuing virus spread and its potentially severe conse-quences for human and animal health".

While they are both influenza viruses that originatein birds and affect humans, there are two differencesbetween this latest H7N9 subtype and H5N1, theone that has spread across much of the globe overthe last decade. Firstly, H7N9 has so far affectedmainly men and the over 50s, in contrast to theH5N1 type, which infected children and women.

The second difference is that H7N9 is a low-patho-genic form of the virus in poultry and symptoms caneasily be missed. The H5N1 type, in contrast, causesvery high losses in affected flocks, particularly inchickens and turkeys. It might not have such immedi-ate adverse impacts on the birds as H5N1 but makeno mistake, its impacts will surely be felt by the poul-try industry.

As we have noted, live birds markets in Shanghai havebeen closed down and the virus has been found atother similar markets in affected provinces. Further-more, despite well-founded assurances that there isno risk from properly cooked poultry products, thereare signs that sales of poultry meat and eggs are fallingin China as a result of market closures and the pop-ulation's fears of infection.

And there may be consequences for the whole foodchain. Already there is speculation in the global trademarkets about the possible impacts on maize andsoybean demand this year, with China being such alarge importer of these feed ingredients.

FDA CAUTIONS INTERPRETATION OFANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE DATA

US - The Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Cen-ter for Veterinary Medicine today issued a statementcautioning the interpretation of antimicrobial resist-ance data.

Recently, the Environmental Working Group (EWG)issued a report of its interpretation of the 2011 RetailMeat Annual Report of the National AntimicrobialResistance Monitoring System (NARMS).

“While FDA is always concerned when we see an-timicrobial resistance, we believe the EWG reportoversimplifies the NARMS data and provides mislead-ing conclusions,” FDA noted.

The statement said that FDA did not believe thatEWG fully considered important factors that putthese results in context, including:

Read More...

ADAS LAUNCHES HEALTHYHENSPROJECT

UK - HealthyHens is a European wide project lookingat the welfare of organic laying hens throughout theEU.

Anyone wishing to get involved will get free assess-ments of worm egg and red mite counts.

ADAS aims to visit 10 flocks twice to look at key wel-fare indicators such as ranging behaviour, featherpecking and worm burdens.

The information gathered will be anonymised andanalysed alongside data from the other partner coun-tries.

The results will be used to inform future welfarepractices.

Farms involved will receive the results of the wormegg and red mite counts from their flock.

Read More...

25

Health & Welfare News

MEDICINES AGENCY ADVISESCOMMISSION ON ANIMALANTIBIOTIC USE

EU - The European Medicines Agency will provide ad-vice on the impact on public health and animal healthof the use of antibiotics in animals. The request wasmade by the European Commission as part of its ‘ac-tion plan against the rising threats from antimicrobialresistance’.

Antibiotics are one of the most important tools inthe therapeutic arsenals of both doctors and vets.They have dramatically reduced the number of deathsfrom infectious diseases during the 70 years sincetheir introduction. Nowadays they are an essentialpart of modern medicine, allowing the treatment ofbacterial diseases in man and animals and to preventinfections. Antibiotics allow doctors to perform manyprocedures now common in human medicine suchas transplantation, chemotherapy for cancer and evenorthopaedic surgery, and any threat to their contin-ued effectiveness is a matter of urgent concern.

Read More...

NCC ENCOURAGES INCREASEDRESOURCES TO IMPROVEPOULTRY HEALTH

US - National Chicken Council Vice President of Sci-entific and Regulatory Affairs Ashley Peterson, PhD,has told the USDA's Animal & Plant Health InspectionService (APHIS) about the importance of the Na-tional Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) in preventingand controlling possible diseases in poultry.

NPIP has historically been, and remains, a crucial pro-gram for ensuring the continued viability of the U.S.poultry industry for both the domestic and exportmarkets. Although the program began in 1935 as aneffort to eradicate Salmonella pullorum, it has sinceexpanded to include a variety of programs developedto address other highly pathogenic avian diseases(such as Avian Influenza), as well as non-regulatorymonitoring of potential food safety threats.

“NPIP is the perfect example of what...

Read More...

EFFECTS OF DIET DILUTIONSOURCE AND LEVEL ONPERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOUROF PULLETS

NETHERLANDS - Diluting the diet with 15 per centof sunflower seed extract or oat hulls reducedfeather pecking and feather damage in non-beak-trimmed pullets from day-old to 18 weeks of age, ac-cording to new research from WageningenUniversity.

A recent issue of Poultry Science includes a paper re-porting an experiment conducted to investigate theeffects of dietary dilution sources and levels onfeather damage, performance, feeding behaviour andlitter condition in rearing pullets.

Authors, S.N. Qaisrani of Wageningen University inthe Netherlands and colleagues there and at Wa-geningen UR Livestock Research hypothesised thatdietary dilution increases feeding-related behaviourand improves feather condition, particularly if insol-uble non-starch polysaccharides are used as the di-lution source.

Read More...

CALL FOR UNITED FRONT ONPOULTRY WELFARE

UK - Finding ways to promote the high welfare stan-dards of British poultry production should help boostsales of home-produced chicken meat in the wake ofthe horsemeat scandal, according to a leading poultryproducer.

Patrick Joice, who produces 5.5 million broilers a yearwith his father, Nigel, in Fakenham, Norfolk, said in-creased interest in traceability meant producersshould make more effort to explain to consumersabout the high standards they adhere to.

Speaking ahead of this year's Pig and Poultry LIVEevent at Stoneleigh Park on 15 May, where welfarewill be one of the leading topics under discussion, MrJoice said producers should work with retailers toeducate shoppers about UK welfare standards.

Read More...

Poultry Industry News

WORLD’S GENE POOL CRUCIALFOR SURVIVAL

GLOBAL - Conserving and making the most of theplanet's wealth of genetic resources will be crucialfor survival, as people will need to produce sufficientand nutritious food for a growing population, FAODeputy Director-General Dan Gustafson said, ad-dressing the Commission on Genetic Resources forFood and Agriculture.

The Commission, the only intergovernmental bodyto specifically address all matters related to theworld's gene pool for food and agriculture, is markingits 30th anniversary and is meeting in Rome thisweek.

"FAO believes that adaptation of the agriculture sec-tor is not merely an option, but an imperative forhuman survival, and genetic resources will form anessential part of any adaptation strategy," he said.

Read More...

BREEDING BETTER CHICKENSWEBSITE LAUNCHED

UK - A BBSRC-funded research group working to im-prove the health of the world's huge population ofbroiler chickens has created a new website to sharetheir work.

Scientists at the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) andThe University of Manchester designedwww.thechickenofthefuture.com to tell scientific andgeneral audiences about their research to better un-derstand the health and anatomy of the 30Bn broilerchickens that are bred for human consumption eachyear.

Having gone live on 19 March 2013, the team plansto keep the site updated with their latest work andencourage feedback and interaction with readers. Itis also planned to make the site a resource for infor-mation and images under a creative commons li-cence.

Dr Jonathan Codd, senior lecturer in integrative...

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27

Breeding & Genetics

AVIAGEN DEMONSTRATESCOMMITMENT TO ASIAN MARKET

THAILAND - Aviagen was delighted to take part inanother VIV Asia Show in March. The theme for thecompany’s stand, which received over 400 visitors,was Global Leader. Local Partner. Right Choice.

The theme incorporated references to the company’slong term commitment to customers in the Asia Pa-cific region, continued investment in R&D to supplythe best genetic progress, the establishment of theindustry’s largest global supply network, the creationof a knowledgeable, experienced local technical serv-ice team with a heavy emphasis on the transfer of re-search into everyday flock management advice.

Aviagen was well represented by the complete re-gional team of commercial and technical personnelalong with strong support from the company’s spe-cialists in nutrition, veterinary, hatchery and flockmanagement and the internal technical transfergroup. Senior management was also present to re-ceive and work with customers throughout the bi-annual event.

Read More...

W E D O N ’ T J U S T G R O W CHICKENS.WE BREED SUCCESS.

Aviagen leads with better birds and better products, investing aggressively to ensure you are getting the best chicken today and

tomorrow. By committing 10% of annual revenue to our breeding program we produce genetic improvements in feed e�ciency,

growth, fertility and bird health that can be quanti�ed in our three leading commercial brands, year after year. When you partner

with Aviagen you share in unrivalled innovation, the largest network of 15 global supply locations and the expertise of accessible,

regional teams serving 130 markets worldwide. Aviagen is the future of chicken. 

G L O B A L L E A D E R . L O C A L PA R T N E R . R I G H T C H O I C E .A V I A G E N B R A N D S

A V I A G E N . C O M

CHINESE STUDY EXAMINESROOSTER SPERM COMPETITION

CHINA - Maintaining a time interval of 12 days be-tween inseminations and repeatedly inseminating fe-males by a different male every four days allowed theelimination of the influence of the previous AI within14 days, according to researchers in Guangzhou.

When hens are inseminated by different types ofroosters, natural elimination of the influence of in-semination by a previous rooster may require sometime, reducing the breeding activity of the hens, ac-cording J. Ma and colleagues at the Guangdong Acad-emy of Agriculture Sciences in China.

In Journal of Applied Poultry Research, they reporttwo separate experiments were conducted to deter-mine the effects of sperm competition between twobreeder males on reducing the time interval whicheliminated the influence of previous artificial insemi-nation (AI).

At the conclusion of the experiments, sperm retainedtheir activity even after...

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28

Poultry Industry News

ROUNDTABLE TO HIGHLIGHTDEVELOPMENT IN BREEDING,MEDICAL GENETICS

US - Registration is now open for the NationalBreeders Roundtable.

The National Breeders Roundtable brings togetherbreeder specialists and geneticists from the industry,universities and government to discuss the latestbreeding research developments and genetic trends.Sponsored by the Poultry Breeders of America andUS Poultry & Egg Association, this year’s conferencewill be held May 2-3, at the Airport Marriott Hotel inSt. Louis, Missouri.

The 62nd Annual National Breeders Roundtableagenda will include topics on Ancestral DevelopmentPotential: A New Tool for Animal Breeding; EpigeneticInstability and Virus-Host Interactions in Chickens;White Striping in Broiler Breast Meat; VeterinaryMedical Genetics: Identification...

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Breeding for 500 Eggs!

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Poultry Industry News

IMPROVING ANIMAL HEALTHPLANNING TO CONTROL H5N1 BIRDFLU IN EGYPT

EGyPT - After its first detection in 2006, Highly Path-ogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza (HPAI) has spread rap-idly in Egypt and become endemic in poultrypopulations in several governorates.

HPAI continued to cause considerable economic lossto poultry producers and remains a public healthchallenge in the country, according to FAO.

Over 40 million birds had been culled during theearly periods of 2006-2007 alone. At present, out-breaks continue to occur in different production sec-tors and along the poultry value chain including incommercial farms, household flocks and live birdmarkets.

A sound animal health planning is of paramount im-portance to enhance the national disease controlprogram. This, in turn, requires generation of reliableepidemiological information and analysis.

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MAPA LAUNCHES RISKMANAGEMENT PROGRAM FORPOULTRY ESTABLISHMENTS

BRAZIL - On Saturday, 13 April, the Ministry of Live-stock and Supply's (MAPA) Official Gazette (DOU)published the program standards for risk manage-ment with epidemiological surveillance and adoptionof vaccines in poultry establishments consideredmore susceptible to the introduction and spread ofdiseases.

According to Normative Instruction No. 10, listed es-tablishments, such as poultry establishments with lay-ing hens in sheds like Californian, classic or modified,engaging in activities would require more rigoroushealth checks. Establishments that send birds to fairsand auctions and those intended for poultry stallsselling live animals would also require a more thor-ough check-up.

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31

Biosecurity & Hygiene

OUTBREAK OF SALMONELLATYPHIMURIUM DT8 ASSOCIATEDWITH DUCK EGGS

IRELAND & UK - Over a 19-month period betweenAugust 2009 and February 2011, 34 confirmed casesand one probable case of Salmonella TyphimuriumDT8 were detected in Ireland, all of which had anMLVA pattern 2-10-NA-12-212 or a closely relatedpattern. Concurrent duck egg-related outbreak of S.Typhimurium DT8 in the United Kingdom are likelyrelated, writes Patricia Garvey, from the Health Pro-tection Surveillance Centre at Dublin, Ireland.

Salmonella Typhimurium DT8 was a very rare causeof human illness in Ireland between 2000 and 2008,with only four human isolates from three patientsbeing identified.

The epidemiological investigations strongly sup-ported a link between illness and exposure to duckeggs. Moreover, S. Typhimurium...

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LONG TERM SOLUTION TO YOURRED MITE PROBLEM

UK - The unique FOSSIL SHIELD + PCS professionalon-site electrostatic application offers a long term so-lution with 85 per cent of customers not requiringany repeat treatment until the next flock.

FOSSILSHIELD is a non-toxic diatomaceous powder.As the mite attempt to remove FOSSILSHIELD fromtheir skin, the powder begins to scratch away theirwaxy outer layer, exposing the fatty tissue under-neath. The powder then dries this tissue, killing theinsect naturally.

The application allows the powder to grip and wraparound different surfaces & materials, vertical or hor-izontal, and provides an easier treatment solution toareas that are awkward to reach by hand.

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Poultry Industry News

DANISCO ANIMAL NUTRITION ROLLSOUT DIRECT FED MICROBIAL

UK - Danisco Animal Nutrition, a subsidiary ofDupont™, has launched Enviva® PRO, a multi-straindirect fed microbial (DFM) designed to provide im-proved economic return from poultry diets by sup-porting natural gut balance and improving nutrientabsorption.

Enviva PRO is already available in the US and SouthAfrica, and will shortly be available in other geogra-phies, as regulatory approvals permit.

It can be introduced in the first few days post hatchto make the gut less conducive to colonization by co-liforms and other micro-organisms that may have anegative impact on gut performance.

It also encourages a better house environment to re-duce the risk of contamination. Comprising a blendof three Bacillus subtilis strains and developed aftermany years of sampling commercial...

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Poultry Industry News

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KENYON JOINS DIAMOND V ASPOULTRY SPECIALIST

US - Diamond V is pleased to announce the additionof David Kenyon as Poultry Specialist.

Mr Kenyon will be responsible for supporting and de-veloping the turkey business in North America.

Most recently, Kenyon was the President of Valley ofthe Moon Commercial Poults, Inc. (a division of Avi-agen Group).

He has also worked at British United Turkeys ofAmerica (BUTA) as Director of Sales for North andSouth America and at Cargill Turkeys in various su-pervisory and management positions.

He earned his Animal Science degree from SouthwestMissouri State University.

David and his family will continue to reside in Cali-fornia, MO where they raise quarter horse and cat-tle.

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IMPACT OF CHINA'S RECENT BIRDFLU ON CORN DEMAND UNCERTAIN

US - The impact of China's bird flu outbreak on poul-try production and feed demand remains uncertainbut may be less than initially feared. As reported lastweek, China's bird flu incidents saw live bird marketsclose around the Shanghai region and in South China.

As cases spread to other regions such as Beijing andHenan, the effects of these closings and the reductionof poultry inventories will reduce feed consumptionin the poultry industry. However, if consumers switchto pork instead of poultry meat, this will offset thelosses in the poultry sector and reduce the net effecton feed demand.

"Since hogs are less efficient converters of feed tomeat and use a higher proportion of energy feeds likecorn, any substitution of pork for poultry that occurswill dampen the negative effect of reduced poultryproduction on feed demand, particularly corn," saidBryan Lohmar, US Grains Council...

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35

Feeding & Nutrition

OPTIVITE'S ENZYME RANGE

UK - Optivite has been providing enzyme solutionsfor around 20 years and the range has evolved to in-clude products to suit the majority of feed typesaround the world.

The range is split into non starch polysaccharide(NSP) enzymes under the Optizyme banner with var-ious products being available for different diet typesand market requirements.

NSP/phytase combinations in the Optimise range arealso available to suit different diets and market needs.Products are available for both maize and wheat/bar-ley diets for both pigs and poultry. Our maize/soyaenzyme was one of the first products of its type forthis diet and continues to be one of our biggest sell-ers.

An intrinsically heat stable version with stability upto95oC is one of the latest additions to the family. Op-tizyme products allow significant...

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BSAS: COULD WINE INDUSTRYWASTE BE USED IN BROILER FEED?

GLOBAL – Waste products from the food industryrepresent growing challenges as consumer con-sciousness develops about the environmental, socialand political context of meat production, reports ed-itor, Michael Priestley, from a British Society of AnimalScience (BSAS) conference.

This was the remit of a study presented by Eleni Kas-apidou at the BSAS Annual Conference at Notting-ham University in the UK on Wednesday 17 April.The investigation looked at utilising ground and driedgrape pomace on the sensory characteristics ofbroiler meat during refrigerated storage.

Although used as a fertiliser on some vineyards, grapepomace is generally seen as waste. Mrs Kasapidouand her team are keen to see what can be done toutilise this product which essentially the grape seed,skins and stems in animal nutrition.

Read More...

Poultry Industry News

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STUDY SHOWS HATCH WINDOWIMPACTS CHICK DEVELOPMENT

BRAZIL - Research shows that incubation time im-pacts intestinal and organ development of broilerchicks.

Prematurely hatched chicks remaining inside thehatchery for longer periods presented improvedkoilin membrane development in the gizzard, andsmaller presence of CD3+ cells in thymus, spleen andileum than those birds that hatched close to the stan-dard time for hatchery opening.

Different periods of hatching, called hatch windows,occur inside the same hatchery and birds' develop-ment could be affected by this.

In Journal of Applied Poultry Research, R.M. Hayashi andcolleagues at the Federal University of Parana reporta study evaluating morphology of the intestinal mu-cosa and gizzard, and the...

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37

Incubation & Hatching

JAMESWAY HOLDS 5TH LATINAMERICA INCUBATION SEMINAR

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - Jamesway’s popular LatinAmerica Incubation Seminar was held in the Domini-can Republic on 23 to 25 April.

Registration exceeded expectations. Wise planning,however, ensured that there were enough rooms forall participants at the beautiful OceanBlue and Sand®Beachfront Resort in Punta Cana.

Jamesway designed the incubation seminar for every-one associated with hatching and all aspects of hatch-ery operations and management. Jamesway includedin the seminar a variety of learning experiences in-cluding presentations, interactive discussions, demon-strations by university professors and influential guestspeakers specializing in the poultry industry.

Seminar participants had an opportunity to learnmore about performance of Platinum Single Stagemachines, how to increase...

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SANITISER COMBINATION SHOWSPROMISE FOR HATCHERY

US - Four combination chemicals tested by re-searchers in Athens, Georgia, significantly reduced therecovery of Salmonella from hatching eggs.

New research shows that a combination of quater-nary ammonium and biguanide shows promise forthe reduction of Salmonella on hatching eggs withoutadverse effects on hatchability or chicken quality.

Sanitisation of broiler hatching eggs provides an op-portunity to reduce the eggshell bacterial load enter-ing hatchery incubators, which can be subsequentlycarried with the chicks to the grow-out farm and ul-timately into the processing plant.

Two experiments reported in the Journal of AppliedPoultry Research by Jeff Buhr of the Richard B. RussellAgricultural Research Center (USDA-ARS) and oth-ers there and at the University of Georgia evaluatedcombination chemicals...

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MOUNTAIRE BUILDS NEW HATCHERY

US - A state grant of $8.5 million will help to build anew hatchery at Mountaire Farms Inc. near Millsboro,Delaware.

Mountaire officials have received a $255,000 grantfrom the Delaware Strategic Fund to build the hatch-ery, expected to increase chick production from750,000 to 1.8 million each week, reportscapegazette.com.

Mountaire Vice President of Human Resources andBusiness Services Mike Tirrell said the project isdriven by customer demand.

"The company may seek other grants, but at thispoint the rest of the money is coming from Moun-taire, Mountaire has been in Millsboro since 2000, andwe are constantly updating,” Mr Tirrell said.

In 2000, the $35 million resource recovery plant wasbuilt; updates to processing procedures...

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Poultry Industry News

SAFETY OF CHEMICAL USE INPOULTRY PLANTS QUESTIONED

US - A US action group, the Government Accounta-bility Project (GAP), is calling into question the useof chemicals as disinfection agents in poultry plants.

GAP has released evidence that it says it has gatheredfrom federal poultry inspector whistleblowers aboutchemical use in the industry and its health impacts.GAP has published affidavits from two USDA inspec-tors that illustrate serious health hazards regardingchemical use they observed at multiple poultry pro-cessing plants.

GAP Food Integrity Campaign Director Amanda Hittsaid: "The questionable chemical use in the poultryindustry is clearly of great concern to inspectors andshould be a concern to consumers as well. GAP hasbeen investigating this issue at poultry processingplants for the last two years."

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MOY PARK EXPANDS REMITINTO EUROPE

EU - The UK based business of global meat and poul-try processor Marfrig, Moy Park, is to take responsi-bility for the leadership and management of Marfrig’soperations in Europe, as part of a European reorgan-isation of the Marfrig Group.

The new organisation will bring together the Euro-pean business units of Keystone Europe, Seara andMarfrig under the direction of Moy Park, making MoyPark responsible for business turnover in Europe ofaround £1.5 billion.

The restructure, which takes effect from 15 April2013, has been introduced as part of Marfrig’s strat-egy of becoming a leading global food company witha strong presence in its core markets.

According to Nigel Dunlop, who has been appointedas Moy Park Europe CEO, the purpose of this newand more integrated organisation will be to build onthe core strengths and capabilities of each of thebusinesses currently operating...

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39

Processing & Packaging

HIGHER QUALITY DEBONED MEATWITH LIMA MACHINES

EU - In March 2012, EFSA published a long study con-firming that "technological advances have resulted inlow pressure products resembling minced meat", ac-cording to LIMA.

In the early 1990s, LIMA filed a patent for its “D” softdeboning technology which are to dramatically im-prove the quality of the deboned meat in terms ofstructure, minimal bone content and extremely lowcalcium level.

This achievement has been made possible with a newdesign applying lower pressure-appropriate filterwhole size and shape associated to hygienic concep-tion.

This most recent LIMA development combines:

- good quality level of the raw material

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VION SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETESSALE FOR UK RED MEAT, POULTRY

UK - Following the announcement on 4 March 2013that an agreement had been reached with BoparanHoldings Limited, the holding company for 2 SistersFood Group for the sale of its Red Meat and Poultryactivities, VION has announced that this deal hasbeen completed.

Commenting on this announcement Peter Barr, chair-man of VION UK, said: “Following the formal com-pletion of the sale we would like to wish the 2 Sistersmanagement team every success with their newly ex-panded business.”

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NORDIC POULTRY PARTNERSHIPFORMED BY CAPVEST, LANTMANNEN

SCANDINAVIA - CapVest and Lantmannen have cre-ated a premier poultry producer for the Nordic area.

CapVest Equity Partners II and Lantmännen ek haveannounced the formation of the Nordic region;sleading poultry producer, with a turnover of morethan SEK5 billion. The new company will be createdthrough the simultaneous acquisition of KronfagelGroup in Sweden and Denmark from Lantmännen,and Cardinal Foods in Norway from CapMan. Thenew ownership structure positions the business forfurther development in international markets, as wellas opportunities for product development and inno-vation.

The new company will consist of Kronfagel, Swe-Hatch and Skanefagel in Sweden; Danpo in Denmarkand Cardinal Foods in Norway. It will be led by a teamof highly experienced executives drawn from bothKronfagel Group and Cardinal Foods, and is intendedto be headed by Leif Bergvall Hansen as Group CEO.

Commenting on the transaction, Kate Briant, Partnerat CapVest and incoming Chairman said: "Food is oneof our core investment sectors. It is fundamentallynon-discretionary while offering strong potential forconsolidation and growth. This transaction combinesmarket leading businesses...

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Artículo

40

Perspectivas del sector de pollo en México

Un informe reciente del Departamento de Agricultura de Estados Unidos,(USDA GAIN), indica que a pesar de el brote de influenza aviar altamentepatógena H7N3 en México, no ha cambiado el pronóstico para la producciónde carne de pollo de engorda para 2013.

El USDA había pronosticado un crecimiento muy leve de solo 0.5%, a 2.975millones de toneladas métricas para México antes del brote de influenza aviar.El brote en 2013 en los estados de Guanajuato y Jalisco afectó a aves prog-enitoras, reproductoras pesadas, pollos de engorda y gallinas ponedoras com-erciales. 

Mientras que el USDA cree que el brote de influenza aviar altamente pató-gena es significativo para el sector de pollo mexicano, hasta el momento nocree que es necesario cambiar los pronósticos anteriores, si la situación per-manece bajo control.

La Unión Nacional de Avicultores (UNA) es más optimista en su pronósticopara la avicultura mexicana en 2013, y calcula una producción de 3 millonesde toneladas métricas de carne de pollo, indicando que el sector podrá re-cuperarse rápidamente. 

Este mismo informe del USDA GAIN, publicado a fines de marzo, cambió sucálculo de la producción de carne de pollo en México en 2012. El pronósticoinicial de 2.965 millones de toneladas métricas ha bajado a 2.958 millones detoneladas métricas, así como se obtuvo más información de la UNA. 

La continua consolidación del sector de pollo ha ayudado a la industria en sía amortiguar los elevados precios de los alimentos balanceados del añopasado. Además, el brote de influenza aviar H7N3 en el estado de Jalisco en2012 no tuvo ningún efecto sobre la producción de carne de pollo ni sudisponibilidad. 

Lea más aquí

Bienvenido

Chris WrightEditor principal, Elsitioavicola.com chris.wright@5mpublishing.com

Noticias y Análisis Artículos Multimedia Directorio de Empresas Eventos Acerca de

Algunos de los temas más impor-tantes que se han presentado enel sitio recientemente incluyen:

• Relación entre estrés, nutricióny enfermedad 

• Influenza aviar en China

• Mercado de huevo en Europa

í

41

ElSitioAvicola.com

MIRADA AL FUTURO EN LAINDUSTRIA DEL HUEVO

La Comisión Internacional del Huevo (IEC, por sussiglas en inglés) celebró el primer encuentro de esteaño 2013 en Madrid a principios de abril. NuriaMartínez Herraéz, editora de El Sitio Avícola, informadesde Madrid.

El catedrático Hans Wilhelm Windhorst de la Uni-versidad de Vechta (Alemania), analista de estadísticasde la IEC, ofreció una visión general de la evoluciónde la producción y el mercado de exportación e im-portación mundial de la industria del huevo así comolas tendencias que se espera que siga la industria endichos aspectos.

Cabe destacar que se espera que, para 2025, lospaíses asiáticos supongan alrededor de un 62% de lademanda mundial adicional de huevo. 

El huevo, junto con la carne de pollo, es una proteínade alta calidad que cada vez demandarán más laseconomías emergentes...

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¿HABRÁ OTRA SEQUÍA EN EUA?

Esta pregunta parece un poco tonta dado que en estemomento hay inundaciones en muchas partes delMedio Oeste de los Estados Unidos, la zona produc-tora de cereales del país. A pesar del exceso de lluvia,algunos pronósticos climáticos han estado indicandoque existe la posibilidad de que se produzca otra im-portante sequía como la del 2012.

El resultado del exceso de lluvia es el posible retrasode los cultivos de esta primavera. Hasta el momentoapenas se comienza a plantar maíz y hay un retrasodel 5% en comparación con el año pasado. Realmentees demasiado temprano para saber.

El Departamento de Agricultura de EUA (USDA) in-dica que mientras el exceso de lluvia está retrasandolos cultivos, que en realidad es beneficioso para laszonas productoras de granos. Mejor que el añopasado.

A pesar del exceso de lluvia, algunos pronósticosclimáticos han estado indicando...

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EXPORTACIÓN DE CARNE DE POLLOSUPERA A LA DE VACA

Por primera vez, Argentina exporta más carne depollo que de vaca. Las ventas al exterior sumaron271.000 toneladas en 2012. En el país, el consumoanual por habitante pasó de 30 a 41 kilos.

Las exportaciones de carne de pollo sumaron271.000 toneladas en el 2012, superando por primeravez en la historia a las 189.000 de los embarques decarne vacuna. La producción de carne de pollo sumóel año pasado 1,9 millones de toneladas, un 75% delos 2,53 millones de toneladas que se produjeron encarne vacuna. 

Hasta el año 2000, las exportaciones de pollos no ex-istían. En 1990 el consumo de pollo anual por habi-tante era de 30 kilos, mientras que el de carne vacunaascendía a 77 kg. En 2012, las cifras se convirtieronen 41 kilos de pollo por habitante y año frente a 57kilos de carne vacuna. 

Lea más aquí

Poultry Industry News

42

Problemas de locomoción en lospollos de engorda¿Qué factores afectan la locomoción en los pollos deengorda? Varias presentaciones con pósters duranteel Foro Científico Avícola Internacional en Atlanta enenero de 2013 abordaron este problema, escribeChris Wright, editor principal de El Sitio Avícola.

EFECTO DE LAS TEMPERA-TURAS SOBRE LASALUD DE LAS PIERNAS

Edgar Oviedo-Rondón, Michael Wineland, HeatherCutchin Evans y John Small, de la Universidad Estatalde Carolina del Norte, Estados Unidos, indicaron quelas temperaturas de crianza influyen en el desarrolloóseo de los pollos durante la fase de crecimiento másrápido.

Se realizaron tres experimentos en una granja com-ercial para evaluar los efectos de dos perfiles de tem-peratura de crianza sobre la salud de las piernas, la

locomoción y la incidencia de dermatitis de la almo-hadilla plantar a los 56 días de edad. Las recomenda-ciones de temperatura objetivo estándar en la casetade la compañía integradora (CON) se compararoncon las temperaturas de la caseta manejadas con-forme a las temperatura corporales de las aves(CBT) diariamente.

Se utilizaron dos casetas parejas con una composi-ción comparable de pollos de un día de edad. Se asig-naron tratamientos a las diferentes casetas en cadaexperimento. Todas las casetas tenían las mismas di-mensiones, cama reutilizada, calentadores en losmuros laterales y equipo similar. En todos los exper-imentos se colocaron 20,800 pollos machos de línea“heritage” en cada caseta. Los pollos recibieron lasmismas dietas y un manejo similar.

La temperatura corporal de al menos 50 pollos por

43

ElSitioAvicola.com

caseta se tomaron diariamente durante las primerasdos semanas y luego una vez a la semana hasta los 35días de edad. En el tratamiento de CBT, las temper-aturas objetivo de la caseta se redujeron lentamentepara evitar que la temperatura corporal promedio dela parvada aumentara por encima de 105° F (40.56°C) durante los primeros 5 días.

Después de la primera semana, las temperaturas ob-jetivo de la caseta se ajustaron para evitar que la tem-peratura corporal promedio se elevara arriba de107.5° F (41.94° C). A los 56 días de edad, se selec-cionaron aleatoriamente 40 pollos en cada una decinco distintas ubicaciones dentro de cada casetapara obtener los pesos corporales, evaluar las clasifi-caciones de la forma de caminar (GS), conforme alsistema Bristol, además de observar la presencia deproblemas en las piernas.

En 200 pollos por caseta se evaluaron valgus/varus,piernas torcidas, dermatitis de la almohadilla plantar,dedos chuecos y quemaduras en el corvejón. Se usóel procedimiento GLIMMIx de SAS para evaluar losefectos del tratamiento sobre las probabilidades deobservar cada condición de pierna o GS. En el primerexperimento, los pollos bajo CBT tuvieron (P<0.05)mejor GS y menor incidencia de valgus (probabilidad0.29) que los pollos en el tratamiento CON (proba-bilidad 0.38). No se observaron efectos significativosen el segundo experimento.

En el tercer experimento, en GS también resultaronafectados (P<0.05), pero en CBT hubo más proble-mas de locomoción que en los pollos CON. No seobservaron otros efectos (P>0.05) sobre problemasde salud de las piernas o dermatitis de la almohadillaplantar.

Se concluyó que las temperaturas de crianza noafectan consistentemente la incidencia de dermatitisde la almohadilla plantar y los problemas de salud delas piernas tales como varus, valgus y piernas torcidas,pero pueden influir en ciertas dificultades de loco-moción en los pollos.

PROBLEMAS DE LOCOMOCIóN y LAS CONDI-CIONES DE EQUILIBRIO

En dos experimentos separados, Fabiana Ribeiro Cal-dara y sus colegas en la Universidade Federal da

Grande Dourados, Brasil, evaluaron la asociaciónentre los problemas de locomoción, la capacidad delas aves para caminar y la condición de equilibrio demachos y hembras de dos razas comerciales.

Un estudio observó a hembras de 530 días de edady el otro estudio a machos de 530 días de edad delas razas Cobb 500 y Ross 308.

Para evaluar la clasificación de la forma de caminar(GS), se colocó a los animales sobre una superficie deun metro cubierto por cama y se tomaron notassobre la capacidad de las aves para caminar. Para es-timar la condición de equilibrio (BC) y el ángulo cor-poral (BA) se tomaron imágenes laterales de las avesconsiderando el cuerpo de los pollos como un volu-men esférico de tal forma que se pudiera estimar laBC del animal hacia el suelo y el ángulo formadoentre el pecho y el centro de la almohadilla plantar.

Incluso en la caseta avícola, las aves se evaluaron enbusca de deformidades de varus y valgus. Estos pollosfueron sacrificados, se midió el peso del canal y seanalizaron enfermedades locomotoras tales comodiscondroplasia tibial (TD), lesión de la articulaciónde degeneración femoral (FDJL) y espondilolistesis(SPO).

Se realizó el análisis de datos usando el softwareMinitab, a través de la herramienta de vector de aso-ciación; se encontró que BC, BA, GS y SPO tienenuna alta asociación de conducta entre unos y otros,confirmando la hipótesis de que BC, BA y SPOafectan directamente la conducta de las aves cuandocaminan.

En las hembras la SPO tuvo una asociación media conGS, lo cual demostró que los animales afectados conla enfermedad tienen problemas para caminar. Tam-bién se detectó que las deformidades valgus y varusno estaban asociadas, debido a que las aves con estasdeformidades usualmente tienen piernas con el án-gulo girado hacia afuera o adentro, respectivamente.

En las hembras hubo una asociación directa entrevarus y FDJL, lo cual probablemente explica la razónde la apariencia del varus sobrecargado en la articu-lación femoral.

Lea más aquí

Each month we bring you the most important poultryindustry events taking place around the world

For more events please visitwww.thepoultrysite.com/events

44

INDUSTRY EVENTS

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Alltech’s Annual International Symposium 2013Lexington, Kentucky, USA, 19th to 22nd May

Alltech's 29th Annual International Symposium will focus on the 2020 imper-ative, which will require the food and feed industries to rise to the challengeof feeding 6.7 billion hungry people.

45

INDUSTRY EVENTS

VIV Russia 2013Moscow, Russia, 21st to 23rd May

CIMAE 2013 - 4th China InternationalModern Agricultural ExhibitionBeijing, China, 29th to 31st May

The event is organised by China Association for the Pro-motion of International Agricultural Cooperation, Min-istry of Agriculture and the Chinese Society ofAgricultural Engineers, and managed by Shixinlamp In-ternational Exhibition (Beijing) Co., Ltd.

IFFA 2013 Frankfurt, Germany, 4th to 9th May

The organisers say that IFFA is the leadingtrade fair for the meat industry and theworld's most innovative patform for invest-ment goods for the meat processing sector.

In 2013, the manufacturers will show theirproducts and technologies for the entiremeat-processing chain - from slaughter andcutting via processing to packaging andsales.

XXVI FEFAC CongressKrakow, Poland, 5th to 8th June

Organised by the European feed as-sociation, FEFAC, and IZBA, repre-senting the Polish feed industry, theCongress will have the theme 'Howto stay profitable in volatile times'.

To feature your business in here please contactalex.guy@5mpublishing.com

For more businesses please visitwww.thepoultrysite.com/directory

BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

46

BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

HEALTH & WELFARE

CEVA Santé Animale is a global veterinaryhealth company focused on the research,development, production and marketing ofpharmaceutical products and vaccines forpets, livestock, swine and poultry.

Ceva Animal HealthTel: +33 (0) 557 554 040Fax: +33 (0) 557 554 198info@ceva.comwww.ceva.com

Areas:PharmaceuticalsVaccinesEquipment: Vaccinationand Medical)Feed: Additives

Merck Animal Health offers veterinarians,farmers, pet owners and governments thewidest range of veterinary pharmaceuticals,vaccines and health management solutionsand services

Merck Animal Healthanimal-health-communica-tions@merck.comwww.merck-animal-health.com

Areas:Feed: Safety ProductsFeed: AdditivesFeedCleaning/DisinfectantsPharmaceuticals

Zoetis strives to support those who raiseand care for farm animals by providing arange of products and services that offertangible solutions to the many challengesveterinarians and livestock producers faceevery day.

ZoetisTel: +1 919 941 5185GP.Marketing@zoetis.comwww.zoetis.com

Areas:VaccinesBiodevicesFeed AdditivesDiagnostics

BREEDING & GENETICS

The Aviagen Group is the global marketleader in poultry genetics. As the world’spremier poultry breeding company, Aviagendevelops pedigree lines for the productionof commercial broilers and turkeys.

AviagenTel: +1 256 890 3800Fax: +1 256 890 3919info@aviagen.comwww.aviagen.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

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BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

Cobb broiler breeding stock has the sus-tained advantage of the most efficient feedconversion and highest potential for prof-itability for the company’s global customers.

Cobb VantressTel: +1 479 524 3166Fax: +1 479 524 3043info@cobb-vantress.comwww.cobb-vantress.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

Grimaud Frères are a multi-species selec-tion and breeding operator in the serviceof the watefowls and festive poultry field.

Grimaud Frères SélectionTel: +33 (0)2 41 70 36 90Fax: +33 (0)2 41 70 31 67grimaudfreres@grimaudfreres.comwww.grimaudfreres.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

Hubbard provides solutions that focus onthe economic performance, health andwell-being of breeding stock. Hubbard spe-cializes in state-of-the-art selection pro-grams to improve the performance of theirpure lines.

HubbardTel: +33 296 79 63 70Fax: +33 296 74 04 71contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.comwww.hubbardbreeders.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

Hy-Line International is a world leader inpoultry layer genetics with a rich history ofinnovation. Hy-Line was the first poultrybreeding company to apply the principlesof hybridization to commercial layerbreed-ing.

Hy-LineTel: +1 515 225 6030Fax: +1 515 225 6030info@hyline.comwww.hyline.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

NOVOGEN offers a new alternative givingthe egg producers more choice and possi-bilities to fit their specific market require-ments.

NovogenTel: +33 296 58 12 60Fax: +33 296 58 12 61contact.novogen@novogen-layerswww.novogen-layers.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

Started off as a Broiler breeding company,with pure line birds developed and bredunder Indian Climate, feed & managementsince 1990.

Indbro PoultryTel: +91 (40) 241 5594drkotaiah@indbropoultry.comwww.indbro.com

Areas:BreedingGenetics

BIOSECURITY & HYGIENE

CID LINES offers VIROCID, the most pow-erful disinfectant, which is part of a hygieneprogram for poultry, written by hygienespecialists. VIROCID has a proven record inpreventing and fighting disease outbreaksfor many years.

CID LINESTel: +32 5721 7877Fax: +32 5721 7879info@cidlines.comwww.cidlines.com

Areas:BiosecurityCleaningFeed: AdditivesHealth and SafetyPest ControlWelfare

FOSSIL SHIELD + PCS Poultry, the solutionto your red mite problem. Uniqueprofessional on-site electrostatic applica-tion with Fossil shield, a non-toxic naturaldiatomaceous powder.

PCS Poultry ServicesTel: +44 (0) 1386 701 812Fax: +44 (0) 1386 701 376admin@pcspoultry.comwww.pcspoultry.com

Areas:BiosecurityHygieneCleaning ServicesPest Control

FEEDING & NUTRITION

AB Vista is an integrated international sup-plier of new generation micro-ingredientsfor animal feeds providing visionary solu-tions for your agribusiness.

AB VistaTel: +44 (0) 1672 517650Fax: +44 (0) 1672 517660info@abvista.comwww.abvista.com

Areas:FeedFeed: AdditivesFeed: Nutrition

BIOMIN offers sustainable animal nutritionproducts such as quality feed additives andpremixes, which include solutions for my-cotoxin risk management, a groundbreakingnatural growth promoting concept as wellas other specific solutions

BiominTel: +43 2782 803 0Fax: +43 2782 803 30office@biomin.netwww.biomin.net

Areas:FeedFeed: AdditivesFeed: Nutrition

Danisco’s ingredients are used globally in awide range of industries – from bakery,dairy and beverages to animal feed, laundrydetergents and bioethanol – to enable func-tional, economic and sustainable solutions

DaniscoTel: +44 (0) 1672 517777Fax: +44 (0) 1672 517778info.animalnutrition@danisco.comwww.danisco.com/animalnutrition

Areas:Feed: Additives

Global Bio-Chem is the largest producer ofLysine worldwide and pioneers of corn re-fined and corn based products. Our prod-ucts are utilized in feed products, food,beverage, cosmetics, textiles, pharmaceuti-cals and chemicals industry worldwide.

Global Bio-Chem Tel: (852) 2838 8155Fax: (852) 2838 8433contact@globalbiochem.comwww.globalbiochem.com

Areas:FeedFeed: Additives

BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

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Kerry Animal Nutrition aims to identify andcommercialise existing Kerry ingredientsand technologies to create potential worldbeaters in animal nutrition and health

Kerry Ingredients& Flavours EMEATel: +31 36 523 3100 Fax: +31 36 523 3110clive.girdler@kerry.comwww.kerry.com

Areas:FeedFeed: AdditivesFeed: Safety

Novus International is a global leader of an-imal health and nutrition programs for thepoultry, pork, beef, dairy aquaculture andcompanion animal industries.

Novus InternationalTel: +1 314 576 8886Fax: +1 314 576 2148contact@novusint.comwww.novusint.com

Areas:FeedFeed: AdditivesFeed: Nutrition

HOUSING & EQUIPMENT

AgriLamp™ is a leading LED manufacturerwith years of experience in designing andmanufacturing the world’s most innovativeLED (light-emitting diode) lighting solutionsfor the agricultural industry.

AgrilampTel: +44 (0) 1332 547 118Fax: +44 (0) 208 439 1538info@agrilamp.comwww.agrilamp.com

Areas:Equipment: Lighting &Electrical

The poultry equipment supplier for layermanagement, breeder management, poultrygrowing and poultry climate control.

Big DutchmanTel: +49 4447 801 0Fax: +49 4447 801 237big@bigdutchman.dewww.bigdutchman.com

Areas:Equipment: BreedingEquipment: DrinkingEquipment: EggEquipment: FeedingEquipment: Weighing

SPACE-RAy manufactures high efficiencyinfra-red radiant heating solutions (alsoknown as direct gas fired radiant heating),for industrial, commercial, agricultural orleisure purposes

Space-Ray HeatersTel: +44 (0) 1473 830 551Fax: +44 (0) 1473 832 055info@spaceray.co.ukwww.spaceray.co.uk

Areas:Equipment: Heaters

BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

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Optivite specialises in the design, develop-ment, manufacture and distribution of non-hazardous, drug free ingredients andadditives for the maintenance and enhance-ment of feed quality.

OptiviteTel: +44 (0) 1909 537 380Fax: +44 (0) 1909 478 919info@optivite.comwww.optivite.com

Areas:Feed: AdditivesFeed: Nutrition

A global market leader specializing in cli-mate technology since 1967 in design, man-ufacture and distribution of efficient/qualityheating, cooling and ventilation equipmentand systems for the poultry industry witha full range of products to meet all specifi-cation and applications.

Termotechnica PericoliTel: +39 0182 589006Fax: +39 0182 589005termotecnica@pericoli.comwww.pericoli.com

Areas:Climate ControlClimate ManagementHeating, Cooling andVentilation

EVENTS & EXHIBITIONS

With 7 VIV exhibitions all over the worldVIV trade exhibitions are recognized forhigh trade quality in the professional indus-try. With over a 1,000 international compa-nies exhibiting and visitors from over 140countries the VIV-shows are also consid-ered as very international.

VIVTel: +31 30 295 28 98viv@vnuexhibitions.comwww.viv.net

Areas:Events & Exhibitions

Petersime is a world leader in the develop-ment of incubators. hatchery equipmentand turnkey hatcheries.

PetersimeTel: +32 9 388 96 11Fax: +32 9 388 84 58info@petersime.comwww.petersime.com

Areas:Equipment: HatchingEquipment: Incubation

Pas Reform is an international company,which has specialized in the developmentof innovative hatchery technologies for thepoultry sector since 1919. Products andServices: Incubators, Hatchery AutomationSystems, Hatchery Climate Control Sys-tems and Hatchery Management Training.

Pas ReformTel: +31 314 659 111Fax: +31 314 652 572info@pasreform.comwww.pasreform.com

Areas:Equipment: IncubationEquipment: EggEquipment: EnvironmentEquipment: HatchingWaste Handling

INCUBATION & HATCHING

EggTester.com (officially known as “OrkaFood Technology”) is a leading worldwidemanufacturer of egg-quality testing equip-ment to be used extensively in QC labora-tories operated by egg producers, packers,universities, regulatory authorities, and pri-mary breeders.

Orka Food TechnologyTel: +852 8120 9245Fax: +852 2802 7112info@orkatech.comwww.eggtester.com

Areas:Equipment: EggEquipment: HatchingEquipment: Incubation

BUSINESS DIRECTORY LISTINGS

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Vencomatic is a global supplier of innovativeand welfare friendly housing solutions forthe poultry sector. The flexible and turn keysolutions of Vencomatic offer large possibil-ities for a wide range of poultry productionconcepts.

VencomaticTel: +31 (0) 497 517380 Fax: +31 (0) 497 517364info@vencomatic.comwww.vencomatic.com

Areas:Equipment: BreedingEquipment: DrinkingEquipment: Egg handling and gradingEquipment: Nesting