The Potential of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to Facilitate Data-Driven Prevention

Barbara Seitz de Martinez, PhD, MLS, CPPDesiree Goetze, MPH, CHES, CPP

Kaigang Li www.drugs.indiana.edu

Partnerships to Facilitate Prevention and Recovery: Transformation Where It Counts!

The Potential of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

to Facilitate Data-Driven Prevention

23年 4月 22日 www.drugs.indiana.edu 2

What You Will Learn:Components of GIS system

How GIS Helps with Strategic Planning

How GIS Can Help You with Program Evaluation Surveillance System Track Change over Time and Space

How GIS Plays a Role in Research: Example: Impact of Smoking and Coalitions Morbidity and Mortality Making Sense of the Data


Data… What is it?It’s up to you!

http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/rocks/sdrx/limestoneL.htm

www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=070312165704.qtgd3817&show_article=1&cat=us&image=large

http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/

http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/

http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=070312165704.qtgd3817&show_article


Use it to enhance quality of life It’s what you make of it!

http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/england/london/parliament/frmriver.jpg

Limestone detail, IU

House of Parliament, London, England

http://www.indexstock.com/content/artists/Rich%20Remsberg.asp

http://www.indexstock.com/content/


Data-driven prevention…but you driveIt’s up to you!

http://newsinfo.iu.edu/asset/page/normal/1450.html

Little 500 Bike Race, IU

http://newsinfo.iu.edu/asset/

Components of a GIS System

Minimal Equipment and Personnel Skill Requirements


GIS System: Levels of Complexity

Level 3: Complex data import & analyze

Level 2: Simple data imports & analysis

Level 1: Extract data


Level 1 – Extract Data

Equipment: Hardware and Software

Data: Purchased Databases

www.tetrad.com

Kinds of Skills (Capacity Building)

MapInfo, PCensus, Maploader

(1)

Purchased GIS data

(1)

Basic ComputerAnd Printer

(1)

Basic ComputerSkills(1)


Level 1 – Extract Data


(1)

Purchased GIS data

(1)

Basic ComputerSkills(1)

Single Parent Families 2006, Percent (AGS, 2006 est., 2007)

County Lake Co. IN U.S.Lone Parent Male (percent) 10.9 6.7 7.4Lone Parent Female (Percent) 28.9 23.2 25.6Single Parent Families (M+F) % 39.8 29.9 33


Alcohol Spending per HouseholdPer Household Spending on Alcohol, 2006 est. (AGS, 2007)

Adams Indiana U.S.

Spending on Alcohol 529.8 664.9 621.7

Beer and ale not at home 73.9 93 87

Wine away from home 36.1 45.4 42.5

Whiskey away from home 60.1 75.6 70.7

Alcohol On Out-Of-Town Trips 65.4 81.7 76.4

Spending on Alcohol for Consumption in the Home 292.9 367.2 343.4

Beer and ale at home 157.2 197.1 184.3

Wine at home 84.7 106.2 99.3

Whiskey at home 20.7 25.9 24.2

Whiskey and other Liquor at Home 51.1 63.9 59.7

Median Household Income

45,791.50 54,272.10

48,276.60

Total Spending Per HH as % of Median HH income 1.155 1.225 1.288

Rank for Spending as % of Median HH Income 67 40th of 51


Adults without a High School Diploma

Educational Attainment, 2006 est. (AGS, 2007) Lake Co. Indiana U.S.Less than 9th grade 3 5 5.89th to 12th grade, no diploma 9.5 9.7 8.9Total, Less Than 9th or less than HS Diploma 12.5 14.6 14.7High school graduate 40.4 36.5 29.8Some college, no degree 20.8 19.7 19.9Associate degree 8.5 6.7 7.4Bachelor's degree 11.4 14.2 17.9Graduate or profession degree 6.4 8.2 10.3


Data can seem overwhelmingToo much data can seem overwhelming.

http://entertainment.webshots.com/photo/1041702010015901341YseGEP

Lake County – Less Than High School Diploma

Source: AGS, 2007 estimates

Census Tracts: 30300; 30100; 30200; 31000; 20400; 20600; 10202; 10700; 10500; 11300; 41200



Family Conflict: Divorce

Divorce Rate, 2006 est. (AGS,2007)

County Lake Indiana U.S.

Divorced (Percent) 10.2 10.7 9.7

Lake County – Divorce Rate


Census Tracts: 20600; 10203; 10202; 10201; 10900; 11300; 11700; 11600;11900; 41600; 12600


Lake County – Divorce Rate


Level 2 – Your Data / Maps

Equipment: Geocoding Software Color Printer

Data: Local data Addresses

Skills (Capacity Building) Patience, precision Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access

Software Required


(1)

Mapmarker Geocoding software, Excel & Access

(2)

Data Complexity

Purchased GIS data

(1)

Imported data (free or purchased)

(2)

Examples of Data

AGS, Claritas™,Map files

(1)

Program Data, Address Data, Health Data (public

or purchased)(2)

Skills Required

Basic Computer(1)

Geocoding, Excel and Access

(2)


Afternoons R.O.C.K. in Indiana

Indiana Prevention Resource Center

Afternoons R.O.C.K. Programs, 2005-2006 School Year

Afternoons R.O.C.K. in Indiana, 2006


Places of Worship


Places of Worship, 2005

Info USA, American Church List, 2005


Youth Serving Agencies

Info USA, American Church List, 2005

Youth Serving Agencies, 2005



Public Libraries and Branches

Indiana State Library, 2006

Main Library, 2006

Branch Library, 2006



Schools

Indiana Department of Education, 2005

School


23年 4月 22日 www.drugs.indiana.edu 31Marion County Schools, Alcohol Retail Outlets by School District

Public SchoolOther SchoolAlcohol Retail Outlet

Marion County Alcohol Retail Outlets by Census Tract



Marion County Alcohol Retail Outlets by School District

Franklin Township School DistrictPublic SchoolOther SchoolAlcohol Retail Outlet

M S D Perry Township School DistrictPublic SchoolOther SchoolAlcohol Retail Outlet

MSD Washington Township SchoolsPublic SchoolOther SchoolAlcohol Retail Outlet

Indianapolis Public SchoolsPublic SchoolOther SchoolAlcohol Retail Outlet

23年 4月 22日 www.drugs.indiana.edu 38Marion County Universities and Alcohol Retail Outlets

UniversityAlcohol Retail Outlet Butler

Indianapolis Downtown Campus of Ivy Tech

IUPUI

Marion College

U of Indy


1 Mile Radius around Butler University


1 Mile around University of Indianapolis


1 Mile around Downtown Campus of IVY TECH


1 Mile around Marion College


1 Mile around IUPUI


1 and 2 Miles around IUPUI


Jefferson County Profile, 6.9

TRIP Inspection Data (using data for 2005 from IN State Excise Police), ATC 2006

Jefferson IndianaIntensity of Inspection 2 1No. Insp per 1,000 Youth, 10-17 13 12Population 10-17 3,686 726,218Total Population 32,343 6,270,352Total No. of Tobacco Retail Outlets 2005 33 6,401Total inspections Completed 49 8,503Total Failed Inspections 10 1,076Percent, Failed Inspections 20 13Percent, Passed Inspections 80 87Ranking (1-81) for % Failed Inspections 22 Ranking (1-81) for % Passed Inspections 62

Table 6.9: Intensity of TRIP Inspections and Related Statistics, Calculations for 2005 Based on Data from the TRIP Program (ATC, Indiana State Excise Police, 2006)

Schools in Proximity to Failed Trip Inspections – Close-up

Jefferson County

Tobacco Outlets That Failed TRIP Inspections in 2006Children at School

Schools in Proximity to Failed Trip Inspections – Close-up

Madison, Indiana

Pope John XXIII School

Grace Baptist School

Shawe Memorial High School

Tobacco Outlets That Failed TRIP Inspections in 2006Children at School

Source: ISP, Excise Police, 2007


Vigo County Profile, 6.5

Table 6.5: Clandestine Methamphetamine Lab Seizures, (ISP, 2007)(ATC, Indiana State Excise Police, 2006)

Methamphetamine Laboratory Seizures, 1998-2005 (ISP, 2006)

Vigo Indiana1998 (Any Agency) 1 431999 (Any Agency) 18 1292000 (Any Agency) 52 3142001 (Any Agency) 66 5422002 (Any Agency) 105 9882003 (Any Agency) 108 1,2782004 (Any Agency) 166 1,5492005 (IPS) 19 9892005 (Any Agency) 83 1,303

Map: Meth Lab Busts


Source: IN State Police, 2007

Total lab busts in 2006, 993

Map: Meth Lab Busts (prism)

Source: IN State Police, 2007 Total lab busts in 2006, 993



Level 3 –Data import & analyze

Equipment: Geocoding Software SPSS

Data: Local data Public Purchased

Skills (Capacity Building) Higher level computer skills Higher level statistical skills

Software Required


(1)

Mapmarker Geocoding software, Excel & Access

(2)

SPSS (3)

Levels of Data Complexity

Purchased GIS data

(1)

Imported data (free or purchased)

(2)

More complex imported data(free or purchased)

(3)

Examples of Data

AGS, Claritas™(1)

Program Data, Address Data, Health Data (public

or purchased)(2)

Mortality Report Data Morbidity Data

(public or purchased) (3)

Skill Complexity

Basic Computer(1)

Geocoding, Excel and Access

(2)

Excel, Access, SPSS(3)


Alcohol Retail Outlets – Density/Map

Indiana Alcohol Tobacco Commission, 2006


Alcohol Sales Outlets Per Capita, (IN ATC, 2006)

Monroe Co. Indiana

Total Population (2006 est.) 121,477 6,310,320

Number of Outlets (March 2006) 251 11,011

Outlets Per Capita 0.0021 0.0017

Outlets Per 1,000 Persons 2.07 1.74


Property Crime Indices

Above US (9), 101.55-194

Above IN (12), 95.55-194

Top Quarter (23), 64-194

Mid Range (46), 19-64

Lowest Quarter (23), 4-19AGS, Crime Indices2004 (2005)Indiana Prevention Resource Center

Bottom Quarter, Mid Range, Top Quarter (includes over IN & over US)

Using local data and GIS to analyzecounty level comprehensive tobacco

prevention in Indiana


Environmental Strategies +Theoretical bases for environmental approaches

to prevention

Describe the elements of a comprehensive tobacco prevention program

Discuss how local data and GIS software can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of public health efforts

Analyze morbidity and mortality to determine public health impact within the community


Indiana Map

Source: http://www.in.gov/itpc/Research2.asp?CatID=8


Smoking Rates by Region

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

2002 2003 2004 2005

NWNCNECCESWSECW



NC & CW Regional Smoking Rates

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2002 2003 2004 2005

NCCW

http://www.in.gov/itpc/Research2.asp?CatID=8



20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

2002 2003 2004 2005

NWNCNECCESWSECW



Demographics: Education (Source: AGS, 2006 est., 2007)

Educational Attainment, Less Than a High School Diploma

Less Than a High School Diploma RANK

North West 15% 7

North Central 18% 4

North East 17% 5

Central 14% 8

Central East 19% 2

South West 19% 2

South East 20% 1

Central West 16% 6


Data frustrates …there will be obstacles

http://entertainment.webshots.com/photo/1040516534015901341MFYhbt


Map: Education: Any College Degree (prism map)

AGS, Core Demographics,2005 estimates (2006)

NCCW


Demographics: Race/Ethnicity (AGS, 2005 est.,2006)

Race/Ethnicity as Percent

White Black Hispanic Other

North West 88% 7% 6% 2%

North Central 93% 2% 5% 1%

North East 95% 1% 3% 1%

Central 93% 3% 3% 2%

Central East 95% 2% 1% 1%

South West 96% 2% 1% 1%

South East 96% 1% 1% 0%

Central West 95% 2% 1% 1%

State of Indiana 87% 8% 4% 3%


Map: Race/Ethnicity by County (prism)



Demographics: Income (Source: AGS, 2006 est., 2007)

Text

Text

Income: Median Household, Median Family and Rankings

Median Household Income

RANK, Median Household Income

Less Than a High School

Diploma

RANK, High School Diploma or higher

North West $58,919 2 15% 2

North Central $53,495 4 18% 5North East $53,026 5 17% 4

Central $66,189 1 14% 1

Central East $44,933 8 19% 6

South West $50,541 6 19% 6

South East $54,290 3 20% 8

Central West $49,427 7 16% 3State of Indiana $58,575


Demographics: Income (Source: AGS, 2006 est., 2007)

Text

Text

Income: Median Household, Median Family and Rankings

RANK, Diversity

RANK, Median Household Income

RANK, High School

Diploma or higher

RANK, Tobacco Use

North West 1 2 2 5

North Central 2 4 5 8

North East 4 5 4 7

Central 3 1 1 4

Central East 5 8 6 2

South West 7 6 6 6

South East 8 3 8 3

Central West 5 7 3 1


Map: Median Family Income (contour map)


NC

CW



Adult Cigarette Smokers


Indiana Adult Smoking Rates

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Indiana Smoking Rate




20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

2002 2003 2004 2005

NWNCNECCESWSECW



NC & CW Regional Smoking Rates

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2002 2003 2004 2005

NCCW



Bronchitis

Source: Indiana State Department of Health, October 19, 2007

CW and CE regions Top 2 counties (CW) 3 of the top 5 counties

Only 20 counties reported deaths from bronchitis. All reported less than 5 deaths, making the rates “unstable.” But by using 2 regions, CW+CE compared to the rest of the state, the results are more reliable.

Region Deaths Mean Age-Adj Rate/100,000

CW+CE 8 3.05

Other 6 regions

15 2.0


Chronic Airway Obstruction


CW and CE regions 3 of the top 4 counties 4 of the top 6 counties 5 of the top 9 (=10% of IN counties) 2 more of these 9 border these regions 7 of the top 9 counties in or border

Age-adjusted chronic airway obstruction mortality rate, 2005


Emphysema


CW region Top county by more than 8 points

Age-adjusted emphysema mortality rate, 2005


Malignant Neoplasm of the Trachea, Lung, Bronchus

CW and CE regions 4 of the top 10% of counties (9) 4 of the top 6 counties

Age-adjusted lung cancer mortality rate, 2005

33.8% 31.8%



Ischemic Heart Disease

CW and CE regions Top county in CW 3 of the top 4 counties in CW 5 of the top 10 in CW or CE 8 of the top 16 in CW or CE 12 of the top 16 either in or borderingthe CW or CE regions.

Age-adjusted Ischemic Heart Disease mortality rate, 2005

33.8% 31.8%



Malignant Neoplasm of the Esophagus

Age-adjusted malignant neoplasm of the esophagus mortality rate, 2005

Malignant Neoplasm of the EsophagusDoes not SEEM REMARKABLE.



CVD

CVD SEEMS NOT REMARKABLE.

33.8%

Age-adjusted CVD mortality rate, 2005



Morbidity Data

Cancer of Trachea, Lung, BronchusChronic Airway ObstructionBronchitis/EmphysemaCancer of the LipCancer of the EsophagusCancer of the LarynxAortic AneurysmSIDS



Lung Cancer Incidence

CW region – rate of lung cancer incidence top county 2 of the top 5 counties 3 of the top 7counties

NE and NC region 2 lowest counties (NE) 3 of the 4 lowest counties 4 of the 6 lowest counties

Rank for rate of lung cancer incidence, 2003

33.8%31.8%

25.1%

25.1%

Source: Health Service Demand Estimates 2005. Franking, TN: Planning 2.0, 2006.


Lung Cancer Incidence

Region Smoking Mean Rate Tob-PrCos

CW 34% 79.7 1/12CE 31% 70.2 3/11

SE 31% 78.1 13/14

C 29% 73.3 1/12

NW 28% 70.1 0/5

SW 27% 70.2 7/16

NC 25% 67.6 0/5NE 26% 60 0/9

Perhaps tobacco production is associated with heavier smoking?IN State Department of Health, published in: Indiana Cancer Facts & Figures, 2006. American Cancer Society, Great Lakes Division, Inc., 2006.


Cancer of the Trachea, Lung, Bronchus

CW and CE regions 2 of top 3 (CW) 4 of top 9 counties (CW or CE) 6 of top 11 counties (CW or CE) 8 of top 11 counties (in or bordering CW or CE)

Rate/100,000 of DRG082 (C33), Cancer, 2005

33.8% 31.8%

Region Counties % IN Cos % T-R

CW/CE 24 26% of 92 66% of 3

CW/CE 24 26% of 92 44% of 9

CW/CE 24 26% of 92 54% of 11Source: Health Service Demand Estimates 2005. Franking, TN: Planning 2.0, 2006.


DRG088 Bronchitis, Emphysema and Chronic Airway Obstruction

CW and CE regions 3 of top 9 (top 10% of IN counties) (3 additional counties border CW or CE) 6 of the top 9 are in or border CW or CE 11 of top 18 counties (top 20%) in CW or CE

Rate/100,000 of DRG088, 2005

33.8%31.8%

Region Counties % IN Cos % T-R

CW/CE 24 26% of 92 33% of 9

CW/CE 24 26% of 92 61% of 18



DRG172 Malignant Neoplasm of the Esophagus

Rate/100,000 of DRG172, 2005

33.8% 31.8%

CW and CE regions 3 of top 9 (top 10% of IN counties) (3 additional counties border CW or CE) 6 of the top 9 are in or border CW or CE 10 of top 18 counties (top 20%) in CW or CE 55.5% of the top 18 counties are in CW/CE. These 2 regions constitute 26% of IN counties.



Elements Used for this Study

Community CoalitionPublic Education / Marketing Cessation ProgramsSchool – Based Programs Indoor Air PoliciesYouth Use Law EnforcementHigh Risk PopulationFunding Level


Guiding PrinciplesIs it comprehensive?

Is it well funded?

Is it sustainable over time?

Does it operate free of the tobacco industry?

Does it address high risk populations?


Regional FindingsCOUNTY SMOKING

RATESMOKING RATE RANK (1 = low)

COALITION STRENGTH RANK (1 = high)

NORTHWEST 28% 4 8

NORTH CENTRAL 25% 1 3

NORTH EAST 26% 2 6

CENTRAL 29% 5 1

CENTRAL EAST 32% 7 7

SOUTH WEST 27% 3 2

SOUTH EAST 31% 6 4

CENTRAL WEST 34% 8 5http://www.in.gov/itpc/Research2.asp?CatID=8


Tobacco Coalition Strength

2825 26

2932

2731

34

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

NW NC

NE C

CE

SW SE

CW

TOBACCO COALITION SMOKING RATE INDIANA



What You Have Learned:Components of GIS systemHow GIS Helps with Strategic Planning

Demographics Assessment – Needs and Resources Relationship Identification (where/who) Decision-Making Cultural Competency Obtain Funding

How GIS Can Help You with Program Evaluation Surveillance System Track Change over Time and Space


Don’t let the task get you down.

http://entertainment.webshots.com/photo/1041702014015901341TIYRAl


Without data you won’t get far.

http://entertainment.webshots.com/photo/1040516516015901341VzRwAP

Indiana Prevention Resource Center501 N. Morton, Suite110Bloomington, IN 47404

Phone: (800) 346-3077Fax: (812) 855-4940

E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.drugs.indiana.edu

A special thanks to: Jennifer Kelley, MPH, Mikyung Jun, PhD, Aaron Jones, MPH, and Erika Pitcher for their assistance.

http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/

The Potential of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to Facilitate Data-Driven Prevention

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