THE POLITICS OF THE SOUTH - Documents & Reports - All Documents...
73
THE POLITICS OF THE SOUTH Part of the Sri Lanka Strategic Conflict Assessment 2005 David Rampton and Asanga Welikala 3 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized closure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized closure Authorized
Transcript of THE POLITICS OF THE SOUTH - Documents & Reports - All Documents...
THE
PO
LITI
CS
OF
THE
SO
UTH
Part
of t
he S
ri L
anka
Str
ateg
ic C
onfli
ct A
sses
smen
t 200
5
Davi
d Ra
mpt
on a
nd A
sang
a W
elik
ala
3
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lic D
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e A
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wb394321
Typewritten Text
63056
THE
POLI
TICS
OF
THE
SOU
TH
PA
RT
OF
TH
E
SR
I LA
NK
A S
TR
AT
EG
IC C
ON
FLIC
T A
SS
ES
SM
EN
T 2
00
5
By D
avid
Ram
pton
and
Asa
nga
Wel
ikal
a
Th
e g
over
nm
ents
of
the
Net
her
lan
ds,
Sw
eden
, an
d t
he
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
, in
co
llab
ora
tio
n w
ith
Th
e A
sia
Fou
nd
atio
n a
nd
th
e W
orl
d B
ank
fun
ded
th
is p
roje
ct.
Th
e co
nte
nts
of
the
stu
die
s sh
ou
ldn
ot
be
con
stru
ed a
s re
flec
tin
g t
he
view
s o
f th
e fi
ve f
un
din
g a
gen
cies
.
© C
op
yrig
ht
2005
Sec
on
d P
rin
tin
g
Net
her
lan
ds
Min
istr
y o
f Fo
reig
n A
ffai
rsS
wed
ish
Inte
rnat
ion
al D
evel
op
men
t C
oo
per
atio
n A
gen
cyT
he
Asi
a Fo
un
dat
ion
Gov
ern
men
t o
f th
e U
nit
ed K
ing
do
m o
f G
reat
Bri
tain
an
d N
ort
her
n Ir
elan
dW
orl
d B
ank
For
rep
rod
uct
ion
s o
f th
is p
ub
licat
ion
ple
ase
con
tact
:
3 1/
A R
ajak
eeya
Maw
ath
aC
olo
mb
o 7
, Sri
Lan
ka
Ph
on
e:
+94
11 2
6983
56Fa
x:
+94
11 2
6983
58w
ww
.asi
afo
un
dat
ion
.org
All
rig
hts
res
erve
d
Prin
ted
in S
ri L
anka
Cont
ents
Ackn
owle
dgem
ents
......
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| 2
Abou
t the
Aut
hors
......
......
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3
Acro
nym
s ....
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......
......
......
......
......
......
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......
......
......
......
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......
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.....
| 4
Exec
utiv
e Su
mm
ary .
......
......
......
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...|
5
1.Un
ders
tand
ing
Nat
iona
lism
in S
ri La
nka:
Act
ors
and
Traj
ecto
ries .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....
| 11
2.Th
e Po
litic
al A
ctor
s ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
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......
......
......
......
....
| 15
Over
view
of t
he U
NP.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
| 15
Over
view
of t
he S
LFP.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
| 19
The
SLFP
, the
UN
P, a
nd C
onte
mpo
rary
Pea
ce P
roce
sses
in C
ompa
rativ
e Pe
rspe
ctiv
e....
......
......
..|
21Ov
ervi
ew o
f the
JVP
......
......
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......
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......
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......
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.|
28Po
litic
al C
onst
ituen
cy a
nd S
ourc
es o
f Mar
gina
lity.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.|
29Th
e JV
P's
Nat
iona
list I
deol
ogy
and
Attit
udes
to th
e Pe
ace
Proc
ess
and
Cons
titut
iona
l Ref
orm
......
| 33
Attit
ude
to In
tern
atio
nal a
nd C
ivil
Soci
ety
Acto
rs...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..|
35Th
e Po
st-T
suna
mi C
onte
xt a
nd th
e JV
P's
Long
-Ter
m P
oliti
cal P
rosp
ects
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
| 37
Ince
ntiv
es fo
r the
JVP
as
a Pe
ace
Stak
ehol
der..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
| 39
The
Patri
otic
Nat
iona
l Mov
emen
t: Ai
ms
and
Cons
titue
nts.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
| 42
Over
view
of t
he S
ihal
a Ur
umay
a/Ja
thik
a He
la U
rum
aya
com
bine
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
| 43
The
JHU'
s So
cio-
Polit
ical
Con
stitu
ency
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...|
44Th
e JH
U, S
inha
la N
atio
nalis
m a
nd A
ttitu
des
to th
e "E
thni
c Co
nflic
t" an
d th
e Pe
ace
Proc
ess.
......
...|
46Th
e Ri
se a
nd F
all o
f The
JHU
as
a Si
nhal
a N
atio
nalis
t Org
an...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....
| 48
Ince
ntiv
es fo
r the
JHU
/Sih
ala
Urum
aya
as a
Pea
ce S
take
hold
er...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....
| 50
Jath
ika
Chin
tana
ya: A
ims
and
Stra
tegi
es fo
r Sin
hala
Nat
iona
lism
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
| 52
Over
view
of t
he U
pcou
ntry
Peo
ple'
s Fr
ont..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..|
53Or
gani
zatio
n an
d Co
nstit
uenc
y Ba
se...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
| 53
The
UPF,
CWC,
Upc
ount
ry T
amil
Nat
iona
lism
and
the
Peac
e Pr
oces
s....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.|
54In
cent
ives
for t
he P
eace
Pro
cess
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
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......
......
......
......
.|
56
3.Co
nclu
sion
......
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| 57
4.Im
plic
atio
ns fo
r Int
erna
tiona
l Don
ors .
......
......
......
......
......
......
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......
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......
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......
| 61
Polit
ical
Kno
wle
dge.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.|
61Ai
d Fr
amew
orks
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
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......
......
......
..|
61En
gage
men
t with
Pol
itica
l Act
ors
and
Capa
citie
s fo
r Pea
ce...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
| 62
Civi
l Soc
iety
, Edu
catio
n, P
artic
ipat
ion,
and
Con
fiden
ce-B
uild
ing.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.|
63Tr
ansp
aren
cy, C
onsu
ltatio
n, a
nd In
clus
ivity
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..|
64
Bibl
iogr
aphy
......
......
......
......
......
......
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......
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.....
| 651
| C
onte
nts
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
2
Ackn
owle
dgem
ents
All v
iew
s ex
pres
sed
in th
is s
tudy
are
the
auth
ors'
and
do
not r
epre
sent
thos
e of
the
com
mis
sion
ing
agen
cies
,th
e fa
cilit
ator
s of
this
stu
dy, o
r tho
se w
ho w
ere
inte
rvie
wed
. We
wou
ld n
ever
thel
ess
like
to th
ank
the
follo
win
gfo
r the
ir co
ntrib
utio
ns to
this
stu
dy. F
irst,
Nila
n Fe
rnan
do, J
onat
han
Good
hand
, Bar
t Kle
m, a
nd A
nthe
a M
ulak
ala
who
pro
vide
d fe
edba
ck o
n ea
rlier
dra
fts o
f thi
s re
port.
Sec
ond,
Ala
n M
artin
and
Gin
a Ge
nove
se, w
ho p
rovi
ded
valu
able
edi
toria
l ass
ista
nce.
3|
Abo
ut t
he A
utho
rs
Abou
t the
Aut
hors
Davi
d Ra
mpt
on is
a v
isiti
ng le
ctur
er in
the
Deve
lopm
ent S
tudi
es a
nd P
oliti
cs D
epar
tmen
ts a
t the
Sch
ool o
fOr
ient
al a
nd A
frica
n St
udie
s (S
OAS)
in L
ondo
n. H
e re
ceiv
ed h
is B
ache
lor o
f Arts
deg
ree
in h
isto
ry a
nd p
oliti
csan
d a
Mas
ter o
f Sci
ence
in p
oliti
cal s
tudi
es a
t SOA
S, w
here
he
is c
urre
ntly
eng
aged
in d
octo
ral r
esea
rch
onth
e Ja
nath
a Vi
muk
thi P
eram
una
and
natio
nalis
m in
Sri
Lank
a.
Asan
ga W
elik
ala
stud
ied
for h
is L
LB a
t the
Uni
vers
ity o
f Hul
l. Si
nce
Mar
ch 2
000,
he
has
wor
ked
as a
rese
arch
asso
ciat
e in
the
Lega
l and
Con
stitu
tiona
l Uni
t of t
he C
entre
for P
olic
y Al
tern
ativ
es in
Col
ombo
. He
is a
lso
anoc
casi
onal
con
tribu
tor t
o lo
cal a
nd in
tern
atio
nal m
agaz
ines
and
new
spap
ers.
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
4
Acro
nym
s
CFA
Ceas
efire
Agr
eem
ent
CWC
Ceyl
on W
orke
rs C
ongr
ess
CPCo
mm
unis
t Par
tyCP
ICo
mm
unis
t Par
ty o
f Ind
iaCP
IMCo
mm
unis
t Par
ty o
f Ind
ia (M
arxi
st)
CBM
Conf
iden
ce B
uild
ing
Mea
sure
sPN
M
Desh
ahith
aish
i Jat
hika
Vya
para
ya (P
atrio
tic N
atio
nal M
ovem
ent)
DJV
Desh
apre
mi J
anat
ha V
yapa
raya
(Pat
riotic
Peo
ple'
s M
ovem
ent)
EPDP
Eela
m P
eopl
e's
Dem
ocra
tic P
arty
EPRL
FEe
lam
Peo
ple'
s Re
volu
tiona
ry L
iber
atio
n Fr
ont
GoSL
Gove
rnm
ent o
f Sri
Lank
aIG
OsIn
ter-
Gove
rnm
enta
l Org
aniza
tions
ISGA
Inte
rim S
elf-G
over
ning
Aut
horit
yIF
IsIn
tern
atio
nal F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
nsIN
GOs
Inte
rnat
iona
l Non
-Gov
ernm
enta
l Org
aniza
tions
JVP
Jana
tha
Vim
ukth
i Per
amun
a (P
eopl
e's
Libe
ratio
n Fr
ont)
JHU
Jath
ika
Hela
Uru
may
a (N
atio
nal S
inha
la H
erita
ge)
JSS
Jath
ika
Seva
ka S
anga
may
a (N
atio
nal W
orke
rs U
nion
)LS
SPLa
nka
Sam
a Sa
maj
a Pa
rtyLT
TELi
bera
tion
Tige
rs o
f Tam
il Ee
lam
MEP
M
ahaj
ana
Eksa
th P
eram
una
MSS
Mau
bim
a Su
raki
ma
Sanv
idha
naya
(Mov
emen
t for
the
Prot
ectio
n of
the
Mot
herla
nd)
MSV
Mau
bim
a Su
raki
ma
Vyap
aray
a (F
orce
for t
he P
rote
ctio
n of
the
Mot
herla
nd)
NM
ATN
atio
nal M
ovem
ent A
gain
st T
erro
rism
NSS
PN
ava
Sam
a Sa
maj
a Pa
rty (T
he N
ew E
qual
Soc
iety
Par
ty)
NGO
sN
on-G
over
nmen
tal O
rgan
izatio
nsPA
Peop
le's
Alli
ance
PLOT
EPe
ople
's L
iber
atio
n Or
gani
zatio
n of
Tam
il Ee
lam
P-TO
MS
Post
-Tsu
nam
i Ope
ratio
nal M
anag
emen
t Stru
ctur
e PR
Prop
ortio
nal R
epre
sent
atio
nSU
Si
hala
Uru
may
a (S
inha
la H
erita
ge)
SVV
Sinh
ala
Veer
a Vi
dhan
a (S
inha
la H
eroe
s Fo
rum
)SL
FP
Sri L
anka
Fre
edom
Par
ty
TNA
Tam
il N
atio
nal A
llian
ceTU
LFTa
mil
Unite
d Li
bera
tion
Fron
tUF
Unite
d Fr
ont
UNF
Unite
d N
atio
nal F
ront
UNP
Unite
d N
atio
nal P
arty
UPFA
Unite
d Pe
ople
's F
reed
om A
llian
ceUP
FUp
coun
try P
eopl
e's
Fron
t
Thi
s rep
ort i
s a c
ontr
ibut
ion
to a
bro
ader
stud
y en
title
d"A
id, C
onfli
ct a
nd P
eace
build
ing
in S
ri La
nka"
(Goo
dhan
d an
d K
lem
, 200
5), w
hich
exa
min
es th
e pe
ace
proc
ess i
n Sr
i Lan
ka w
ith a
par
ticul
ar fo
cus o
nin
tern
atio
nal e
ngag
emen
t. T
he re
port
out
lines
the
cont
empo
rary
pol
itica
l dyn
amic
s of t
he "
sout
hern
polit
y" in
Sri
Lank
a th
roug
h a
map
of t
he m
ost
signi
fican
t pol
itica
l act
ors a
nd a
naly
ses t
he d
iver
se a
ndva
ryin
g sta
nces
and
ince
ntiv
es th
ese
acto
rs h
ave
tow
ard
the
curr
ent a
nd fu
ture
dire
ctio
ns o
f the
pea
ce p
roce
ss.
The
hist
oric
al d
evel
opm
ent o
f the
se p
oliti
cal f
orce
s and
part
ies i
s also
cha
rted
in re
latio
n to
thei
r pos
ition
s on
past
and
curr
ent a
ttem
pts t
o re
form
wha
t has
wid
ely
been
con
ceiv
ed a
s an
over
ly-c
entr
alize
d an
d un
itary
stat
estr
uctu
re, w
hich
has
act
ed a
s a b
attle
grou
nd o
f soc
ial,
econ
omic
, pol
itica
l, an
d cu
ltura
l con
flict
enc
ompa
ssin
get
hnic
and
oth
er so
cio-
polit
ical
dim
ensio
ns. T
he st
udy
also
focu
ses o
n th
e or
gani
zatio
nal c
apac
ities
, mob
ilizin
gstr
ateg
ies,
and
soci
al c
onsti
tuen
cies
of t
hese
act
ors,
pinp
oint
ing
how
shift
s with
in th
ese
area
s hav
e im
pact
edth
eir i
deol
ogic
al a
ppro
ache
s to
form
ulat
ing
mea
sure
s for
peac
e in
Sri
Lank
a.
We
argu
e th
at th
e ge
nera
l tra
ject
ory
in S
ri La
nka,
espe
cial
ly si
nce
the
1990
s, ha
s bee
n fo
r mai
nstre
amac
tors
to a
ccep
t the
nec
essit
y of
con
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
as
a m
eans
for r
esol
ving
Sri
Lank
a's p
oliti
cal c
rises
. Thi
sha
s res
ulte
d in
a sh
ift fr
om m
ore
over
t and
con
siste
ntar
ticul
atio
ns o
f Sin
hala
nat
iona
list m
ajor
itaria
nism
for
polit
ical
legi
timac
y to
war
d a
theo
retic
al, a
lbei
t not
prac
tical
, con
sens
us o
n m
easu
res f
or p
oliti
cal d
evol
utio
n.T
he re
port
also
hig
hlig
hts t
he w
ay in
whi
ch S
inha
lana
tiona
list m
ajor
itaria
nism
--w
hile
hav
ing
been
dro
pped
to so
me
exte
nt b
y th
e U
nite
d N
atio
nal P
arty
(UN
P) a
ndSr
i Lan
ka F
reed
om P
arty
(SLF
P)--
has b
een
vigo
rous
lyta
ken
up b
y m
ore
over
tly n
atio
nalis
t act
ors l
ike
the
Jana
tha
Vim
ukth
i Per
amun
a (J
VP)
, the
Sih
ala
Uru
may
a
(SU
), an
d th
e Ja
thik
a H
ela
Uru
may
a (J
HU
). T
heca
paci
ty o
f the
se n
atio
nalis
t act
ors t
o m
obili
ze S
inha
lana
tiona
list s
entim
ents
pose
s dee
p pr
oble
ms f
or th
efu
ture
of t
he p
eace
pro
cess
as i
t thr
eate
ns to
dra
wm
ains
tream
pol
itica
l act
ors b
ack
into
mor
e na
tiona
list
strat
egie
s for
pol
itica
l sur
viva
l. It
also
serv
es to
cha
lleng
eth
e le
gitim
acy
of g
over
ning
coa
litio
ns o
r, th
roug
h th
eus
e of
a c
oalit
iona
l vet
o, b
ring
abou
t gov
ernm
enta
lco
llaps
e fo
r tho
se a
ttem
ptin
g to
mov
e th
e pe
ace
proc
ess
forw
ard.
The
fiel
dwor
k an
d th
e bu
lk o
f the
rese
arch
for t
his
repo
rt to
ok p
lace
ove
r a th
ree-
wee
k pe
riod
betw
een
Mar
ch a
nd A
pril
2005
, and
invo
lved
inte
rvie
ws w
ithre
pres
enta
tives
and
lead
ers o
f the
pol
itica
l par
ties a
ndm
ovem
ents
disc
usse
d he
rein
. Fie
ldw
ork
trip
s to
the
Nuw
ara
Eliy
a, G
alle
, and
Mat
ara
distr
icts
wer
e al
soca
rrie
d ou
t, an
d in
terv
iew
s with
resid
ents
of c
amps
for
the
post-
tsuna
mi d
ispla
ced
wer
e co
nduc
ted.
The
rese
arch
also
incl
uded
inte
rvie
ws w
ith a
cade
mic
s and
repr
esen
tativ
es fr
om N
on-G
over
nmen
tal O
rgan
izatio
ns(N
GO
s) a
nd o
ther
civ
il so
ciet
y ac
tors
.
UNDE
RSTA
NDI
NG
THE
HIST
ORIC
AL C
ONTE
XT O
FN
ATIO
NAL
ISM
IN S
RI L
ANKA
Whe
n w
e in
vesti
gate
the
role
nat
iona
lism
has
pla
yed
indi
srup
ting
the
peac
e pr
oces
s, co
nstit
utio
nal r
efor
m a
nd,
subs
eque
ntly,
the
soci
o-ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent o
f Sri
Lank
a, it
is im
port
ant t
o ap
prec
iate
that
the
phen
omen
on h
as n
ot b
een
writ
ten
in st
one
thro
ugho
utth
e la
st se
vera
l dec
ades
. Rat
her,
one
mus
t rec
ogni
ze th
eco
nsta
ntly
shift
ing
forc
e of
this
dyna
mic
am
ong
diffe
rent
soci
o-ec
onom
ic fo
rces
and
pol
itica
l act
ors a
t var
ying
histo
rical
junc
ture
s. N
onet
hele
ss, o
ne b
road
hist
oric
alpa
ttern
that
can
be
iden
tifie
d ov
er th
e pa
st 50
yea
rs is
5|
Exec
utiv
e S
umm
ary
Exec
utiv
e Su
mm
ary
that
Sin
hala
nat
iona
lism
firs
t em
erge
d as
a li
nk b
etw
een
the
cent
er--
dom
inat
ed b
y th
e ru
ling
elite
s--a
nd th
e ru
ral
and
villa
ge-le
vel e
lites
. Thi
s nat
iona
list p
roce
ss d
id n
otfu
lly e
mer
ge u
ntil
the
1950
s, w
hen
it ga
ined
cur
renc
yam
ong
the
soci
o-cu
ltura
l for
ces l
ed b
y SW
RD
Band
aran
aike
's pa
ncha
mah
a ba
lave
gaya
.
As a
resu
lt, S
ri La
nka
witn
esse
d th
e em
erge
nce
of a
nel
ite re
form
ism c
oale
scin
g ar
ound
con
cept
ions
of l
iber
alde
moc
ratic
pol
itics
that
rem
ain
ambi
vale
nt a
bout
, but
not d
ivor
ced
from
, exp
ress
ions
of e
thno
-pol
itics
. A m
ore
over
t and
forc
eful
Sin
hala
Bud
dhist
nat
iona
lism
,in
extr
icab
ly ti
ed to
the
notio
n of
libe
ral d
emoc
ratic
maj
orita
riani
sm, a
lso d
evel
oped
. Suc
h m
ajor
itaria
nism
disq
ualif
ied
min
ority
righ
ts an
d gr
ieva
nces
, lea
ding
Tam
il na
tiona
lists
to re
act t
o th
e do
min
ance
of t
heir
Sinh
ala
coun
terp
arts.
It is
from
thes
e or
igin
s tha
t Sin
hala
natio
nalis
m a
ttain
ed h
egem
onic
stat
us in
the
Sout
h un
tilat
leas
t the
199
0s, a
nd c
ontin
ues t
o in
fluen
ce p
oliti
cal
even
ts to
day.
THE
SLFP
, THE
UN
P, A
ND
CON
TEM
PORA
RY P
EACE
PROC
ESSE
S IN
COM
PARA
TIVE
PER
SPEC
TIVE
A cr
ude
histo
ry o
f Sri
Lank
a m
ight
wel
l con
clud
e th
atth
e tw
o m
ains
tream
pol
itica
l act
ors c
an b
e id
eolo
gica
llyco
ntra
sted:
the
mor
e Si
nhal
a na
tiona
list,
statis
t, an
dso
cial
dem
ocra
tic v
ehic
le o
f the
SLF
P an
d th
e m
ore
Wes
tern
-orie
nted
, lib
eral
, and
free
-mar
ket U
NP.
Such
aco
ncep
tion
of th
e po
litic
al la
ndsc
ape
wou
ld n
otne
cess
arily
be
wro
ng, b
ut w
ould
be
an a
naly
tical
and
ahi
storic
al o
vers
impl
ifica
tion.
For
whi
le th
e SL
FP p
laye
dth
e ce
ntra
l rol
e in
the
insti
tutio
naliz
atio
n of
Sin
hala
Budd
hist
natio
nalis
m's
clai
ms t
o so
cial
and
pol
itica
ldo
min
ance
from
195
6 on
war
d, th
e U
NP'
s res
pons
e to
the
SLFP
was
that
of i
mita
tion
rath
er th
an a
n at
tem
ptto
pro
vide
dem
ocra
tic le
ader
ship
that
wou
ld fo
ster
ethn
ic re
conc
iliat
ion
and
plur
alism
. In
that
sens
e Si
nhal
am
ajor
itaria
n na
tiona
lism
was
take
n up
by
both
of t
hem
ains
tream
pol
itica
l act
ors o
ut o
f pol
itica
l exp
edie
ncy,
and
very
swift
ly a
ssum
ed h
egem
onic
pro
port
ions
.
It is
for t
his r
easo
n th
at b
oth
UN
P an
d SL
FP p
oliti
cian
sha
ve b
een
guilt
y of
inci
ting
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t pas
sions
and
legi
slatin
g fro
m a
stan
dpoi
nt th
at d
iscrim
inat
esag
ains
t min
oriti
es. C
onsti
tutio
nal c
hang
es in
trodu
ced
byth
e U
nite
d Fr
ont (
UF)
in 1
972
and
late
r in
1978
by
JRJa
yaw
arde
ne b
oth
infri
nged
upo
n m
inor
ity ri
ghts
and
form
alize
d Si
nhal
a Bu
ddhi
st na
tiona
lism
cons
titut
iona
lly. T
hat t
hese
wer
e dr
awn
up b
y SL
FP-le
dan
d U
NP
gove
rnm
ents
resp
ectiv
ely
is te
stam
ent t
o th
eco
mpl
icity
of b
oth
part
ies i
n "e
thni
c ou
tbid
ding
" in
thei
r pur
suit
of st
ate
pow
er.
Whi
le th
e le
gacy
of S
inha
la B
uddh
ist n
atio
nalis
mre
mai
ned
with
the
SLFP
wel
l int
o th
e ea
rly 1
990s
, the
polit
ical
rise
of C
hand
rika
Kum
arat
unga
was
to e
ffect
afa
r-re
achi
ng c
hang
e in
the
SLFP
's sta
nce
on th
e et
hnic
conf
lict.
Kum
arat
unga
was
abl
e to
per
suad
e th
e so
uthe
rnco
nstit
uenc
y no
t onl
y th
at T
amil
grie
vanc
es w
ere
legi
timat
e, b
ut th
at a
pro
cess
of n
egot
iatio
n an
dco
nstit
utio
nal p
ower
-sha
ring
wou
ld b
e ne
cess
ary
tosu
stain
a d
urab
le p
eace
. In
its e
arly
stag
es, t
he S
LFP-
led
Peop
le's
Allia
nce
(PA)
gov
ernm
ent w
as su
cces
sful i
npr
omot
ing
its a
gend
a of
a n
on-n
atio
nalis
tic, r
ight
s-ba
sed
reso
lutio
n to
the
conf
lict -
than
ks in
larg
e pa
rt to
the
supp
ort o
f the
med
ia a
nd c
ivil
soci
ety
acto
rs.
The
SLF
P/PA
pea
ce la
ter u
nrav
eled
due
larg
ely
to th
epu
rsui
t of t
he d
ual-t
rack
"w
ar-fo
r pea
ce"
strat
egy
and
afa
ilure
to w
in su
ppor
t for
nec
essa
ry c
onsti
tutio
nal
chan
ges;
how
ever
, its
cons
ider
able
shift
in p
oliti
cal
dire
ctio
n w
as to
hav
e fa
r-re
achi
ng ra
mifi
catio
ns fo
r the
coun
try.
The
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s bot
h m
oved
tow
ard
the
cent
er a
nd d
istan
ced
them
selv
es, t
o so
me
exte
nt, f
rom
the
mor
e ov
ert S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
m th
at o
nce
suffu
sed
mai
nstre
am p
oliti
cal d
iscou
rse.
A w
ide
cons
ensu
sgr
adua
lly g
rew,
incl
udin
g am
ong
the
UN
P, fo
r ane
gotia
ted
settl
emen
t and
subs
tant
ive
polit
ical
devo
lutio
n an
d co
nstit
utio
nal c
hang
e. T
houg
hco
nsec
utiv
e el
ectio
ns sa
w p
ower
cha
nge
hand
s to
new
coal
ition
gov
ernm
ents,
adv
ance
s con
tinue
d to
be
mad
e -
incl
udin
g th
e C
ease
fire
Agre
emen
t (C
FA) b
roke
red
byth
e U
NP-
led
Uni
ted
Nat
iona
l Fro
nt (U
NF)
. Mor
ere
cent
ly, th
e PA
-led
Uni
ted
Peop
le’s F
reed
om A
llian
ce
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
6
(UPF
A) w
on o
ffice
in 2
004,
with
the
SLFP
sect
ions
of
the
gove
rnm
ent m
akin
g it
clea
r the
y ha
ve n
otre
linqu
ished
thei
r des
ire to
insti
tute
the
far-
reac
hing
cons
titut
iona
l and
dev
olut
iona
ry re
form
s tha
t the
y ha
dun
succ
essfu
lly a
ttem
pted
to ta
ble
in P
arlia
men
t in
Augu
st 20
00.
The
re a
re e
ssen
tially
thre
e re
ason
s to
expl
ain
the
polit
ical
shift
by
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s. Fi
rst,
ther
e w
as a
real
izatio
nth
at p
ursu
ing
a w
ar st
rate
gy h
ad le
d to
a m
ilita
rysta
lem
ate
betw
een
the
LTT
E an
d th
e go
vern
men
t - w
ithco
nsid
erab
le d
etrim
enta
l effe
cts o
n lo
ng-te
rm e
cono
mic
grow
th.
Seco
nd, t
here
was
reco
gniti
on th
at a
lack
of
prop
osal
s gra
ntin
g au
tono
my
to th
e Tam
il-sp
eaki
ngar
eas t
hrea
tene
d th
e la
rger
uni
ty o
f the
cou
ntry
. And
final
ly, th
e pr
opor
tiona
l vot
ing
syste
m in
crea
singl
ybe
nefit
ed th
e sm
alle
r and
min
ority
-bas
ed p
artie
s, m
akin
git
hard
er fo
r mai
nstre
am p
artie
s to
depe
nd u
pon
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t sen
timen
ts to
win
and
mai
ntai
n po
wer
.
NAT
ION
ALIS
T AC
TORS
IN T
HE S
OUTH
ERN
POL
ITY
Tho
ugh
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
m h
as d
omin
ated
Sri
Lank
anpo
litic
s sin
ce th
e 19
50s,
mar
gina
lized
and
unde
rpriv
ilege
d gr
oups
who
hav
e be
en e
duca
ted
and
soci
alize
d in
to th
is he
gem
onic
ideo
logy
hav
e in
crea
singl
yem
brac
ed it
for t
heir
purp
oses
as w
ell.
In th
is re
spec
t,na
tiona
lism
has
bec
ome
a po
litic
al v
ehic
le in
crea
singl
yem
ergi
ng fr
om th
e "m
arch
land
s and
cou
ntry
side"
rath
erth
an n
eces
saril
y fro
m th
e ce
nter
. It i
s fre
quen
tly ti
ed to
uneq
ual d
evel
opm
ent a
nd th
e po
litic
s of p
over
ty, a
nd a
sa
reac
tion
to th
e ec
onom
ic li
bera
lizat
ion
initi
ated
by
JRJa
yew
arde
ne's
1977
UN
P go
vern
men
t. T
his p
roce
ss h
asin
tens
ified
rath
er th
an d
imin
ished
ove
r the
yea
rs a
s the
smal
ler p
artie
s tak
e ov
er th
e na
tiona
list a
gend
ain
crea
singl
y ab
ando
ned
by th
e m
ains
tream
par
ties-
-co
ntrib
utin
g to
a si
gnifi
cant
, and
pot
entia
llyde
stabi
lizin
g, n
atio
nalis
t res
urge
nce
in re
spon
se to
pros
pect
ive
solu
tions
to th
e et
hnic
con
flict
.
As a
resp
onse
to su
ch S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
t res
urge
nce,
the
sout
hern
pol
ity h
as a
lso se
en c
ompa
rativ
ely
rece
nt sh
ifts
in H
ill C
ount
ry p
oliti
cs. T
he U
pcou
ntry
Peo
ple's
Fro
nt(U
PF),
for e
xam
ple,
has
bro
ught
abo
ut a
mor
e m
ilita
ntat
titud
e to
the
ethn
ic c
onfli
ct. W
hile
this
posit
ions
the
UPF
as a
stro
ng st
akeh
olde
r in
the
peac
e pr
oces
s, it
may
wel
l her
ald
the
spre
ad o
f fur
ther
des
tabi
lizin
g an
dfra
gmen
ting
dyna
mic
s to
the
Hill
Cou
ntry
if m
easu
res
are
not t
aken
to d
isman
tle th
e co
loni
al le
gacy
of S
riLa
nka'
s uni
tary
and
ove
r-ce
ntra
lized
stat
e.
CON
CLUS
ION
: NAT
ION
ALIS
M'S
RET
URN
JOUR
NEY
Whi
le th
e na
tiona
list b
aton
has
bee
n pa
ssed
from
the
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s to
the
mor
e m
argi
naliz
ed p
artie
s, th
eex
istin
g an
d w
iden
ing
ineq
ualit
ies o
f the
Sou
th a
re a
lsoin
crea
singl
y be
ing
expr
esse
d th
roug
h th
e na
tiona
lism
of
such
par
ties a
s the
JHU
and
JVP.
The
re a
re n
o cu
rren
tsc
hem
es fo
r alle
viat
ing
the
kind
s of i
nequ
ality
and
pove
rty
that
feed
into
the
JVP'
s sup
port
bas
e. T
hem
ains
tream
par
ties,
espe
cial
ly th
e SL
FP, w
ill fa
cedi
min
ishin
g el
ecto
ral r
etur
ns a
s lon
g as
they
con
tinue
tofa
il to
impr
ove
dem
ocra
tic a
nd fi
scal
acc
ount
abili
ty o
rex
pand
dev
elop
men
t prio
ritie
s bey
ond
the
Col
ombo
-ce
ntric
and
elit
ist n
etw
orks
that
exi
st at
pre
sent
.
Des
pite
this,
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s will
figh
t too
th a
nd n
ail
to k
eep
thei
r con
stitu
enci
es (a
nd th
eir t
radi
tiona
lcl
ient
elist
ic h
old
on p
ower
). In
doi
ng so
, the
re is
ada
nger
they
mig
ht re
ly o
n th
e co
rrup
tion
and
viol
ent
intim
idat
ion
of p
atro
nage
-bas
ed p
oliti
cs o
r res
ort o
nce
agai
n to
mor
e ex
trem
e na
tiona
list m
obili
zatio
ns to
com
pete
with
thei
r mor
e ov
ertly
nat
iona
list
coun
terp
arts.
As a
resu
lt, th
e m
ains
tream
par
ties o
ften
beco
me
will
ing
part
ies t
o fu
rthe
r rou
nds o
f eth
nic-
outb
iddi
ng a
nd z
ero-
sum
pol
itics
. Exa
mpl
es o
f thi
sin
clud
e th
e fa
ilure
of t
he C
onsti
tutio
nal B
ill o
f 200
0,an
d th
e po
st-C
FA n
egot
iatio
ns o
f the
UN
F in
200
2-20
04.
Whi
le th
e pe
ace
proc
ess i
s a n
eces
sary
firs
t ste
p to
war
dso
lvin
g m
any
of th
e af
orem
entio
ned
polit
ical
and
soci
alpr
oble
ms,
it is
clea
r tha
t the
re a
re li
mits
to th
e ex
tent
7|
Exec
utiv
e S
umm
ary
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s are
pre
pare
d to
shift
aw
ay fr
omSi
nhal
a m
ajor
itaria
nism
. Muc
h of
this
failu
re b
y th
epo
litic
al le
ader
ship
to fi
nd d
urab
le so
lutio
ns to
the
curr
ent c
risis
lies i
n m
aint
aini
ng a
pat
ron-
clie
nt p
oliti
cal
syste
m th
at p
rovi
des l
ittle
scop
e fo
r ide
olog
ical
or s
ocia
ltr
ansfo
rmat
ion.
Mos
t fra
mew
orks
for c
onsti
tutio
nal c
hang
e an
d pe
ace
have
bee
n de
velo
ped
on a
nar
row
func
tiona
l bas
is, m
ost
notic
eabl
y by
the
UN
P/U
NF
unde
r Ran
ilW
ickr
emas
ingh
e, w
hose
mai
n co
ncer
n ap
pear
s to
be to
crea
te a
stab
le b
usin
ess e
nviro
nmen
t for
glo
bal a
nd lo
cal
capi
tal w
ithin
Sri
Lank
a. T
he re
sult
is th
at p
eace
effo
rts
and
refo
rms f
avor
ed b
y po
litic
al e
lites
hav
e fa
iled
to fi
ndpu
rcha
se a
mon
g w
ide
sect
ions
of t
he S
outh
whe
reSi
nhal
a na
tiona
lism
is st
ill a
pot
ent d
ynam
ic.
Con
sequ
ently
, whi
le th
e JV
P an
d th
e JH
U c
an b
evi
ewed
as t
he m
ost s
igni
fican
t pot
entia
l obs
tacl
es to
the
peac
e pr
oces
s and
pol
itica
l ref
orm
, we
mus
t be
war
y of
treat
ing
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
m a
s the
sole
dom
ain
of a
nypo
litic
al p
arty
. Nat
iona
lism
in S
ri La
nka,
as e
lsew
here
, is
far t
oo d
iffus
e an
d vo
latil
e fo
r suc
h an
ana
lysis
. Si
nhal
ana
tiona
list p
oliti
cs is
still
a v
ibra
nt p
heno
men
on th
atco
ntin
ues t
o im
pact
upo
n m
ains
tream
act
ors w
hile
at
the
sam
e tim
e em
ergi
ng fr
om c
urre
nts o
f end
urin
gm
argi
naliz
atio
n an
d co
unte
r-na
tiona
list r
eact
ion
bym
inor
ities
. Unl
ess s
ome
form
of d
evol
utio
n ca
n br
eak
the
dead
lock
of t
his e
thni
c ou
tbid
ding
, the
gro
wth
of
natio
nalis
m w
ill c
ontin
ue u
naba
ted
- a te
nden
cy th
atm
ay te
ar a
t the
div
erse
soci
o-po
litic
al fa
bric
not
just
ofSr
i Lan
ka b
ut o
f the
sout
hern
pol
ity it
self.
IMPL
ICAT
ION
S FO
R IN
TERN
ATIO
NAL
DON
ORS
The
se fi
ndin
gs h
ave
the
follo
win
g im
plic
atio
ns fo
rin
tern
atio
nal d
onor
s aim
ing
to su
ppor
t pea
cebu
ildin
gpr
oces
ses:
1.Po
litic
al K
now
ledg
e:
The
don
or c
omm
unity
mus
t dev
elop
mec
hani
sms
to e
nsur
e a
mor
e ex
tens
ive
and
up-to
-dat
ekn
owle
dge
of th
e po
litic
al p
roce
sses
at w
ork
in th
eso
uthe
rn p
olity
and
am
ong
the
dias
pora
.
2.Ai
d Fr
amew
orks
:
The
don
or c
omm
unity
nee
ds to
take
acc
ount
of t
heef
fect
s aid
and
atta
ched
con
ditio
nalit
ies h
ave
info
sterin
g na
tiona
list s
entim
ents
and
anti-
glob
aliza
tion
reac
tions
that
can
deb
ilita
te th
e sta
tean
d un
derm
ine
the
pros
pect
s for
pea
ce.
3.En
gage
men
t with
Pol
itica
l Act
ors
and
Capa
citie
sfo
r Pea
ce:
"Eth
nic
outb
iddi
ng"
cont
inue
s to
unde
rmin
e pe
ace
bids
and
atte
mpt
s at c
onsti
tutio
nal r
efor
m b
ym
ains
tream
pol
itica
l par
ties.
Don
ors n
eed
to b
eaw
are
that
nat
iona
lism
is n
ot th
e m
onop
oly
of a
nyon
e pa
rty
but a
tact
ic o
ften
depl
oyed
to u
nder
min
epe
ace
proc
esse
s and
the
polit
ical
legi
timac
y of
oppo
nent
s. R
athe
r tha
n pr
ivile
ging
cer
tain
pol
itica
lac
tors
, the
don
or c
omm
unity
shou
ld c
once
ntra
teef
fort
s on
enco
urag
ing
inte
r-pa
rty
dial
ogue
that
prev
ents
the
use
of "
ethn
ic o
utbi
ddin
g" a
nden
cour
ages
mec
hani
sms f
or p
ower
-sha
ring
and
grea
ter o
penn
ess.
Past
peac
e pr
oces
ses h
ave
conc
entr
ated
too
heav
ilyon
eith
er C
onfid
ence
Bui
ldin
g M
easu
res (
CBM
) or
the
prep
arat
ion
of tr
ansp
aren
t con
stitu
tiona
lpr
opos
als,
each
at t
he e
xpen
se o
f the
oth
er. P
oliti
cal
acto
rs e
ngag
ed in
find
ing
long
-term
solu
tions
to th
eco
nflic
t sho
uld
craf
t int
erve
ntio
ns th
at a
ddre
ss th
ese
area
s sim
ulta
neou
sly.
The
insti
tutio
nal c
apac
ities
of t
radi
tiona
l par
ties t
om
obili
ze in
supp
ort o
f pea
ce su
ffer w
hen
intr
a-pa
rty
gove
rnan
ce fr
amew
orks
are
wea
k. H
elpi
ngtr
aditi
onal
par
ties o
verc
ome
insti
tutio
nal l
imita
tions
wou
ld e
nhan
ce th
e qu
ality
of d
emoc
racy
in te
rms o
fpa
rtic
ipat
ion,
del
iber
atio
n, a
nd in
form
ed c
hoic
e.
As th
e JV
P, an
d to
a le
sser
ext
ent t
he JH
U, r
emai
nun
rece
ptiv
e to
the
fram
ewor
ks o
f pre
sent
pea
ce
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
8
effo
rts,
we
caut
ious
ly re
com
men
d th
e w
ider
part
icip
atio
n an
d co
nsul
tatio
n of
ext
erna
l and
inte
rnal
act
ors t
hat m
ight
be
able
to e
xert
influ
ence
on su
ch p
artie
s. D
oing
so c
ould
con
fer g
reat
ertr
ansp
aren
cy, c
onse
nsus
, and
legi
timac
y on
a v
iabl
ean
d en
durin
g fra
mew
ork
for p
eace
.
4.Ci
vil S
ocie
ty, E
duca
tion,
Par
ticip
atio
n, a
ndCo
nfid
ence
-Bui
ldin
g:
Ove
r the
last
two
deca
des,
publ
ic p
olic
y re
sear
chan
d ad
voca
cy o
rgan
izatio
ns h
ave
beco
me
key
acto
rsin
the
peac
e pr
oces
s. Pr
ogra
mm
atic
supp
ort f
or su
chci
vil s
ocie
ty a
ctor
s is e
ssen
tial t
o en
sure
that
they
cont
inue
to g
ener
ate
polic
y op
tions
and
act
as r
ight
sw
atch
dogs
.
5.Tr
ansp
aren
cy, C
onsu
ltatio
n, a
nd In
clus
ivity
:
Nat
iona
list d
iscon
tent
with
the
peac
e pr
oces
s by
som
e op
posit
ion
grou
ps a
nd se
gmen
ts of
civ
ilso
ciet
y ha
s bee
n fu
elle
d by
feel
ings
that
pea
ce e
ffort
sla
ck tr
ansp
aren
cy, c
onsu
ltatio
n, a
nd in
clus
ivity
.T
hese
feel
ings
mus
t be
addr
esse
d, a
s the
y fe
edsu
spic
ion
and
destr
oy tr
ust a
nd c
onfid
ence
am
ong
oppo
sitio
n gr
oups
and
civ
il so
ciet
y as
a w
hole
. Thi
sin
turn
can
serv
e to
legi
timize
ant
agon
ism to
war
dpe
ace
and
refo
rm p
ropo
sals
and
ultim
atel
y fa
n th
efla
mes
of S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
t pro
test.
9|
Exec
utiv
e S
umm
ary
Thi
s rep
ort f
orm
s a th
emat
ic c
ontri
butio
n to
the
broa
der
study
, "Ai
d, C
onfli
ct a
nd P
eace
build
ing
in S
ri La
nka"
(Goo
dhan
d an
d K
lem, 2
005)
and
focu
ses o
n th
e po
litic
aldy
nam
ics o
f the
"so
uthe
rn p
olity
", p
artic
ular
ly o
nna
tiona
list u
nder
curr
ents
whi
ch c
ontin
ue to
influ
ence
aw
ide
rang
e of
pol
itica
l act
ors a
nd th
eir a
ttitu
des t
owar
dsth
e pe
ace
proc
ess,
devo
lutio
n an
d co
nstit
utio
nal r
efor
man
d th
e cy
clic
al im
pact
that
thes
e dy
nam
ics i
n tu
rn h
ave
upon
thei
r soc
ial c
onsti
tuen
cies
. Alth
ough
, we
argu
e th
atth
e m
ains
tream
par
ties,
the
UN
P an
d th
e SL
FP, h
ave
by-
and-
larg
e re
cogn
ized
and
acce
pted
the
need
for
fede
ralis
m a
nd/o
r pol
itica
l dev
olut
ion
in o
rder
to b
reak
with
the
colo
nial
lega
cy o
f an
over
-cen
traliz
ed st
ate,
our
pers
pect
ive
also
stre
sses
the
capa
city
of s
mal
ler S
inha
lana
tiona
list p
artie
s lik
e th
e JV
P an
d th
e JH
U to
fom
ent
and
draw
suste
nanc
e fro
m n
atio
nalis
t mob
iliza
tion.
Thi
sre
sults
in th
e re
cycl
ing
of n
atio
nalis
t dyn
amic
s tha
t can
once
aga
in re
capt
ure
mai
nstre
am p
oliti
cal a
ctor
s as t
hey
seek
to m
obili
ze a
nd se
cure
elec
tora
l sup
port
and
legiti
mac
y. As
a re
sult,
the
maj
or fo
cus o
f thi
s rep
ort l
ies
in th
e hi
storic
al b
ackg
roun
d, d
evelo
pmen
t and
cont
empo
rary
traj
ecto
ry o
f bot
h Si
nhal
a na
tiona
lism
and
the
coun
ter-
natio
nalis
t rea
ctio
ns th
at it
pro
voke
s am
ongs
tth
e m
inor
ity p
artie
s sur
veye
d.
Yet,
whe
n w
e in
vesti
gate
the
role
nat
iona
lism
has
pla
yed
in d
isrup
ting
the
peac
e pr
oces
s, co
nstit
utio
nal r
efor
man
d, su
bseq
uent
ly, th
e so
cio-
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t of
Sri L
anka
, it i
s nec
essa
ry to
app
reci
ate
that
the
phen
omen
on h
as n
ot re
mai
ned
writ
ten
in st
one
or
unch
ange
d in
the
polit
ical
vic
issitu
des o
f the
isla
nd o
ver
the
last
few
dec
ades
. Rat
her,
one
mus
t rec
ogni
ze th
eco
nsta
ntly
shift
ing
forc
e of
this
dyna
mic
am
ong
diffe
rent
soci
o-ec
onom
ic fo
rces
and
pol
itica
l act
ors a
t var
ying
histo
rical
junc
ture
s. N
onet
hele
ss, o
ne b
road
hist
oric
alpa
ttern
that
can
be
iden
tifie
d ov
er th
e pa
st 50
yea
rs is
that
Sin
hala
nat
iona
lism
firs
t em
erge
d as
a li
nk b
etw
een
the
cent
er a
nd th
e sta
te, d
omin
ated
by
the
rulin
g el
ites,
with
the
rura
l and
vill
age-
leve
l elit
es. T
his n
atio
nalis
tpr
oces
s did
not
em
erge
with
full
forc
e un
til th
e 19
50s,
whe
n th
e vo
id le
ft by
cou
nter
-col
onia
l disc
ours
e w
hich
had
imbu
ed th
e re
form
ism o
f Sri
Lank
a's p
oliti
cal e
lites
prio
r to
Inde
pend
ence
, beg
an to
be
fille
d w
ith th
e so
cio-
cultu
ral f
orce
s led
by
SWR
D B
anda
rana
ike's
pan
cha
mah
a ba
lave
gaya
. It s
houl
d be
not
ed th
at th
is na
tiona
list
dyna
mic
ope
rate
d th
roug
h co
ncep
tions
of a
Sin
hala
Budd
hist
natio
n an
d no
t, as
in In
dia,
thro
ugh
a w
ider
,N
ehru
vian
, sec
ular
, all-
Indi
a na
tiona
lism
art
icul
ated
agai
nst a
col
onia
l pow
er.
As a
resu
lt, tw
o po
litic
al tr
ends
em
erge
d in
Sri
Lank
a.Fi
rst,
an e
lite
refo
rmism
coa
lesc
ing
arou
nd c
once
ptio
nsof
libe
ral d
emoc
ratic
pol
itics
that
rem
ain
ambi
vale
ntab
out,
but n
ot d
ivor
ced
from
, exp
ress
ions
of e
thno
-po
litic
s;1an
d se
cond
, a m
ore
over
t and
forc
eful
Sin
hala
Budd
hist
natio
nalis
m, r
athe
r tha
n an
all-
Cey
lon
natio
nalis
m, w
hich
bec
omes
inex
tric
ably
tied
to th
eno
tion
of li
bera
l dem
ocra
tic m
ajor
itaria
nism
from
the
1950
s. T
he la
tter i
n tu
rn se
rved
to d
isqua
lify
min
ority
right
s and
grie
vanc
es a
rtic
ulat
ed a
bout
thos
e rig
hts,2
11|
Und
erst
andi
ng N
atio
nalis
m in
Sri
Lan
ka: A
ctor
s an
d Tr
ajec
tori
es
1. U
nder
stan
ding
Nat
iona
lism
in S
ri La
nka:
Act
ors
and
Traj
ecto
ries
1Fo
r ex
ampl
e, t
he w
ay in
whi
ch a
ttem
pts
to o
rche
stra
te s
ome
form
of
fede
ral o
r ot
her
ethn
ical
ly w
eigh
ted
solu
tion
to
the
prob
lem
of
stat
e po
wer
fro
m t
he
Don
ough
mor
e pe
riod
up
to I
ndep
ende
nce
wer
e co
nsis
tent
ly d
isqu
alif
ied
as "
com
mun
al"
wit
hin
the
rubr
ic o
f lib
eral
dem
ocra
tic
maj
orit
aria
nism
. S
ee J
.
Rus
sell
(198
2)
Com
mun
al
polit
ics
unde
r th
e D
onou
ghm
ore
Con
stit
utio
n,
1931
-194
7 (T
issa
ra
Prak
asya
yo,
Col
ombo
); M
. R
ober
ts
(199
4)
Expl
orin
g
Con
fron
tati
on: S
ri L
anka
- P
olit
ics,
Cul
ture
and
His
tory
(Har
woo
d, S
wit
zerl
and)
, pp.
249-
268;
and
D. S
cott
(199
4) "
Com
mun
ity,
Num
ber,
Etho
s of
Dem
ocra
cy"
in R
efas
hion
ing
Futu
res:
Cri
tici
sm A
fter
Pos
tcol
onia
lity
(Pri
ncet
on U
nive
rsit
y Pr
ess,
Pri
ncet
on, N
.J.),
pp.
158-
189.
2Th
is i
s no
whe
re m
ore
appa
rent
tha
n in
D.C
. V
ijaya
vard
hana
's R
evol
t in
the
Tem
ple,
whe
re t
he g
riev
ance
s of
the
Fed
eral
Par
ty b
ecom
e ex
pres
sion
s of
"com
mun
alis
m,"
whe
reas
Sin
hala
maj
orit
aria
nism
is
the
natu
ral
outc
ome
of "
dem
ocra
tic"
pol
itic
s. S
ee D
.C.
Vija
yava
rdha
na (
1953
) R
evol
t in
the
Tem
ple
(Sin
ha P
ublic
atio
ns).
lead
ing
to a
Tam
il na
tiona
list r
eact
ion
to th
e do
min
ance
of it
s Sin
hala
cou
nter
part
.3Ad
ditio
nally
, it s
houl
d be
note
d th
at th
ese
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t tro
pes d
id n
otre
mai
n th
e ex
clus
ive
prer
ogat
ive
of B
anda
rana
ike's
SLF
Pbu
t also
beg
an to
per
mea
te th
e po
licie
s and
pol
itica
lcu
lture
of t
he e
stabl
ished
Lef
t in
Sri L
anka
. Thi
sha
ppen
ed to
the
exte
nt th
at b
oth
the
Com
mun
ist P
arty
(CP)
and
the
Lank
a Sa
ma
Sam
aja
Part
y (L
SSP)
bec
ame
mor
e en
trenc
hed
in th
e co
aliti
onal
pol
itics
of t
he c
ente
r,dr
oppi
ng th
eir s
trug
gles
for l
ingu
istic
par
ity o
f sta
tus
and
the
re-e
nfra
nchi
sem
ent o
f the
Upc
ount
ry T
amils
afte
r the
195
6 pe
riod.
As a
resu
lt of
thes
e pr
oces
ses t
heSL
FP-le
ft co
aliti
on o
f the
UF
gove
rnm
ent c
ame
topo
wer
in th
e 19
70 e
lect
ion,
and
pro
duce
d a
1972
cons
titut
ion
whi
ch c
lear
ly d
iscrim
inat
ed in
favo
r of t
heSi
nhal
a Bu
ddhi
st m
ajor
ity. T
his w
as e
vide
nced
thro
ugh
clau
ses a
sser
ting
the
need
for t
he st
ate
to g
ive
Budd
hism
the
"for
emos
t pla
ce"
and
to "
prot
ect a
nd fo
ster"
Budd
hism
at t
he sa
me
time
as it
rem
oved
the
min
ority
safe
guar
ds th
at h
ad b
een
artic
ulat
ed in
Art
icle
29
of th
eSo
ulbu
ry C
onsti
tutio
n. T
his s
et in
mot
ion
a se
ries o
fpu
blic
pol
icy
chan
ges t
hrou
gh th
e 19
70s p
ursu
ed b
y th
eU
F go
vern
men
t of S
irim
ao B
anda
rana
ike
and
addi
tiona
lco
nstit
utio
nal c
hang
es u
nder
JR Ja
yew
arde
ne's
UN
Pgo
vern
men
t in
1978
, whi
ch e
xace
rbat
ed th
e ce
ntra
lizin
gan
d au
thor
itaria
n na
ture
of u
nche
cked
elit
e ru
le. I
t also
resu
lted
in th
e in
crea
sing
polit
iciza
tion
of a
ll br
anch
es o
fth
e sta
te a
nd th
e co
ntin
uing
rise
of S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
m.
Whi
le S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
m b
ecam
e he
gem
onic
from
this
perio
d, o
ne o
f the
pat
tern
s in
its sh
iftin
g tr
ajec
tory
isth
at w
e in
crea
singl
y se
e it
not o
nly
artic
ulat
ed a
t the
cent
er b
y el
ites,
but a
lso b
ecom
ing
a ce
ntra
l tro
pe o
fm
argi
naliz
ed a
nd u
nder
priv
ilege
d gr
oups
who
had
bee
ned
ucat
ed a
nd so
cial
ized
into
this
hege
mon
ic id
eolo
gy. A
sa
resu
lt, it
is e
lites
who
are
incr
easin
gly
view
ed a
s"i
naut
hent
ic"
in te
rms o
f nat
iona
lism
, allo
win
g Si
nhal
ana
tiona
lism
onc
e ag
ain
to b
ecom
e th
e ve
hicl
e fo
r
coun
ter-
elite
pol
itica
l mov
emen
ts an
d str
ateg
ies.
It is
only
in th
is se
nse
that
we
can
loca
te th
e sh
iftin
gdy
nam
ic o
f nat
iona
lism
vis-
à-vi
s, fo
r ins
tanc
e, a
par
tylik
e th
e JV
P. In
this
resp
ect,
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
mbe
com
es a
pol
itica
l veh
icle
incr
easin
gly
emer
ging
from
the
"mar
chla
nds a
nd c
ount
rysid
e" ra
ther
than
nec
essa
rily
from
the
cent
er,4
and
thus
freq
uent
ly re
activ
e to
the
forc
es o
f glo
baliz
atio
n th
at b
ecam
e as
cend
ant a
fter t
heec
onom
ic li
bera
lizat
ion
initi
ated
by
JR Ja
yew
arde
ne's
1977
UN
P la
ndsli
de g
over
nmen
t, an
d tie
d to
une
ven
and
uneq
ual d
evel
opm
ent a
nd th
e po
litic
s of p
over
ty.
Thi
s pro
cess
has
if a
nyth
ing
inte
nsifi
ed ra
ther
than
dim
inish
ed o
ver t
he y
ears
and
it is
now
cle
ar th
at th
eJV
P ha
s inc
reas
ingl
y ta
ken
up th
e sla
ck in
nat
iona
lism
left
by th
e m
ains
tream
par
ties'
retre
at in
the
1990
s fro
mm
ore
over
t art
icul
atio
ns o
f Sin
hala
nat
iona
lism
.C
onse
quen
tly, i
f we
are
to d
efin
e an
d un
ders
tand
the
JVP,
an a
naly
tical
per
spec
tive
on n
atio
nalis
m re
mai
nsm
ore
usef
ul th
an a
ttent
ion
to th
e pa
rty'
s Mar
xism
whi
chha
s bee
n la
ckin
g or
supe
rfici
al fr
om it
s inc
eptio
n. T
his i
sno
t to
say
that
reco
urse
to S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
tm
obili
zatio
n ha
s disa
ppea
red
in to
tofro
m th
em
ains
tream
par
ties'
polit
ical
ars
enal
or t
hat t
his r
eces
sion
of th
e na
tiona
list e
ffect
is a
s a re
sult
of a
seism
iche
gem
onic
shift
, but
rath
er th
at th
is ch
ange
has
bee
nne
cess
itate
d by
cer
tain
requ
irem
ents
of g
over
nanc
e th
atw
ill b
e di
scus
sed
in g
reat
er d
etai
l bel
ow.
Des
pite
thes
e ch
ange
s in
the
gene
ral t
rend
of S
inha
lana
tiona
lism
, we
shou
ld n
onet
hele
ss re
cogn
ize th
atel
emen
ts of
the
mai
nstre
am a
nd m
iddl
e cl
asse
s hav
e no
ten
tirel
y ex
haus
ted
or a
band
oned
thei
r rec
ours
e to
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t mob
iliza
tion.
Thi
s dyn
amic
has
, for
exam
ple,
und
erpi
nned
the
emer
genc
e an
d ch
angi
ng fa
ceof
the
Siha
la U
rum
aya/
Jath
ika
Hel
a U
rum
aya
(SU
/JH
U)
com
bine
. Thi
s mov
emen
t has
also
con
trib
uted
to a
signi
fican
t pen
dulu
m sw
ing
in n
atio
nalis
t res
urge
nce
as a
resp
onse
to p
rosp
ectiv
e so
lutio
ns to
the
ethn
ic c
onfli
ct -
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
12
3S
ee A
ntho
ny J
eyar
atna
m W
ilson
(199
4) S
JV C
helv
anay
akam
And
The
Cri
sis
Of
Sri
Lan
kan
Tam
il N
atio
nalis
m, 1
947-
1977
: A P
olit
ical
Bio
grap
hy (H
urst
& C
o.,
Lond
on) &
Ant
hony
Jey
arat
nam
Wils
on (2
000)
Sri
Lan
kan
Tam
il N
atio
nalis
m: I
ts O
rigi
ns A
nd D
evel
opm
ent
In T
he N
inet
eent
h A
nd T
wen
tiet
h C
entu
ries
(Hur
st
& C
o., L
ondo
n).
4S
ee T
. Nai
rn (1
975)
"Th
e M
oder
n Ja
nus,
" N
ew L
eft
Rev
iew
, Vol
. 1, N
o. 9
4, p
p. 3
-29
& T
. Nai
rn (1
998)
Fac
es o
f N
atio
nalis
m: J
anus
Rev
isit
ed (V
erso
, Lon
don)
.
a pr
oces
s tha
t gat
here
d co
nsid
erab
le m
omen
tum
whe
nR
anil
Wic
krem
asin
ghe's
UN
F go
vern
men
t im
plem
ente
dth
e C
FA w
ith th
e LT
TE
in F
ebru
ary
2002
. Thi
s was
perc
eive
d by
the
SU/J
HU
as a
nar
row
ing
of th
e gr
ound
for n
atio
nalis
t mob
iliza
tion
in th
e m
ains
tream
par
ties
them
selv
es a
s the
y be
gan
to g
rope
tow
ard
corr
espo
ndin
gpo
sitio
ns o
n th
e ne
ed fo
r im
plem
entin
g a
peac
e pa
ckag
ean
d co
nstit
utio
nal r
efor
m. F
or th
ese
soci
al fo
rces
,na
tiona
lism
bec
ame
a ve
hicl
e fo
r re-
terr
itoria
lizin
g so
cio-
polit
ical
and
cul
tura
l con
trol o
ver d
ynam
ics t
hat p
oliti
cal
elite
s wer
e se
en to
hav
e re
linqu
ished
to g
loba
lizin
g fo
rces
such
as p
ower
ful d
onor
stat
es, a
id in
stitu
tions
, NG
Os,
and,
to so
me
exte
nt, t
he fo
rces
of m
ultin
atio
nal
capi
talis
m. T
he so
uthe
rn p
olity
has
also
seen
com
para
tivel
y re
cent
shift
s in
Hill
Cou
ntry
pol
itics
toth
e ex
tent
that
the
UPF
has
ado
pted
a m
ore
mili
tant
attit
ude
to th
e et
hnic
con
flict
and
the
plig
ht o
fU
pcou
ntry
Tam
ils a
nd to
war
d po
tent
ial s
olut
ions
to th
eco
nflic
t, in
clud
ing
a ra
ppro
chem
ent w
ith th
e LT
TE.
13|
Und
erst
andi
ng N
atio
nalis
m in
Sri
Lan
ka: A
ctor
s an
d Tr
ajec
tori
es
OVER
VIEW
OF
THE
UNP5
The
UN
P w
as fo
rmed
just
prio
r to
Inde
pend
ence
,am
alga
mat
ing
a va
riety
of l
oose
org
aniz
atio
ns su
ch a
sth
e C
eylo
n N
atio
nal C
ongr
ess a
nd th
e Si
nhal
a M
aha
Sabh
a. A
s the
se c
onst
itutiv
e or
gani
zatio
ns w
ere
larg
ely
vehi
cles
for p
oliti
cal p
erso
nalit
ies o
f the
tim
e ra
ther
than
mas
s-ba
sed
orga
niza
tions
in th
eir o
wn
right
, the
embr
yoni
c U
NP
is pe
rhap
s bet
ter u
nder
stoo
d in
term
sof
a c
oalit
ion
of le
adin
g po
litic
al p
erso
nalit
ies
repr
esen
ting
the
Cey
lone
se b
ourg
eoisi
e, b
roug
htto
geth
er b
y op
posit
ion
to th
e ra
dica
lism
of t
he L
eft.6
As th
ere
was
an
elem
ent o
f disd
ain
for t
he b
urge
onin
gBu
ddhi
st re
viva
lism
repr
esen
ted
by th
e V
idya
lank
ara
mon
ks7
as w
ell,
a co
nsci
ous e
ffort
was
also
mad
e to
incl
ude
broa
d et
hnic
repr
esen
tatio
n in
the
part
y's
com
posit
ion.
Thi
s was
ach
ieve
d ei
ther
thro
ugh
dire
ctco
-opt
ion
of e
thno
-pol
itica
l lea
ders
or t
hrou
ghel
ecto
ral c
oalit
ions
, alth
ough
the
adve
nt o
f pos
t-In
depe
nden
ce e
thno
-nat
iona
lism
was
to d
ivid
e th
epa
rty'
s pol
itica
l org
aniz
atio
n al
ong
ethn
ic li
nes (
De
Silv
a, 1
986)
.
Whe
n th
e So
ulbu
ry C
onst
itutio
n w
as g
rant
ed in
194
7,it
disc
ontin
ued
the
part
icul
ar fo
rm o
f dem
ocra
cypr
ovid
ed b
y th
e D
onou
ghm
ore
Con
stitu
tion
of 1
931,
whi
ch w
as p
redi
cate
d on
the
abse
nce
of a
par
typo
litic
al sy
stem
. The
Sou
lbur
y C
onst
itutio
n in
trod
uced
conv
entio
nal p
arlia
men
tary
gov
ernm
ent,
nece
ssita
ting
the
intr
oduc
tion
of p
oliti
cal p
arty
ele
ctor
al d
emoc
racy
(Jen
ning
s, 19
48).
The
prim
ary
impe
tus f
or th
e
form
atio
n of
the
UN
P, th
eref
ore,
was
for p
oliti
cal p
-ar
ties t
o be
cre
ated
to c
ompe
te in
the
first
gen
eral
elec
tion,
as r
equi
red
unde
r the
new
con
stitu
tiona
ldi
spen
satio
n.
The
UN
P lo
cate
d its
elf t
o th
e rig
ht o
f cen
ter f
rom
its
ince
ptio
n, a
nd so
ught
to fu
lfill
the
role
of t
he G
rand
Old
Par
ty o
f mod
erat
e co
nser
vatis
m. T
he m
ost
appr
opria
te a
nalo
gy fo
r the
form
ativ
e po
litic
al st
imul
ibe
hind
the
UN
P is
perh
aps t
he B
ritish
"O
ne N
atio
nTo
ryism
." S
taun
chly
non
-ideo
logi
cal,
the
UN
Pel
evat
ed p
ragm
atism
to a
virt
ue. I
t sou
ght t
o se
rve
asan
um
brel
la p
arty
aro
und
whi
ch C
olom
bo a
nd W
este
rnPr
ovin
ce c
apita
lists
, as w
ell a
s rur
al e
lites
, cou
ld c
ome
toge
ther
on
the
shar
ed in
tere
sts o
f sta
bilit
y, st
rong
lead
ersh
ip, m
iddl
e-cl
ass c
omm
on se
nse,
and
an
oste
nsib
ly c
osm
opol
itan
polit
ical
out
look
. The
latte
r,ho
wev
er, w
as to
pro
ve su
perf
icia
l in
the
late
r dyn
amic
sof
Sin
hala
nat
iona
lism
bec
ause
the
UN
P w
as S
inha
la in
the
sam
e w
ay th
at "
One
Nat
ion
Tory
ism"
tend
ed to
be
pred
omin
antly
Eng
lish.
Bec
ause
the
cons
erva
tism
of
the
sout
hern
pol
ity su
stai
ns, r
athe
r tha
n ch
ecks
Sin
hala
Budd
hist
nat
iona
lism
and
its s
upre
mac
ist e
thno
-re
ligio
us w
orld
view
, ele
ctor
al e
xige
ncie
s im
pelle
d th
eU
NP
to b
e le
d by
thos
e fo
rces
. The
UN
P's a
ssoc
iatio
nw
ith m
ajor
itaria
n ex
cess
es th
roug
h de
moc
ratic
inst
itutio
ns, t
here
fore
, hav
e ea
rly a
ntec
eden
ts.
Som
e of
thes
e ch
arac
teris
tics w
ere
also
the
pred
omin
ant
pers
onal
trai
ts of
the
UN
P's p
roge
nito
r, D
. S.
Sena
naya
ke, w
ho u
ltim
atel
y be
cam
e th
e fir
st pr
ime
15|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
2.Th
e Po
litic
al A
ctor
s
5Th
is s
ecti
on d
raw
s on
a p
revi
ous
pape
r by
Asa
nga
Wel
ikal
a. S
ee A
sang
a W
elik
ala
(200
4) "
Sri
Lan
ka: T
he P
olit
ics
of D
ual M
anda
te,"
Sou
th A
sian
Jou
rnal
,
Sep
tem
ber
28, 2
004.
6M
icha
el R
ober
ts (1
999)
"N
atio
nalis
ms
Toda
y an
d Ye
ster
day,
" in
His
tory
and
Pol
itic
s: M
illen
nial
Per
spec
tive
s. E
ssay
s in
Hon
our
of K
ings
ley
de S
ilva
(Law
&
Soc
iety
Tru
st, C
olom
bo);
Dav
id L
ittl
e (1
994)
Sri
Lan
ka: T
he In
vent
ion
of E
nmit
y (U
nite
d S
tate
s In
stit
ute
of P
eace
Pre
ss, W
ashi
ngto
n D
.C.).
7H
. L. S
enev
irat
ne (1
999)
The
Wor
k of
Kin
gs: T
he N
ew B
uddh
ism
in S
ri L
anka
(Chi
cago
Uni
vers
ity
Pres
s); W
A. W
isw
a W
arna
pala
(197
8) "
Sang
haan
d Po
litic
s
in S
ri L
anka
: Nat
ure
of t
he C
onti
nuin
g C
ontr
over
sy,"
Indi
an J
ourn
al o
f Po
litic
s, V
ol. 1
2, N
os. 1
-2.
min
ister
of i
ndep
ende
nt C
eylo
n.8
A m
an re
lyin
g on
inna
te "
nativ
e" sh
rew
dnes
s rat
her t
han
inte
llect
ual
achi
evem
ent,
Sena
naya
ke w
as a
pra
gmat
ic a
nd w
ilypo
litic
ian
who
was
equ
ally
at h
ome
in c
onsti
tutio
nal
nego
tiatio
ns in
Whi
teha
ll as
he
was
in h
is co
untr
y es
tate
plou
ghin
g pa
ddy
field
s in
the
fash
ion
of th
e lio
nize
dpe
asan
t of S
inha
la B
uddh
ist lo
re. S
enan
ayak
e'spe
rson
ality
is b
ette
r cha
ract
erize
d by
an
avun
cula
r eas
ew
ith p
eopl
e th
an b
y ac
adem
ic a
ccom
plish
men
ts in
the
liber
al p
rofe
ssio
ns (a
t the
tim
e th
e na
tura
l res
ourc
e po
olfro
m w
hich
pol
itici
ans e
mer
ged)
or o
rato
rical
gift
s.
Sena
naya
ke's
asce
nt to
the
undi
sput
ed le
ader
ship
inC
eylo
nese
pol
itics
dur
ing
the
empe
nnag
e of
Brit
ish ru
le is
due
in e
qual
mea
sure
to tw
o fa
ctor
s. Fi
rst, t
he sh
rew
dca
pita
lizat
ion
of h
is ro
le as
min
ister
of a
gric
ultu
reth
roug
hout
the
curre
ncy
of th
e D
onou
ghm
ore
Con
stitu
tion
conv
eyed
to th
e Si
nhala
pol
ity th
e ev
ocat
ive
perso
na o
f the
agr
aria
n m
onar
ch o
f Sin
hala
Budd
hist
histo
riogr
aphy
. Sec
ond,
he
won
the
resp
ect o
f Brit
ishad
min
istra
tors
as a
dep
enda
ble
pair
of h
ands
and
trustw
orth
y pr
oxy
in th
e co
ntex
t of t
he w
ar e
ffort
durin
gW
orld
War
II, i
n sta
rk c
ontra
st to
the
unco
mpr
omisi
ngat
titud
e of
the
Indi
an in
depe
nden
ce le
ader
ship
.9
How
ever
, the
eth
os o
f pra
gmat
ic e
thni
c ac
com
mod
atio
nth
at c
hara
cter
ized
the
early
UN
P w
as fo
rcef
ully
disp
laced
by th
e dy
nam
ics o
f Sin
hala
Budd
hist
natio
nalis
m, w
hich
emer
ged
as th
e ke
y gr
ound
s for
pol
itica
l mob
iliza
tion
afte
rIn
depe
nden
ce. I
n th
e co
ntex
t of m
ajor
itaria
nism
untra
mm
eled
by in
stitu
tiona
l res
train
ts or
con
stitu
tiona
lcu
lture
, eth
nici
zed
elect
oral
dem
ocra
cy d
rove
pol
itica
lpa
rties
to fo
cus o
n m
ajor
ity in
tere
sts to
the
exclu
sion
ofm
inor
ities
(Litt
le, 1
994)
. Hen
ce, t
he U
NP
was
resp
onsib
le fo
r the
dise
nfra
nchi
sem
ent o
f plan
tatio
nTa
mils
and
for o
ppor
tuni
stic
oppo
sitio
n to
the
Band
aran
aike
-Che
lvan
ayak
am P
act--
the
earli
est a
ttem
pt a
tde
volu
tion
and
pow
er-sh
arin
g th
at m
ay h
ave
prov
ided
am
ore
viab
le fra
mew
ork
for c
onfli
ct m
anag
emen
t thr
ough
cons
titut
iona
l arr
ange
men
ts.10
Whi
le m
ajor
itaria
npo
pulis
m, a
s exp
loite
d by
the
SLFP
-led
Mah
ajan
a Ek
sath
Pera
mun
a (M
EP) i
n 19
56, n
o do
ubt i
nstit
utio
naliz
edSi
nhala
Bud
dhist
nat
iona
list c
laim
s to
soci
al do
min
ance
and
state
pow
er, i
t mus
t be
born
e in
min
d th
at th
e U
NP'
sre
spon
se to
the
prog
ram
of t
he M
EP w
as th
at o
f im
itatio
nra
ther
than
an
atte
mpt
to g
ive
dem
ocra
tic le
ader
ship
toan
y do
rman
t for
ces o
f eth
nic
reco
ncili
atio
n an
d pl
urali
sm.
It is
diffi
cult
to im
agin
e ho
w a
UN
P go
vern
men
t in
1956
-196
0 co
uld
have
, giv
en th
e na
tiona
list h
yste
riasw
eepi
ng th
e ele
ctor
al lan
dsca
pe o
f the
Sou
th d
urin
g th
atpe
riod,
diff
ered
from
the
MEP
with
rega
rd to
ling
uisti
cpo
licy
and
attit
udes
to e
thni
c m
inor
ities
and
cons
titut
iona
l pow
er-sh
arin
g.
Inde
ed, a
n in
tens
ifica
tion
of th
e co
nflic
t res
ultin
g in
the
erup
tion
of c
ivil
war
dur
ing
the
1980
s occ
urre
d du
ring
ape
riod
in w
hich
the
UN
P ha
d un
para
llele
d co
ntro
l ove
rth
e in
stitu
tions
of t
he st
ate.
The
UN
P be
ars a
sign
ifica
ntsh
are
of th
e re
spon
sibili
ty fo
r the
eth
nic
conf
lict a
s the
auth
orita
rian
cent
raliz
atio
n of
pol
itica
l pow
er a
ccor
ded
thro
ugh
the
1978
Con
stitu
tion
resu
lted
in a
bru
tal u
seof
forc
e to
add
ress
Tam
il in
surr
ectio
nary
act
iviti
es,
incl
udin
g th
e in
sidio
us e
ncou
rage
men
t of a
nti-T
amil
mob
vio
lenc
e du
ring
such
inci
dent
s as t
he p
ogro
m o
f19
83.11
Like
wise
, the
seco
nd in
surr
ectio
n of
the
JVP
was
exte
rmin
ated
by
the
state
app
arat
us c
ontro
lled
by th
eU
NP,
empl
oyin
g bo
th le
gal a
nd e
xtra
-lega
l met
hods
of
extre
me
viol
ence
.
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
16
8S
ee K
umar
i Ja
yew
arde
ne (
2000
), N
obod
ies
to S
omeb
odie
s (S
SA
, C
olom
bo);
Mic
hael
Rob
erts
, (1
999)
"N
atio
nalis
ms
Toda
y an
d Ye
ster
day,
" in
His
tory
and
Polit
ics:
Mill
enni
al P
ersp
ecti
ves.
Ess
ays
in H
onou
r of
Kin
gsle
y de
Silv
a (L
aw &
Soc
iety
Tru
st, C
olom
bo);
Dav
id L
ittl
e (1
994)
Sri
Lan
ka: T
he In
vent
ion
of E
nmit
y
(Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Inst
itut
e of
Pea
ce P
ress
, Was
hing
ton
D.C
.).
9S
ee K
. M. d
e S
ilva
(Ed.
) (19
97) B
riti
sh D
ocum
ents
on
the
End
of E
mpi
re: S
ri L
anka
(Ser
ies
B, V
ol. 2
) Par
ts I
& II
(Ins
titu
te o
f Com
mon
wea
lth
Stu
dies
, Uni
vers
ity
of L
ondo
n).
10S
ee S
unil
Bas
tian
(19
99)
"The
Fai
lure
of
Sta
te F
orm
atio
n, I
dent
ity
Con
flic
t an
d C
ivil
Soc
iety
Res
pons
es -
The
Cas
e of
Sri
Lan
ka,"
Wor
king
Pap
er 2
, (C
entr
e
for
Con
flic
t R
esol
utio
n, D
epar
tmen
t of
Pea
ce S
tudi
es, U
nive
rsit
y of
Bra
dfor
d).
11S
ee A
. J.
Wils
on (
1988
) Th
e B
reak
-Up
of S
ri L
anka
(H
urst
, Lo
ndon
); S
. J.
Tha
mbi
ah (
1986
) S
ri L
anka
: Et
hnic
Fra
tric
ide
and
the
Dis
man
tlin
g of
Dem
ocra
cy
(Uni
vers
ity
of C
hica
go P
ress
).
The
UN
P, ho
wev
er, h
as b
een
cons
isten
t with
its
foun
ding
visi
on to
the
exte
nt th
at it
reta
ins t
he lo
yalty
of
appr
oxim
atel
y 30
% o
f the
Sri
Lank
an e
lect
orat
e at
any
give
n tim
e an
d re
mai
ns th
e la
rges
t sin
gle
polit
ical
par
tyin
the
coun
try.
As th
e pr
inci
pal r
ight
-of-c
ente
r pla
yer i
nSr
i Lan
kan
polit
ics,
the
UN
P is
mor
e pr
o-W
este
rn in
its
exte
rnal
pol
icy
than
any
oth
er p
arty
and
is g
ener
ally
asso
ciat
ed w
ith a
mar
ket-f
riend
ly e
cono
mic
out
look
. All
of it
s her
oes -
the
form
er C
hief
Min
ister
of A
ndhr
aPr
ades
h, C
hand
raba
bu N
aidu
, Sin
gapo
rean
Prim
eM
inist
er L
ee K
uan
Yew,
Mal
aysia
n Pr
ime
Min
ister
Mah
athi
r Moh
amm
ed -
are
the
Asia
n Br
ahm
ins o
f fre
em
arke
t cap
italis
m a
nd sp
ecta
cula
r eco
nom
ic su
cces
ses.
Thi
s ser
ves a
s a te
stam
ent t
o its
ulti
mat
e go
als.
How
ever
, the
lead
er-c
entr
ic n
atur
e of
all
polit
ical
par
ties
in S
ri La
nka
has m
eant
that
the
part
y ha
s cha
nged
its
natu
re fr
om ti
me
to ti
me
in re
fere
nce
to it
s lea
der's
pers
onal
ity, p
refe
renc
es a
nd im
pera
tives
, rat
her t
han
onre
alig
nmen
ts ba
sed
on m
embe
rshi
p de
sires
. Det
ract
ors
wou
ld p
oint
to a
n un
derc
urre
nt o
f dyn
astic
pol
itics
inth
e U
NP
as th
e ve
hicl
e of
the
Wije
war
dene
fam
ily,
exem
plifi
ed in
the
pejo
rativ
e ep
ithet
that
its a
cron
ymsta
nds f
or "
Unc
le N
ephe
w P
arty
." W
hile
it is
per
haps
mor
e th
an a
coi
ncid
ence
that
all
of it
s lea
ders
bar
two
-R
anas
ingh
e Pr
emad
asa
and
D. B
. Wije
tung
a (th
e la
tter
head
ing
only
a b
rief t
rans
ition
al in
terr
egnu
m) -
hav
ebe
en re
late
d to
the
Wije
war
dene
fam
ily, t
he in
tra-
part
ycu
lture
of t
he U
NP
allo
ws r
elat
ive
scop
e fo
r dem
ocra
ticle
ader
ship
inde
pend
ent o
f dyn
astic
ties
than
its p
rinci
pal
oppo
nent
, the
SLF
P.
The
UN
P is
perh
aps t
he m
ost o
rgan
ized
polit
ical
par
tyne
xt to
the
JVP,
alth
ough
this
clai
m m
ust s
urel
y no
t be
over
state
d.12
It ce
rtai
nly
func
tions
with
intr
a-pa
rty
insti
tutio
ns a
nd p
roce
sses
to a
far g
reat
er e
xten
t tha
n th
eSL
FP. B
ut a
s with
mos
t Sri
Lank
an p
oliti
cal p
artie
s,in
dica
tive
stand
ards
of i
ntra
-par
ty d
emoc
racy
are
wea
k.Po
licy
form
ulat
ion
and
strat
egic
and
tact
ical
dec
ision
-m
akin
g re
mai
n th
e pr
eser
ve o
f the
lead
er (e
ven
thou
ghth
ese
are
tech
nica
lly fu
nctio
ns o
f the
par
ty's
wor
king
com
mitt
ee) a
nd w
ider
con
sulta
tion
depe
nds o
n th
ele
ader
's at
titud
e to
col
legi
ality
. The
re is
cer
tain
ly li
ttle
orno
role
pla
yed
by th
e gr
ass-
root
s mem
bers
hip
in th
ese
area
s, an
d pa
rty
conf
eren
ces a
nd in
tra-
part
y el
ectio
ns a
rela
rgel
y ce
rem
onia
l affa
irs. I
n pa
rtic
ular
, fin
anci
altr
ansp
aren
cy a
nd a
ccou
ntab
ility
are
wea
k, a
nd re
pres
ent
a re
gula
tory
lacu
na in
fina
ncia
l int
egrit
y, bo
th o
f the
part
y an
d its
indi
vidu
al m
embe
rs. A
noth
er in
stitu
tiona
lha
ndic
ap is
org
aniza
tiona
l cap
acity
in a
ny n
umbe
r of
resp
ects,
from
adm
inist
rativ
e ar
rang
emen
ts to
rese
arch
and
deve
lopm
ent.
The
legi
slativ
e pe
rform
ance
of
mem
bers
in e
lect
ed in
stitu
tions
such
as P
arlia
men
t and
prov
inci
al c
ounc
ils, a
s wel
l as t
he p
oliti
cal l
itera
cy o
f its
gras
sroo
ts ac
tivist
s, su
ffer a
s a re
sult.
In fa
ct, t
he U
NP'
sin
stinc
tive
disc
omfo
rt w
ith o
vert
ideo
logi
cal d
iscou
rse
man
ifests
itse
lf in
the
use
of th
e m
ocki
ng a
ppel
latio
n"T
heor
y-ka
raya
" fo
r any
one
seen
to b
e ov
erly
inte
reste
din
pol
itica
l disc
ussio
n an
d de
bate
.
Inte
resti
ngly,
the
UN
P ha
s bee
n les
s diff
iden
t abo
utbo
rrow
ing
polit
ical
tool
s and
cha
ract
erist
ics f
rom
the
Left,
even
whe
re th
e Le
ft's c
ultu
re o
f ide
olog
ical
and
polic
yde
bate
has
bee
n di
scar
ded.
For
exa
mpl
e, in
cele
brat
ion
ofM
ay D
ay, t
he U
NP
set u
p a
com
mun
ist-st
yle
yout
hco
rps,
and
has d
evelo
ped
a pr
esen
ce in
the
trade
uni
onse
ctor
with
the
Jath
ika
Seva
ka S
anga
may
a(J
SS-N
atio
nal
Wor
kers
Uni
on).
In th
e 19
70s,
unde
r the
lead
ersh
ip o
fth
e pu
rpor
ted
patro
n sa
int o
f cap
italis
t "ro
bber
bar
ons"
J.R.
Jaya
war
dene
, suc
h fro
nt-li
ners
as L
alith
Athu
lathm
udali
flirt
ed w
ith so
ciali
sm. D
espi
te th
e no
wun
ques
tione
d de
scrip
tion
of th
e Ja
yaw
arde
nead
min
istra
tion
as o
ne o
f fre
e-m
arke
t cap
italis
m, i
t onl
yre
tract
ed th
e sta
te fr
om so
me
of it
s mor
e in
terv
entio
nist
econ
omic
roles
intro
duce
d by
an
LSSP
fina
nce
min
ister
inth
e pr
evio
us re
gim
e. It
did
not q
uesti
on in
any
fund
amen
tal w
ay th
e po
st-w
ar K
eyne
sian
cons
ensu
s of t
hem
ixed
eco
nom
y as
Tha
tche
rism
or R
eaga
nono
mic
s did
.
Inde
ed, t
he P
rem
adas
a ad
min
istra
tion
is ch
arac
teriz
ed b
yre
sista
nce
to c
ateg
oriza
tion
alon
g th
e rig
ht-le
ft ax
is. It
was
mer
cant
ilist
in it
s pro
mot
ion
of in
dustr
y an
d sm
all-
17|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
12C
entr
e fo
r Po
licy
Alt
erna
tive
s (2
005)
Sri
Lan
ka C
ount
ry R
epor
t (C
PA, C
olom
bo);
CPA
and
Inte
rnat
iona
l ID
EA D
ialo
gue
Wor
ksho
p on
Pol
itic
al P
arti
es in
Sou
th
Asi
a, A
pril
7-9,
200
5, C
olom
bo.
and
med
ium
-sca
le b
usin
esse
s, an
d as
an
aspe
ct o
f its
popu
lism
, con
ceiv
ed a
big
role
for t
he st
ate
in te
rms o
fgr
and
pove
rty
amel
iora
tion
sche
mes
and
the
prov
ision
of
hous
ing
for t
he p
oor.
Prem
adas
a in
fact
atte
mpt
ed a
"tria
ngul
atio
n,"
bind
ing
toge
ther
non
-elit
eco
nstit
uenc
ies b
etw
een
rich
and
poor
, lef
t and
righ
t, an
dac
ross
the
ethn
ic d
ivid
e. T
he n
atur
e of
the
Prem
adas
asta
te w
as in
the
clas
sic p
ater
nalis
t mol
d of
the
Sinh
ala
Budd
hist
natio
nalis
t ide
al: p
atro
n an
d pr
otec
tor.
Mor
eove
r, Pr
emad
asa'
s non
-elit
e pe
rson
al b
ackg
roun
d,ec
umen
ical
relig
ious
inte
rests
, exp
erie
nce
in th
em
ultic
ultu
ral m
ilieu
of c
entr
al C
olom
bo, a
nd se
nse
ofem
path
y w
ith th
e po
or a
nd d
isadv
anta
ged
enab
led
him
to c
once
ive
of a
pol
itica
l wor
ldvi
ew th
at, o
n on
e le
vel,
wen
t bey
ond
paro
chia
l nat
iona
lism
s (Ro
bert
s, 19
94).
How
ever
, suc
h a
state
cou
ld, w
hen
conf
ront
ed w
ithch
alle
nges
to it
s ow
n se
curit
y, ve
ry e
asily
turn
pre
dato
r.T
his i
s pre
cise
ly h
ow th
e sta
te re
spon
ded
to th
ech
alle
nges
of t
he JV
P an
d Ta
mil
mili
tanc
y,de
mon
strat
ing
the
trui
sm a
bout
the
inhe
rent
men
ace
ofpa
tern
alism
: the
re is
a li
mit
to it
s cap
acity
for t
oler
ance
.
The
rete
ntio
n of
the
perv
asiv
e sta
te p
oint
s to
the
relia
nce,
inde
ed e
ncou
rage
men
t of c
lient
elism
, and
the
part
isan
adva
ntag
es o
f per
petu
al ru
le to
be
gain
edth
ereb
y. In
this
way
, the
UN
P's p
ositi
on in
the
right
of
cent
er d
oes n
ot n
eces
saril
y de
note
an
affin
ity w
ithlib
erta
rian
conc
eptio
ns o
f lim
ited
gove
rnm
ent a
ndin
divi
dual
aut
onom
y pe
r se.
In a
ver
y Sr
i Lan
kan
way
, it
can
deno
te a
muc
h de
eper
em
path
y w
ith S
inha
laBu
ddhi
st na
tiona
lism
's id
eal s
tate
than
the
UN
P's
asso
ciat
ion
with
libe
ral c
apita
lism
wou
ld a
t tim
es se
emto
sugg
est.13
Thi
s exp
lain
s, fo
r ins
tanc
e, S
ir Jo
hnK
otel
awal
a's t
otal
ly u
nsuc
cess
ful a
ttem
pt to
mak
epo
litic
al c
apita
l out
of t
he e
xtra
vaga
nt g
over
nmen
t-sp
onso
red
Budd
ha Ja
yant
hice
lebr
atio
ns in
195
6; a
nd J.
R. J
ayew
arde
ne's
rete
ntio
n in
the
1978
Con
stitu
tion
ofth
e "f
orem
ost"
stat
us o
f Bud
dhism
, and
his
pled
ge to
crea
te a
"D
harm
ista
Sam
ajay
a" (V
irtuo
us S
ocie
ty) i
n th
eca
mpa
ign
that
bro
ught
him
to o
verw
helm
ing
pow
er in
1977
--ac
tions
that
ulti
mat
ely
serv
ed to
ero
de th
ese
para
tion
betw
een
the
state
and
relig
ion.
The
latte
rex
ampl
e is
sym
ptom
atic
of a
n at
tem
pt to
rega
in th
ena
tiona
list m
oral
hig
h gr
ound
from
a su
ppos
edly
"dha
rma-
less"
(as i
n go
dles
s) a
nd "
imm
oral
" le
ft, w
hich
had
atte
mpt
ed a
doc
trin
aire
rein
vent
ion
of a
soci
ety,
toth
e ex
clus
ion
of it
s ow
n gl
orio
us h
istor
y, cu
lture
, and
lang
uage
. Suc
h an
app
eal t
o th
e Si
nhal
a Bu
ddhi
stvo
lksg
eist,
whi
le a
t the
sam
e tim
e cr
eatin
g pr
oble
ms f
orth
e pu
rsui
t of p
lura
lism
and
resp
ect f
or m
inor
ities
,ca
nnot
be
expl
aine
d aw
ay a
s Mac
hiav
ellia
n el
ecto
ral
calc
ulat
ion,
as i
t also
dem
onstr
ates
a p
oten
tid
entif
icat
ion
with
maj
orita
rian
natio
nalis
m (L
ittle
,19
94).
Thi
s was
now
here
mor
e ap
pare
nt th
an in
the
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t bat
tlegr
ound
of t
he la
te 1
980s
ove
rth
e th
reat
to so
vere
ignt
y re
pres
ente
d by
the
Indo
-Lan
kaAc
cord
, whe
n Pr
emad
asa
com
pete
d w
ith th
e JV
P fo
r the
man
tle o
f nat
iona
list a
nd p
atrio
tic "
auth
entic
ity."
14
In th
is se
nse,
the
UN
P ha
s hist
oric
ally
dem
onstr
ated
apo
wer
ful n
exus
with
Sin
hala
Bud
dhist
nat
iona
lism
and
,un
der P
rem
adas
a at
leas
t, w
ith a
pot
ent s
tatis
tde
velo
pmen
tal r
ole
as w
ell.
How
ever
, the
se fa
cets
of th
eU
NP
wer
e an
ill f
it w
ith th
e R
anil
Wic
krem
asin
ghe
UN
P re
gim
e th
at c
ame
to p
ower
in 2
001.
It w
as a
regi
me
char
acte
rized
by
a se
emin
gly
doct
rinai
re p
ositi
onon
eco
nom
ic li
bera
lizat
ion
(ref
lect
ing
the
Was
hing
ton
cons
ensu
s and
em
brac
ing
glob
aliza
tion)
; by
bold
mov
esto
war
d pe
ace
and
cons
titut
iona
l ref
orm
(mar
ked
by th
eFe
brua
ry 2
002
signi
ng o
f the
CFA
with
the
LTT
E); a
ndby
an
evid
ent s
hift
away
from
mor
e ov
ert o
r voc
alSi
nhal
a na
tiona
list m
obili
zatio
n. N
onet
hele
ss, a
s far
as
the
UN
P re
frain
hol
ds (t
hat i
t was
unf
airly
robb
ed o
fde
liver
ing
on it
s lon
g-te
rm e
cono
mic
pro
gram
and
cons
eque
ntia
l pol
itica
l div
iden
ds a
fter i
t was
thro
wn
out
of o
ffice
in A
pril
2004
), it
is to
be
expe
cted
that
a fu
ture
UN
P ad
min
istra
tion
wou
ld c
ontin
ue in
bas
ical
ly th
e
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
18
13S
ee S
unil
Bas
tian
(19
99)
"The
Fai
lure
of
Sta
te F
orm
atio
n, I
dent
ity
Con
flic
t an
d C
ivil
Soc
iety
Res
pons
es -
The
Cas
e of
Sri
Lan
ka,"
Wor
king
Pap
er 2
(C
entr
e
for
Con
flic
t R
esol
utio
n, D
epar
tmen
t of
Pea
ce S
tudi
es, U
nive
rsit
y of
Bra
dfor
d); A
. Sha
stri
(198
3) "
Evol
utio
n of
Con
tem
pora
ry P
olit
ical
For
mat
ion
of S
ri L
anka
,"
Sou
th A
sia
Bul
leti
n, V
ol. 3
, No.
1.
14S
ee A
nand
a A
beys
ekar
a (2
001)
Col
ors
of t
he R
obe
(Uni
vers
ity
of S
outh
Car
olin
a Pr
ess)
, pp.
228-
229.
sam
e po
licy
dire
ctio
ns in
resp
ect t
o pe
ace,
gov
erna
nce,
and
the
econ
omy.
It se
eks i
n th
is co
ntex
t, no
t onl
y a
parli
amen
tary
maj
ority
, but
also
the
deci
sive
instr
umen
tof
stat
e po
wer
in S
ri La
nka-
-the
exec
utiv
e pr
esid
ency
--to
get o
n w
ith a
n un
finish
ed jo
b. Y
et, a
t the
sam
e tim
e, it
wou
ld b
e w
ide
of th
e m
ark
and
far t
oo h
asty
to c
oncl
ude
from
this
that
the
UN
P ha
d un
derg
one
som
e ki
nd o
fra
dica
l tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
in w
hich
the
head
y ai
r of S
inha
lana
tiona
list m
obili
zatio
n ha
d su
dden
ly v
anish
edid
eolo
gica
lly fr
om th
e U
NP
in to
tobe
caus
e of
Wic
krem
asin
ghe's
lead
ersh
ip sk
ills.
As w
e w
ill se
e be
low,
the
rela
tions
hip
to n
atio
nalis
m is
far m
ore
com
plex
and
ethe
real
than
can
be
gaug
ed b
y a
linea
r or h
istor
ical
lypr
ogre
ssiv
e an
alys
is of
this
kind
, whe
ther
in re
latio
n to
the
UN
P or
the
SLFP
.
OVER
VIEW
OF
THE
SLFP
15
The
SLF
P w
as fo
unde
d by
S. W
. R. D
. Ban
dara
naik
e in
1952
, whe
n he
left
the
UN
P an
d cr
osse
d ov
er to
the
oppo
sitio
n, fo
llow
ing
a U
NP
succ
essio
n cr
isis i
n th
ew
ake
of D
. S. S
enan
ayak
e's d
eath
. At t
he ti
me
Sena
naya
ke's
son
Dud
ley,
Sir J
ohn
Kot
elaw
ala,
and
-m
ore
perip
hera
lly -
Band
aran
aike
him
self
com
pete
d fo
rle
ader
ship
of t
he p
arty
. At t
he c
ore
of th
e SL
FP a
t its
ince
ptio
n w
ere
the
netw
orks
and
org
aniza
tiona
l str
uctu
reof
Ban
dara
naik
e's S
inha
la M
aha
Sabh
a. A
s its
nam
esu
gges
ts it
was
an
orga
niza
tion
esse
ntia
lly e
spou
sing
the
inte
rests
of t
he S
inha
la c
omm
unity
. Alth
ough
a fe
dera
list
at th
e co
mm
ence
men
t of h
is ca
reer
in th
e 19
20s,
Band
aran
aike
cha
nged
into
a m
ore
paro
chia
l Sin
hala
Budd
hist
natio
nalis
t, at
leas
t in
publ
ic se
lf-de
finiti
on fo
rpo
litic
al a
dvan
tage
, dur
ing
the
1930
s and
194
0s (M
anor
,19
89).
Des
pite
this
som
e sc
hola
rs h
ave
atte
mpt
ed to
clai
m h
im a
s a h
istor
ical
ly m
isund
ersto
od p
roto
-co
nsoc
iatio
nal f
eder
alist
for t
he d
urat
ion
of h
is po
litic
allif
e.16
By 1
956,
the
year
of t
he B
uddh
a Ja
yant
hi(th
e 25
00th
anni
vers
ary
of th
e Bu
ddha
's bi
rth)
, Sir
John
Kot
elaw
ala'
sU
NP
had
beco
me
wid
ely
disc
redi
ted
as in
ept,
arro
gant
,an
d ou
t of t
ouch
with
the
polit
ical
asp
iratio
ns o
f the
peop
le. T
his h
as to
be
unde
rsto
od in
the
cont
ext o
f the
grow
ing
asse
rtiv
enes
s of t
he v
erna
cula
r vill
age-
leve
l elit
esof
the
Sinh
ala
polit
y an
d of
the
kind
of r
ural
uph
eava
lth
at h
ad b
roug
ht th
e co
untr
y to
a st
ands
till i
n th
e Le
ft-le
d ha
rtal
of 1
953.
Whi
le th
e LS
SP a
nd th
e C
P ha
ddo
min
ated
ant
i-col
onia
l pre
ssur
es a
nd su
balte
rn c
lass
tens
ions
unt
il th
e 19
50s,
it w
as c
lear
from
Phi
lipG
unaw
arde
na's
mor
e na
tiona
list-i
nspi
red
split
with
the
LSSP
that
such
disc
onte
nts w
ere
now
bei
ng tr
ansla
ted
into
the
vehi
cle
of S
inha
la B
uddh
ist re
viva
lism
. It w
aseq
ually
cle
ar, h
owev
er, t
hat t
his v
ehic
le re
quire
d a
cham
pion
with
wid
er a
ppea
l tha
n G
unaw
arde
na c
ould
prov
ide.
Alth
ough
a sc
ion
of th
e Ba
ndar
anai
ke-
Obe
ysek
era
clan
, exe
mpl
ifyin
g th
e el
ite A
nglic
ized
ancie
n re
gim
ethe
new
driv
ers o
f pol
itica
l cha
nge
wer
ese
ekin
g to
disp
lace
, Ban
dara
naik
e ad
roitl
y ex
ploi
ted
the
Kot
elaw
ala
UN
P's s
ense
of a
liena
tion.
He
did
this
bybu
ildin
g a
broa
d co
aliti
on a
roun
d th
e SL
FP in
the
form
of th
e M
EP th
at c
oher
ed th
e fo
rces
of S
inha
la B
uddh
istna
tiona
lism
, inc
ludi
ng G
unaw
arde
na's
VLS
SP(V
ipla
vaka
ri [R
evol
utio
nary
] Lan
ka S
ama
Sam
aja
Part
y)sp
linte
r, in
to a
n el
ectio
n-w
inni
ng fo
rce
(Man
or, 1
989)
.
In c
aptu
ring
state
pow
er in
195
6, m
ajor
ity n
atio
nalis
mde
moc
ratiz
ed p
oliti
cs b
y gi
ving
a st
akeh
oldi
ng to
subo
rdin
ate
clas
ses i
n th
e Si
nhal
a po
lity
who
had
hith
erto
bee
n ex
clud
ed, a
nd w
ho h
ad p
revi
ously
lack
edth
e co
nfid
ence
to c
halle
nge
such
elit
ist e
xclu
sion.
The
form
atio
n of
the
Sinh
ala
aspi
ratio
nal "
ape a
nduw
a"--
"our
gov
ernm
ent"
--re
info
rcin
g be
long
ing,
ow
ners
hip,
and
affin
ity w
ith th
e sta
te g
rave
ly a
ggra
vate
d et
hnic
tens
ions
by
reje
ctin
g le
gitim
ate
stake
hold
ing
bym
inor
ities
in p
oliti
cs, n
atio
n-bu
ildin
g, a
nd p
oliti
cal
insti
tutio
ns. A
lthou
gh B
anda
rana
ike
atte
mpt
ed to
19|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
15Th
is s
ecti
on d
raw
s on
a p
revi
ous
pape
r by
Asa
nga
Wel
ikal
a. S
ee A
sang
a W
elik
ala
(200
4) "
Sri
Lan
ka:
The
Polit
ics
of D
ual
Man
date
" S
outh
Asi
an J
ourn
al
(WH
ERE)
, Sep
tem
ber
28, 2
004.
16S
ee J
. Uya
ngod
a (1
993)
"S
ri L
anka
's C
risi
s: C
ontr
acta
rian
Alt
erna
tive
s,"
Prav
ada
2, p
p.5-
11 a
nd M
icha
el R
ober
ts (1
994)
, Exp
lori
ng C
onfr
onta
tion
, (H
arw
ood
Aca
dem
ic P
ublis
hers
, Sw
itze
rlan
d), p
p. 2
49-2
68.
addr
ess T
amil
dem
ands
for r
egio
nal a
uton
omy
thro
ugh
dial
ogue
with
the
Fede
ral P
arty
and
to a
ssua
ge th
e se
nse
of in
justi
ce c
ause
d by
the
Sinh
ala-
only
lang
uage
pol
icy,
the
emot
ive
pote
ncy
of th
e po
litic
al fo
rces
he
him
self
had
unle
ashe
d se
vere
ly re
stric
ted
his m
aneu
verin
g sp
ace
and
ultim
atel
y le
d to
his
assa
ssin
atio
n (L
ittle
, 199
4).
The
SLF
P ha
s a so
cial
dem
ocra
tic o
utlo
ok re
lativ
e to
the
UN
P. Tw
o fa
ctor
s exp
lain
this:
firs
t, na
tiona
lizat
ion
ofpr
ivat
e en
terp
rises
in th
e 19
50s w
as a
refle
ctio
n of
the
natio
nalis
m o
f the
SLF
P/M
EP, i
n w
hich
the
popu
list
state
is in
strum
enta
l in
the
wel
fare
of i
ts ow
ners
--th
eSi
nhal
a Bu
ddhi
st na
tion-
-and
thei
r sec
urity
has
to b
egu
arde
d ag
ains
t the
per
ceiv
ed m
achi
natio
ns o
fde
raci
nate
d el
ites,
conn
ivin
g m
inor
ities
, and
per
haps
even
ext
erna
l foe
s. Se
cond
, the
SLF
P's c
apac
ity to
ous
tth
e U
NP
from
pow
er h
as a
lway
s dep
ende
d on
supp
ort
from
the
Left,
mos
t evi
dent
ly in
197
0-19
77, w
hen
doct
rinai
re so
cial
ism d
omin
ated
the
econ
omic
thin
king
of th
e U
F go
vern
men
t. Ev
en in
its r
elat
ivel
y m
arke
t-fri
endl
y ph
ase
from
199
4-19
95, t
he S
LFP
posit
ed c
arin
gw
elfa
rism
as a
n eq
ualiz
er to
mar
ket f
orce
s: "t
he o
pen
econ
omy
with
a h
uman
face
."
The
SLF
P al
so a
ssoc
iate
sits
elf w
ith th
e no
n-al
igne
d m
ovem
ent,
and
has t
aken
inte
rnat
iona
l rel
atio
ns se
rious
ly, e
spec
ially
dur
ing
the
lead
ersh
ip o
f Siri
mao
Ban
dara
naik
e, w
hen
in th
e co
ntex
tof
the
Col
d W
ar so
me
mod
est f
orei
gn a
ffairs
' suc
cess
esw
ithin
the
non-
alig
ned
mov
emen
t and
in th
e re
gion
wer
e ac
hiev
ed.
The
SLF
P is
the
nonp
arei
l of d
ynas
tic p
oliti
cs a
ndle
ader
-cen
trism
am
ong
polit
ical
par
ties i
n Sr
i Lan
ka. I
tsle
ader
ship
is so
clo
sely
iden
tifie
d w
ith th
e Ba
ndar
anai
kefa
mily
that
eve
n th
e br
ief i
nter
lude
led
by o
utsid
erM
aith
ripal
a Se
nana
yake
onl
y ca
me
abou
t bec
ause
Sirim
ao B
anda
rana
ike
had
been
dep
rived
of h
er c
ivic
right
s and
was
ther
efor
e un
able
to st
and
for p
ublic
offic
e. O
ther
wise
, the
lead
ersh
ip h
as d
evol
ved
from
fath
er to
wife
to d
augh
ter.
It is
perh
aps u
nfai
r to
spea
kof
the
Band
aran
aike
dyn
asty
as i
f it w
ere
entir
ely
thei
rsc
hem
e to
reta
in th
e le
ader
ship
with
in th
e fa
mily
. The
Band
aran
aike
nam
e ex
udes
a tr
aditi
on o
f pub
lic se
rvic
ean
d ch
arism
atic
lead
ersh
ip th
at th
e el
ecto
rate
has
com
eto
exp
ect.
Inde
ed, a
ll th
ree
Band
aran
aike
hol
ders
of t
heSL
FP le
ader
ship
hav
e pr
oven
to b
e co
nsum
mat
eca
mpa
igne
rs a
nd g
enui
ne e
lect
oral
ass
ets t
o th
eir p
arty
.
At th
e sa
me
time,
detra
ctor
s wou
ld a
lso m
ake
the
poin
t(a
s the
UN
P do
es so
exp
licitl
y), t
hat P
resid
ent
Kum
arat
unga
suffe
rs fro
m su
ch a
sens
e of
ent
itlem
ent t
oth
e lea
dersh
ip o
f the
cou
ntry
that
she
wou
ld e
ven
cont
empl
ate
a co
nstit
utio
nal r
evol
utio
n in
ord
er to
cont
inue
in o
ffice
afte
r her
con
stitu
tiona
lly li
mite
d tw
ote
rms a
re o
ver.
How
ever
unk
ind
the
impu
tatio
n of
mot
ive,
it is
inco
ntro
verti
ble
that
Sri
Lank
an g
over
nmen
tsan
d po
litic
al lea
ders
have
em
ploy
ed th
e m
ost e
thic
ally
inde
fens
ible
met
hods
to p
rolo
ng in
cum
benc
y. Si
rimao
Band
aran
aike
gav
e he
rself
two
extra
yea
rs (1
975
- 197
7),
and
J. R.
Jaya
war
dene
ext
ende
d th
e lif
e of
a p
arlia
men
t in
whi
ch h
e en
joye
d a
five-
sixth
maj
ority
thro
ugh
are
fere
ndum
. In
Kum
arat
unga
's ca
se, h
er g
over
nmen
t'sC
onsti
tutio
n Bi
ll of
Aug
ust 2
000
colla
psed
in P
arlia
men
tbe
caus
e of
the
pres
iden
t's p
lans t
o us
e tra
nsiti
onal
prov
ision
s of t
he b
ill to
giv
e he
rself
seve
ral e
xtra
yea
rs in
offic
e. In
doi
ng so
, the
UN
P w
as g
iven
the
open
ing
todi
ssoci
ate
itself
from
the
bill,
whi
ch it
had
spen
t fiv
e ye
ars
help
ing
to d
raft
in a
par
liam
enta
ry se
lect c
omm
ittee
. Suc
hpe
rnic
ious
con
stitu
tiona
l the
ories
as t
he d
octri
ne o
fne
cessi
ty h
ave
been
serio
usly
ent
erta
ined
by
her
gove
rnm
ent a
s pos
sible
mod
es o
f circ
umve
ntin
gPa
rliam
ent i
n th
e pr
oces
s of c
onsti
tutio
nal a
men
dmen
t,m
ost e
arne
stly
in th
e af
term
ath
of th
e ge
nera
l elec
tions
of
April
200
4. T
here
is a
reas
onab
le pr
obab
ility
that
aco
nstit
utio
nal r
evol
utio
n m
ay y
et b
e at
tem
pted
, with
peril
ous c
onse
quen
ces f
or th
e pe
ace
proc
ess,
inclu
ding
the
valid
atio
n of
sece
ssion
in th
e N
orth
-Eas
t.17
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
20
17S
ee f
or e
xam
ple:
A.
Wel
ikal
a, (
2004
) "M
anda
te,
Proc
ess
and
an I
nter
im C
onst
itut
ion
as M
odus
Viv
endi
," D
aily
Mir
ror
(Col
ombo
), M
arch
26,
200
4; D
r. J.
Wic
kram
arat
ne (2
004)
"Pe
ople
hav
e a
fina
l say
in a
dopt
ing
new
Con
stit
utio
n,"
Dai
ly N
ews
(Col
ombo
), M
ay 1
5, 2
004;
Dr.
N. J
ayaw
ickr
ama
(200
4), "
No
lega
l
basi
s fo
r co
nsti
tuen
t as
sem
bly,
" S
unda
y Le
ader
(Col
ombo
), A
pril
18, 2
004;
Pro
f. L
. Mar
asin
ghe
(200
4) "
Con
stit
utio
nalis
m c
onfu
sed:
the
doc
trin
e of
nec
essi
ty
vs. K
else
n's
pure
the
ory
of la
w,"
Dai
ly N
ews
(Col
ombo
), M
ay 5
, 200
4; D
r. S
. Liy
anag
e (2
004)
"C
onst
itue
nt a
ssem
bly
as a
par
alle
l pea
ce p
roce
ss,"
Dai
ly M
irro
r
(Col
ombo
), Ju
ne 2
6, 2
004;
Pro
f. L
. Fe
rnan
do (
2004
) "L
egit
imac
y of
a c
onst
itut
ion,
" D
aily
New
s (C
olom
bo),
June
9,
2004
; S
tate
men
t by
Pro
f. G
. L.
Pei
ris
MP
on b
ehal
f of
the
Uni
ted
Nat
iona
l Par
ty o
n th
e pr
opos
ed C
onst
itue
nt A
ssem
bly
to e
ffec
t ch
ange
s to
the
Con
stit
utio
n, A
pril
25, 2
004.
The
use
of N
orth
-Eas
t th
roug
hout
thi
s re
port
rec
ogni
ses
the
cont
este
d na
ture
of
the
term
. “N
orth
east
” or
“N
orth
and
Eas
t” w
ould
den
ote
diff
eren
t po
litic
al
appr
oche
s to
the
asp
irat
ions
of
Tam
il na
tion
alis
m.
How
ever
, the
SLF
P's r
elia
nce
on p
atro
nage
, ind
ivid
ual
lead
ersh
ip, c
haris
ma,
and
star
pla
yers
has
also
suffu
sed
the
seco
nd ti
er o
f the
par
ty, w
ith su
ch fi
gure
s as F
elix
Dia
s Ban
dara
naik
e, C
. P. d
e Si
lva,
Mai
thrip
ala
Sena
naya
ke, T
. B. I
llang
arat
ne, M
ahin
da R
ajap
akse
, S.
B. D
issan
ayak
e, a
nd M
anga
la S
amar
awee
ra.
Con
sequ
ently
, the
SLF
P's o
rgan
izatio
nal c
apac
ity is
perh
aps o
ne o
f the
wea
kest
amon
g Sr
i Lan
kan
polit
ical
part
ies.
All i
ndic
ator
s of i
ntra
-par
ty in
stitu
tions
and
dem
ocra
cy p
oint
to a
disa
ppoi
ntin
g sc
ore
card
, with
ala
ck o
f cla
rity
on su
ch b
asic
info
rmat
ion
as m
embe
rshi
pfig
ures
. Les
s sur
prisi
ngly,
fina
ncia
l inf
orm
atio
n is
even
mor
e ob
scur
e. T
he u
neas
y re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n th
eSL
FP a
nd JV
P w
ithin
the
curr
ent U
PFA
gove
rnm
ent i
sno
t onl
y du
e to
fund
amen
tal p
olic
y in
cong
ruiti
es; t
here
is al
so a
dim
ensio
n of
SLF
P in
secu
rity
in th
e fa
ce o
f the
JVP'
s muc
h pu
blic
ized
orga
niza
tiona
l effi
cien
cy. I
n fa
ct,
even
Lak
shm
an K
adirg
amar
, for
eign
min
ister
,pr
esid
entia
l con
fidan
t, an
d ke
y ar
chite
ct o
f the
UPF
A,ha
s des
crib
ed h
is ow
n pa
rty
as "
tired
, fla
bby,
and
corr
upt."
Suc
h an
indi
ctm
ent f
rom
with
in it
s ow
n ra
nks
is te
lling
of t
he w
ider
pol
itica
l cris
is th
at c
urre
ntly
affli
cts t
he S
LFP.
Man
y of
the
part
y's d
iffic
ultie
s lie
inba
lanc
ing
its ro
le a
s a p
arty
of g
over
nanc
e an
dco
nstit
utio
nal c
hang
e w
ith a
"tr
aditi
onal
" im
age
that
has
been
ass
ocia
ted
with
stat
ism a
nd S
inha
la B
uddh
istna
tiona
lism
. It i
s an
impe
dim
ent t
hat h
as re
cent
lyas
sum
ed h
eigh
tene
d pr
opor
tions
due
to th
e co
ncom
itant
rise
of th
e JV
P as
a p
arty
that
fulfi
ls al
l the
SLF
P's p
ast
stren
gths
with
new
vig
or.
Alth
ough
the
lega
cy o
f its
lead
ersh
ip o
f Sin
hala
Budd
hist
nat
iona
lism
rem
aine
d w
ith th
e SL
FP w
ell
into
the
early
199
0s--
durin
g w
hich
tim
e it
oppo
sed
even
a li
mite
d sc
hem
e of
dev
olut
ion
offe
red
by th
eT
hirt
eent
h Am
endm
ent a
nd th
e In
do-L
anka
Acc
ord
of19
87--
a fa
r-re
achi
ng c
hang
e in
the
SLFP
's st
ance
on
the
ethn
ic c
onfli
ct h
as o
ccur
red.
Beg
inni
ng in
199
3,C
hand
rika
Kum
arat
unga
's SL
FP w
as a
ble
to p
ersu
ade
the
sout
hern
con
stitu
ency
that
Tam
il gr
ieva
nces
wer
ele
gitim
ate
and
that
a su
stai
nabl
e, d
urab
le p
eace
cou
ldon
ly c
ome
abou
t thr
ough
a p
roce
ss o
f neg
otia
tion
and
cons
titut
iona
l pow
er-s
harin
g. A
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
eSL
FP-le
d Pe
ople
's Al
lianc
e (P
A) w
ere
the
Sri L
anka
npe
ace
cons
titue
ncy-
-jour
nalis
ts, a
cade
mic
s, N
GO
s, an
dci
vil s
ocie
ty a
ctiv
ists-
-who
wer
e in
stru
men
tal i
nso
urci
ng th
e PA
with
con
cept
ual a
rgum
ents
and
rhet
oric
with
whi
ch to
pur
sue
an a
ggre
ssiv
e po
licy
on a
nego
tiate
d pe
ace.
In it
s ear
ly st
ages
, the
PA
gove
rnm
ent
was
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y su
cces
sful i
nitia
tives
des
igne
d to
info
rm th
e so
uthe
rn p
olity
abo
ut n
on-n
atio
nalis
t,rig
hts-
base
d ex
plan
atio
ns o
f con
flict
form
atio
n an
d th
em
eans
of r
esol
utio
n. W
hile
this
bid
for p
eace
and
cons
titut
iona
l ref
orm
soon
col
laps
ed in
to th
e m
ire o
f a"d
ual t
rack
" "w
ar fo
r pea
ce"
stra
tegy
, the
PA
was
and
cont
inue
s to
be in
telle
ctua
lly c
omm
itted
to a
nego
tiate
d pe
ace
alon
g fe
dera
list l
ines
. Nev
erth
eles
s, as
with
the
UN
P, th
e SL
FP/P
A ha
ve n
ot e
ntire
ly d
epar
ted
from
mom
ents
of S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
t str
ateg
y an
dm
obili
zatio
n. T
his h
as b
een
mos
t app
aren
t in
atte
mpt
sto
shor
e up
a fl
aggi
ng p
arlia
men
tary
maj
ority
thro
ugh
agre
emen
ts w
ith th
e JV
P w
hile
in o
ffice
and
inat
tem
pts t
o un
derm
ine
the
UN
P-le
d pe
ace
bid
of 2
001
to 2
004
in th
e ru
n up
to th
e U
PFA
elec
tora
l vic
tory
of
2004
. Suc
h m
achi
natio
ns a
re e
vide
nced
thro
ugh
both
its fo
rgin
g of
the
UPF
A co
aliti
on a
nd p
artic
ipat
ion
inSi
nhal
a na
tiona
list m
obili
zatio
n th
roug
h m
ovem
ents
such
as t
he P
atrio
tic N
atio
nal M
ovem
ent (
PNM
).
THE
SLFP
, THE
UN
P, A
ND
CON
TEM
PORA
RY P
EACE
PROC
ESSE
S IN
COM
PARA
TIVE
PER
SPEC
TIVE
Wha
t we
have
so fa
r tra
ced
is a
brie
f ove
rvie
w o
f the
UN
P an
d SL
FP p
artie
s and
thei
r rel
atio
nshi
p to
the
state
, soc
iety
, nat
iona
lism
, dev
elop
men
t, an
d th
epr
ospe
cts f
or p
eace
in S
ri La
nka.
How
ever
, mor
e de
taile
dan
alys
is of
con
tem
pora
ry a
ttem
pts a
t pea
ce n
egot
iatio
nan
d co
nstit
utio
nal r
efor
m is
also
requ
ired
in o
rder
toun
ders
tand
the
curr
ent d
ynam
ics a
nd c
onte
xts f
orpe
aceb
uild
ing,
and
wha
t les
sons
mig
ht b
e le
arne
d fro
mpa
st at
tem
pts t
o in
stitu
te ra
dica
l cha
nge
into
the
hith
erto
pre
dom
inan
tly m
ajor
itaria
n m
achi
natio
ns o
f the
sout
hern
pol
ity.
21|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
As w
e ha
ve st
ated
abo
ve, t
he P
A's a
scen
t to
pow
erin
itial
ly sp
elle
d th
e de
mise
of a
per
iod
of U
NP
rule
that
had
been
cha
ract
erize
d by
aut
horit
aria
nism
, bru
tal
coun
ter-
insu
rgen
cy p
ract
ices
, and
a la
ck o
f res
pect
for
hum
an ri
ghts
issue
s. Ac
cord
ingl
y, K
umar
atun
ga's
asce
ntto
pow
er w
as a
revi
taliz
atio
n bo
th fo
r the
SLF
P an
d fo
rth
e ci
vil s
ocie
ty g
roup
s in
favo
r of a
mea
ning
ful p
eace
proc
ess.18
Non
ethe
less
, des
pite
the
PA's
com
mitm
ent t
ope
ace,
neg
otia
tions
bro
ke d
own
due
to th
e LT
TE'
sin
tran
sigen
ce a
s wel
l as t
he g
over
nmen
t's in
com
pete
nce
in th
e "t
alks
abo
ut ta
lks"
dur
ing
early
199
5. T
his
spaw
ned
a po
licy
real
ignm
ent i
n th
e PA
--th
e "w
ar fo
rpe
ace"
stra
tegy
-- th
at c
alle
d fo
r a "
dual
" ap
proa
ch to
solv
ing
the
ethn
ic c
onfli
ct: d
efea
t or c
onta
in th
e LT
TE
mili
taril
y w
hile
offe
ring
the T
amil
peop
le c
onsti
tutio
nal
optio
ns fo
r mee
ting
legi
timat
e as
pira
tions
for r
egio
nal
auto
nom
y. T
his "
dual
trac
k" st
rate
gy re
sulte
d in
the
wor
st in
tens
ifica
tion
of th
e m
ilita
ry c
onfli
ct, w
hich
occu
rred
bet
wee
n 19
95 a
nd 2
001.
It e
nded
with
wha
tha
s bee
n de
scrib
ed a
s a st
alem
ate
by P
A ap
olog
ists,
but
whi
ch--
in v
iew
of t
he si
gnifi
cant
gai
ns o
f the
LT
TE
and
the
inab
ility
of t
he st
ate
to re
asse
rt it
self
in th
e N
orth
-Ea
st--in
fact
cre
ated
a p
arity
of m
ilita
ry st
reng
th a
nd a
bala
nce
of p
oliti
cal p
ower
that
ena
bled
the
LTT
E to
conc
lude
a c
ease
fire
agre
emen
t in
early
200
2 w
ith th
ene
w U
NP
gove
rnm
ent.
The
LT
TE
wou
ld n
ot h
ave
ente
red
into
a c
ease
fire
agre
emen
t fro
m a
pos
ition
of
mili
tary
wea
knes
s.19T
he p
ursu
it of
this
"dua
l tra
ck"
"war
for p
eace
" str
ateg
y al
so le
d to
the
depa
rtur
e of
signi
fican
t civ
il so
ciet
y fig
ures
that
had
hel
ped
to sw
eep
Kum
arat
unga
's PA
coa
litio
n in
to p
ower
in 1
994.
At t
hesa
me
time
the
PA's
draf
t con
stitu
tiona
l bill
of A
ugus
t20
00 w
as d
erai
led
by th
e U
NP,
Sang
ha, a
nd JV
Pop
posit
ion
(Gho
sh, 2
003,
p.1
89).
Whi
le th
e la
tter h
adju
stifia
ble
reas
ons f
or o
ppos
ing
it, th
is w
as n
onet
hele
ssye
t ano
ther
exa
mpl
e of
the
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s' et
erna
lte
nden
cy to
try
and
unde
rmin
e ea
ch o
ther
in th
e pu
rsui
tof
pow
er a
nd a
t the
exp
ense
of c
onsti
tutio
nal r
efor
m.
Follo
win
g th
e in
tens
ifica
tion
of th
e co
nflic
t in
the
2000
-20
01 p
erio
d, th
e so
uthe
rn e
lect
orat
e ga
ve a
cle
arm
anda
te to
Wic
krem
asin
ghe's
UN
P le
d-co
aliti
on, t
heU
NF.
The
coa
litio
n in
clud
ed th
e Sr
i Lan
ka M
uslim
Con
gres
s, C
eylo
n W
orke
rs C
ongr
ess (
CW
C),
and
UPF
;as
wel
l as t
he su
ppor
t bro
ught
ove
r by
seve
ral p
rom
inen
tPA
pol
itici
ans,
who
in c
ross
ing
over
to th
e op
posit
ion
inJu
ne 2
001
had
caus
ed P
resid
ent K
umar
atun
ga to
lose
her p
arlia
men
tary
maj
ority
. C
onse
quen
tly, a
per
iod
inw
hich
the
PA h
ad b
een
asso
ciat
ed w
ith c
onsti
tutio
nal
over
haul
had
pas
sed
with
out a
ny o
f the
obj
ectiv
es o
f the
dual
trac
k str
ateg
y ha
ving
bee
n ac
hiev
ed, l
eavi
ng th
eSL
FP in
som
e di
sarr
ay.
It w
as in
this
cont
ext t
hat t
helim
ited
enga
gem
ent f
or c
oope
ratio
n be
twee
n th
e PA
and
JVP
refe
rred
to a
bove
was
firs
t env
isage
d, w
here
by th
eJV
P w
ould
vot
e w
ith th
e go
vern
men
t on
criti
cal i
ssue
s,w
ithou
t joi
ning
the
gove
rnm
ent o
r acc
eptin
g ex
ecut
ive
offic
e. T
his w
as th
e so
-cal
led
"Par
ivas
a An
duw
a"(p
roba
tiona
ry g
over
nmen
t), w
hich
hel
d on
for a
few
mon
ths b
efor
e th
e po
litic
al fa
llout
of t
he a
irpor
t atta
cks
prec
ipita
ted
a ge
nera
l ele
ctio
n an
d th
e in
stalla
tion
of th
eU
NF
gove
rnm
ent.
Con
sequ
ently
, the
SLF
P be
gan
tore
ly o
n th
e JV
P to
shor
e up
its f
lagg
ing
polit
ical
cond
ition
, whi
le th
e JV
P sim
ulta
neou
sly b
egan
to e
atin
to th
e SL
FP's
cons
titue
ncy.
The
JVP
has s
ucce
eded
inth
is re
gard
bec
ause
it w
as n
ot a
fraid
to v
ocal
ize it
sal
legi
ance
to a
n un
dilu
ted
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
m a
nd a
criti
que
of d
evol
utio
n an
d co
nstit
utio
nal c
hang
e. In
doin
g so
it c
apita
lized
on
the
grou
ndsw
ells
of S
inha
lana
tiona
lism
in a
way
in w
hich
the
SLFP
, as a
par
ty o
fgo
vern
ance
, was
incr
easin
gly
cons
trai
ned
from
doi
ng.
Con
sequ
ently
, the
UN
P w
on th
e ge
nera
l elec
tions
inD
ecem
ber 2
001
on a
plat
form
of n
egot
iatin
g a
peac
eful
settl
emen
t to
the
ethn
ic co
nflic
t. W
hile
this
mig
ht b
e se
enas
a te
stam
ent t
o th
e ra
dica
lly c
hang
ed id
eolo
gica
l nat
ure
of th
e U
NF
appr
oach
to th
e pe
ace
proc
ess,
we
shou
ldun
derst
and
inste
ad th
e se
ries o
f int
erlo
ckin
g dy
nam
ics, o
fgo
vern
men
tal a
nd e
cono
mic
nece
ssity
as w
ell a
s hist
orica
l
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
22
18It
sho
uld
also
be
note
d th
at t
he P
A c
ampa
ign
enco
urag
ed t
he r
etur
n of
the
JV
P in
the
Sou
th (
albe
it u
nder
a d
iffe
rent
mon
iker
) as
par
t of
its
str
ateg
y to
disc
redi
t 17
yea
rs o
f U
NP
rule
.
19S
ee T
. Fer
dina
nds,
K. R
upes
ingh
e, P
. Sar
avan
mut
tu, J
. Uyn
goda
& N
. Rop
ers
(200
4) T
he S
ri L
anka
n Pe
ace
Proc
ess
at a
Cro
ssro
ads
(CPA
, Col
ombo
).
cont
inge
ncy
that
face
d th
e U
NF
regi
me
at th
e tim
e. Fi
rst,
the
UN
P un
der R
anil
Wick
rem
asin
ghe
emer
ged
as a
par
tyth
at h
ad re
turn
ed to
the
mol
d of
bus
ines
s-orie
nted
and
angl
icize
d eli
te le
ader
ship
afte
r the
stat
ist, p
opul
ist, b
utul
timat
ely a
utho
ritar
ian le
ader
ship
of t
he P
rem
adas
a ye
ars.
Thi
s pro
cess
bega
n in
the
early
199
0s w
ith P
rem
adas
a'sde
mise
and
the
form
atio
n of
the
Dem
ocra
tic U
nite
dN
atio
nal F
ront
off-
shoo
t. It
signa
led a
tens
ion
betw
een,
on
the
one
hand
, the
mor
e an
glici
zed
"tra
ditio
nal"
UN
P eli
tes
and
the
popu
list s
tyle
and
supp
ort-b
ase
of P
rem
adas
a; an
d,on
the
othe
r, be
twee
n th
e m
ore
func
tiona
l bus
ines
s-or
iente
d fa
ctio
ns o
f the
par
ty a
nd P
rem
adas
a's st
atist
and
inte
rven
tioni
st ap
proa
ch.20
The
UN
P un
der R
anil
Wick
rem
asin
ghe
has c
ome
to e
mbo
dy a
par
ticul
arly
ope
nre
spon
se to
glo
baliz
atio
n, li
nkin
g a
sect
ion
of th
e Si
nhala
elite
to th
e fo
rces
of g
loba
l cap
ital i
n a
way
that
is n
olo
nger
as r
elian
t on
natio
n-sta
te c
once
ptio
ns o
fde
velo
pmen
t as i
t was
und
er P
rem
adas
a, fo
r ins
tanc
e(U
yang
oda,
2005
). As
a re
sult,
the
UN
P, fo
r pra
gmat
ican
d fu
nctio
nal r
easo
ns, s
aw "
nego
tiate
d pe
ace
as th
e on
lyw
ay fo
rwar
d fo
r Sri
Lank
a's fu
rther
inte
grat
ion
with
the
glob
al ec
onom
y."21
Thi
s fac
ilita
ted
an e
asy
rejec
tion
ofK
umar
atun
ga's
"war
for p
eace
" str
ateg
y in
the
inte
rest
oflo
ng-te
rm e
cono
mic
grow
th a
nd d
evelo
pmen
t.
To th
e U
NF
coal
ition
it w
as a
lso p
ainf
ully
obv
ious
that
Cha
ndrik
a K
umar
atun
ga's
strat
egy,
whi
le n
o do
ubt
crea
ting
a th
rivin
g m
ilita
ristic
war
-eco
nom
y,22w
as a
lsore
spon
sible
for t
he h
uge
loss
of l
ife a
mon
g th
e po
ores
tse
ctio
ns o
f soc
iety
, and
had
stifl
ed e
cono
mic
alte
rnat
ives
avai
labl
e to
Sri
Lank
a's e
cono
my.
Mor
eove
r, it
had
not
prov
ided
any
way
out
of t
he c
ount
ry's
high
ly u
neve
nde
velo
pmen
t, po
vert
y, an
d ec
onom
ic v
ulne
rabi
lity.
The
mili
tary
stal
emat
e an
d "s
trat
egic
sym
met
ry o
f pow
erbe
twee
n th
e Sr
i Lan
kan
state
and
the
LTT
E" re
sulti
ng
from
Kum
arat
unga
's str
ateg
y ha
d on
ly a
dded
to th
ere
cogn
ition
that
a m
ilita
ry so
lutio
n w
as n
o lo
nger
avi
able
long
-term
solu
tion
to S
ri La
nka'
s pol
itica
l,ec
onom
ic, a
nd so
cial
pro
blem
s (U
yang
oda,
200
5). T
hew
ar a
ppea
red
basic
ally
unw
inna
ble.
It w
as a
lso h
ighl
yap
pare
nt a
mon
g a
wid
e ra
nge
of c
omm
enta
tors
that
som
e le
vel o
f fra
gmen
tatio
n of
a u
nita
ry S
ri La
nka
was
inev
itabl
e. If
any
uni
ty w
as to
be
pres
erve
d, th
ey a
rgue
d,fe
dera
list a
nd d
evol
utio
nary
solu
tions
shou
ld b
e fo
und
in c
onju
nctio
n w
ith p
eace
talk
s with
the
LTT
E.23
Anot
her f
acto
r at p
lay
was
the
syste
m o
f Pro
port
iona
lRe
pres
enta
tion
(PR
) int
rodu
ced
by Ja
yaw
arde
ne in
1978
. As t
his s
yste
m in
crea
singl
y be
nefit
ed th
e sm
alle
ran
d m
inor
ity-b
ased
par
ties,
the
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s wer
eno
long
er a
s abl
e to
dep
end
upon
Sin
hala
nat
iona
list
ethn
ic o
ut-b
iddi
ng to
car
ry th
em th
roug
h el
ectio
ns a
ndpe
riods
of o
ffice
. Wha
t has
bec
ome
incr
easin
gly
clea
r is
that
with
PR
the
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s hav
e ha
d to
ope
rate
with
out s
igni
fican
t par
liam
enta
ry m
ajor
ities
and
so, h
ave
relie
d on
man
y of
the
smal
ler a
nd m
inor
ity p
artie
s to
act
as k
ingm
aker
s for
the
esta
blish
men
t and
mai
nten
ance
of
gove
rnm
ent (
Goo
dhan
d et
al.,
200
5, p
p. 2
4-26
). T
his
has b
roug
ht th
e U
NP
and
the
SLFP
aw
ay fr
om m
ore
vehe
men
t and
ove
rt S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
t mob
iliza
tion
tow
ard
the
cent
er-g
roun
d in
ord
er to
cou
rt th
e m
inor
itypa
rtie
s for
coa
litio
n m
akin
g. A
t the
sam
e tim
e it
has
prov
ed a
Sisy
phea
n ta
sk to
intro
duce
con
stitu
tiona
lch
ange
due
to th
e im
poss
ibili
ty o
f atta
inin
g th
e re
quisi
tetw
o-th
irds m
ajor
ity in
Par
liam
ent.
It is
in th
is sta
ticpo
litic
al c
onte
xt th
at th
e ba
ton
of o
vert
nat
iona
list
mob
iliza
tion
has b
een
pass
ed to
the
smal
ler a
nd m
ore
extre
me
natio
nalis
t act
ors l
ike
the
SU/J
HU
and
the
JVP.
The
Uru
may
a co
mbi
ne c
an a
lso b
e se
en a
s em
ergi
ngge
neal
ogic
ally
out
of t
he U
NP
cons
titue
ncy
and
the
23|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
20Fo
r ex
ampl
e, t
his
view
is t
aken
by
K.D
. Bus
h (2
003)
The
Intr
a-G
roup
Dim
ensi
ons
of E
thni
c C
onfl
ict
in S
ri L
anka
: Lea
rnin
g to
Rea
d be
twee
n th
e Li
nes
(Pal
grav
e
Mac
mill
an, L
ondo
n), p
p.58
-59.
21J.
Uya
ngod
a, "
Thre
e Ye
ars
afte
r th
e C
ease
fire
Agr
eem
ent:
Whe
re h
ave
we
gone
?"
Dai
ly M
irro
r (C
olom
bo) M
arch
18,
200
5.
22S
ee K
.D. B
ush
(200
3) T
he In
tra-
Gro
up D
imen
sion
s of
Eth
nic
Con
flic
t in
Sri
Lan
ka: L
earn
ing
to R
ead
betw
een
the
Line
s (P
algr
ave
Mac
mill
an, L
ondo
n), p
p. 1
58-
159.
See
als
o D
. W
insl
ow a
nd M
icha
el D
. W
oost
(20
04)
"Art
icul
atio
ns o
f Ec
onom
y an
d Et
hnic
Con
flic
t in
Sri
Lan
ka"
in D
. W
insl
ow a
nd M
icha
el D
. W
oost
(eds
.) Ec
onom
y, C
ultu
re a
nd C
ivil
War
in S
ri L
anka
(Ind
iana
Uni
vers
ity
Pres
s, B
loom
ingt
on),
pp. 1
-30.
23S
ee f
or in
stan
ce t
he r
emit
of
the
Man
gala
Moo
nesi
nghe
Com
mit
tee,
whi
ch a
imed
to
find
a p
olit
ical
sol
utio
n to
the
eth
nic
ques
tion
in o
rder
to
"pre
vent
the
disi
nteg
rati
on o
f th
e na
tion
" in
P. G
hosh
(200
3) E
thni
city
ver
sus
Nat
iona
lism
: The
Dev
olut
ion
Dis
cour
se in
Sri
Lan
ka (S
age,
New
Del
hi),
p.14
2.
alie
natio
n ca
used
by
the
UN
P's d
ecisi
ve sh
ift to
war
d th
ene
ed fo
r con
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
, as w
ell a
s a p
eace
pro
cess
that
, in
turn
, inf
lam
ed th
e "s
mal
l isla
nder
" in
secu
ritie
s at
the
hear
t of S
inha
la B
uddh
ist n
atio
nalis
m.24
Con
sequ
ently
, the
UN
P sh
ift a
nd p
assin
g of
the
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t bat
on c
anno
t be
read
as s
prou
ting
from
ara
dica
l ide
olog
ical
tran
sform
atio
n w
ithin
the
supp
ort
base
or e
ven
mem
bers
hip
of th
e pa
rty.
Rat
her i
t mus
t be
seen
as a
pra
gmat
ic re
spon
se to
cha
nges
in th
e po
litic
al,
soci
al, e
cono
mic
, and
mili
tary
land
scap
e at
the
time.
Itis
ther
efor
e no
t pos
sible
to c
laim
(as s
ome
have
don
ew
ithin
the
part
y)25
that
the
UN
P w
ill n
ot u
nder
goan
othe
r pen
dulu
m sw
ing
with
in it
s ow
n ra
nks o
r pol
icy
pers
pect
ives
whe
n Si
nhal
a Bu
ddhi
st un
derc
urre
nts a
gain
bubb
le to
the
surfa
ce. I
ndee
d, a
s lon
g as
Sin
hala
natio
nalis
t und
ercu
rren
ts an
d an
xiet
ies e
xist
with
in th
eso
uthe
rn p
olity
, the
UN
P lik
e ev
ery
othe
r act
or w
ill h
ave
to re
spon
d to
them
thro
ugh
appe
asem
ent,
conf
ront
atio
n, o
r iso
latio
n.
The
UN
P-le
d U
NF
adm
inist
ratio
n to
ok su
bsta
ntia
l risk
sdu
ring
the
peac
e pr
oces
s bet
wee
n 20
01-2
004.
The
initi
alsig
ning
of a
cea
sefir
e ag
reem
ent a
nd th
e bu
ildin
g of
aco
nsen
sus b
etw
een
the
Gov
ernm
ent o
f Sri
Lank
a(G
oSL)
and
the
LTT
E re
gard
ing
the
form
and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
CBM
(inc
ludi
ng th
e ba
sis fo
r thi
rdpa
rty
med
iatio
n an
d th
e Sr
i Lan
ka M
onito
ring
Miss
ion’s
peac
e m
onito
ring)
, res
ulte
d in
the
long
est c
ease
fire
inth
e hi
story
of t
he c
onfli
ct. T
he in
itial
frui
t of t
his
fram
ewor
k ha
d "i
mm
edia
te, v
isibl
e, a
nd p
ositi
ve im
pact
son
live
s and
live
lihoo
ds th
roug
hout
the
islan
d" (B
ush,
2003
, pp.
158-
159)
. The
re w
as a
gra
dual
isla
nd-w
ide
dem
ilita
rizat
ion
and
in c
onfli
ct-a
ffect
ed a
reas
ther
e w
asle
ss re
stric
ted
mov
emen
t of p
eopl
e an
d go
ods,
as w
ell a
sso
me
limite
d ai
d an
d re
cons
truc
tion.
Thi
s has
bee
nch
arac
teriz
ed a
s a "
deve
lopm
ent f
or p
eace
" in
itiat
ive
inw
hich
the
norm
aliza
tion,
eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent,
and
de-e
scal
atio
n of
con
flict
cre
ated
a m
ore
stabl
e co
ntex
t for
deve
lopi
ng lo
ng-te
rm in
stitu
tiona
lized
fram
ewor
ks fo
rpe
ace.
Nev
erth
eless,
the
UN
F in
itiat
ive
can
also
be c
ritici
zed
on a
num
ber o
f cou
nts.
It is
clear
that
the
gove
rnm
ent a
t tha
ttim
e de
liber
ately
set o
ut o
n a
peac
e pr
oces
s with
a ta
bula
rasa
rega
rdin
g w
hat c
onsti
tutio
nal f
ram
ewor
k m
ight
form
the
basis
for d
iscus
sion.
As o
ne sc
holar
has
not
ed, "
the
impl
icatio
n w
as th
at c
onsti
tutio
nal c
hang
es sh
ould
follo
wfro
m ra
ther
than
pre
cede
talk
s with
the
LTT
E" (I
bid,
p.
160)
. The
UN
P ap
proa
ched
talk
s with
onl
y on
epr
econ
ditio
n: to
avo
id th
e di
sinte
grat
ion
of th
e Sr
i Lan
kan
state
. Whi
le th
is m
ight
seem
a p
ragm
atic
appr
oach
tope
aceb
uild
ing,
wha
t act
ually
tran
spire
d w
as th
at th
e G
oSL
hesit
ated
in d
raw
ing
up a
nyth
ing
othe
r tha
n a
very
min
imali
st pr
opos
al th
at w
as "
prim
arily
adm
inist
rativ
e in
natu
re"
and
writ
ten
from
with
in th
e ex
istin
g co
nstit
utio
nal
struc
ture
(Fer
dina
nds e
t al.,
200
4, p
.18)
. Thi
s han
ded
the
initi
ativ
e to
the
LTT
E w
ho re
spon
ded
by p
lacin
g th
eIn
terim
Self
-Gov
erni
ng A
utho
rity
(ISG
A) o
n th
e ta
ble
- an
undi
lute
d m
axim
alist,
eth
no-n
atio
nalis
t fra
mew
ork
that
bega
n to
unr
avel
the
basis
for p
eace
talk
s in
the
sout
hern
polit
y du
e to
the
hosti
le re
spon
se it
rece
ived
in th
e m
edia
and
amon
g m
oder
ate
and
natio
nalis
t elem
ents.
Whi
le th
eea
rlier
PA
peac
e in
itiat
ive
floun
dere
d by
faili
ng to
impl
emen
t an
envi
ronm
ent f
or p
eace
and
CBM
, the
oppo
site
was
the
case
with
the
UN
F in
itiat
ive.
Thi
s may
well
hav
e un
derm
ined
Wick
rem
asin
ghe's
pea
ce p
roce
ss,w
hich
ulti
mat
ely st
raye
d fro
m th
e pr
incip
les o
utlin
ed in
the
Oslo
com
mun
iqué
.
Seco
nd, w
hat t
he U
NP
did
not d
o--p
artic
ular
ly in
the
area
s of b
uild
ing
publ
ic su
ppor
t for
fede
ralis
m in
the
Sout
h an
d at
tent
ion
to h
uman
righ
ts iss
ues--
is als
o th
esu
bjec
t of d
ebat
e.26N
otew
orth
y in
this
rega
rd is
the
fact
that
ther
e is
no in
dica
tion
of a
n id
ealis
tic c
omm
itmen
t to
cons
titut
iona
l ref
orm
and
mul
ticul
tura
lism
or g
rand
iose
visio
ns o
f eth
nic
reco
ncili
atio
n an
d ju
stice
with
in th
eU
NP.
Rath
er, w
hat i
s evi
dent
is th
e pr
imac
y of
a
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
24
24A
utho
rs' i
nter
view
wit
h B
radm
an W
eera
koon
, Mar
ch 2
004.
25A
utho
rs' i
nter
view
wit
h H
emak
umar
a N
anay
akka
ra M
P, M
arch
200
4.
26A
utho
rs' i
nter
view
wit
h Pr
of. G
. L. P
eiri
s M
P.
func
tiona
l atti
tude
to c
onfli
ct re
solu
tion.
The
cea
sefir
ean
d ne
gotia
tions
on
a co
nstit
utio
nal s
ettle
men
t the
nbe
cam
e m
erely
nec
essa
ry st
eps f
or th
e re
stora
tion
ofpo
litic
al sta
bilit
y an
d th
e ab
senc
e of
a c
ostly
war
. As s
uch
they
wer
e su
bord
inat
ed to
the
prim
ary
proj
ect o
fec
onom
ic re
form
and
acc
elera
tion-
-aim
s tha
t gen
uine
lyin
tere
sted
the
UN
P. W
hat m
ust a
lso b
e un
derst
ood
is th
atth
e U
NF-
led p
eace
bid
can
be
seen
to h
ave
been
exce
ssive
ly e
cono
mic
in it
s thr
ust a
nd la
ckin
g in
cons
ulta
tion
and
trans
pare
ncy.
In th
at se
nse
it re
peat
edth
e cla
ssic
econ
omist
ic m
isund
ersta
ndin
g th
at p
resu
med
that
"ra
pid
econ
omic
gro
wth
wou
ld b
e a
mor
e ef
fect
ive
antid
ote
to th
e 'et
hnic
con
flict
' tha
n de
batin
gco
nstit
utio
nal i
ssues
." It
is an
assu
mpt
ion
that
was
itse
lfba
sed
on "
the
idea
that
eco
nom
ics c
ould
be
sepa
rate
dfro
m p
oliti
cs--t
hat d
evelo
pmen
talis
m b
ore
no re
latio
nshi
pto
gov
erna
nce"
(Goo
dhan
d et
al.,
200
5, p
.19)
.
Thi
rd, o
ne c
an a
lso c
ite a
flaw
for w
hich
bot
h of
the
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s mus
t be
held
par
tially
acc
ount
able
--th
e fa
ilure
to c
oope
rate
on
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
peac
e pr
oces
s in
the
cont
ext o
f an
unpr
eced
ente
dpo
litic
al la
ndsc
ape.
Whi
le th
e hy
brid
Con
stitu
tion
of19
78 c
once
ptua
lly c
onte
mpl
ated
the
poss
ibili
ty o
fop
posit
iona
l par
ties c
ontro
lling
the
exec
utiv
e an
dle
gisla
tive
bran
ches
,27th
is w
as th
e fir
st tim
e th
at it
had
in fa
ct o
ccur
red.
It th
eref
ore
occa
sione
d a
thor
ough
re-
eval
uatio
n of
the
polit
ical
prin
cipl
es a
nd th
eco
nstit
utio
nal r
ules
of e
ngag
emen
t bet
wee
n th
e tw
obr
anch
es, w
here
a sy
stem
of "
coha
bita
tion"
per
haps
not
unlik
e th
e ty
pe th
e Fr
ench
had
dev
elop
ed d
urin
g th
e19
80s w
ould
be
mad
e po
ssib
le.28
Wha
t hap
pene
d in
stead
was
an
unea
sy a
nd a
t tim
esco
nfro
ntat
iona
l rel
atio
nshi
p be
twee
n th
e pr
esid
ent a
ndth
e ca
bine
t enj
oyin
g a
parli
amen
tary
maj
ority
. It i
sw
orth
whi
le re
visit
ing
som
e of
the
reas
ons f
or th
is
inab
ility
to c
oope
rate
on
gove
rnan
ce o
n th
e ba
sis o
feq
ually
val
id p
opul
ar m
anda
tes e
njoy
ed b
y bo
thbr
anch
es o
f the
stat
e. T
he P
A an
d th
e U
NF
are,
as c
anbe
gat
here
d fro
m th
e pr
eced
ing
disc
ussio
n, c
onsp
icuo
usby
thei
r rel
ativ
e co
ngru
ity a
t the
pol
icy
leve
l. In
this
sens
e, th
e Sr
i Lan
kan
polit
ical
par
ty sy
stem
, rei
nfor
ced
thro
ugh
the
pres
sure
s of P
R, h
as c
ome
to re
sem
ble
the
Wes
t, w
here
in p
oliti
cal c
ompe
titio
n is
mos
t int
ense
inth
e ba
ttle
for t
he c
ente
r. H
owev
er in
Sri
Lank
a, th
e"c
ente
r" is
an
elus
ive
terr
itory
that
the
two
part
ies
som
etim
es c
onte
mpo
rane
ously
occ
upy,
depe
ndin
g on
who
is m
ore
"rad
ical
" or
"co
nser
vativ
e" o
n a
give
n iss
ue.
Thu
s the
pol
itica
l cen
ter i
s ela
stic
at th
e sa
me
time
as it
is ne
bulo
us, i
n th
at it
may
incl
ude
natio
nalis
m a
s wel
l as
prag
mat
ism, o
r der
egul
atio
n (a
s a fe
atur
e of
the
com
mitm
ent t
o th
e fre
e m
arke
t) as
wel
l as p
rote
ctio
nism
(as a
n as
pect
of s
ocia
l dem
ocra
cy).
Nei
ther
of t
hese
polit
ical
or e
cono
mic
deb
ates
is u
nder
stood
in S
riLa
nkan
dem
ocra
cy a
s eve
n re
mot
ely
dich
otom
ous o
rev
en p
artic
ular
ly c
ontr
adic
tory
, whi
ch is
wha
t mak
esce
ntris
t par
ty p
oliti
cal b
ehav
ior s
o di
fficu
lt to
subj
ect t
oW
este
rn-s
tyle
und
ersta
ndin
g.
Thi
s is p
erha
ps to
be
expe
cted
in a
n es
sent
ially
cons
erva
tive
polit
y th
at h
as h
ither
to te
nded
to c
hoos
ego
vern
men
ts on
per
sona
litie
s and
mun
dane
issu
es o
fim
med
iate
con
cern
, rat
her t
han
on id
eolo
gy, c
onvi
ctio
n,or
ratio
nal p
ersu
asio
n. It
is th
us n
o su
rpris
e th
at w
hile
the
cons
erva
tive
onto
logy
can
qui
te c
omfo
rtab
lyac
com
mod
ate
natio
nalis
m, w
hich
thriv
es o
n ei
ther
side
of th
e et
hnic
div
ide,
pol
itica
l par
ties h
ave
lear
ned
that
othe
r typ
es o
f doc
trin
al ri
gor (
i.e.,
soci
alism
, lib
eral
dem
ocra
cy) m
ust b
e sa
crifi
ced
at th
e al
tar o
f ele
ctor
alsu
cces
s. O
n th
e qu
estio
n of
the
ethn
ic c
onfli
ct a
ndm
eans
of i
ts re
solu
tion,
the
posit
ions
of t
he P
A an
dU
NF
have
larg
ely
alw
ays b
een
the
sam
e. B
oth
agre
e th
atth
ere
is no
mili
tary
solu
tion
to th
e co
nflic
t and
that
a
25|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
27S
ee H
. M
. Za
frul
lah
(198
1) S
ri L
anka
's H
ybri
d Pr
esid
enti
al a
nd P
arlia
men
tary
Sys
tem
& S
epar
atio
n of
Pow
ers
Doc
trin
e (U
nive
rsit
y of
Mal
aya
Pres
s, K
uala
Lum
pur)
; R
. Ed
risi
nha
(200
0) "
Con
stit
utio
nalis
m a
nd t
he C
onst
itut
iona
l Ev
olut
ion
of S
ri L
anka
: 19
48 -
199
9,"
5th
Lect
ure
in t
he L
ectu
res
on C
ompa
rati
ve
Con
stit
utio
nalis
m in
Sou
th A
sia
Ser
ies
(Law
& S
ocie
ty T
rust
, Col
ombo
). Fo
r a
gene
ral i
ntro
duct
ion
to S
ri L
anka
's c
onst
itut
iona
l law
and
str
uctu
res,
see
J. A
.
L. C
oora
y (1
995)
Con
stit
utio
nal a
nd A
dmin
istr
ativ
e La
w o
f S
ri L
anka
(Sum
athi
, Col
ombo
).
28S
ee f
or a
con
tem
pora
ry a
ccou
nt o
f th
e vi
sion
of
the
cons
titu
tion
al d
raft
ers
A.
J. W
ilson
(19
80)
The
Gau
llist
Sys
tem
in
Asi
a: T
he C
onst
itut
ion
of S
ri L
anka
(197
8) (M
acm
illan
, Lon
don)
.
polit
ical
settl
emen
t mus
t be
nego
tiate
d be
twee
npr
inci
pally
the
gove
rnm
ent a
nd th
e LT
TE.
Bot
h pa
rtie
sre
cogn
ize th
at th
ird p
arty
faci
litat
ion
is ne
cess
ary
in th
epe
ace
proc
ess,
and
have
reco
gnize
d N
orw
ay a
s bes
t-pl
aced
to p
lay
that
role
. The
y al
so a
gree
that
afu
ndam
enta
l res
truc
turin
g of
the
state
with
subs
tant
ial
devo
lutio
n to
the
regi
ons i
s cen
tral
to a
succ
essfu
lpo
litic
al se
ttlem
ent.
It w
ould
thus
app
ear t
hat t
here
wer
e w
ide
area
s of
cong
ruen
ce o
n w
hich
the
PA a
nd th
e U
NF
coul
d ha
veco
me
to a
n in
tere
st-ba
sed
acco
mm
odat
ion
for t
hepu
rpos
es o
f the
pea
ce p
roce
ss, i
f not
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
agen
da fo
r coh
abita
tion
gove
rnm
ent.
Tha
t thi
s did
not
happ
en, d
espi
te p
revi
ous a
ttem
pts a
t agr
eem
ents,
29
poin
ts to
the
zero
-sum
nat
ure
of S
ri La
nkan
dem
ocra
cyin
whi
ch p
oliti
cal p
artie
s can
not c
once
ive
of sh
arin
gcr
edit
for p
opul
ar a
chie
vem
ents.
Thi
s cul
ture
is so
perv
asiv
e th
at it
has
bee
n pa
rt o
f the
impr
oper
lyra
tiona
lized
dem
ocra
tic v
alue
syste
m u
pon
whi
ch th
ein
stitu
tiona
l str
uctu
re o
f the
Sri
Lank
an st
ate,
in it
sse
vera
l inc
arna
tions
, has
bee
n gr
ound
ed si
nce
inde
pend
ence
. It c
ontin
ues t
o en
sure
that
succ
eedi
ngge
nera
tions
are
con
tinuo
usly
robb
ed o
f opp
ortu
nitie
s to
rem
edy
that
ano
mal
ous v
alue
syste
m, t
o m
ake
the
state
wor
k fo
r citi
zens
as a
who
le, r
athe
r tha
n ju
st fo
r the
polit
ical
cla
ss th
at c
ontro
ls pu
blic
insti
tutio
ns.
Fina
lly--
whi
le w
e ha
ve to
uche
d on
the
prim
acy
of th
eec
onom
ic sp
here
vis-
à-vi
s the
UN
F-le
d pe
ace
proc
ess-
-w
hat i
s also
cle
ar is
that
eco
nom
ic p
erfo
rman
ce in
com
bina
tion
with
the
afor
emen
tione
d fa
ctor
s also
pla
yed
a pa
rt in
und
erm
inin
g th
e U
NF
regi
me,
and
with
itW
ickr
emas
ingh
e's p
eace
bid
. Alth
ough
ther
e ar
e no
long
er g
reat
diff
eren
ces b
etw
een
the
SLFP
/PA
and
the
UN
P/U
NF
in re
spec
t to
the
econ
omy
(oth
er th
an th
ePA
bei
ng m
ore
soci
al d
emoc
rat i
n ou
tlook
and
the
UN
Fm
ore
free-
mar
ket o
rient
ed),
this
did
not p
reve
nt th
eec
onom
y fro
m b
ecom
ing
a m
ajor
sour
ce o
f pol
itica
lte
nsio
n in
the
gene
ral e
lect
ions
of 2
004.
The
UPF
Aat
tack
ed th
e U
NF'
s doc
trin
aire
pro
gram
of e
cono
mic
liber
aliza
tion
embo
died
in th
e "R
egai
ning
Sri
Lank
a"do
cum
ent,
and
clai
med
that
cap
italis
m o
f the
kin
dpr
omot
ed b
y th
e U
NF
bene
fited
onl
y th
e af
fluen
t. T
his
struc
k a
reso
nant
cho
rd a
mon
g a
wid
e co
nstit
uenc
y of
Sri L
anka
ns b
elon
ging
to th
e lo
wer
mid
dle
clas
s,w
orki
ng c
lass
, and
the
peas
antr
y fo
r who
m w
elfa
re a
ndgo
vern
men
t spe
ndin
g cu
tbac
ks h
ad im
pact
ed o
n th
e co
stof
livi
ng. T
hey
wer
e al
so d
ismay
ed th
at th
e gr
eatly
expe
cted
div
iden
ds re
late
d to
the
cess
atio
n in
hos
tiliti
esan
d ec
onom
ic g
row
th h
ad n
ot b
orne
frui
t. T
he fa
ct th
atth
e U
PFA
purs
ued
an a
rgum
ent o
n ec
onom
ic is
sues
isno
tew
orth
y fo
r sev
eral
reas
ons.
Firs
t, th
e U
NP
has b
een
trad
ition
ally
per
ceiv
ed a
s the
par
ty o
f eco
nom
icco
mpe
tenc
e. S
econ
d, th
e U
NF
gove
rnm
ent,
inun
dert
akin
g to
ugh
struc
tura
l ref
orm
and
tigh
t fisc
aldi
scip
line,
mad
e th
e fa
tal m
istak
e of
not
exp
lain
ing
toth
e pu
blic
why
the
mea
sure
s wer
e ne
cess
ary
or h
ow th
em
easu
res w
ere
mea
nt to
del
iver
tang
ible
resu
lts to
the
peop
le. T
his a
llow
ed th
e U
NF'
s opp
onen
ts to
exp
loit
the
peop
le's
sens
e of
alie
natio
n an
d di
sgru
ntle
men
t to
max
imum
ben
efit.
Mos
t sig
nific
antly
, the
UN
F's f
ailu
re to
con
vinc
e th
epu
blic
of t
heir
econ
omic
pro
gram
poi
nts n
ot o
nly
to th
atpa
rty's
unsu
cces
sful p
ublic
relat
ions
, but
also
to th
e na
ture
of th
e po
lity'
s exp
ecta
tions
of t
he st
ate
in th
e ec
onom
iclif
e of
the
com
mun
ity. A
s disc
usse
d be
fore
, in
the
polit
ical
imag
inat
ion
of th
e pe
ople,
the
state
is se
en a
s bot
hpr
otec
tor a
nd p
atro
n; su
ch a
ttitu
des t
owar
d th
e sta
te a
rere
lativ
ely m
unifi
cent
. Thi
s is i
n co
ntra
st to
mos
t mod
ern
cons
titut
iona
l sta
tes i
n w
hich
dom
inan
t con
stitu
tive
assu
mpt
ions
with
rega
rd to
stat
e fo
rmat
ion
are
by n
atur
esu
spic
ious
of p
oliti
cal p
ower
and
its w
ielde
rs, p
artic
ular
lyin
relat
ion
to th
e ec
onom
ic fr
eedo
m o
f ind
ivid
uals.
In S
riLa
nka,
how
ever
, any
adm
inist
ratio
n th
at is
incli
ned
tow
ard
dere
gulat
ion,
com
petit
ion,
glo
bal c
apita
l; an
dw
ants
to c
ut b
ack
welf
are,
subs
idies
, and
gov
ernm
ent
spen
ding
, run
s a ri
sky
polit
ical
gaun
tlet.
Prev
ious
UN
P ad
min
istra
tions
that
boa
sted
of e
cono
mic
acco
mpl
ishm
ent h
ave
achi
eved
that
succ
ess t
hrou
gh a
mix
ture
of a
utho
ritar
iani
sm a
nd st
eam
rolli
ng re
form
s
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
26
29Li
am F
ox a
ttem
pted
to
med
iate
suc
h an
agr
eem
ent
betw
een
Kum
arat
unga
and
Wic
krem
asin
ghe
in 1
997.
past
the
oppo
sitio
n. T
he la
st U
NF
adm
inist
ratio
n la
cked
cont
rol o
f the
dec
isive
insti
tutio
n of
exe
cutiv
e po
litic
alpo
wer
: the
pre
siden
cy. T
his d
isallo
wed
it fr
om se
eing
unpo
pula
r ref
orm
s to
fruiti
on. O
n th
e ot
her h
and,
the
grow
th a
nd d
evel
opm
ent s
trat
egie
s of t
he la
st U
NF
adm
inist
ratio
n di
d no
t see
m to
focu
s on
the
poor
in th
ew
ay it
s pre
dece
ssor
s had
don
e, w
ith th
e re
sult
that
its
econ
omic
pol
icy
lost
wid
er p
opul
ar su
ppor
t am
ong
fixed
inco
me
grou
ps li
ke w
age-
earn
ers a
nd p
ublic
-sec
tor
empl
oyee
s as w
ell a
s the
rura
l pop
ulat
ion
depe
nden
t on
the
agric
ultu
ral e
cono
my.
By c
ontr
ast,
the
UPF
A ca
me
up w
ith a
wild
ly p
opul
ist se
t of p
rom
ises o
n w
elfa
rem
easu
res t
hat a
n el
ecto
rate
less
naï
ve a
bout
mac
roec
onom
ics w
ould
hav
e sc
offe
d at
.N
otw
ithsta
ndin
g th
e im
plau
sible
nat
ure
of th
ose
prom
ises,
that
the
peop
le e
ndor
sed
the
prog
ram
poi
nts
not m
erel
y to
igno
ranc
e. It
is a
telli
ng e
xam
ple
of th
eco
mm
on p
erso
n's p
erce
ptio
n of
the
idea
l rol
e of
the
state
in h
is or
her
life
and
eco
nom
ic w
ellb
eing
.
Thi
s con
cept
ion
of th
e sta
te w
as a
lso p
artly
a re
sult
ofth
e fa
ct th
at p
oliti
ciza
tion
of S
ri La
nkan
soci
ety
occu
rred
larg
ely
at th
e ha
nds o
f the
Lef
t, du
e to
its a
nti-c
olon
ial
polit
ical
mob
iliza
tion
agen
da in
the
pre-
inde
pend
ence
perio
d. E
ven
ther
eafte
r, w
hen
it w
as c
lear
that
Sri
Lank
an in
depe
nden
ce m
erel
y m
eant
the
tran
sfer o
fpo
wer
from
one
elit
e to
ano
ther
, the
Lef
t's in
fluen
ce o
npo
pula
r mob
iliza
tion
has b
een
clea
rly e
vide
nt. T
hena
ture
of t
he c
omm
unist
stat
e is
very
sim
ilar t
o th
epa
radi
gm o
f sta
teho
od in
the
colle
ctiv
e so
cial
mem
ory
ofpr
e-co
loni
al p
oliti
cs in
Sin
hala
soci
ety.
As m
entio
ned
befo
re, t
he st
ate
is bi
g an
d ge
nero
us--
a pr
otec
tor a
nd a
patro
n; a
nd p
oliti
cal r
elat
ions
are
ess
entia
lly c
lient
elist
.In
pos
t-col
onia
l Sri
Lank
a, th
e "b
ourg
eois"
par
ties (
the
SLFP
and
UN
P) m
erel
y ex
ploi
ted
the
clie
ntel
ist p
oliti
cal
notio
ns o
f the
peo
ple
to th
eir a
dvan
tage
by
indu
lgin
g in
gene
rous
wel
fare
pro
gram
s. H
ere
we
mea
n no
t jus
tifie
din
vestm
ent i
n he
alth
, edu
catio
n, a
nd in
frastr
uctu
re th
ata
post-
colo
nial
nat
ion-
build
ing
proj
ect m
ust n
eces
saril
yun
dert
ake;
but
impr
uden
t spe
ndin
g on
dire
ct h
and-
outs
unlin
ked
to p
rodu
ctiv
ity o
r effi
cien
cy. I
n th
eir m
ost
extre
me
form
this
incl
uded
gov
ernm
ent s
ubsid
ies f
orco
nsum
er g
oods
and
serv
ices
.
The
opp
ortu
nity
affo
rded
by
the
2001
dua
l man
date
for
forg
ing
a na
tiona
l con
sens
us re
gard
ing
peac
e an
dpr
ospe
rity
diss
ipat
ed w
ith th
e U
NF'
s pea
ce st
rate
gy, a
s it
was
per
ceiv
ed b
y a
signi
fican
t sec
tion
of S
ri La
nkan
soci
ety
to h
ave
falle
n at
the
feet
of a
n LT
TE-
scrip
ted
ISG
A ag
enda
. The
par
ty w
as a
lso se
en a
s hav
ing
faile
d to
enga
ge in
soci
al c
onsu
ltatio
n or
pol
itica
l coo
pera
tion
over
pea
ce o
r dev
elop
men
t. N
or w
ere
they
seen
as
havi
ng p
ursu
ed a
n ec
onom
ic p
olic
y th
at b
enef
ited
peop
le b
eyon
d a
narr
ow C
olom
bo-c
entr
ic e
lite.
All
ofth
ese
perc
eptio
ns fu
elle
d th
e de
feat
of t
he U
NP
and
ana
rrow
UPF
A vi
ctor
y in
the
2004
ele
ctio
n.
As a
resu
lt, th
e pe
ace
proc
ess-
-und
er th
e gu
idan
ce o
f aU
PFA
coal
ition
split
bet
wee
n th
e br
oadl
y pr
o-fe
dera
list
PA a
nd th
e th
orou
ghly
uni
taris
t and
inte
grat
ioni
st JV
P--
had
to b
e re
com
men
ced
from
new
pol
itica
l coo
rdin
ates
.M
any
obse
rver
s wer
e sk
eptic
al a
bout
the
coal
ition
'sab
ility
to o
verc
ome
inte
rnal
div
ision
s con
sider
ing
the
JVP'
s hos
tility
to b
oth
cons
titut
iona
l cha
nge
and
the
LTT
E as
a n
egot
iatin
g pa
rtne
r. U
ntil
the
tsuna
mi s
truc
k,th
e pe
ace
proc
ess r
emai
ned
fairl
y sta
tic a
nd ru
mor
s of a
retu
rn to
war
by
the
LTT
E ci
rcul
ated
. In
this
cont
ext i
tha
s bee
n w
idel
y re
cogn
ized
that
the
tsuna
mi's
destr
uctiv
e im
pact
also
occ
asio
ned
a po
tent
ial r
eviv
al o
fth
e pe
ace
proc
ess t
hrou
gh th
e Jo
int M
echa
nism
for A
iddi
strib
utio
n--w
hat i
s now
kno
wn
as th
e Po
st-Ts
unam
iO
pera
tiona
l Man
agem
ent S
truc
ture
or P
-TO
MS)
--w
hich
the
pres
iden
t ple
dged
to si
gn d
espi
te JV
P th
reat
sto
leav
e th
e U
PFA
coal
ition
.
Dur
ing
the
writ
ing
of th
is re
port
, the
JVP
wal
ked
out o
fth
e go
vern
men
t ove
r the
Join
t Mec
hani
sm is
sue,
but
the
pres
iden
t wen
t on
to si
gn th
e P-
TOM
S ag
reem
ent.
Des
pite
the
gove
rnm
ent's
pow
er b
ase
bein
g re
duce
d to
am
ere
79 se
ats w
ith th
e th
reat
of f
urth
er d
efec
tions
, the
P-
TOM
S fo
rms a
muc
h-ne
eded
ope
ratio
nal b
asis
for k
ick-
start
ing
the
peac
e pr
oces
s. W
ithou
t it a
retu
rn to
con
flict
wou
ld b
e in
crea
singl
y lik
ely. D
ue to
the
UPF
A's c
urre
ntdi
sinte
grat
ion,
the
pass
age
of th
e P-
TOM
S fra
mew
ork
and
the
susta
inab
ility
of t
he g
over
nmen
t, bo
th re
quire
the
taci
t sup
port
of t
he U
NP-
led o
ppos
ition
. Alth
ough
this
has b
een
fort
hcom
ing,
it h
as a
lso b
een
acco
mpa
nied
27|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
by c
ritic
isms f
rom
G.L
. Pie
ris a
nd th
e U
NP
over
the
cont
ent o
f the
P-T
OM
S do
cum
ent,
spec
ifica
lly th
e la
ckof
Sin
hala
repr
esen
tatio
n pr
opos
ed in
the
mai
n ai
d bo
dy.
Mor
eove
r, re
port
s of o
vert
ures
from
the
pres
iden
t for
the
form
atio
n of
a jo
int U
NP-
SLFP
-led
natio
nal g
over
nmen
tha
ve a
lso re
ceiv
ed a
luke
war
m re
cept
ion
from
the
UN
P,w
ho a
re k
een
to h
old
a pr
esid
entia
l elec
tion
befo
rem
akin
g an
othe
r bid
for p
arlia
men
tary
pow
er. T
hey
are
also
thre
aten
ing
anot
her r
ound
of "
Jana
Bal
a M
ehey
uma"
(Peo
ple's
Pow
er p
rote
sts) t
o th
is ef
fect
. In
this
cont
ext,
whi
le th
e P-
TOM
S pr
ovid
es a
n ai
d di
strib
utio
nfra
mew
ork
that
mig
ht c
once
ivab
ly o
pera
te o
utsid
e th
eus
ual c
ycles
of e
thni
c ou
tbid
ding
, it r
emai
ns to
be
seen
whe
ther
a m
ore
cong
enia
l spi
rit o
f coo
pera
tion
betw
een
thes
e tw
o pa
rtie
s has
bee
n ef
fect
ed in
the
shor
t to
med
ium
term
. It i
s aga
inst
this
back
grou
nd th
at th
e ro
leof
nat
iona
list a
ctor
s and
thei
r im
pact
on
pros
pect
s for
peac
e sh
ould
be
cont
extu
alize
d.
OVER
VIEW
OF
THE
JVP
The
JVP
or P
eopl
e's L
iber
atio
n Fr
ont o
rigin
ated
in th
e19
66-1
967
perio
d as
a sp
linte
r gro
up fr
om th
eC
omm
unist
Par
ty (P
ekin
g).30
It en
gage
d in
a ra
pid
and
wid
espr
ead
polit
ical
mob
iliza
tion
in th
e Si
nhal
a-do
min
ated
rura
l are
as o
f the
Sou
th d
urin
g th
e la
te19
60s,
with
a le
ader
ship
bas
e am
ong
educ
ated
rura
lyo
uth
who
had
ben
efite
d fro
m th
e ad
vant
ages
of
expa
ndin
g sta
te-s
pons
ored
uni
vers
ity e
duca
tion.
The
mov
emen
t soo
n un
dert
ook
an in
surr
ectio
nary
stra
tegy
inAp
ril 1
971,
atte
mpt
ing
to ta
ke st
ate
pow
er th
roug
h a
"one
-day
revo
lutio
n" ta
ctic
cen
tere
d on
the
capt
ure
ofru
ral p
olic
e sta
tions
thro
ugho
ut th
e co
untr
y. It
was
an
atte
mpt
that
end
ed in
failu
re a
nd a
bru
tal c
ount
er-
insu
rgen
cy.31
In 1
977
wha
t rem
aine
d of
the
JVP
lead
ersh
ip w
as re
leas
ed, a
nd b
etw
een
then
and
198
3 th
epa
rty
unde
rwen
t a p
hase
of d
emoc
ratic
pol
itics
with
mod
est b
ut n
ot in
signi
fican
t suc
cess
. In
the
afte
rmat
h of
the
anti-
Tam
il po
grom
s of "
Blac
k Ju
ly"
1983
, the
JVP
was
use
d as
a sc
apeg
oat f
or th
is ev
ent a
nd p
rosc
ribed
,fo
rcin
g th
e le
ader
ship
und
ergr
ound
.32Be
twee
n 19
86 a
nd19
89 th
e JV
P on
ce a
gain
eng
aged
in a
mor
e pr
otra
cted
and
susta
ined
insu
rrec
tion,
whi
ch a
lmos
t suc
ceed
ed in
capt
urin
g sta
te p
ower
but
eve
ntua
lly, t
hrou
gh ta
ctic
alan
d str
ateg
ic m
iscal
cula
tion,
spaw
ned
a co
unte
r-in
surg
ency
that
mat
ched
if n
ot o
utdi
d th
e in
surg
ency
inits
bru
talit
y.33
How
ever
, afte
r the
land
slide
ele
ctor
al v
icto
ry o
f the
PA
gove
rnm
ent i
n 19
94, t
he JV
P on
ce a
gain
resu
rface
d as
an o
ffici
ally
reco
gnize
d po
litic
al p
arty
eng
aged
inel
ecto
ral p
oliti
cs.34
In th
e O
ctob
er 2
000
gene
ral e
lect
ions
it w
on 1
0 se
ats,
esta
blish
ing
it as
the
"thi
rd fo
rce"
in S
riLa
nkan
par
liam
enta
ry p
oliti
cs a
t the
exp
ense
of t
he "
Old
Left"
and
the T
amil
part
ies (
CP,
LSSP
, Tam
il U
nite
dLi
bera
tion
Fron
t [T
ULF
], an
d Ee
lam
Peo
ple’s
Dem
ocra
tic P
arty
[EPD
P]).
In th
e 20
01 e
lect
ion,
the
JVP
expa
nded
its e
lect
oral
bas
e fu
rthe
r, re
turn
ing
16M
Ps to
Par
liam
ent a
nd b
uild
ing
its e
lect
oral
man
date
still
furt
her i
n th
e Ap
ril 2
004
elec
tion
on a
coa
litio
ntic
ket w
ith th
e PA
as t
he U
PFA,
whe
n th
e JV
P ca
ptur
ed39
seat
s. T
he JV
P ha
s also
dem
onstr
ated
sign
ifica
ntsu
cces
ses i
n lo
cal g
over
nmen
t ele
ctio
ns, c
aptu
ring
Tiss
amah
aram
a Pr
ades
hiya
Sab
ha in
200
2, a
long
with
219
othe
r sea
ts an
d 80
pro
vinc
ial c
ounc
il se
ats i
n 20
04.
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
28
30Th
e C
P (P
ekin
g) w
as it
self
a b
reak
away
fac
tion
fro
m t
he C
P M
osco
w t
hat
had
occu
rred
due
to
the
coal
itio
nal p
olit
ical
str
ateg
ies
of t
he "
Old
Lef
t."
31B
etw
een
3,00
0 an
d 8,
000
peop
le a
re e
stim
ated
to
have
bee
n ki
lled
in t
he c
ount
er-i
nsur
genc
y, w
hich
incl
uded
ext
ra-j
udic
ial k
illin
gs a
nd, o
n m
ore
than
one
occa
sion
, lar
ge-s
cale
mas
sacr
es o
f lo
w c
aste
gro
ups.
32In
add
itio
n to
the
JV
P, t
he C
P an
d th
e N
ava
Sam
a S
amaj
a Pa
rty
(NS
SP)
wer
e al
so p
rosc
ribe
d.
33Th
e in
surg
ency
and
cou
nter
-ins
urge
ncy
are
belie
ved
to h
ave
resu
lted
in o
ver
60,0
00 d
eath
s. M
any
of t
he d
eath
s w
ere
larg
ely
attr
ibut
able
to
the
incr
easi
ngly
indi
scri
min
ate
fero
city
of
the
mili
tary
and
par
amili
tary
for
ces
of t
he c
ount
er-i
nsur
genc
y. B
y th
e en
d of
Nov
embe
r 19
89,
alm
ost
the
enti
re u
pper
lea
ders
hip
of t
he J
VP
had
been
exe
cute
d or
had
gon
e in
to h
idin
g an
d ex
ile.
34Th
e JV
P ca
ptur
ed a
Ham
bant
ota
seat
for
Nih
al G
alap
atti
, con
test
ing
unde
r th
e ba
nner
of
the
Nat
iona
l Sal
vati
on F
ront
/Pro
gres
sive
Fro
nt a
t th
is t
ime.
POLI
TICA
L CO
NST
ITUE
NCY
AN
D SO
URCE
S OF
MAR
GIN
ALIT
Y
Inte
rpre
tatio
ns o
f the
JVP'
s sup
port
bas
e, id
eolo
gy,
tact
ics a
nd st
rate
gy te
nd fo
r the
mos
t par
t tow
ard
seve
ral
disti
nct s
ets o
f exp
lana
tion.
Firs
t, m
any
com
men
tato
rsem
phas
ize th
e str
uctu
ral f
acet
s in
the
orig
in, a
scen
danc
yan
d en
dura
nce
of th
e JV
P w
hich
gav
e ris
e to
and
cont
inue
to su
stain
the
econ
omic
, soc
io-c
ultu
ral a
ndpo
litic
al a
liena
tion
of S
inha
la y
outh
in th
e So
uth.
The
sestr
uctu
ral d
ynam
ics h
ave
been
var
ious
ly in
terp
rete
d as
deriv
ing
from
a n
umbe
r of o
verla
ppin
g so
urce
s of
mar
gina
lity.
Thi
s is e
vide
nced
by
sour
ces o
f "str
uctu
ral
unem
ploy
men
t" a
mon
g pr
edom
inan
tly ru
ral,
Sinh
ala
univ
ersit
y-ed
ucat
ed y
outh
, aris
ing
from
the
exha
ustio
nof
the
post-
colo
nial
stat
e in
Sri
Lank
a an
d its
inab
ility
tom
ake
room
for t
he d
istrib
utio
n of
em
ploy
men
t and
good
s to
this
soci
al st
ratu
m. T
he e
xhau
stion
of t
he st
ate
in th
is re
gard
can
not b
e un
ders
tood
with
out a
lsoco
mpr
ehen
ding
the
cont
ext o
f a v
ulne
rabl
e ag
ro-e
xpor
tan
d ga
rmen
t-exp
ort o
rient
ed e
cono
my
susc
eptib
le to
wor
ld p
rice
fluct
uatio
ns th
at h
ave
forc
ed fi
nanc
em
inist
ers t
o go
to th
e Br
etto
n W
oods
insti
tutio
ns fo
rlo
ans s
ince
at l
east
the
1960
s. So
me
of th
ese
pers
pect
ives
also
stre
ss th
e JV
P's o
rigin
s and
end
uran
ce a
s the
outc
ome
of p
roce
sses
of r
ural
cla
ss fo
rmat
ion
and
com
petit
ion,
35in
whi
ch th
e JV
P ha
s bec
ome
the
engi
nefo
r the
disc
onte
nt o
f bot
h th
e su
balte
rn a
nd p
oore
r rur
alcl
asse
s, es
peci
ally
smal
l-hol
der a
nd la
ndle
ss ru
ral f
arm
ers
and
thei
r offs
prin
g, th
e ni
rdha
na p
antiy
a(d
ispos
sess
edcl
asse
s) o
f the
sout
hern
pol
ity.36
Seco
nd, t
here
are
serio
us d
evel
opm
enta
l and
infra
struc
tura
l disp
ariti
es b
etw
een
the
mor
e de
velo
ped
sout
h-w
este
rn a
reas
of t
he is
land
in th
e im
med
iate
envi
rons
of C
olom
bo a
nd m
ore
perip
hera
l rur
al a
nd d
ryzo
ne d
istric
ts lik
e An
urad
hapu
ra, H
amba
ntot
a,Po
llana
ruw
a, a
nd M
atar
a. T
he la
tter h
ave
cons
isten
tlyfo
rmed
the
geog
raph
ical
cor
e of
JVP
stren
gth
whe
ther
inpe
riods
of e
lect
oral
or i
nsur
rect
iona
ry a
ctiv
ity. T
hese
disp
ariti
es h
ave
susta
ined
a v
iew
in th
e ru
ral S
outh
that
deve
lopm
ent i
n th
e so
uthe
rn p
olity
is C
olom
bo-c
entr
icw
hile
the
perip
hera
l are
as o
f the
cou
ntry
suffe
r fro
mun
equa
l acc
ess t
o a
rang
e of
reso
urce
s. It
is a
disp
arity
perfe
ctly
cap
ture
d in
the
rura
l slo
gan,
colo
mba
ta k
iri,
apat
a ke
kiri.
37H
owev
er, s
emi-u
rban
ized
cons
titue
ncie
sin
and
aro
und
Col
ombo
hav
e no
w a
lso in
crea
singl
ybe
com
e ar
eas o
f JV
P el
ecto
ral s
treng
th. P
art o
f the
thru
staw
ay fr
om a
con
cent
rate
d ru
ral b
ase
is re
flect
ed in
the
JVP'
s fai
rly re
cent
rise
in u
nion
pol
itics
. The
par
ty's
Inte
r-C
ompa
ny E
mpl
oyee
s Uni
on, f
or e
xam
ple,
has
exte
nded
into
alm
ost e
very
sect
or o
f the
eco
nom
y w
ithov
er 1
50 b
ranc
hes a
nd is
beg
inni
ng to
em
erge
as a
dom
inan
t for
ce in
indu
stria
l rel
atio
ns in
som
e se
ctor
s of
the
econ
omy.38
Addi
tiona
lly, t
he sh
ift to
urb
anize
d an
dse
mi-u
rban
ized
cons
titue
ncie
s with
in a
nd a
roun
dC
olom
bo c
an a
lso b
e ex
plai
ned
as a
resu
lt of
new
lyur
bani
zed
and
educ
ated
gro
ups w
ith g
reat
er li
tera
cy a
ndw
ider
acc
ess t
o th
e m
edia
who
are
will
ing
to c
halle
nge
the
dom
inan
ce o
f the
mai
nstre
am p
oliti
cal p
artie
s'cl
ient
elist
ties
.
Thi
rd, t
he JV
P al
so a
rises
from
cul
tura
l mar
gina
lity
in a
sfa
r as t
he "
Sinh
ala-
only
" la
ngua
ge c
hang
es in
stitu
ted
afte
r Ban
dara
naik
e's p
anch
a m
aha
bala
vega
yael
ecto
ral
vict
ory
of 1
956
serv
ed to
ghe
ttoize
man
y of
the
Sinh
ala
rura
l you
th st
rata
with
in fr
ames
of v
erna
cula
r edu
catio
n.M
eanw
hile
Eng
lish
cont
inue
d to
ope
rate
as a
dom
inan
t
29|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
35S
ee P
. Ale
xand
er (1
981)
"S
hare
d Fa
ntas
ies
and
Elit
e Po
litic
s: T
he S
ri L
anka
n 'In
surr
ecti
on' o
f 197
1" M
anki
nd V
ol.1
3, N
o.2,
pp.
124-
129;
T. M
arks
(199
4) M
aois
t
Insu
rgen
cy S
ince
Vie
tnam
(Fr
ank
Cas
s, L
ondo
n).
It s
houl
d be
not
ed t
hat
both
the
se w
rite
rs s
tres
sed
mud
alal
i an
d pe
lant
iya
clas
s te
nsio
ns u
nder
lyin
g th
e
1971
insu
rrec
tion
.
36S
ee J
. Uya
ngod
a (2
003)
"S
ocia
l Con
flic
t, R
adic
al R
esis
tanc
e an
d Pr
ojec
ts o
f Sta
te P
ower
: The
Cas
e of
Jan
atha
Vim
ukth
i Per
amun
a of
Sri
Lan
ka"
in M
. May
er,
D.
Raj
asin
gham
-Sen
anay
ake,
Y.
Tang
araj
ah (
eds.
) B
uild
ing
Loca
l C
apac
itie
s fo
r Pe
ace:
Ret
hink
ing
Con
flic
t an
d D
evel
opm
ent
in S
ri L
anka
(M
acm
illan
,
Lond
on),
pp.3
7-64
.
37A
phr
ase
that
can
be
liber
ally
ren
dere
d: "
As
Col
ombo
get
s m
ilk,
the
rest
mus
t m
ake
do w
ith
wat
er."
Cf.
Rep
ort
of t
he P
resi
dent
ial
Com
mis
sion
on
Yout
h
(Gov
ernm
ent
of S
ri L
anka
, 199
0).
38Fo
r ex
ampl
e, t
he J
VP
have
con
trol
of
thos
e un
ions
in t
he e
nerg
y an
d pe
trol
eum
sec
tors
, whi
ch a
re c
urre
ntly
thr
eate
ning
str
ike
acti
on (M
arch
200
5).
and
nece
ssar
y re
sour
ce fo
r acc
ess t
o em
ploy
men
t and
soci
al m
obili
ty.39
At th
e sa
me
time,
edu
catio
n an
dso
cial
izatio
n in
to th
e ve
rnac
ular
-spe
akin
g Si
nhal
aBu
ddhi
st str
ata
of th
e So
uth
has a
lso d
raw
n Si
nhal
ayo
uth
into
pol
itico
-cul
tura
l pre
conc
eptio
ns o
f a S
riLa
nkan
stat
e fra
mew
ork,
whi
ch is
freq
uent
ly p
erce
ived
as n
eces
saril
y un
itary
and
redi
strib
utiv
e. It
is a
lso se
en a
sa
prot
ectiv
e fra
mew
ork
for t
he S
inha
la n
atio
n an
d th
eBu
ddhi
st re
ligio
n. C
onse
quen
tly, a
dee
p ne
xus h
asal
way
s exi
sted
betw
een
the
sphe
res o
f edu
catio
nal
incu
lcat
ion
into
Sin
hala
Bud
dhist
cul
ture
and
the
orig
ins,
grow
th, a
nd n
urtu
re o
f the
JVP.
The
ver
nacu
lar
scho
ols a
nd u
nive
rsiti
es o
f the
cou
ntry
serv
e to
ope
rate
as si
tes o
f par
ty re
crui
tmen
t thr
ough
the
twin
arm
s of
the
Inte
r-U
nive
rsity
Stu
dent
s Fed
erat
ion,
or A
ntha
reas
itis
popu
larly
kno
wn,
and
the
Soci
alist
Stu
dent
s' U
nion
.T
his h
as a
lso c
ontr
ibut
ed to
fier
cely
hos
tile
attit
udes
toth
e pr
ivat
izatio
n of
serv
ices
and
to so
cial
pol
icy
liber
aliza
tion,
esp
ecia
lly in
rega
rd to
the
prov
ision
of
univ
ersit
y ed
ucat
ion.
40D
espi
te th
e ad
mira
tion
for J
VP
cadr
es' o
rgan
izatio
nal c
apac
ities
and
thei
r str
uggl
e fo
rso
cial
justi
ce, i
t is w
idel
y re
cogn
ized,
des
pite
the
univ
ersit
y co
nnec
tion,
that
the
JVP'
s int
elle
ctua
l and
cultu
ral h
orizo
ns h
ave
rem
aine
d co
nsist
ently
restr
icte
dth
roug
hout
thei
r hist
ory.
It is
a fa
ctor
that
bod
es il
l for
thei
r cap
acity
to th
ink
imag
inat
ivel
y an
d in
nova
tivel
yw
ith re
gard
to a
rang
e of
pol
icie
s--fr
om th
e ec
onom
y to
cons
titut
iona
l ref
orm
s and
the
peac
e pr
oces
s. Fr
om th
is,on
e ca
n cl
early
exp
lain
how
wid
er in
telle
ctua
l and
cultu
ral s
elf-d
evel
opm
ent f
requ
ently
brin
gs a
bout
larg
e-sc
ale
defe
ctio
ns a
nd d
epar
ture
s fro
m th
e pa
rty
rath
erth
an th
e po
ssib
ility
of n
otab
le in
tern
al sh
ifts i
n pa
rty
polic
y. It
is fo
r thi
s rea
son
that
the
poin
t of e
ntry
into
and
exit
from
the
part
y ha
s bee
n de
scrib
ed a
s a"r
evol
ving
doo
r" o
r "a
nest
in w
hich
the
educ
ated
rura
lyo
uth
are
ideo
logi
cally
incu
bate
d" re
sulti
ng in
mas
sive
turn
over
of p
erso
nnel
whe
ther
in th
e af
term
ath
ofin
surg
ency
or d
urin
g pe
riods
of e
ngag
emen
t with
elec
tora
l pol
itics
(Cha
ndra
prem
a, 1
991,
p. 7
4).
Four
th, t
he n
atur
e of
dom
inan
t pol
itica
l cul
ture
in S
riLa
nka,
the
failu
res o
f dem
ocra
cy, t
he h
istor
ical
har
deni
ngof
clie
nteli
stic
polit
ics,
corr
uptio
n, a
nd p
oliti
cally
mot
ivat
ed th
ugge
ry h
ave
also
serv
ed to
disq
ualif
ym
ains
tream
pol
itics
am
ong
polit
ical
ly a
ctiv
e yo
uth
from
rura
l are
as. T
hat t
he JV
P of
fers
alte
rnat
ive
chan
nels
ofm
obili
zatio
n th
at d
o no
t ope
rate
thro
ugh
rent
-a-c
row
d or
"stro
ng-a
rm"
polit
ics h
as th
us b
ecom
e at
tract
ive
to ru
ral
yout
h in
the
Sout
h an
d in
the
univ
ersit
ies.
Addi
tiona
lly,
whi
le th
e JV
P hi
storic
ally
has
bee
n no
stra
nger
topo
litic
al v
iolen
ce o
f an
ofte
n-ex
trem
e fo
rm, t
he p
arty
has
atte
mpt
ed to
por
tray
itself
in it
s cur
rent
elec
tora
l pha
se a
sdi
scip
lined
, non
-vio
lent,
and
with
a re
puta
tion
for s
elf-
renu
ncia
tion
and
inte
grity
.41Fo
r ins
tanc
e, JV
P M
Ps a
ndlo
cal g
over
nmen
t offi
cial
s cla
im to
sacr
ifice
thei
r sal
arie
sto
the
part
y co
ffers
, dra
win
g in
stead
a st
ipen
d fro
mco
llect
ive
fund
s. JV
P M
Ps' c
apac
ity to
use
Par
liam
ent f
orth
e re
pres
enta
tion
and
rela
ying
of c
onsti
tuen
ts' in
tere
stsin
a w
ay th
at is
abs
ent f
rom
the
parli
amen
tary
deb
ates
unde
rtak
en b
y ot
her p
oliti
cal p
arty
can
dida
tes s
houl
dal
so n
ot b
e ov
erlo
oked
. Add
ition
ally,
JVP
clai
ms o
f asiz
eabl
e an
d hi
ghly
org
anize
d ca
dre
base
hav
e be
ensu
bsta
ntia
ted
by th
e m
obili
zatio
n of
som
e 10
,000
Sah
ana
Seva
Bal
akay
a(S
ocia
l Reli
ef F
orce
) cad
res f
or p
ost-
tsuna
mi s
ocia
l reli
ef. T
he JV
P's o
rgan
izatio
nal s
truc
ture
isal
so o
f a c
lass
ic B
olsh
evik
cell
ular
stru
ctur
e bu
ilt a
roun
d
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
30
39Th
e pe
rsev
erin
g si
gnif
ican
ce o
f Eng
lish
in th
is w
ay h
as b
een
char
acte
rize
d as
the
neo-
colo
nial
dom
inan
ce o
f the
"ka
duw
a" o
r sw
ord
of E
nglis
h. S
ee S
. Per
era
(199
5) L
ivin
g w
ith
Tort
urer
s an
d O
ther
Ess
ays
of In
terv
enti
on (I
CES
, Col
ombo
), pp
.37-
45.
40Th
e un
iver
siti
es h
ave
been
bes
et b
y vi
olen
ce i
n th
e w
eeks
in
whi
ch t
he f
ield
wor
k fo
r th
is r
epor
t w
as c
ondu
cted
ove
r th
ese
issu
es a
nd r
elat
ed v
iole
nce
betw
een
SLF
P an
d JV
P fa
ctio
ns w
ithi
n th
e un
iver
siti
es. C
f. In
terv
iew
wit
h PD
P, C
olom
bo U
nive
rsit
y S
tude
nt M
arch
11,
200
5.
41W
hile
the
issu
e of
pri
vile
ge a
nd p
erks
for M
Ps a
nd m
inis
ters
has
com
e un
der r
ecen
t scr
utin
y w
ith
the
use
of lu
xury
veh
icle
s, th
e ch
arge
of n
on-v
iole
nt p
olit
ics
is g
ener
ally
con
firm
ed b
y el
ecti
on c
ompl
aint
sta
tist
ics
from
non
-par
tisa
n el
ecti
on m
onit
orin
g bo
dies
. For
exa
mpl
e be
fore
the
UPF
A w
as f
orm
ed, i
n th
e 20
02
loca
l ele
ctio
ns, t
he U
NP
and
the
PA r
egis
tere
d 40
5 an
d 14
3 al
lege
d in
cide
nts
of v
iole
nce
whi
le t
he J
VP
regi
ster
ed ju
st 1
4 in
cide
nts.
In t
he G
ener
al E
lect
ions
of 2
001
the
figu
res
for
alle
ged
inci
dent
s w
ere
1,28
4 fo
r th
e PA
, 75
1 fo
r th
e U
NP
and
9 fo
r th
e JV
P. S
ee F
inal
Rep
ort
of E
lect
ion-
Rel
ated
Vio
lenc
e by
the
Cen
tre
for M
onit
orin
g El
ecti
on V
iole
nce
(CM
EV) -
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t Ele
ctio
ns 2
002
(CM
EV, 2
002)
and
Fin
al R
epor
t of E
lect
ion-
Rel
ated
Vio
lenc
e by
the
Cen
tre
for
Mon
itor
ing
Elec
tion
Vio
lenc
e (C
MEV
) -
Gen
eral
Ele
ctio
n 20
01 (
CM
EV,
2002
). It
sho
uld
be n
oted
how
ever
tha
t un
iver
sity
pol
itic
s in
whi
ch t
he J
VP
also
play
a p
ower
ful r
ole
thro
ugh
the
Inte
r-U
nive
rsit
y S
tude
nts
Uni
on is
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y fr
eque
nt e
rupt
ions
of
viol
ence
.
the
prin
cipl
e of
"de
moc
ratic
cen
tralis
m"
amon
g th
e1,
000
to 2
,000
full-
timer
s and
20,
000
mem
bers
.42
How
ever
, whi
le th
is m
ight
affo
rd so
me
subs
tanc
e to
the
JVP'
s adh
eren
ce to
dem
ocra
tic p
rinci
ples
, it i
s also
wid
elyre
cogn
ized
that
the
part
y of
fers
alm
ost n
o sp
ace
for
publ
ic p
oliti
cal d
isson
ance
or d
issen
t fro
m th
e pa
rty
line,
even
bet
wee
n lo
cal a
nd le
ader
ship
leve
ls.43
Nev
erth
eless
,w
hat i
s clea
r is t
hat t
he JV
P's o
rgan
izatio
nal s
truc
ture
and
polit
ical
cul
ture
rem
ain
radi
cally
at o
dds w
ith th
esh
ape
and
style
of th
e m
ains
tream
par
ties.
The
seor
gani
zatio
nal d
ynam
ics a
re a
lso c
learly
an
atte
mpt
tota
ke th
e m
oral
hig
h gr
ound
in a
situ
atio
n of
wid
espr
ead
disil
lusio
nmen
t with
the
state
of p
oliti
cal c
ultu
re in
Sri
Lank
a. H
owev
er, o
nly
time
will
tell
whe
ther
the
JVP
can
mai
ntai
n th
is tre
nd o
r whe
ther
it w
ill b
e su
cked
into
the
shap
e an
d fo
rm o
f the
pre
dom
inan
t, pr
e-ex
istin
g po
litic
alcu
lture
thro
ugh
thei
r eng
agem
ent w
ith e
lecto
ral p
oliti
csan
d th
e fru
its a
nd p
rivile
ges o
f offi
ce. A
fter a
ll, o
ne o
f the
cent
ral r
easo
ns b
ehin
d th
e JV
P's a
bilit
y to
mob
ilize
and
orga
nize
in th
is w
ay h
as b
een
its p
ast m
argi
naliz
atio
nfro
m p
oliti
cal p
ower
that
affo
rds i
t litt
le ot
her r
ecou
rse
than
to su
ch "
wea
pons
of t
he w
eak.
"
Fifth
, it i
s clea
r tha
t the
JVP'
s sup
port
base
am
ong
the
Sang
haha
s also
exp
ande
d co
nsid
erab
ly. T
he JV
P ha
salw
ays h
ad a
sign
ifica
nt in
fluen
ce a
mon
g th
e yo
unge
rge
nera
tion
of b
hikk
usan
d th
is pa
ttern
was
pre
sent
eve
n in
the
early
insu
rgen
cy y
ears
of th
e 19
71 g
ener
atio
n w
hen
pans
alas
beca
me
hidi
ng p
laces
for b
oth
JVP
cadr
es a
ndw
eapo
nry,
desp
ite th
ere
bein
g co
nsid
erab
le am
biva
lence
tow
ard
the
Sang
haam
ong
the
JVP
leade
rship
at t
his t
ime.
The
attr
actio
n of
the
JVP
for t
hese
you
nger
, jun
ior m
onks
has a
lway
s bee
n ba
sed
on th
e co
mm
on so
cial o
rigin
s in
the
rura
l and
ver
nacu
lar-e
duca
ted
sphe
res o
f Sin
hala
socie
tysh
ared
by
both
such
sect
ions
of t
he S
angh
aan
d lay
JVP
cadr
es. I
t also
has
its r
oots
in th
e w
iden
ing
of a
cces
s to
univ
ersit
y ed
ucat
ion
(inclu
ding
incr
ease
d co
ntac
t with
lay
stude
nts a
nd se
cular
disc
iplin
es) a
mon
g bh
ikku
sim
plem
ente
d in
the
post-
inde
pend
ence
yea
rs. It
is in
this
cont
ext t
hat t
he fo
rmer
mon
astic
Bud
dhist
col
leges
like
Vid
yoda
ya a
nd V
idya
lanka
ra, w
hich
wer
e aw
arde
dun
iver
sity
statu
s afte
r 195
6, b
ecam
e ce
nter
s of J
VP
activ
ityfo
r the
"19
71"
gene
ratio
n. T
he n
exus
bet
wee
n th
e JV
Pan
d yo
unge
r gen
erat
ions
of m
onks
has
also
bee
n a
cons
eque
nce
of so
cio-e
cono
mic,
cul
tura
l, an
d ca
stete
nsio
ns a
nd re
sent
men
t bor
ne o
f the
hier
arch
ical n
atur
e of
the
Sang
ha--w
hich
juni
or a
nd n
ovice
mon
ks fe
el to
war
dth
eir e
lder
s in
the
piriv
enas
, pan
sala
s,m
onas
tic c
hapt
ers,
and
othe
r walk
s of B
uddh
ist c
lerica
l life
in S
ri La
nka.
Con
sequ
ently
, the
JVP
has a
lway
s main
tain
ed a
sepa
rate
orga
niza
tiona
l sec
tion
for m
onks
with
in it
s par
ty st
ruct
ure.
At o
ne ti
me,
ther
e ha
d be
en c
onsid
erab
le di
sapp
roba
tion
for t
he JV
P am
ong
the
olde
r and
seni
or th
eras
, par
ticul
arly
of th
e As
giry
a an
d M
alwat
te C
hapt
ers -
esp
ecial
ly o
ver
accu
satio
ns o
f a JV
P at
tack
on
the
Dal
ada
Mal
igaw
ain
the
late
1980
s. D
espi
te th
is, si
nce
the
1980
s the
re h
as b
een
aco
nsid
erab
le ra
ppro
chem
ent b
etw
een
the
JVP
and
the
elder
San
gha
with
a n
otice
able
shift
on
both
side
s in
whi
chth
e JV
P lea
dersh
ip se
eks t
he b
lessin
gs o
f the
San
gha
and
enga
ges i
n bo
dhi p
uja
ritua
ls to
the
sam
e ex
tent
as i
sco
mm
on a
mon
g ot
her p
arty
lead
ers.
Thi
s rec
oncil
iatio
n is
a te
stam
ent t
o th
e de
eper
nex
us fo
rged
bet
wee
n th
e JV
Pan
d Si
nhala
Bud
dhist
nat
iona
list s
entim
ent.
The
re is
som
e sp
ecul
atio
n th
at th
e JV
P ha
ve a
lsoex
tend
ed th
eir s
uppo
rt b
ase
amon
g th
e m
ilita
ry a
nd th
atth
is ha
s bee
n a
grow
ing
tend
ency
with
in th
e pa
rty
since
the
1980
s per
iod
whe
n sig
nific
ant a
mbi
vale
nce
tow
ard
the
JVP
amon
g di
ffere
nt st
rata
of t
he m
ilita
ry h
iera
rchy
brou
ght a
bout
a c
onsid
erab
le re
luct
ance
to e
ngag
e in
viol
ent c
ount
er-in
surg
ency
tact
ics a
gain
st th
em
ovem
ent.44
Acco
rdin
gly,
it is
quite
cle
ar th
at, a
side
from
the
JVP'
s voc
al b
rand
of "
patr
iotis
m,"
its a
nti-
31|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
42C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
wit
h S
omaw
ansa
Am
aras
ingh
e, M
arch
19,
200
5.
43C
f. in
terv
iew
s w
ith
SD
Mar
ch 1
6, 2
005,
Mar
ch 2
3, 2
005,
and
SF
Mar
ch 1
0, 2
005.
44It
has
bee
n cl
aim
ed t
hat
the
turn
ing
poin
t on
ly c
ame
whe
n an
ti-J
VP
forc
es is
sued
Des
hapr
emi J
anat
ha V
yapa
raya
(DJV
) thr
eats
and
"ch
its"
aga
inst
mili
tary
pers
onne
l and
the
ir f
amili
es t
hat
spaw
ned
the
fero
city
of
the
coun
ter-
insu
rgen
cy o
n a
wid
er s
cale
. Cf.
fie
ldw
ork
in A
nura
dhap
ura
Dis
tric
t, 2
002.
S
ee a
lso
A.C
. Alle
s (1
990)
The
JV
P, 1
969-
1989
(Lak
ehou
se, C
olom
bo),
pp. 3
10-3
12.
LTT
E sta
nce,
and
its e
ndur
ing
and
ofte
n-in
voke
d pr
aise
for t
he se
curit
y fo
rces
, the
re is
also
a so
cial
nex
usbe
twee
n th
e JV
P an
d th
e so
cial
stra
ta w
ithin
Sri
Lank
aw
ho c
onsti
tute
the
core
recr
uitm
ent m
ater
ial o
f the
mili
tary
serv
ices
. Ind
eed,
it h
as b
een
asse
rted
by
som
eco
mm
enta
tors
(inc
ludi
ng in
disc
ussio
n w
ith th
e au
thor
s)th
at th
e JV
P ha
s inf
iltra
ted
the
Sri L
anka
n Ar
my
to th
eca
ptai
n-le
vel45
--a
tend
ency
for i
nfilt
ratio
n of
mili
tary
serv
ices
by
"fun
dam
enta
list"
forc
es th
at is
by
no m
eans
ano
vel p
heno
men
on in
Sou
th A
sia.46
The
pot
entia
lev
olut
ion
of a
JVP-
mili
tary
nex
us in
this
way
cou
ld it
self
prov
e pr
oble
mat
ic fo
r the
pea
ce p
roce
ss in
a c
risis
situa
tion
and
is m
ore
likel
y to
add
to th
e pr
essu
re o
f are
turn
to a
"w
ar fo
r pea
ce"
strat
egy
shou
ld th
e ne
xus b
ere
info
rced
. Alth
ough
it m
ay c
urre
ntly
be
an e
xtre
me
inte
rpre
tatio
n an
d so
mew
hat p
rem
atur
e, in
a w
orst-
case
scen
ario
one
cou
ld n
ot e
ntire
ly ru
le o
ut th
e fu
ture
deve
lopm
ent o
f mili
tary
cou
p dy
nam
ics i
n a
cont
ext o
fhe
ight
ened
pol
itica
l ins
tabi
lity.
Fina
lly, a
num
ber o
f com
men
tato
rs (f
or e
xam
ple,
Ivan
,K
apfe
rer,
Jiggi
ns) h
ave
asse
rted
that
the
JVP
cann
ot b
eun
ders
tood
unl
ess o
ne a
lso u
nder
stand
s the
hist
oric
alpo
tenc
y of
cas
te p
oliti
cs in
Sri
Lank
a. S
uch
polit
ics
oper
ate
thro
ugh
KSD
(Kar
ava,
Sal
agam
a, D
urav
a) a
ndlo
wer
cas
te (f
or e
xam
ple,
Bat
gam
, Wah
umpa
ra) b
lock
sag
ains
t for
ms o
f cas
te p
oliti
cal d
omin
atio
n fro
m th
eup
per s
trata
(Goy
igam
a) w
ithin
Sri
Lank
a's in
vert
edpy
ram
idal
or h
ourg
lass
-shap
ed c
aste
stru
ctur
e. W
hile
the
JVP
them
selv
es re
ject
a c
aste
-bas
ed a
naly
sis o
f the
irm
obili
zatio
ns (a
tend
ency
rein
forc
ed b
y th
e co
mbi
ned
influ
ence
of M
arxi
sm a
nd B
uddh
ism),
the
poss
ibili
ty th
atca
ste n
etw
orks
hav
e be
en (a
nd m
ay st
ill b
e) o
pera
tive
at a
back
grou
nd le
vel i
n a
way
that
also
inte
rlock
s with
cla
ss,
mas
s-elit
e, a
nd c
ente
r-pe
riphe
ry c
onfli
ctua
l dyn
amic
sca
nnot
be
reje
cted
out
right
.47In
deed
, occ
asio
nally
info
rman
ts sy
mpa
thet
ic to
the
JVP
have
exp
ress
edre
sent
men
t aga
inst
a pe
rcei
ved
caste
nex
us o
f wha
t are
calle
d th
e th
ree
"Cs"
--Col
ombo
, Cat
holic
or C
hrist
ian,
and
(the
"C"
that
is a
"K
") K
arav
a. T
he im
port
ance
of
this
is th
at it
und
erlin
es h
ow th
e vi
ew th
at th
e JV
P ar
eno
w e
xpre
ssiv
e of
cas
te d
ynam
ics b
elow
the
clas
sic K
SDtri
angl
e, th
at h
ad p
revi
ously
und
erpi
nned
elem
ents
of th
eO
ld L
eft,
cann
ot b
e sim
ply
dism
issed
.48C
aste
pers
pect
ives
on
the
JVP
stres
s the
diff
icul
ties f
acin
g ov
ert
low
er-c
aste
elec
tora
l mob
iliza
tion
in a
con
text
whe
re th
eG
oyig
ama
cons
titut
e ro
ughl
y ha
lf th
e Si
nhal
a ele
ctor
ate.
Thi
s can
be
used
to e
xpla
in th
e co
nsist
ent r
ecou
rse
tona
tiona
list t
rope
s and
sym
bols
in JV
P m
obili
zatio
ns in
whi
ch d
eepe
r pro
blem
s of s
ocia
l inj
ustic
e an
d in
equa
lity
rem
ain
obsc
ured
. In
this
sens
e ca
ste re
mai
ns th
e "i
nner
cour
tyar
d" in
Sri
Lank
an p
oliti
cs, a
tabo
o ar
ea th
atno
neth
eless
und
erpi
ns th
e str
uggl
es o
f sub
alte
rnm
ovem
ents
like
the
JVP
whi
le al
so e
xpla
inin
g th
eir
cons
isten
t rec
ours
e to
Sin
hala
nat
iona
lism
rath
er th
an to
mob
iliza
tions
bas
ed o
n th
e so
cial
fiss
ures
that
und
erpi
nth
eir c
onsti
tuen
cy.49
In th
is w
ay S
ri La
nka
is un
able
toun
ify to
solv
e th
e et
hnic
pro
blem
, as c
aste
fiss
ures
are
cons
isten
tly re
trans
late
d in
to S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
tdy
nam
ics.
Such
a c
risis
in S
inha
la id
entit
y su
stain
s the
inab
ility
to o
verc
ome
Sinh
ala
Budd
hist
maj
orita
riani
sman
d its
det
rimen
tal e
ffect
s upo
n th
e po
lity
as a
who
le.
A nu
mbe
r of s
chol
ars h
ave
emph
asize
d th
at th
e JV
P is
radi
cally
age
ncy-
driv
en, v
olun
taris
tic, a
nd a
par
ty o
fac
tion
and
not i
deol
ogy
with
an
imm
ense
cap
acity
for
polit
ical
ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p.50
Des
pite
this,
it is
cle
ar th
atth
e pa
rty
has n
onet
hele
ss su
stain
ed it
self
(eve
n af
ter t
he
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
32
45C
f. in
terv
iew
s w
ith
SD
Mar
ch 1
6, 2
005
and
Mar
ch 2
3, 2
005.
46S
ee T
ariq
Ali
(200
1) "
Bit
ter
Chi
ll of
Win
ter,"
Lon
don
Rev
iew
of
Boo
ks, V
ol. 2
3, N
o. 8
, Apr
il 19
, 200
1.
47C
f. in
terv
iew
wit
h V
I Mar
ch 1
6, 2
005.
48Fi
eldw
ork,
200
2. It
sho
uld
be n
oted
tha
t th
e in
form
ant,
a J
VP
supp
orte
r, w
as e
choi
ng t
he v
iew
s of
Nal
in d
e S
ilva,
the
Jat
hika
Chi
ntan
aya
ideo
logu
e.
49S
ee J
. Uya
ngod
a (2
000)
"Th
e In
ner
Cou
rtya
rd: P
olit
ical
Dis
cour
se o
f C
aste
, Jus
tice
and
Equ
alit
y in
Sri
Lan
ka"
Prav
ada,
Vol
. 6, N
os. 9
& 1
0.
50Se
e M
. Moo
re (1
993)
"Th
e JV
P in
Sri
Lank
a: T
horo
ughl
y M
oder
n Re
volu
tiona
ries,
" So
uth
Asi
an S
tudi
es, V
ol. 2
7, N
o. 3
, p. 5
96. F
or t
he v
iew
tha
t th
e JV
P ar
e a
part
y
of a
ctio
n an
d no
t ide
olog
y, s
ee G
. Sam
aran
ayak
e (1
999)
"Po
litic
al V
iole
nce
in S
ri La
nka:
a D
iagn
ostic
App
roac
h" T
erro
rism
and
Pol
itica
l Vio
lenc
e, V
ol. 9
, No.
2, p
. 111
.
deat
h of
Wije
wee
ra) t
hrou
gh m
any
of th
eaf
orem
entio
ned
struc
tura
l dyn
amic
s. M
oreo
ver,
the
ideo
logy
that
und
erpi
ns a
nd su
stain
s the
JVP'
s pol
itica
lco
hesio
n lie
s not
so m
uch
in th
e do
ctrin
es a
nd th
eorie
sof
Mar
xism
as i
n th
e m
ore
affe
ctiv
e an
d em
otiv
e ap
peal
of S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
m. A
dditi
onal
ly, it
shou
ld b
ere
cogn
ized
that
the
JVP
has t
aken
on
the
man
tle o
fSi
nhal
a Bu
ddhi
st na
tiona
list m
obili
zatio
npr
opor
tiona
tely,
to th
e ex
tent
to w
hich
bot
h th
e U
NP
and
the
SLFP
hav
e be
gun
to d
istan
ce th
emse
lves
from
an o
vert
ly S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
t pos
ition
.51In
a se
nse,
this
can
be in
terp
rete
d as
aris
ing
from
the
JVP'
s cap
acity
--be
caus
e of
its v
erna
cula
r, lo
wer
-cla
ss, a
nd ru
ral r
oots-
-toar
ticul
ate
a m
ore
pote
nt d
iscou
rse
of n
atio
nalis
tau
then
ticity
in o
ppos
ition
to w
hat i
t has
con
siste
ntly
desc
ribed
as t
he in
auth
entic
, dec
aden
t, de
raci
nate
d, a
ndco
rrup
t pol
itics
of S
ri La
nka'
s elit
es. S
o, w
hile
a g
radu
alin
tern
al tr
ansfo
rmat
ion
is no
dou
bt a
ccom
pany
ing
incr
easin
g ex
posu
re to
the
sphe
res o
f pol
itica
l offi
ce,
unle
ss th
ese
unde
rlyin
g dy
nam
ics o
f ine
qual
ity a
read
dres
sed,
it is
unl
ikel
y (in
the
fore
seea
ble
futu
re a
tle
ast)
that
this
will
also
resu
lt in
a sh
ift a
way
from
the
JVP'
s rec
ours
e to
form
s of S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
tm
obili
zatio
n. T
he fa
ct th
at th
e JV
P w
alke
d aw
ay fr
omth
e U
PFA
coal
ition
in Ju
ne 2
005
over
the
Join
tM
echa
nism
issu
e, w
hen
ther
e w
as m
uch
deba
te a
bout
the
poss
ibili
ty th
at th
ey w
ould
rem
ain
in o
ffice
, is a
testa
men
t to
this
fact
.
THE
JVP'
S N
ATIO
NAL
IST
IDEO
LOGY
AN
DAT
TITU
DES
TO T
HE P
EACE
PRO
CESS
AN
DCO
NST
ITUT
ION
AL R
EFOR
M
It is
thro
ugh
the
polit
ical
veh
icle
of S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
mth
at th
e JV
P ha
ve in
crea
singl
y so
ught
legi
timac
y as
guar
dian
s of t
he te
rrito
rial i
nteg
rity
and
unity
of t
he S
riLa
nkan
stat
e. W
hile
we
can
say
that
this
JVP
ideo
logi
cal
fram
ewor
k ha
s har
dene
d in
rece
nt y
ears
, it b
uild
s upo
n
prev
ious
mom
ents
of S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
t mob
iliza
tion
that
dat
e ba
ck to
the
1960
s whe
n an
ti-In
dian
chau
vini
sm fo
und
expr
essio
n in
the
four
th c
lass
of t
hepa
nti p
aha,
the
serie
s of l
ectu
res t
hat f
orm
ed th
ere
crui
tmen
t veh
icle
of t
he p
arty
. Thi
s lec
ture
, "In
dian
Expa
nsio
nism
," b
uilt
upon
a C
hine
se C
omm
unist
Par
type
rspe
ctiv
e of
Indi
a's l
ong-
term
stra
tegy
, whi
chdi
scer
ned
polit
ical
and
eco
nom
ic d
esig
ns o
f reg
iona
list
expa
nsio
nism
em
anat
ing
from
the
subc
ontin
ent.
In th
eco
ntex
t of t
he JV
P, th
e le
ctur
e al
so la
bele
d th
eU
pcou
ntry
Tam
il es
tate
wor
kers
as a
"fif
th c
olum
n" in
Sri L
anka
, who
se p
oliti
cal i
nter
ests
wer
e in
imic
al to
the
revo
lutio
nary
stra
tegy
of t
he JV
P an
d w
hose
suffe
rings
wer
e su
ppos
edly
not
as g
reat
as t
hose
of S
inha
la ch
ena
and
smal
lhol
der f
arm
ers i
n th
e So
uth.
Not
with
stand
ing
this,
the
JVP
ente
red
a m
ore
acco
mm
odat
ive
phas
e to
war
d Ta
mil
min
ority
inte
rests
durin
g th
e 19
77 to
198
3 pe
riod,
whe
n bo
th R
ohan
aW
ijew
eera
and
Lio
nel B
opag
e ar
ticul
ated
the
need
tore
cogn
ize th
e po
tent
ial l
egiti
mac
y of
the T
amils
' rig
ht fo
rse
lf-de
term
inat
ion.
52H
owev
er, t
his m
omen
tary
shift
was
undo
ne a
fter B
opag
e's 1
984
resig
natio
n fro
m th
e pa
rty
over
this
and
issue
s of p
arty
mob
iliza
tion
and
orga
niza
tion.
As a
resu
lt th
e JV
P on
ce a
gain
retu
rned
toa
posit
ion
that
reje
cted
the
right
to se
lf-de
term
inat
ion
for T
amil
min
oriti
es (W
ijew
eera
, 198
6). D
urin
g th
epe
riod
of th
e In
do-L
anka
Acc
ord
in 1
987
and
the
13th
Amen
dmen
t pro
posa
ls fo
r mea
sure
s of p
rovi
ncia
lau
tono
my,
the
JVP
mob
ilize
d vo
cife
rous
ly a
gain
st an
ysu
ch d
evol
utio
nary
con
sider
atio
n to
the T
amil
com
mun
ities
. Thi
s was
don
e bo
th a
s a si
ngle
pol
itica
lfo
rce
and
thro
ugh
othe
r nat
iona
list o
rgan
s or f
ront
orga
niza
tions
such
as t
he M
aubi
ma
Sura
kim
a Vy
apar
aya
(MSV
- Fo
rce
for t
he P
rote
ctio
n of
the
Mot
herla
nd),
the
Mau
bim
a Su
raki
ma
Sanv
idha
naya
(MSS
- M
ovem
ent f
orth
e Pr
otec
tion
of th
e M
othe
rland
) and
the
Desh
apre
mi
Jana
tha
Vyap
aray
a(D
JV -
Patr
iotic
Peo
ple's
Mov
emen
t).
33|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
51C
f. A
utho
rs' i
nter
view
wit
h G
unad
asa
Am
aras
eker
a M
arch
17-
18, 2
005.
52S
ee L
. B
opag
e (1
977)
A M
arxi
st A
naly
sis
of t
he N
atio
nal
Que
stio
n of
Sri
Lan
ka (
Niy
amuw
a, C
olom
bo)
and
L. B
opag
e &
R W
ijew
eera
(19
75)
The
Polic
y
Dec
lara
tion
of
the
JVP
(Gin
ipup
ura
Publ
icat
ions
, U.K
.).
The
ana
lytic
al th
rust
of W
ijew
eera
's m
ove
once
aga
in to
a m
ore
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t pos
ition
was
that
cal
ls fo
rau
tono
my
for t
he N
orth
and
Eas
t of t
he c
ount
ry w
ere
mer
ely
an im
peria
list c
onsp
iracy
to sp
lit th
e Sr
i Lan
kan
prol
etar
iat t
hrou
gh sp
urio
us ra
cial
cat
egor
ies t
hat
ultim
atel
y se
rved
the
ambi
tions
of t
he W
este
rn st
ates
and
Indi
a's "
Cho
lan"
am
bitio
ns. W
ijew
eera
atte
mpt
edto
legi
timize
this
posit
ion
thro
ugh
reco
urse
to a
nan
alys
is of
Len
in's
disc
ussio
n of
the
natio
nal q
uesti
on.
As h
e hi
mse
lf pu
t it,
"we
know
ver
y w
ell t
hat t
hedi
visio
n of
the
coun
try
and
dece
ntra
lizat
ion
are
com
plet
ely
oppo
sed
to th
e cl
ass a
ims a
nd n
eces
sitie
s of
the
prol
etar
iat"
(Ibi
d).
Whe
n th
e JV
P re
surfa
ced
afte
r the
bish
ana-
sam
aya
perio
d, it
hel
d an
inte
rnal
deb
ate
on th
e na
tiona
lqu
estio
n. D
ebat
e re
volv
ed a
roun
d w
heth
er th
e pa
rty
shou
ld a
dopt
a M
arxi
st or
nat
iona
list s
tand
on
the
ques
tion
of m
inor
ities
, or a
Ros
a Lu
xem
burg
or
Leni
nist-
orie
nted
stan
d on
the
ques
tion
of se
lf-de
term
inat
ion.
53Ad
ditio
nally
, Dr.
Vic
kram
abah
uK
arun
arat
ne a
nd o
ther
Nav
a Sa
ma
Sam
aja
Part
y (N
SSP)
dele
gate
s wer
e in
vite
d to
atte
nd th
e JV
P na
tiona
lco
ngre
ss in
Tan
galle
in M
ay 1
995,
whe
re a
ll of
the
spea
kers
wer
e he
avily
crit
ical
of a
mili
tary
solu
tion
to th
eco
nflic
t.54H
owev
er, o
nce
the
PA g
over
nmen
t ann
ounc
edits
dev
olut
ion
prop
osal
s, th
e JV
P be
gan
to c
ritic
ize a
fede
ral o
r dev
olut
iona
ry so
lutio
n to
the
ethn
ic c
onfli
ct.
Asid
e fro
m a
brie
f soj
ourn
on
a co
mm
on L
eft p
latfo
rmin
the
pres
iden
tial e
lect
ion
of 1
999,
this
has r
emai
ned
thei
r pos
ition
eve
r sin
ce--
whe
ther
art
icul
ated
aga
inst
PAor
UN
P-le
d go
vern
men
ts. A
lthou
gh th
e JV
P w
ere
rival
sto
the
SLFP
in o
ppos
ition
to th
e U
NF
in th
e 20
02pe
riod;
they
sign
ed a
n M
OU
with
the
SLFP
in Ja
nuar
y20
04 to
form
the
UPF
A, in
the
cont
ext o
f a st
alle
dpe
ace
proc
ess,
risin
g pr
ices
and
uni
on u
nres
t. T
he te
xt o
fth
e M
OU
ass
erts
that
"as
a re
sult
of th
e w
rong
pol
icie
s
follo
wed
by
the
rulin
g U
nite
d N
atio
nal F
ront
, the
coun
try
face
s the
pro
spec
t of l
osin
g its
terr
itoria
lin
tegr
ity...
"55As
crit
ics f
rom
with
in th
e PA
at t
he ti
me
state
d, a
coa
litio
n fo
rmed
with
the
JVP-
-a p
arty
unre
cept
ive
to th
e LT
TE,
to IS
GA,
and
to fe
dera
lde
volu
tion-
-cou
ld p
rese
nt a
pot
entia
l obs
tacl
e to
cons
titut
iona
l ref
orm
s and
to a
ttem
pts t
o ta
ke th
e pe
ace
nego
tiatio
ns fo
rwar
d. W
hile
this
pres
ente
d a
new
obsta
cle
to th
e po
ssib
ility
of t
he P
A be
ing
able
to d
eliv
era
peac
e pa
ckag
e, so
me
criti
cs p
oint
to P
resid
ent
Kum
arat
unga
's va
cilla
ting
com
mitm
ent t
o th
e pe
ace
proc
ess a
s an
equa
lly e
ndur
ing
prob
lem
impa
ctin
g on
the
likel
ihoo
d of
mea
ning
ful n
egot
iatio
ns.
Alth
ough
the
UPF
A co
alitio
n w
on th
e Ap
ril 2
004
elect
ion
on a
slen
der m
ajorit
y--w
ith th
e JV
P ho
ldin
g 39
seat
s and
4m
inist
erial
por
tfolio
s--it
is cle
ar th
at th
e JV
P ha
d th
epo
tent
ial to
act
as a
vet
o bl
ock
from
with
in th
e w
alls o
f the
gove
rnm
ent.
As in
tern
atio
nal a
nd n
atio
nal p
ressu
re o
n th
ego
vern
men
t to
mov
e pe
ace
nego
tiatio
ns fo
rwar
d in
crea
ses,
inclu
ding
$4.
5 bi
llion
in T
okyo
Con
fere
nce
aid, t
he c
rack
san
d fis
sure
s in
the
UPF
A co
alitio
n ha
ve b
egun
to a
ppea
r.In
Feb
ruar
y 20
05, t
he JV
P pa
rliam
enta
ry g
roup
lead
er a
ndpu
blici
ty se
cret
ary,
Wim
al W
eera
wan
sa, c
alled
on
the
gove
rnm
ent t
o w
ithdr
aw fr
om th
e IS
GA
fram
ewor
k,w
hich
it c
onsid
ered
con
trary
to th
e let
ter o
f the
MO
U.
Thi
s pro
mpt
ed th
e pr
esid
ent t
o ca
ll th
eir b
luff
and
dem
and
their
dep
artu
re fr
om th
e co
alitio
n.
Wha
t is c
lear
from
the
UPF
A's p
redi
cam
ent a
t the
tim
eis
that
the
JVP
rem
aine
d un
mov
ed b
y th
e ur
gent
nee
dto
brin
g th
e pe
ace
proc
ess f
orw
ard.
The
y co
ntin
ued
tore
asse
rt th
eir o
ppos
ition
to n
egot
iatio
ns o
n th
e ba
sis o
fIS
GA
and
reite
rate
d th
at b
oth
the
LTT
E an
d th
e Tam
ilN
atio
nal A
llian
ce (T
NA)
wer
e un
dem
ocra
tic a
nd n
ot a
legi
timat
e en
tity
for t
he G
oSL
to c
ondu
ct n
egot
iatio
nsw
ith.56
Addi
tiona
lly, t
he JV
P re
ject
ed a
fede
ral
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
34
53S
ee D
r. S
unil
Rat
napr
iya
(199
6) "
Peac
e: P
ossi
bilit
ies
and
Obs
tacl
es."
Pro
ceed
ings
of
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
onfe
renc
e on
the
Con
flic
t in
Sri
Lan
ka P
eace
wit
h
Just
ice
(Can
berr
a, A
ustr
alia
).
54Ib
id.
55S
ee S
LFP-
JVP
"Mem
oran
dum
of
Und
erst
andi
ng"
(Jan
uary
200
4).
56C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
wit
h S
omaw
ansa
Am
aras
ingh
e an
d Ti
lvin
Silv
a M
arch
10,
200
5.
fram
ewor
k fo
r Sri
Lank
a an
d ar
gued
that
the
only
acce
ptab
le d
evol
utio
n as
far a
s it w
as c
once
rned
was
toth
e lo
cal a
dmin
istra
tive
distr
ict l
evel
s and
bel
ow--
not
unlik
e th
e pa
nchy
atsy
stem
.57T
his i
s onc
e ag
ain
refle
ctiv
eof
the
JVP'
s obs
essio
n w
ith u
nita
ry st
ate
pow
er ra
ther
than
with
any
dev
olut
iona
ry fr
amew
ork
that
cou
ldm
eani
ngfu
lly d
eliv
er a
resp
onse
to th
e cu
rren
t eth
nic
conf
lict.
It is
a pe
rspe
ctiv
e on
the
state
that
has
cle
arly
fuel
led
the
perp
etua
tion
of S
inha
la B
uddh
istm
ajor
itaria
nism
.58In
the
sam
e ve
in, w
hile
the
JVP
clai
ms t
o be
"th
e on
ly p
arty
to h
ave
publ
icly
stat
ed th
atth
e St
ate
shou
ld n
ot h
ave
a la
ngua
ge o
r a re
ligio
n,"59
the
fact
that
this
clai
m to
secu
lar s
tatu
s was
imm
edia
tely
qual
ified
by
Som
awan
sa A
mar
asin
ghe's
ass
ertio
n th
at"t
he m
ajor
ity in
this
coun
try
are
Sinh
ala
Budd
hists
" an
dth
at "
one
shou
ld n
ot fo
rget
the
fact
that
this
coun
try
has
a cu
lture
bui
lt on
Bud
dhist
val
ues a
nd th
is w
as a
tole
rant
soci
ety,"
spea
ks v
olum
es a
bout
the
natu
re o
f the
JVP'
s sec
ular
ism.60
For s
ecul
arism
with
out a
via
ble
cons
titut
iona
l fra
mew
ork
for p
oliti
cal a
uton
omy
and
the
prot
ectio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
thro
ugh
a co
mbi
natio
n of
afe
dera
l fra
mew
ork
and
a se
ries o
f che
cks a
nd b
alan
ces t
oth
e ex
ecut
ive
and
legi
slativ
e br
anch
es o
f gov
erna
nce,
islit
tle m
ore
than
a g
uise
for p
ersis
ting
ethn
icm
ajor
itaria
nism
.
ATTI
TUDE
TO
INTE
RNAT
ION
AL A
ND
CIVI
LSO
CIET
Y AC
TORS
The
JVP
have
long
mai
ntai
ned
a re
puta
tion
for h
ostil
ityto
Inte
rnat
iona
l Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
(IFI
s), I
nter
-G
over
nmen
tal O
rgan
izatio
ns (I
GO
s), I
nter
natio
nal
Non
-Gov
ernm
enta
l Org
aniza
tions
(IN
GO
s), N
GO
s,
and
civi
l soc
iety
act
ors.
Such
insti
tutio
ns a
nd a
ctor
s are
frequ
ently
cha
ract
erize
d as
a th
reat
to th
e so
vere
ignt
yan
d te
rrito
rial i
nteg
rity
of S
ri La
nka.
In th
e pa
st, th
eJV
P ha
ve b
een
criti
cal o
f IFI
s suc
h as
the
Wor
ld B
ank
and
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Mon
etar
y Fu
nd b
ecau
se th
ese
insti
tutio
ns a
re p
erce
ived
to e
ncou
rage
libe
raliz
atio
n an
dpr
ivat
izatio
n as
wel
l as a
ttem
pt to
dism
antle
are
as o
fsm
all-h
olde
r agr
icul
ture
that
rem
ain
cont
entio
us in
term
s of t
he JV
P's t
radi
tiona
l rur
al p
ower
bas
e. T
his i
ses
peci
ally
true
for t
he p
addy
and
che
na fa
rmin
g th
atre
mai
n sy
mbo
lic S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
t tro
pes (
wew
a,ch
aitiy
a, a
ndya
ya),
whi
ch th
e sta
te e
ncou
rage
dhi
storic
ally
thro
ugh
num
erou
s col
oniza
tion
and
larg
e-sc
ale
irrig
atio
n pr
ojec
ts.61
Inde
ed, i
t sho
uld
be n
oted
that
the
JVP
laun
ched
its d
ahas
ak w
ewor
"on
e th
ousa
ndta
nks"
reha
bilit
atio
n pr
ojec
t in
Augu
st 20
04 in
Kur
uneg
ala.
By
doin
g so
the
JVP
indi
cate
d its
con
tinue
dou
twar
d co
mm
itmen
t to
this
form
of s
tate
-spo
nsor
edag
ricul
tura
l dev
elop
men
t and
this
part
icul
ar su
ppor
tba
se. H
owev
er, d
espi
te th
e JV
P's s
uppo
rt fo
r a m
ore
com
man
ding
eco
nom
y an
d th
e str
engt
heni
ng o
f sm
all-
hold
er a
gric
ultu
re, l
eade
r Som
awan
sa A
mar
asin
ghe
indi
cate
d th
at th
e pa
rty
reco
gnize
s the
nec
essit
y of
inte
rnat
iona
l ins
titut
ions
and
the
need
for a
cces
s to
inte
rnat
iona
l fin
ance
. So
the
part
y is
not a
gain
st th
ese
insti
tutio
ns p
er se
.62
In th
is co
ntex
t, th
e re
cent
atta
ck o
n th
e W
orld
Ban
kC
ount
ry D
irect
or sh
ould
not
be
read
in th
e co
ntex
t of a
grat
uito
us a
ttack
on
the
insti
tutio
n of
the
Wor
ld B
ank
itsel
f. R
athe
r, it
was
an
atta
ck o
n th
e C
ount
ry D
irect
or's
perc
eive
d tre
atm
ent o
f the
LT
TE
as a
stat
e-lik
e or
qua
si-sta
te in
stitu
tion,
thro
ugh
whi
ch a
id c
an le
gitim
atel
y be
chan
nele
d to
the
Nor
th-E
ast.
In o
ther
wor
ds, a
s with
35|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
57Ib
id.
58S
ee f
or i
nsta
nce,
A.
Wel
ikal
a (2
002)
"Th
e D
evol
utio
n Pr
ojec
t in
Sri
Lan
ka:
Two
Nat
ions
in
One
Sta
te?"
Lib
eral
Tim
es,
Vol.
10,
No.
3.
D.
Sco
tt (
1994
)
"Com
mun
ity,
Num
ber,
Etho
s of
Dem
ocra
cy"
in D
. Sco
tt (e
d) R
efas
hion
ing
Futu
res:
Cri
tici
sm A
fter
Pos
tcol
onia
lity
(Pri
ncet
on U
nive
rsit
y Pr
ess,
Pri
ncet
on, N
.J.),
pp. 1
58-1
89.
59C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
wit
h S
omaw
ansa
Am
aras
ingh
e an
d Ti
lvin
Silv
a, M
arch
10,
200
5.
60Ib
id.
61S
ee, f
or e
xam
ple,
M. M
oore
(199
8) "
Ideo
logi
cal H
isto
ry o
f th
e S
ri L
anka
n Pe
asan
try"
Mod
ern
Asi
an S
tudi
es, V
ol. 2
3, N
o. 1
, pp
179-
207.
62C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
wit
h S
omaw
ansa
Am
aras
ingh
e an
d Ti
lvin
Silv
a, M
arch
10,
200
5.
Wim
al W
eera
wan
sa's
rece
nt c
ritic
isms o
f Kof
i Ann
an,
the
atta
ck o
n th
e C
ount
ry D
irect
or re
mai
ns a
n at
tack
on
perc
eive
d th
reat
s to
Sri L
anka
's po
litic
al a
nd te
rrito
rial
inte
grity
rath
er th
an n
eces
saril
y on
the
econ
omic
and
deve
lopm
enta
l visi
on o
f the
Wor
ld B
ank
as a
who
le.
Whi
le w
e ar
e no
t sug
gesti
ng th
at a
fund
amen
tal
over
haul
of t
he JV
P's s
tatis
t mac
ro-e
cono
mic
pol
icie
s are
on th
e ca
rds i
n th
e im
med
iate
futu
re o
r tha
t the
JVP
have
eng
aged
in a
mira
culo
us v
olte
face
on B
retto
nW
oods
pol
icie
s, it
is cl
ear t
hat t
he e
xper
ienc
e of
pol
itica
lof
fice
has s
ofte
ned
thei
r onc
e un
com
prom
ising
hos
tility
to su
ch in
stitu
tions
. The
exp
erie
nce
has o
pene
d th
em u
pto
the
pote
ntia
l of d
ialo
gue
and
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f a lo
ng-
term
tran
sitio
n on
eco
nom
ic p
olic
y ev
en if
the
cent
ralit
yof
uni
tary
nat
ion-
state
pow
er w
ill b
e di
fficu
lt to
disp
elfro
m su
ch a
visi
on.
In th
e sa
me
way
, the
JVP'
s atti
tude
to IN
GO
s, N
GO
s,ci
vil s
ocie
ty a
ctor
s, ac
adem
ics,
and
thin
k-ta
nks i
s driv
enby
the
sam
e id
eolo
gica
l com
mitm
ent t
owar
d th
e re
-te
rrito
rializ
atio
n of
pow
er w
ithin
the
unita
ry fr
amew
ork
of th
e Sr
i Lan
kan
natio
n-sta
te. I
n di
scus
sions
with
the
auth
ors,
the
JVP
lead
ersh
ip a
gain
stat
ed th
at th
ey a
reno
t aga
inst
NG
Os p
er se
but t
hat t
hey
diffe
rent
iate
betw
een
NG
Os s
uch
as C
are
Inte
rnat
iona
l, w
ho a
dher
eto
a n
on-p
oliti
cal m
anda
te (a
nd w
ith w
hom
the
JVP
have
wor
ked
in th
e po
st-tsu
nam
i con
text
), an
d N
GO
ssu
ch a
s Wor
ld V
ision
(whi
ch it
shou
ld b
e no
ted
is al
so a
Chr
istia
n or
gani
zatio
n). T
he JV
P pe
rcei
ve th
e la
tter a
sha
ving
a p
oliti
cal a
gend
a in
Sri
Lank
a th
at tr
ansg
ress
esSr
i Lan
kan
gove
rnm
enta
l sov
erei
gnty
and
bei
ngth
eref
ore
polit
ical
ly u
nacc
ount
able
and
ille
gitim
ate.
63
Addi
tiona
lly, d
urin
g th
e pe
riod
in w
hich
this
repo
rt w
asw
ritte
n th
ere
wer
e nu
mer
ous a
ttack
s on
civi
l soc
iety
figur
es (i
nclu
ding
spok
espe
ople
for t
hink
-tank
s,ac
adem
ics,
and
NG
O o
ffici
als)
by
the
JVP
pres
s. T
hey
wer
e va
rious
ly d
escr
ibed
as b
eing
in le
ague
with
the
LTT
E, b
eing
bea
rers
of f
orei
gn a
nd c
orru
ptiv
e va
lues
and
lifes
tyle
s, or
bei
ng tr
aito
rs to
the
Sri L
anka
n na
tion
(dro
hi).
The
se a
ttack
s cul
min
ated
in a
rabi
d an
d fa
natic
alas
saul
t by
Wee
raw
ansa
dur
ing
the
cour
se o
f a P
NM
mee
ting
at M
ahar
agam
a in
Apr
il 20
05. I
n hi
s add
ress
,W
eera
wan
sa e
ncou
rage
d hi
s aud
ienc
e to
"sp
it on
NG
Os
and
stop
them
from
wal
king
on
our s
treet
s. D
onor
coun
trie
s and
thei
r NG
O a
gent
s are
hol
ding
this
coun
try
to ra
nsom
, tel
ling
the
gove
rnm
ent t
o se
t up
ajo
int t
suna
mi r
elie
f mec
hani
sm w
ith th
e LT
TE.
It is
som
ethi
ng th
at c
an b
e do
ne th
roug
h th
e Sr
i Lan
kan
state
mac
hine
ry. T
here
is n
o ne
ed fo
r a jo
int
mec
hani
sm."
64W
eera
wan
sa w
ent o
n to
acc
use
fore
ign
NG
O w
orke
rs o
f bei
ng "
crow
s who
had
com
e to
Sri
Lank
a in
sear
ch o
f dol
lars
."65
Wee
raw
ansa
then
wen
t on
to a
ttack
Pro
fess
or Ja
yade
va U
yang
oda;
Kum
arRu
pasin
ghe
of In
tern
atio
nal A
lert
; Dr.
Pakk
iyas
othy
Sara
vana
mut
tu o
f the
Cen
tre fo
r Pol
icy
Alte
rnat
ives
; the
late
jour
nalis
t Tar
aki;
Jeha
n Pe
rera
of t
he N
atio
nal P
eace
Cou
ncil;
and
the
polit
icia
ns o
f the
Lef
t, Va
sude
vaN
anay
akka
ra a
nd W
ickr
amab
ahu
Kar
unar
atna
; who
mhe
acc
used
of b
eing
cov
ert N
GO
pup
pets.
Whe
n on
e an
alys
es th
e JV
P sta
nce
on in
tern
atio
nal
NG
O a
nd c
ivil
soci
etal
act
ors,
it ap
pear
s tha
t the
irou
tlook
is st
ruct
ured
from
a b
ackg
roun
d di
chot
omy
ofpo
litic
al a
nd n
on-p
oliti
cal o
ppos
ites.
The
pol
itica
l sph
ere
shou
ld re
mai
n th
e ex
clus
ive
dom
ain
of "
dem
ocra
tic"
and
"acc
ount
able
" po
litic
al a
ctor
s and
figu
res;
whi
le N
GO
san
d ci
vil s
ocie
tal a
ctor
s--w
ho h
ave
rece
ived
no
such
man
date
from
the
"peo
ple"
--sh
ould
stic
k to
cle
arly
dem
arca
ted
non-
polit
ical
, hum
anita
rian,
relie
f and
deve
lopm
enta
l man
date
s.66
Whi
le th
e JV
P's p
ersp
ectiv
e on
this
issue
raise
s ser
ious
conc
erns
abo
ut th
eir n
arro
w c
once
ptio
n of
the
"pol
itica
l" a
nd th
eir c
omm
itmen
t to
freed
om o
f spe
ech
amon
g ci
vil s
ocie
ty a
ctor
s as a
who
le, i
t sho
uld
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
36
63Ib
id.
64C
f. "
JVP
slam
s N
GO
s, w
este
rn c
ount
ries
for
med
dlin
g,"
Tam
ilnet
Apr
il 7,
200
5 (w
ww
.tam
ilnet
.com
).
65C
f. "
Wee
raw
ansa
lash
es o
ut a
t IN
GO
s, N
GO
s, R
ING
Os,
GR
ING
Os
and
BIN
GO
s,"
Lank
a A
cade
mic
, Apr
il 7,
200
5.
66C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
wit
h S
omaw
ansa
Am
aras
ingh
e an
d Ti
lvin
Silv
a, M
arch
10,
200
5; a
nd w
ith
Som
awan
sa A
mar
asin
ghe,
M
arch
19,
200
5.
none
thel
ess n
ot b
e di
smiss
ed o
ut o
f han
d. It
is re
leva
ntto
the
broa
der d
ebat
e ab
out t
he e
xten
t to
whi
ch d
onor
state
s, in
tern
atio
nal a
ctor
s and
NG
Os s
houl
d co
ntin
ueto
con
trav
ene
trad
ition
al n
otio
ns o
f sov
erei
gnty
and
the
exte
nt to
whi
ch a
id sh
ould
rem
ain
harn
esse
d to
cond
ition
aliti
es li
ke "
good
gov
erna
nce"
-or,
in th
e Sr
iLa
nkan
con
text
, to
"pro
gres
s in
the
peac
e pr
oces
s." T
his
is es
peci
ally
rele
vant
in th
e fra
gile
pos
t-tsu
nam
i con
text
of w
idel
y ac
know
ledg
ed st
ate
inca
paci
ty.67
Whi
le th
em
aint
enan
ce o
f suc
h co
nditi
onal
ities
may
be
inte
nded
toco
ntrib
ute
to th
e str
engt
heni
ng o
f hum
an ri
ghts
with
inde
velo
ping
wor
ld c
onte
xts,
they
may
non
ethe
less
be
coun
terp
rodu
ctiv
e in
as f
ar a
s the
y le
ad to
the
rein
forc
emen
t of n
atio
nalis
t age
ndas
aga
inst
a pe
rcei
ved
"im
peria
list"
cos
mop
olita
n ag
enda
impo
sed
bydo
min
ant s
tate
s and
NG
Os-
-a si
tuat
ion
whi
ch w
ill h
ave
been
exa
cerb
ated
and
not
impr
oved
by
the
tsuna
mi.
The
rece
nt p
lan
to c
reat
e a
parli
amen
tary
sele
ct c
omm
ittee
topo
lice
aid
and
NG
Os,
spea
rhea
ded
by JV
P he
avyw
eigh
tN
anda
na G
unat
illak
e, is
a te
stam
ent t
o th
e po
litic
alpo
lariz
atio
n ov
er a
id th
at h
as ta
ken
plac
e in
Sri
Lank
a.68
The
JVP
also
rem
ains
hig
hly
criti
cal o
f Nor
way
's ro
le a
sm
edia
tor i
n th
e pe
ace
proc
ess.
It co
nsta
ntly
que
stion
sN
orw
ay's
agen
da a
nd p
ropa
gate
s the
not
ion
that
Nor
weg
ian
med
iatio
n is
part
ial t
o th
e LT
TE'
s int
eres
tsan
d th
eir u
ltim
ate
obje
ctiv
es o
f cre
atin
g a
sepa
rate
stat
e--
a pe
rspe
ctiv
e th
at is
not
con
fined
to th
e JV
P.C
onsid
erin
g th
e JV
P's h
istor
y of
ant
i-Ind
ian
mob
iliza
tion-
-dat
ing
back
to th
e "I
ndia
n Ex
pans
ioni
sm"
clas
s, an
d co
ntin
uing
with
the
agita
tion
agai
nst t
heIn
do-L
anka
Acc
ord
and
the
pres
ence
of t
he In
dian
Pea
ceK
eepi
ng F
orce
--th
e JV
P ha
s iro
nica
lly b
ut v
ery
firm
ly
shift
ed to
war
d a
pro-
Indi
an p
ositi
on in
term
s of b
oth
apr
efer
able
pot
entia
l med
iato
r to
the
peac
e pr
oces
s and
inte
rms o
f for
eign
pol
icy
alig
nmen
ts as
a w
hole
. Thi
sre
flect
s a m
utua
lity
of in
tere
sts--
with
Indi
a w
antin
g to
ensu
re th
at a
pot
entia
lly d
esta
biliz
ing
sepa
rate
stat
e of
Tam
il Ee
lam
doe
s not
app
ear a
t the
foot
of I
ndia
, whi
leth
e JV
P ar
e ke
en (f
or o
bvio
us re
ason
s) to
enl
ist th
eex
tern
al su
ppor
t of a
pow
erfu
l reg
iona
l sta
te a
ctor
that
isop
pose
d to
Eel
amist
asp
iratio
ns. C
onse
quen
tly, t
he JV
Pha
ve b
een
keen
to d
evel
op g
ood
rela
tions
with
the
Indi
an H
igh
Com
miss
ion
and
to lo
bby
for a
n In
dian
role
in th
e pe
ace
proc
ess.69
THE
POST
-TSU
NAM
I CON
TEXT
AN
D TH
E JV
P'S
LON
G-TE
RM P
OLIT
ICAL
PRO
SPEC
TS
The
rece
nt p
oliti
cal j
unct
ure
is on
e in
whi
ch th
e JV
Pha
s sou
ght t
o se
cure
pol
itica
l cap
ital a
nd le
gitim
acy
thro
ugh
its sw
ift re
actio
n in
the
wak
e of
the
Asia
ntsu
nam
i. It
mob
ilize
d 10
,000
cad
res o
f the
Sah
ana
Seva
Bala
kaya
(Soc
ial R
elie
f For
ce),70
a re
lief f
orce
that
prov
ided
med
ical
aid
, wel
l pur
ifica
tion,
relie
f cam
ps, t
hedi
strib
utio
n of
food
, and
oth
er e
mer
genc
y su
pplie
s. It
also
eng
aged
in re
cons
truc
tion
wor
k in
clud
ing
the
rebu
ildin
g of
the
Gal
le B
us S
tand
, rep
airs
to th
e Sr
iLa
nkan
railw
ay n
etw
ork,
and
pro
visio
n of
tem
pora
ryho
usin
g to
the
disp
lace
d.71
Som
awan
sa A
mar
asin
ghe
state
s tha
t whi
le th
e Sa
hana
Sev
a Ba
laka
yais
not a
gove
rnm
enta
l org
aniza
tion,
it is
non
ethe
less
the
JVP'
sor
gani
zatio
nal s
treng
th th
at h
as m
ade
up fo
r oth
erpa
rtie
s' la
ck o
f org
aniza
tiona
l cap
acity
and
hel
ped
toth
us fa
r avo
id se
rious
food
riot
s in
the
Sout
h.72
Base
d on
37|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
67Fo
r a
broa
der
disc
ussi
on o
f th
ese
issu
es in
the
Sri
Lan
kan
cont
ext,
see
N. W
ickr
amas
ingh
e (2
001)
Civ
il S
ocie
ty in
Sri
Lan
ka :
New
Cir
cles
Of
Pow
er (S
age,
2001
); fo
r th
e re
cent
pos
t-Ts
unam
i co
ntex
t, s
ee G
. Fr
erks
and
B.
Kle
m
(200
5) "
Mud
dlin
g th
e Pe
ace
Proc
ess:
Pos
t-Ts
unam
i R
ehab
ilita
tion
in
War
-tor
n S
ri
Lank
a" (C
linge
ndae
l Con
flic
t R
esea
rch
Uni
t, N
ethe
rlan
ds).
68Th
e ap
poin
tmen
t of
the
Par
liam
enta
ry S
elec
t C
omm
itte
e is
sch
edul
ed f
or e
arly
May
200
5.
69C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
wit
h S
omaw
ansa
Am
aras
ingh
e an
d Ti
lvin
Silv
a, M
arch
10,
200
5.
70Th
e Sa
hana
Sev
a Ba
laka
yaw
as n
ot c
reat
ed in
res
pons
e to
the
200
4 ts
unam
i but
in r
elat
ion
to d
roug
hts
and
floo
ds in
dif
fere
nt a
reas
of
the
Sou
th in
200
3.
71C
f au
thor
's in
terv
iew
wit
h PB
, Mat
ara
Dis
tric
t O
rgan
iser
of
the
Saha
na S
eva
Bala
kaya
, Wel
igam
a, M
arch
200
5.
72Ib
id.
our b
rief f
ield
wor
k in
the
Sout
h an
d al
so fr
om re
port
s of
post-
tsuna
mi p
rote
sts e
man
atin
g fro
m G
alle
and
Mat
ara
amon
g ot
her p
lace
s, di
ssat
isfac
tion
and
frustr
atio
n w
ithth
e le
vel o
f gov
ernm
enta
l int
erve
ntio
n in
the
Sout
h ha
sbe
en h
igh
and
the
atm
osph
ere
in so
cial
relie
f cam
ps is
high
ly c
harg
ed. C
ompa
ring
testi
mon
y fro
m d
ispla
ced
peop
le in
bot
h a
JVP
relie
f cam
p an
d fro
m a
n N
GO
tent
ed c
amp,
all
the
inte
rvie
wee
s cha
rged
the
gove
rnm
ent w
ith n
eglig
ence
and
failu
re in
solv
ing
thei
rlo
ng- a
nd sh
ort-t
erm
pro
blem
s whi
le p
raisi
ng th
e JV
Pfo
r the
ir re
lief a
nd re
cons
truc
tion
effo
rts.73
Addi
tiona
lly,
thos
e di
spla
ced
in th
e te
nted
cam
p al
so a
ggre
ssiv
ely
indi
cate
d th
eir i
nten
tion
to v
ote
for t
he JV
P in
any
subs
eque
nt e
lect
ion
with
out b
eing
dire
ctly
ask
ed a
bout
such
inte
ntio
ns. T
he p
ost-t
suna
mi c
onte
xt m
ay w
ell
have
pro
vide
d an
occ
asio
n fo
r the
JVP
to p
rove
its
orga
niza
tiona
l cap
aciti
es a
nd c
omm
itmen
t to
soci
al re
lief
at a
mom
ent o
f sha
rp c
risis,
and
may
serv
e to
exp
and
itspo
pula
rity
and
polit
ical
con
stitu
ency
in a
ny fu
ture
elec
tion.
Whi
le th
e JV
P m
ay h
ave
expa
nded
its p
oliti
cal
legi
timac
y in
the
face
of g
over
nmen
t fai
lure
s in
the
post-
tsuna
mi s
ituat
ion;
it is
also
pos
sible
that
whi
le th
e JV
Pai
d ef
fort
has
bee
n w
elco
med
in a
reas
whe
re it
has
bee
nop
erat
ive,
due
to th
e cr
isis c
onte
xt it
may
not
nec
essa
rily
have
ext
ende
d th
e pa
rty'
s pol
itica
l con
stitu
ency
in a
nysig
nific
ant l
ong-
term
way
. A m
ore
extre
me
inte
rpre
tatio
nis
that
the
JVP
may
hav
e di
scre
dite
d its
elf t
hrou
gh a
perc
eive
d na
ked
atte
mpt
to e
xplo
it th
e po
st-tsu
nam
icr
isis f
or p
oliti
cal a
ims a
nd th
roug
h its
par
tner
ship
in a
gove
rnm
ent t
hat i
s wid
ely
perc
eive
d to
hav
e dr
agge
d its
feet
and
pro
vide
d lit
tle o
ther
than
food
stam
ps to
thos
em
ost s
erio
usly
affe
cted
by
the
tsuna
mi.
How
ever
,fie
ldw
ork
indi
cate
d a
high
leve
l of d
iffer
entia
tion
amon
gin
form
ants
betw
een
the
JVP
on th
e on
e ha
nd a
nd th
eU
PFA
gove
rnm
ent o
n th
e ot
her,
indi
catin
g th
at th
e JV
Pm
anag
ed to
acc
rue
mos
t of t
he p
oliti
cal c
apita
l fro
m
inde
pend
ent s
ocia
l rel
ief w
ork
whi
le st
ill a
mem
ber o
fth
e U
PFA
coal
ition
.74T
his s
ugge
sts th
at th
e fo
rmer
scen
ario
of e
xpan
ded
JVP
legi
timac
y is
far m
ore
likel
y.
From
bot
h th
e po
st-tsu
nam
i situ
atio
n an
d th
e JV
P's
depa
rtur
e fro
m th
e U
PFA
coal
ition
in Ju
ne 2
005
over
the
Join
t Mec
hani
sm is
sue,
it is
cle
ar th
at so
me
obse
rver
sha
ve u
nder
estim
ated
the
part
y's l
ong-
term
stra
tegy
and
impa
ct u
pon
polit
ical
cul
ture
in S
ri La
nka.
One
of t
hear
gum
ents
cons
tant
ly m
ade
is th
at th
e JV
P ar
e be
ing
draw
n in
to m
ains
tream
pol
itica
l cul
ture
thro
ugh
thei
rex
posu
re to
the
fruits
and
spoi
ls of
coa
litio
nal o
ffice
.Fr
om th
is it
has b
een
vary
ingl
y in
terp
rete
d th
at th
e JV
Pw
ill e
ither
fall
into
a d
eclin
e in
the
sam
e w
ay th
at th
eO
ld L
eft p
artie
s did
from
the
1970
s onw
ard;
75or
that
thes
e pr
oces
ses m
ay le
ad to
an
inte
rnal
tran
sform
atio
nan
d m
oder
atio
n of
the
part
y aw
ay fr
om m
ore
radi
cal
and
natio
nalis
t pol
itics
. How
ever
, wha
t has
per
haps
bee
nov
erlo
oked
is th
e im
pact
that
the
JVP
will
con
tinue
toha
ve o
n po
litic
al c
ultu
re a
nd p
oliti
cal p
roce
sses
in S
riLa
nka.
It is
qui
te c
lear
, as t
he JV
P's J
oint
Mec
hani
smde
part
ure
dem
onstr
ated
, tha
t the
par
ty's
shor
t-ter
min
tere
st in
por
tfolio
and
offi
ce is
not
as e
xten
sive
as so
me
have
sugg
este
d--a
poi
nt S
omaw
amsa
Am
aras
ingh
e w
aske
en to
em
phas
ize in
an
inte
rvie
w w
ith th
e au
thor
s.76
Bear
ing
this
in m
ind,
it is
cle
ar th
at th
e JV
P's l
ong-
term
goal
s are
to m
aint
ain
its st
aunc
h re
sista
nce
to b
oth
the
Join
t Mec
hani
sm a
nd IS
GA
and
to a
chie
ve it
s sta
ted
polit
ical
obj
ectiv
es a
t the
hel
m o
f a fu
ture
gov
ernm
ent.
How
ever
, the
re w
as a
bro
ad c
onse
nsus
am
ong
acad
emic
and
med
ia c
omm
enta
tors
durin
g th
e fie
ldw
ork
perio
dth
at, i
n th
e ev
ent o
f ano
ther
gen
eral
elect
ion,
the
JVP
wou
ld n
ot re
tain
its c
urre
nt 3
9-se
at p
ositi
on. T
here
was
agre
emen
t tha
t its
seat
cou
nt w
ould
fall
to p
erha
ps th
ere
gion
of 2
0 to
25
seat
s. T
he a
utho
rs' o
wn
pred
ictio
n is
that
the
JVP'
s fut
ure
elect
oral
gain
s will
be
cons
ider
ably
grea
ter t
han
this.
In th
e co
ntex
t of a
noth
er S
inha
la
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
38
73C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
s co
nduc
ted
in t
he S
inig
ama
area
, Gal
le D
istr
ict
and
in W
elig
ama,
Mat
ara
Dis
tric
t, M
arch
200
5.
74C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
s in
Mat
ara
and
Gal
le D
istr
icts
, Mar
ch 2
005.
75C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
s w
ith
SF,
Mar
ch 9
, 200
5 an
d in
terv
iew
wit
h V
I, M
arch
16,
200
5.
76C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
wit
h S
omaw
ansa
Am
aras
ingh
e an
d Ti
lvin
Silv
a, M
arch
10,
200
5.
natio
nalis
t ups
urge
in re
spon
se to
P-T
OM
S an
d th
eco
ntin
uing
failu
re o
f the
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s to
coop
erat
ein
gov
ernm
ent,
it is
high
ly li
kely
that
the
JVP
will
cont
inue
to d
isem
bow
el th
e SL
FP's
polit
ical
cons
titue
ncy.
Mor
eove
r, th
e pr
ospe
ct o
f a re
align
ed JV
P-SL
FP c
oalit
ion
at th
e ne
xt e
lectio
n, w
ith th
e JV
P in
a m
uch
stron
ger
posit
ion,
is n
o lo
nger
unl
ikely
. Disi
llusio
nmen
t with
the
clien
telis
m o
f the
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s, th
e SL
FP's
own
polit
ical
crisi
s, th
e str
uctu
ral i
nequ
alitie
s out
lined
abo
ve,
along
with
the
JVP'
s cap
acity
to a
ssum
e th
e m
oral
high
-gr
ound
of n
atio
nalis
t aut
hent
icity
and
asc
etic
disc
iplin
e,all
rem
ain
key
ingr
edien
ts in
the
almos
t ine
vita
ble
polit
ical
asce
ndan
cy o
f the
par
ty.
INCE
NTI
VES
FOR
THE
JVP
AS A
PEA
CEST
AKEH
OLDE
R
Whi
le it
is q
uite
cle
ar fr
om th
e pr
eced
ing
page
s tha
t the
JVP
rem
ain
criti
cal o
f the
pea
ce p
roce
ss in
its c
urre
ntly
envi
sage
d fra
mew
orks
, the
re a
re a
num
ber o
f pos
sible
area
s tha
t offe
r pot
entia
l spa
ce fo
r man
euve
r. T
hepr
ospe
cts f
or su
ch o
peni
ngs i
nclu
de:
1)T
he J
VP
as
a de
moc
rati
c an
d/or
nat
iona
list
enti
ty?
Firs
t, it
is cl
ear t
hat a
mor
e op
en, e
lect
oral
ly-
orie
nted
JVP
has b
een
a ste
p fo
rwar
d in
the
rela
tive
stabi
lity
of th
e so
uthe
rn p
olity
. Thi
s is e
spec
ially
true
in c
ompa
rison
to th
e vi
olen
t dyn
amic
s at w
ork
in th
e bi
shan
e pe
riod
(198
7), w
hen
Sri L
anka
last
had
the
oppo
rtun
ity to
impl
emen
t a so
lutio
n to
the
ethn
ic c
onfli
ct. T
he JV
P ha
ve a
lso sh
own
som
ew
illin
gnes
s to
enga
ge in
dia
logu
e w
ith in
tern
atio
nal
acto
rs a
nd d
iplo
mat
ic re
pres
enta
tives
from
diff
erin
gid
eolo
gica
l hue
s so
they
may
pre
sent
thei
r ow
npe
rspe
ctiv
e on
the
Sri L
anka
n sit
uatio
n. T
his i
sm
otiv
ated
in re
spon
se to
thei
r per
cept
ion
that
the
Sri L
anka
n m
edia
dist
orts
thei
r sta
ndpo
int,
thus
posin
g a
maj
or o
bsta
cle
to b
oth
thei
r pol
itica
lgr
owth
and
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
ir in
tern
atio
nal
repu
tatio
n.77
In th
is se
nse,
it is
cle
ar th
at th
eir t
ime
in o
ffice
has
bee
n sig
nific
ant.
At th
e sa
me
time,
how
ever
, sin
ce th
e JV
P ha
veta
ken
up th
e sla
ck le
ft by
the
UN
P an
d SL
FPpa
rtie
s' re
lativ
e m
ove
away
from
a S
inha
lana
tiona
list p
ositi
on, t
hey
still
act a
s the
mos
tsig
nific
ant p
oliti
cal m
ovem
ent f
omen
ting
activ
eop
posit
ion
to c
urre
nt fr
amew
orks
for t
he p
eace
proc
ess.
The
y al
so se
rve
to m
obili
ze m
ore
pass
ive
oppo
sitio
n to
the
peac
e pr
oces
s as w
ell--
a bl
ock
with
in th
e so
uthe
rn p
olity
that
is c
onsid
erab
le a
ndsh
ould
not
be
unde
resti
mat
ed.78
Dur
ing
the
perio
dof
fiel
dwor
k fo
r thi
s rep
ort t
he JV
P he
ld th
eir o
wn
serie
s of p
olls
in re
gion
al m
eetin
gs in
Mar
ch 2
005
that
ask
ed fo
r a d
emoc
ratic
con
sens
us o
n w
heth
erth
e JV
P sh
ould
leav
e th
e go
vern
men
t at t
hat
junc
ture
("no
"), w
heth
er th
ey sh
ould
opp
ose
ISG
A("
yes"
), an
d w
heth
er th
ey sh
ould
opp
ose
the
join
tm
echa
nism
for r
elie
f and
reco
nstr
uctio
n ("
yes"
).W
hile
this
reve
aled
the
JVP'
s will
ingn
ess t
o cr
itici
zeth
e go
vern
men
t fro
m w
ithin
(whe
re it
cou
ld a
ct a
s am
ore
effe
ctiv
e ve
to b
lock
with
out h
avin
g to
brin
gab
out a
noth
er p
oten
tial e
lect
ion
and
the
poss
ibili
tyof
ano
ther
UN
P-le
d ad
min
istra
tion)
, it i
s cle
ar th
atth
e Jo
int M
echa
nism
issu
e pr
ovid
ed a
n un
miss
able
oppo
rtun
ity fo
r the
JVP
to m
axim
ize p
oliti
cal
mile
age
out o
f voc
al S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
tm
obili
zatio
ns a
gain
st th
e Jo
int M
echa
nism
. It w
asto
this
exte
nt th
at th
ey w
ere
will
ing
to fo
llow
thro
ugh
thei
r thr
eat t
o w
alk
out o
f gov
ernm
ent.
2)T
he R
efer
endu
m:I
n in
terv
iew
s with
the
auth
ors,
the
JVP
indi
cate
d th
at sh
ould
a re
fere
ndum
be
held
on th
e iss
ue o
f fed
eral
ism a
nd th
e ab
oliti
on o
f the
exec
utiv
e pr
esid
ency
, the
JVP
wou
ld fi
erce
ly c
onte
stit
on th
e ba
sis o
f a c
halle
nge
to a
fede
ral
cons
titut
ion,
but
they
wou
ld n
onet
hele
ss su
ppor
t are
fere
ndum
resu
lt w
hate
ver t
he o
utco
me
wou
ld b
e.79
It sh
ould
also
be
note
d th
at in
the
past
the
JVP
39|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
77C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
wit
h S
omaw
ansa
Am
aras
ingh
e an
d Ti
lvin
Silv
a, M
arch
10,
200
5; a
nd w
ith
Som
awan
sa A
mar
asin
ghe,
Mar
ch 1
9, 2
005.
78S
ee C
entr
e fo
r Po
licy
Alt
erna
tive
s (2
004)
Kno
wle
dge,
Att
itud
es, P
ract
ices
Sur
vey
on t
he S
ri L
anka
n Pe
ace
Proc
ess
(KA
PS) (
CPA
, Col
ombo
).
79C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
wit
h S
omaw
nsa
Am
aras
ingh
e, M
arch
19,
200
5.
have
stat
ed th
at th
is re
fere
ndum
is u
nnec
essa
ry a
sth
e fra
mew
ork
for p
eace
lies
out
side
the
coal
ition
alM
OU
, and
that
the
pres
iden
t alre
ady
chos
e to
disr
egar
d th
e ab
oliti
on o
f the
pre
siden
cy in
the
post-
1994
per
iod.
3)Fe
dera
l Dev
olut
ion:
The
JVP
have
som
e cl
early
circ
umsc
ribed
pow
er b
ases
in a
reas
that
suffe
r fro
mhi
ghly
une
ven
deve
lopm
ent,
and
the
cent
raliz
edpo
lity
cont
inue
s to
exac
erba
te th
is un
even
ness
. In
this
sens
e th
e LT
TE
and
the
JVP
can
be se
en a
sm
irror
imag
es o
f eac
h ot
her,
and
it w
ould
seem
alo
gica
l cor
olla
ry th
at th
e JV
P w
ould
be
will
ing
toin
dulg
e so
me
form
of s
ymm
etric
al p
oliti
cal
devo
lutio
n or
regi
onal
aut
onom
y fro
m w
hich
itw
ould
ben
efit
in te
rms o
f a p
oliti
cal p
ower
bas
e.T
his s
houl
d be
con
sider
ed in
the
sam
e w
ay th
at th
eC
omm
unist
Par
ty o
f Ind
ia (C
PI) h
ave
prof
ited
ifno
t thr
ived
hist
oric
ally
thro
ugh
pow
er b
ases
inK
eral
a an
d W
est B
enga
l. H
owev
er, w
hat i
s cle
arfro
m th
e JV
P's c
onsis
tent
ly n
egat
ive
resp
onse
is th
atth
eir a
ttach
men
t to
the
cent
raliz
ed p
olity
cle
arly
outw
eigh
s any
imag
inat
ive
resp
onse
to a
fede
ral
solu
tion
at th
e pr
esen
t jun
ctur
e. A
lthou
gh it
rem
ains
cle
ar, t
o th
e au
thor
s at l
east,
that
the
JVP'
sta
ctic
is n
ot n
eces
saril
y on
e of
instr
umen
tal
man
ipul
atio
n of
nat
iona
list i
ssue
s, bu
t of a
mor
ehe
gem
onic
dep
th o
f nat
iona
list a
ffect
, thi
s doe
s not
,ho
wev
er, e
xclu
de th
e po
ssib
ility
of a
futu
re sh
ift a
s it
is cl
ear t
hat t
he JV
P ha
ve sh
ifted
on
a nu
mbe
r of
polic
ies i
n th
e pa
st (fo
r exa
mpl
e, th
e 19
77-1
983
polic
y on
the
natio
nal q
uesti
on).
4)D
ialo
gue
wit
h M
arxi
st m
ovem
ents
:As a
par
ty w
ithcl
aim
s to
a M
arxi
st he
ritag
e, th
e JV
P sti
ll m
aint
ains
a di
alog
ue w
ith b
oth
the
CPI
and
the
Com
mun
istPa
rty
of In
dia
(Mar
xist)
(CPI
M);
and
both
par
ties
rece
ntly
invi
ted
the
JVP
to th
eir p
arty
con
vent
ions
for t
he fi
rst t
ime.
Add
ition
ally,
Sita
ram
Yec
hury
from
CPI
M re
cent
ly g
ave
a K
andi
ah m
emor
ial
lect
ure
on fe
dera
lism
in C
olom
bo a
nd it
isun
ders
tood
that
the
CPI
M h
ave
atte
mpt
ed to
enga
ge th
e JV
P in
som
e ki
nd o
f dia
logu
e on
the
pote
ntia
litie
s of a
fede
ral s
olut
ion
to S
ri La
nka'
scu
rren
t cris
is, re
port
edly
with
out s
ucce
ss.80
Whi
le th
e C
omm
unist
Par
ty in
Sri
Lank
a al
som
aint
ains
a d
ialo
gue
with
the
JVP,
a fa
mili
ar st
ory
has e
mer
ged
from
an
inte
rvie
w w
ith a
Com
mun
istPa
rty
repr
esen
tativ
e in
Sri
Lank
a.81
Alth
ough
the
JVP
have
bui
lt br
idge
s with
the
NSS
P ov
er th
eiss
ue o
f con
flict
and
the
natio
nal q
uest
ion
in th
epa
st, f
or in
stan
ce, t
his m
omen
tary
shift
cam
e at
atim
e of
JVP
conv
ales
cenc
e af
ter t
he 1
980s
insu
rrec
tion.
It is
now
qui
te c
lear
that
the
JVP
curr
ently
rem
ains
unm
oved
on
this
issue
and
no
amou
nt o
f int
elle
ctua
l bad
gerin
g se
ems t
o pr
oduc
ean
y sh
ift o
r sig
ns o
f a w
illin
gnes
s to
chan
ge. W
hile
this
failu
re o
f dia
logu
e w
ith o
ther
Mar
xist
mov
emen
ts is
per
haps
a si
gn o
f the
intr
acta
ble
natu
re o
f the
JVP'
s pos
ition
on
the
natio
nal
ques
tion
in S
ri La
nka,
it is
not
com
plet
ely
surp
risin
g as
the
emer
genc
e of
the
JVP
pow
er b
ase
has f
requ
ently
bee
n at
odd
s (an
d ra
rely
inco
oper
atio
n) w
ith ri
val L
eft m
ovem
ents
. How
ever
,as
long
as t
he JV
P m
aint
ains
goo
d re
latio
ns w
ithth
ese
mov
emen
ts th
ere
is st
ill th
e po
tent
ial f
ordi
alog
ue o
n th
e qu
estio
n of
fede
ralis
m.
5)T
he J
VP
and
the
"na
tion
al q
uest
ion"
:It
shou
ld b
eno
ted
that
the
auth
ors h
ave
atte
mpt
ed to
em
phas
izeth
e va
ried
histo
rical
atti
tude
of t
he JV
P on
the
natio
nal q
uesti
on to
the
JVP
lead
ersh
ip th
emse
lves
.In
deed
, in
the
1975
to 1
983
perio
d th
e JV
Pat
tem
pted
to a
rtic
ulat
e th
e ge
nuin
e gr
ieva
nces
of t
heSr
i Lan
kan
Tam
il po
pula
tion
in L
ione
l Bop
age's
"A
Mar
xist
Anal
ysis
of th
e Nat
iona
l Que
stion
"an
dW
ijew
eera
's "P
olicy
Dec
lara
tion.
"82
How
ever
, upo
n
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
40
80C
f. a
utho
rs' i
nter
view
wit
h K
L, M
arch
14,
200
5. S
ee a
lso
"No
obje
ctio
n to
'con
fede
rati
on' i
n La
nka:
Sit
aram
Yec
hury
" in
Hin
dust
an T
imes
, Aug
ust
11, 2
004;
P.K
. Bal
acha
ndra
n (2
005)
"In
dian
Red
s bu
ild b
ridg
es w
ith
Lank
a's
cont
rove
rsia
l JV
P" H
indu
stan
Tim
es, M
ay 3
0, 2
005.
81C
f. a
utho
rs' i
nter
view
wit
h D
G, M
arch
200
5.
82S
ee L
. B
opag
e (1
977)
A M
arxi
st A
naly
sis
of t
he N
atio
nal
Que
stio
n of
Sri
Lan
ka (
Niy
amuw
a, C
olom
bo)
and
Bop
age,
L.
(197
5) T
he P
olic
y D
ecla
rati
on o
f th
e
JVP
(Gin
ipup
ura
Publ
icat
ions
, Col
ombo
).
bein
g pr
esen
ted
with
the
idea
that
this
was
a v
arie
dhi
storic
al p
ersp
ectiv
e on
the
natio
nal q
uesti
on th
atco
uld
pote
ntia
lly b
e re
vive
d, S
omaw
ansa
Amar
asin
ghe
imm
edia
tely
cou
nter
ed th
at th
ere
was
no sh
ift in
pos
ition
. Rat
her,
diffe
rent
ideo
logi
cal
curr
ents
had
alw
ays b
een
at w
ork
and
Bopa
ge's
ideo
logi
cal i
nflu
ence
was
ulti
mat
ely
defe
ated
(hav
ing
only
thre
e vo
tes a
t the
cen
tral
com
mitt
eele
vel)
once
it w
as p
ut to
the
dem
ocra
tic te
st. S
uch
ape
rspe
ctiv
e re
info
rces
the
idea
that
the
JVP'
s Sin
hala
natio
nalis
m is
dee
ply
embe
dded
, alth
ough
the
fact
that
Som
awan
sa A
mar
asin
ghe
is al
so v
iew
ed a
s one
of th
e ch
ief p
ropo
nent
s of t
he S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
tpo
sitio
n sh
ould
not
be
over
look
ed.83
So, o
nce
agai
n,in
tern
al c
hang
es in
the
part
y le
adin
g to
pol
icy
shift
sca
nnot
be
entir
ely
rule
d ou
t.
6)T
he J
VP
and
the
LT
TE-
-une
xplo
red
empa
thy:
One
oth
er p
ersp
ectiv
e is
that
the
JVP
and
the
LTT
E sh
are
muc
h in
com
mon
and
are
in fa
ctm
irror
imag
es in
rela
tion
to th
e Sr
i Lan
kan
state
.Ac
cord
ing
to th
is ar
gum
ent,
if a
spac
e fo
run
ders
tand
ing
coul
d be
car
ved
out b
etw
een
thes
etw
o ac
tors
, the
pot
entia
l for
pea
ce c
ould
be
augm
ente
d. A
lthou
gh th
ere
is lit
tle d
oubt
that
mem
bers
of t
he L
TT
E an
d el
emen
ts sy
mpa
thet
ic to
the
LTT
E ho
ld th
e JV
P in
a sy
mpa
thet
ic li
ght,
we
have
foun
d lit
tle e
vide
nce
of th
e re
vers
e at
pre
sent
.W
hile
ther
e is
an o
bvio
us re
cogn
ition
that
the
LTT
E ar
e an
effi
cien
t org
aniza
tion,
84th
ere
is lit
tleot
her e
vide
nce
of a
dmira
tion
on th
e pa
rt o
f the
JVP.
Thi
s is m
ainl
y be
caus
e th
e JV
P no
w p
oint
to th
eLT
TE'
s lac
k of
dem
ocra
tic a
ccou
ntab
ility
and
mili
tary
stru
ctur
e as
the
mai
n re
ason
for c
ensu
re o
nth
eir p
art.
The
se fa
ctor
s also
acc
ount
for t
he JV
P's
rabi
d op
posit
ion
to th
e Po
st-Ts
unam
i Ope
ratio
nal
Man
agem
ent S
truc
ture
(P-T
OM
S) fo
r aid
distr
ibut
ion
signe
d by
the
LTT
E an
d th
e G
oSL
inJu
ne 2
005-
-an
issue
that
pro
mpt
ed th
eir d
epar
ture
from
the
UPF
A go
vern
men
t. H
owev
er, t
he JV
Pha
ve c
onsis
tent
ly m
aint
aine
d th
at if
the
LTT
E w
ere
to e
nter
the
dem
ocra
tic fo
ld it
s pos
ition
wou
ldra
dica
lly c
hang
e. F
or th
e sa
me
reas
ons t
he JV
P (li
keth
e JH
U) h
ave
also
bee
n ke
en to
dev
elop
rela
tions
with
alte
rnat
ive T
amil
polit
ical
par
ties s
uch
as th
eEP
DP.
Prog
ress
was
mad
e in
this
area
in M
ay 2
004
whe
n th
e JV
P an
d EP
DP
agre
ed to
em
bark
on
ajo
int p
rogr
am a
rtic
ulat
ing
the
need
for a
solu
tion
toth
e et
hnic
con
flict
, set
ting
out t
heir
oppo
sitio
n to
the
ISG
A pr
opos
als a
nd th
e LT
TE'
s cla
im to
be
the
"sol
e re
pres
enta
tives
" of
the T
amil
peop
le.85
Whi
leth
is m
ight
sugg
est t
hat t
here
is ro
om fo
r man
euve
ram
ong
the
JVP
on th
e iss
ue o
f nor
ther
n an
d ea
stern
auto
nom
y, th
e bo
nd b
etw
een
the
JVP
and
the
EPD
P is
prob
ably
mor
e re
flect
ive
of a
mut
ualit
y of
inte
rests
in o
ppos
ing
the
LTT
E an
d of
the
JVP'
sre
spec
t for
a p
arty
that
had
unt
il ve
ry re
cent
ly a
cted
as a
surr
ogat
e ar
med
win
g of
the
Sri L
anka
ngo
vern
men
t in
the
Nor
th-E
ast.
Addi
tiona
lly, t
heJV
P ha
ve a
lso b
een
keen
to e
stabl
ish re
latio
ns w
ithAn
anda
sang
ari s
ince
his
split
with
the
LTT
E, a
gain
beca
use
they
see
him
as a
pot
entia
l pol
itica
lal
tern
ativ
e. A
t the
sam
e tim
e, it
doe
s dem
onstr
ate
that
cha
nges
with
in th
e LT
TE,
cou
ld h
eral
d a
shift
in th
e JV
P's a
ttitu
de to
war
ds a
ctor
s who
they
mig
htpe
rcei
ve a
s hav
ing
a le
gitim
ate
role
to p
lay
in th
epe
ace
proc
ess.
7)In
tern
atio
nal R
elat
ions
and
the
JV
P:A
s pre
viou
slysta
ted,
the
JVP
rem
ain
hosti
le to
Nor
weg
ian
invo
lvem
ent a
s med
iato
rs in
the
peac
e pr
oces
s. T
his
is ba
sed
larg
ely
on th
e fe
elin
g th
at th
e N
orw
egia
ngo
vern
men
t is p
artia
l to
the
LTT
E an
d to
war
d th
eIS
GA
fram
ewor
k. T
he JV
P ha
ve a
ltern
ativ
ely
sugg
este
d In
dia
as m
edia
tors
, as D
elhi
rem
ains
hosti
le to
the
crea
tion
of a
sepa
ratis
t Eel
am p
ower
base
that
mig
ht d
esta
biliz
e th
e In
dian
pol
ity.
How
ever
, giv
en th
e ob
viou
s les
sons
of S
outh
Asia
n
41|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
83C
f. a
utho
rs' i
nter
view
wit
h U
G, M
arch
21,
200
5.
84C
f. a
utho
r's in
terv
iew
wit
h S
omaw
ansa
Am
aras
ingh
e an
d Ti
lvin
Silv
a, M
arch
10,
200
5; a
nd w
ith
Som
awan
sa A
mar
asin
ghe,
Mar
ch 1
9, 2
005.
85S
ee "
JVP-
EPD
P ta
lks
cord
ial"
in D
aily
New
s (C
olom
bo),
May
25,
200
4.
histo
ry, i
t rem
ains
hig
hly
unlik
ely
that
Indi
a w
ould
wish
to b
e to
o cl
osel
y in
volv
ed u
nles
s the
pol
itica
lsit
uatio
n in
Sri
Lank
a w
ere
to se
rious
ly d
eter
iora
tefu
rthe
r. O
ther
alte
rnat
ive
exte
rnal
act
ors t
hat m
ight
pres
ent o
ppor
tuni
ties f
or a
pot
entia
l dia
logu
e w
ithth
e JV
P ar
e C
hina
(as t
he p
arty
tend
s to
mai
ntai
ncl
ose
links
with
Chi
nese
Com
mun
ist P
arty
and
upho
lds C
hina
as a
par
adig
m fo
r Sri
Lank
a's
deve
lopm
enta
l fut
ure)
and
Japa
n, to
whi
ch th
e JV
Pse
nt a
dip
lom
atic
miss
ion
in Ju
ne 2
005.
THE
PATR
IOTI
C N
ATIO
NAL
MOV
EMEN
T: A
IMS
AND
CON
STIT
UEN
TS
As th
e PN
M (D
eshah
ithai
shi J
athi
ka V
yapa
raya
) is f
or a
llin
tent
s and
pur
pose
s a li
mb
of th
e JV
P, a
fulle
rtre
atm
ent o
f thi
s mov
emen
t will
not
be
requ
ired
othe
rth
an to
out
line
the
part
icip
ants
invo
lved
and
the
mov
emen
t's a
ims a
nd st
rate
gies
. The
PN
M is
the
late
stin
a se
ries o
f pol
itica
l sid
ecar
s tha
t the
JVP
has
mob
ilize
d as
a v
ehic
le fo
r art
icul
atin
g its
nat
iona
list
proj
ect a
nd it
is c
lear
that
the
mov
emen
t's a
ims r
emai
nfir
mly
em
bedd
ed w
ithin
this
natio
nalis
t age
nda:
1."T
o re
sist a
ny a
ttem
pt a
t the
div
ision
of t
he c
ount
ryin
the
nam
e of
dev
olut
ion
of p
ower
. To
pres
erve
sove
reig
nty
of th
e N
atio
n an
d th
e te
rrito
rial
inte
grity
of t
he c
ount
ry.
2.To
resis
t the
neo
-col
onia
l eco
nom
ic e
xplo
itatio
nth
at is
bei
ng c
arrie
d ou
t by
Wes
tern
pow
ers.
To sa
veou
r eco
nom
ic re
sour
ces,
our l
and,
rive
rs a
nd fo
rests
from
bei
ng u
surp
ed b
y fo
reig
n po
wer
s.
3.To
resis
t the
cul
tura
l inv
asio
n ai
med
at d
estro
ying
our N
atio
nal i
dent
ity a
nd o
ur c
ultu
ral h
erita
ge. T
opr
eser
ve o
ur c
ivili
zatio
n an
d cu
lture
."86
The
JVP
has a
long
hist
ory
of u
sing
alte
rnat
ive
plat
form
s to
reac
h ou
t to
a w
ider
soci
o-po
litic
al se
t of
forc
es su
ch a
s the
MSS
, MSV
, and
DJV
org
ans o
f the
Indo
-Lan
ka A
ccor
d pe
riod.
Man
y co
mm
enta
tors
feel
that
the
form
atio
n an
d us
e of
thes
e or
gani
zatio
ns is
am
eans
for s
epar
atin
g th
e us
e of
an
ultr
a-na
tiona
list
vehi
cle
from
the
JVP
per s
e(in
ord
er to
pre
sent
a se
cula
rno
n-na
tiona
list f
ace
to th
e w
orld
bey
ond
Sri L
anka
). As
the
PNM
is a
dia
spor
ic o
rgan
izatio
n w
ith b
ranc
hes i
nFr
ance
and
the
U.K
.,87ou
r per
spec
tive
is th
at o
nly
anin
cred
ibly
naï
ve o
bser
ver w
ould
not
see
this
conn
ectio
n,es
peci
ally
con
sider
ing
the
pivo
tal a
nd v
ocal
role
pla
yed
by W
imal
Wee
raw
ansa
, the
JVP
Com
mun
icat
ion
Secr
etar
y. As
such
the
PNM
serv
es tw
o pr
imar
yfu
nctio
ns fo
r the
JVP.
Firs
t, it
enab
les t
he JV
P to
wid
enits
reac
h to
figu
res a
nd g
roup
s who
mig
ht o
ther
wise
be
relu
ctan
t to
asso
ciat
e w
ith th
e JV
P be
caus
e of
its v
iole
ntpa
st an
d a
lack
of c
onne
ctio
n on
thei
r par
t with
its s
ocia
lco
nstit
uenc
y. It
also
serv
es to
forg
e po
litic
al b
ridge
s with
othe
r pol
itica
l act
ors a
nd n
atio
nalis
t fig
ures
. Sec
ond,
the
PNM
act
s as a
veh
icle
for m
obili
zing
and
rein
forc
ing
the
emot
ive
and
affe
ctiv
e ap
peal
of S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
m a
t aw
ider
leve
l tha
n sim
ply
thro
ugh
the
JVP.
In th
is w
ay it
wor
ks to
try
and
set a
Sin
hala
nat
iona
list c
onte
xt,
plat
form
and
age
nda
for e
lect
oral
and
pol
itica
l str
uggl
es,
with
in w
hich
the
JVP
can
thriv
e an
d in
deed
out
do th
eir
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t riv
als s
uch
as th
e SU
/JH
U. I
t is n
otsu
rpris
ing,
ther
efor
e, th
at W
imal
Wee
raw
ansa
put
dow
nth
e U
PFA'
s 200
4 el
ecto
ral v
icto
ry a
nd p
oliti
cal
revi
taliz
atio
n of
the
exec
utiv
e to
the
succ
ess o
f the
PNM
.88
The
PN
M in
itial
ly c
oale
sced
in 2
002
as a
loos
e, JV
P-le
dor
gan
oppo
sing
Ran
il W
ickr
emas
ingh
e's p
eace
pro
cess
and
did
not o
ffici
ally
esta
blish
itse
lf un
til 2
003.
The
mov
emen
t dre
w o
n a
wid
e ci
rcle
of p
artic
ipan
ts fro
m th
eJV
P, th
e M
EP, a
nd th
e SL
FP; t
he c
lerg
y; a
nd S
inha
laac
adem
ics,
artis
ts, a
nd in
telle
ctua
ls su
ch a
s Wim
alW
eera
wan
sa, A
rjuna
Ran
atun
ga, W
ijeda
sa R
ajap
akse
,El
le G
unaw
ansa
, Gun
adas
a Am
aras
ekar
a an
dBu
ddha
dasa
Vith
anar
achc
hi. W
hile
the
afor
emen
tione
d
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
42
86C
f. h
ttp:
//w
ww
.pnm
srila
nka.
com
/abo
utus
.htm
87Th
e PN
M o
pene
d th
ese
bran
ches
in N
ovem
ber
2004
, an
even
t th
at t
he a
utho
r ob
serv
ed.
88"W
eera
wan
sa w
hack
s le
ft a
nd r
ight
" D
aily
Mir
ror
(Col
ombo
), O
ctob
er 2
6, 2
004.
are
mem
bers
of t
he P
NM
Exe
cutiv
e C
ounc
il, m
arch
esor
gani
zed
by th
e m
ovem
ent a
gain
st th
e U
NF-
led
peac
epr
oces
s also
attr
acte
d th
e su
ppor
t and
par
ticip
atio
n of
polit
ical
figu
res l
ike
Din
esh
Gun
awar
dana
of t
he M
EPan
d M
anga
la S
amar
awee
ra, A
nura
Ban
dara
naik
e an
dD
ilan
Pere
ra o
f the
SLF
P. In
this
resp
ect,
the
mov
emen
tse
rved
to b
ring
figur
es fr
om th
e JV
P an
d th
e SL
FPcl
oser
and
ther
efor
e m
ay h
ave
been
of g
reat
sign
ifica
nce
in b
ringi
ng a
bout
the
UPF
A co
aliti
on b
etw
een
the
SLFP
and
JVP.
Whi
le it
is p
erha
ps c
orre
ct to
say
that
the
UN
Pan
d SL
FP e
lites
hav
e br
oadl
y m
oved
aw
ay fr
om a
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t pos
ition
, one
shou
ld a
lso re
cogn
izeth
at m
ovem
ents
like
the
PNM
rem
ain
attr
activ
e ve
hicl
esfo
r mem
bers
of t
he S
LFP
who
rem
ain
sym
path
etic
tona
tiona
list a
spira
tions
. It s
houl
d be
und
ersto
od a
s wel
lth
at th
e PN
M h
as a
lso b
een
depl
oyed
by
the
PA/S
LFP-
-fo
r the
nor
mal
pol
itica
l pra
ctic
e of
und
erm
inin
g th
eU
NP'
s ow
n at
tem
pts t
o re
solv
e Sr
i Lan
ka's
conf
lict a
ndas
an
elec
tora
l str
ateg
y fo
r the
resu
mpt
ion
of p
ower
. Thi
sis
clea
rly e
vide
nt fr
om th
e no
tabl
e dr
ift a
way
from
the
PNM
by
PA m
embe
rs in
the
afte
rmat
h of
the
2004
elec
tora
l vic
tory
.89T
he P
NM
has
also
bee
n pa
rt o
f acl
oser
rapp
roch
emen
t bet
wee
n th
e JV
P an
d on
e of
the
lead
ing
and
mos
t inf
luen
tial S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
t sch
ools
of th
ough
t, Ja
thik
a C
hint
anay
a, w
ith G
unad
asa
Amar
asek
ara
form
ing
a cl
ose
ideo
logi
cal b
ond
with
the
mov
emen
t for
the
first
time.
90As
the
PNM
is ra
dica
llyop
pose
d to
the
devo
lutio
n of
pow
er, i
t is c
lear
that
few
ifan
y in
cent
ives
tow
ard
the
peac
e pr
oces
s can
be
fore
seen
.D
espi
te th
is, th
e m
ovem
ent g
ives
us a
pow
erfu
l sen
se o
fth
e ex
tent
to w
hich
Sin
hala
nat
iona
list m
obili
zatio
n ha
sbe
com
e ke
y to
the
JVP.
OVER
VIEW
OF
THE
SIHA
LA U
RUM
AYA/
JATH
IKA
HELA
URU
MAY
A CO
MBI
NE
Alth
ough
ther
e is
a cl
ear o
verla
p be
twee
n th
e JH
U's
and
the
JVP'
s cur
rent
ideo
logi
cal p
latfo
rm--
the
form
eres
pous
es a
radi
cal S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
t pro
gram
--it
is cl
ear
that
ther
e ar
e sig
nific
ant d
iffer
ence
s bet
wee
n th
ese
two
mov
emen
ts. T
hey
rem
ain
arch
rival
s, an
d ha
ve c
lear
diffe
renc
es in
thei
r soc
ial c
onsti
tuen
cy b
ase
and
polit
ical
gene
alog
ies.91
It is
wor
th tr
acin
g so
me
of th
e hi
storic
alba
ckgr
ound
to th
e em
erge
nce
of th
e cu
rren
t Uru
may
aav
atar
. In
doin
g so
, one
mus
t exa
min
e no
t onl
y th
eem
erge
nce
of th
e Si
hala
Uru
may
a its
elf,
but a
lso th
epo
litic
al m
ilieu
out
of w
hich
som
e of
its l
eade
rsem
erge
d--a
con
text
in w
hich
the
JVP
once
aga
in p
lays
ace
ntra
l rol
e.
Som
e of
the
cent
ral f
igur
es in
the
curr
ent J
HU
(nam
ely
the
Vene
rabl
e At
hura
liye
Rat
hana
The
ra, C
ham
pika
Ran
awak
a, a
nd U
daya
Gam
man
pila
) wer
e on
ce JV
Por
gani
zers
,92an
d w
ere
activ
e du
ring
the
1980
s agi
tatio
nsag
ains
t the
Indo
-Lan
ka A
ccor
d. A
t tha
t tim
e, R
anaw
aka
and
Rat
hana
wer
e id
eolo
gica
lly a
ligne
d to
bot
h Ja
thik
aC
hint
anay
aan
d (a
s Int
er-U
nive
rsity
Stu
dent
s Fed
erat
ion
lead
ers)
to th
e JV
P. T
hey
wer
e al
so a
ctiv
e in
the
Des
hapr
emi S
ishya
Vya
para
ya, t
he st
uden
t arm
of t
heJV
P-le
d na
tiona
list f
ront
, the
DJV
.93H
owev
er,
Cha
mpi
ka R
anaw
aka
was
to p
lay
an in
tegr
al p
art i
n a
split
with
the
JVP
over
two
issue
s. Fi
rst,
Ran
awak
a ha
d a
disp
ute
with
Wije
wee
ra o
ver t
he JV
P's i
deol
ogic
al p
ath,
decl
arin
g M
arxi
sm d
ead
and
urgi
ng th
e JV
P to
who
lehe
arte
dly
embr
ace
natio
nalis
m a
s its
cent
ral
ideo
logi
cal e
ngin
e--a
line
Wije
wee
ra re
fuse
d to
coun
tena
nce.
94Se
cond
, the
JVP'
s dec
ision
not
to
43|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
89C
f au
thor
s' in
terv
iew
s w
ith
Gun
adas
a A
mar
asek
ara
Mar
ch 1
7-18
, 200
5.
90Ib
id.
91It
sho
uld
be n
oted
tha
t pr
ior
to t
he S
U's
fir
st p
arti
cipa
tion
in
an e
lect
ion,
the
JS
S a
ttem
pted
to
form
a b
road
er S
U a
llian
ce w
ith
the
Sin
hala
ya
Mah
asam
mat
ha B
hum
iput
ra P
arty
or
Sin
hala
Son
s of
the
Soi
l Par
ty a
nd t
he J
VP
wit
hout
suc
cess
.
92U
daya
Gam
man
pila
and
Cha
mpi
ka R
anaw
aka
wer
e JV
P m
embe
rs w
hile
at
scho
ol.
93C
f. a
utho
rs' i
nter
view
wit
h U
G, C
olom
bo M
arch
21,
200
5.
94Ib
id.
supp
ort M
rs. B
anda
rana
ike's
can
dida
cy fo
r the
198
8pr
esid
entia
l ele
ctio
n tr
igge
red
a fin
al sp
lit b
etw
een
the
JVP
and
Jath
ika
Chi
ntan
aya
and
SLFP
-alig
ned
unio
ns(C
hand
rapr
ema,
199
1, p
. 117
). Af
ter t
he sp
lit,
Ran
awak
a an
d R
atha
na e
stabl
ished
the
Jana
tha
Mith
uro
("Fr
iend
s of t
he P
eopl
e") o
rgan
izatio
n, w
hich
repr
esen
ted
an a
dmix
ture
of e
nviro
nmen
tal l
obby
ing
with
soci
alist
and
nat
iona
list p
oliti
cs. H
owev
er, t
hede
eper
plu
nge
into
Sin
hala
nat
iona
list p
oliti
cs o
nly
cam
eaf
ter t
he d
issol
utio
n of
the
Jana
tha
Mith
uro
and
adr
awin
g to
geth
er o
f a n
umbe
r of S
inha
la o
rgan
izatio
nsin
to th
e N
atio
nal M
ovem
ent A
gain
st Te
rror
ism(N
MAT
) in
1998
, led
by
Cha
mpi
ka R
anaw
aka.
Am
ong
the
orga
niza
tions
wer
e th
e Ja
thik
a Sa
ngha
Sab
hava
orBu
ddhi
st M
onks
Cou
ncil,
whi
ch is
a c
ross
-nik
aya
asso
ciat
ion,
and
the
Jath
ika
Dah
am G
uru
Sabh
aor
Nat
iona
l Ass
ocia
tion
of D
ham
ma
Scho
ol T
each
ers.
The
NM
AT re
ceiv
ed c
onsid
erab
le su
ppor
t fro
m th
e Si
nhal
asm
all-t
rade
r bus
ines
s com
mun
ity u
nder
the
umbr
ella
of
the
Sinh
ala
Veer
a Vi
dhan
a(S
inha
la H
eroe
s For
um -
SVV
). T
he S
VV
pro
mot
ed a
mili
tary
solu
tion
to th
eet
hnic
con
flict
, and
mob
ilize
d vi
goro
usly
aga
inst
the
LTT
E, th
e pe
ace
proc
ess,
and
min
oriti
es.95
On
the
latte
rsc
ore
it w
as p
artic
ular
ly o
ppos
ed to
pol
itica
l par
ties s
uch
as th
e C
WC
and
pol
icie
s tha
t wer
e pe
rcei
ved
asbe
nefic
ial t
o m
inor
ities
, suc
h as
the
Equa
l Opp
ortu
nitie
sBi
ll of
199
9.
As a
con
sens
us a
mon
g th
e m
ains
tream
par
ties g
rew
for
the
need
to fo
rmul
ate
a co
nstit
utio
nal r
espo
nse
to th
eet
hnic
con
flict
, the
NM
AT a
nd S
VV
coa
litio
n be
gan
tose
nse
a po
litic
al sp
ace
for a
mor
e di
rect
ly p
oliti
cal
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t org
an--
beyo
nd th
e us
e of
civ
il so
ciet
yan
d lo
bby
grou
ps su
ch a
s NM
AT a
nd th
e SV
V. O
nAp
ril 2
6, 2
000
the
SU w
as e
stabl
ished
. SL
Gun
asek
era,
Tila
k K
arun
arat
na a
nd C
ham
pika
Ran
awak
a as
sum
edth
e ke
y po
sitio
ns o
f the
par
ty a
t the
out
set,
serv
ing
as
chai
rman
, sec
reta
ry a
nd n
atio
nal o
rgan
izer r
espe
ctiv
ely.96
The
SU
also
relie
d on
the
polit
ical
exp
erie
nce
and
fund
raisi
ng c
apac
ities
of S
L G
unas
eker
a, a
ndK
arun
arat
ne, b
oth
seas
oned
pol
itici
ans.
The
form
er w
asa
long
-tim
e m
embe
r of t
he S
LFP,
whi
le th
e la
tter h
adbe
en le
ader
of t
he n
atio
nalis
t Hel
a U
rum
aya
fact
ion
with
in th
e SL
FP u
ntil
his 1
993
switc
h to
the
UN
P.Al
mos
t im
med
iate
ly th
e pa
rty
gain
ed o
ne se
at fr
om th
ena
tiona
l list
in th
e 20
00 e
lect
ion
afte
r pol
ling
127,
863
vote
s (1.
47%
of t
he v
ote)
. Alth
ough
the
part
y su
ffere
dan
initi
al se
tbac
k in
the
2001
ele
ctio
n w
hen
it lo
st al
l its
seat
s, it
reco
vere
d in
the
April
200
4 el
ectio
n af
ter a
fusio
n of
the
SUan
d th
e Ja
thik
a Sa
ngha
Sam
mel
anay
a(N
atio
nal S
angh
aC
ongr
ess -
JSS)
led
to th
e ad
optio
n of
the
JHU
labe
l. It
also
ben
efite
d by
fiel
ding
bhi
kku
cand
idat
es in
alm
ost e
very
ele
ctor
ate
in th
e co
untr
y in
the
afte
rmat
h of
the
Vene
rabl
e So
ma'
s dea
th. T
he JH
Usu
bseq
uent
ly w
on 9
seat
s--th
ree
from
Col
ombo
Dist
rict;
two
from
Gam
paha
; one
from
Kal
utar
a an
d th
e K
andy
Dist
rict r
espe
ctiv
ely;
and
two
from
the
natio
nal l
ist.97
Indo
ing
so, i
t see
min
gly
secu
red
its p
lace
at t
he h
eart
of S
riLa
nka'
s pol
itica
l exi
stenc
e.
THE
JHU'
S SO
CIO-
POLI
TICA
L CO
NST
ITUE
NCY
Alth
ough
man
y of
the
JHU
par
liam
enta
rian
mon
ksth
emse
lves
hav
e ru
ral o
rigin
s, th
e JH
U/S
U c
ombi
nem
ust b
e se
en a
s a p
rimar
ily u
rban
and
subu
rban
phen
omen
on. T
his i
s cle
ar fr
om it
s pas
t and
pre
sent
elec
tora
l con
stitu
enci
es (p
rimar
ily lo
cate
d in
and
aro
und
Col
ombo
), an
d w
ith sy
mbo
lic su
ppor
t bas
es su
ch a
s the
Sri V
ajira
ghan
a te
mpl
e in
Mah
arag
ama.
The
latte
rre
mai
ns c
lose
ly ti
ed to
the
non-
Siya
m A
mar
apur
a ni
kaya
with
whi
ch (a
long
side
the
Ram
man
a ni
kaya
) alm
ost a
llth
e JH
U m
onks
are
affi
liate
d. W
hile
the
JHU
may
appe
ar o
n th
e su
rface
to re
pres
ent t
he in
tere
sts o
f the
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
44
95Fo
r in
stan
ce,
SV
V o
rgan
ized
a c
ampa
ign
dire
cted
aga
inst
Tam
il ex
pans
ioni
sm i
n C
olom
bo i
n 19
99 a
nd a
mar
ch o
rgan
ized
by
the
SV
V i
n Ju
ne 1
999
on t
his
plat
form
end
ed u
p in
an
atta
ck o
n th
e C
WC
off
ice
in C
olom
bo.
96S
ee M
ahin
da D
eega
lle (2
004)
"Po
litic
s of
the
Jat
hika
Hel
a Ur
umay
a M
onks
: Bud
dhis
m a
nd E
thni
city
in C
onte
mpo
rary
Sri
Lan
ka,"
Con
tem
pora
ry B
uddh
ism
,
Vol.
5, N
o. 2
.
97Ib
id.
Sang
hain
pol
itics
, the
San
gha
itsel
f is o
bvio
usly
driv
enby
pre
-exi
sting
pol
itica
l diff
eren
ces a
nd a
ffilia
tions
. As
such
the
deci
sion
to e
xclu
sivel
y fie
ld m
onk
cand
idat
esca
n be
seen
as n
ot n
eces
saril
y an
exp
ress
ion
of "
bhik
kupo
litic
s" a
s a w
hole
but
rath
er a
s the
exp
loita
tion
of th
eSi
nhal
a Bu
ddhi
st sw
ing
caus
ed b
y th
e Ve
nera
ble
Som
a's
deat
h in
200
3. T
his n
atio
nalis
t ups
urge
insp
ired
the
lay
lead
ersh
ip o
f the
SU
to st
and
asid
e fo
r an
excl
usiv
eca
ndid
acy
of m
onks
in th
e Ap
ril 2
004
elec
tion.
Addi
tiona
lly, "
the
JHU
mon
ks b
y an
d la
rge
cam
e in
topr
omin
ence
out
side
the
hier
arch
ical
stru
ctur
es o
f the
Sang
ha"
as m
any
of th
em w
ere
invo
lved
in h
igh
prof
ile,
publ
ic a
nd m
edia
-driv
en p
reac
hing
and
ritu
als a
nd w
ere
accu
stom
ed to
life
in c
omfo
rtab
le u
rban
con
text
s,de
spite
thei
r rur
al o
rigin
s (Fr
yden
lund
, 200
5, p
. 15)
. In
that
sens
e th
ey w
ere
expr
essiv
e of
the
dyna
mic
s of
"pro
testa
nt B
uddh
ism"-
-of t
he m
onk
who
is a
ctiv
e in
the
wor
ld to
the
exte
nt th
at p
oliti
cs is
no
long
er a
pros
crib
ed a
rea
of a
ctiv
ity, a
nd in
whi
ch a
far m
ore
aggr
essiv
e bu
t les
s dep
ende
nt re
latio
nshi
p is
forg
edbe
twee
n th
e la
ity a
nd th
e Sa
ngha
.98
In th
is se
nse
the
JHU
is re
pres
enta
tive
of a
mod
ern
Sinh
ala
Budd
hist
natio
nalis
m ti
ed to
the
spre
ad o
f prin
tan
d te
levi
sual
med
ia. I
t is a
lso a
mor
e ag
gres
sive
"eva
ngel
ical
" re
ligio
us d
ynam
ic th
at h
as b
een
espe
cial
lypr
olifi
c am
ong
the
urba
n an
d su
burb
an m
iddl
e cl
asse
sra
ther
than
bei
ng e
xpre
ssiv
e of
"tr
aditi
onal
" Bu
ddhi
stva
lues
or o
f the
inte
rest
of th
e Sa
ngha
as a
who
le. I
t is
also
cle
ar th
at th
e pa
rty'
s mem
bers
hip
and
supp
ort b
ase
is co
mpr
ised
of S
inha
la p
rofe
ssio
nals,
inte
llect
uals,
99
busin
ess c
omm
unity
lead
ers,
and
mem
bers
of t
he a
rmed
serv
ices
.100T
his i
s app
aren
t fro
m th
e co
nnec
tion
betw
een
the
JHU
and
org
aniza
tions
like
NM
AT a
nd th
e SV
V, a
sw
ell a
s fro
m th
e la
y fig
ures
in th
e U
rum
aya
com
bine
.
The
Uru
may
a co
mbi
ne is
bui
lt up
on v
ery
mid
dle-
clas
sfo
unda
tions
, with
con
sider
able
fina
ncia
l and
med
iare
sour
ces m
obili
zed
both
in S
ri La
nka
and
amon
g th
edi
aspo
ra.10
1M
oreo
ver,
its p
re-e
xisti
ng p
oliti
cal a
ffilia
tions
are
clos
er to
the
UN
P, as
is il
lustr
ated
by
Tila
kK
arun
arat
ne's
prev
ious
role
in th
e pa
rty.
In th
is se
nse,
whi
le th
e JH
U/S
U m
ovem
ent s
tress
ed th
e ne
ed fo
r the
revi
taliz
atio
n of
a "
natio
nal e
cono
my"
bui
lt on
the
glor
ious
Sin
hala
pas
t of h
ydra
ulic
civ
iliza
tion
and
agric
ultu
re w
ith a
focu
s on
self-
suffi
cien
cy in
food
, thi
squ
est f
or e
cono
mic
aut
arky
is n
ot a
ll en
com
pass
ing
and
has b
een
qual
ified
in th
e SU
man
ifesto
by
a re
lativ
eop
enne
ss to
fore
ign
inve
stmen
t:
"We
do n
ot se
e m
ulti-
natio
nal c
ompa
nies
and
fore
ign
inve
stors
as d
evils
," p
arty
secr
etar
y K
arun
arat
ne to
ldAr
atuw
a, a
Sin
hala
bus
ines
s new
spap
er. "
With
in th
isgl
obal
izatio
n, [w
e] a
re w
orki
ng c
onfid
ently
with
the
priv
ate
sect
or, a
nd a
ccep
t the
nec
essit
y of
fore
ign
inve
stmen
t. Al
thou
gh w
e ha
ve a
ccep
ted
that
the
publ
icse
ctor
and
priv
ate
sect
or sh
ould
func
tion
at th
e sa
me
leve
l in
the
econ
omy,
we
are
not o
f the
opi
nion
that
the
publ
ic se
ctor
mus
t con
trol i
ndus
try
and
busin
ess..
."(S
enar
atne
and
Jaya
seke
ra, 2
000)
.
Whi
le th
e JH
U/S
U e
vide
ntly
hav
e a
pote
nt te
nden
cyto
war
d th
e re
-terr
itoria
lizat
ion
of p
oliti
cal p
ower
as a
reac
tion
to th
e fo
rces
of g
loba
lizat
ion,
thei
r per
spec
tive
on th
e re
vita
lizat
ion
of st
ate
pow
er (u
nlik
e th
at o
f the
JVP)
is m
ainl
y co
ncen
trat
ed o
n th
e po
litic
o-cu
ltura
lra
ther
than
eco
nom
ic sp
here
. It i
s a st
ance
that
refle
cts
thei
r sol
id c
onsti
tuen
cy in
the
busin
ess a
nd p
rofe
ssio
nal
clas
ses a
nd w
hich
, des
pite
the
elem
ents
of sm
all b
usin
ess
men
talit
y th
at p
erse
vere
in th
e co
mbi
ne, p
lace
s the
mcl
ose
to th
e U
NP'
s bra
nd o
f glo
bally
con
nect
ed b
usin
ess
45|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
98S
ee H
.L.
Sen
evir
atne
(19
99)
The
Wor
k of
Kin
gs:
The
New
Bud
dhis
m i
n S
ri L
anka
(U
nive
rsit
y of
Chi
cago
); R
. G
ombr
ich
& G
. O
beye
seke
re (
1988
) B
uddh
ism
Tran
sfor
med
: Rel
igio
us C
hang
e in
Sri
Lan
ka (P
rinc
eton
Uni
vers
ity
Pres
s, P
rinc
eton
, N.J
.).
99Fo
r ex
ampl
e, P
rofe
ssor
Piy
asen
a D
issa
naya
ka, P
rofe
ssor
C. M
. Mad
dum
a B
anda
ra, P
rofe
ssor
A. D
. V. d
e S
. Ind
rara
tne,
and
Dr.
Ran
jini R
atna
pala
.
100
For
inst
ance
at
its
ince
ptio
n M
ajor
Gen
eral
Thi
lak
Para
naga
ma
and
Lieu
tena
nt C
olon
el A
nil A
mar
asek
era
wer
e ap
poin
ted
as d
eput
y pr
esid
ents
.
101
This
acc
ount
s fo
r th
e S
U a
nd t
he J
HU
's c
apac
ity
to m
obili
ze w
idel
y an
d sp
eedi
ly in
ele
ctio
ns s
ince
200
0 an
d to
hav
e fi
elde
d 25
2 m
onk-
cand
idat
es in
21
of
the
coun
try'
s 22
ele
ctor
al d
istr
icts
. The
re h
ave
also
bee
n al
lega
tion
s th
at T
hila
nga
Sum
athi
pala
, who
se f
amily
ow
ns a
cha
in o
f be
ttin
g sh
ops
in S
ri L
anka
,
fund
ed t
he J
HU
in t
he 2
004
elec
tion
and
tha
t th
e pa
rty
rece
ived
pro
min
ent
expo
sure
thr
ough
the
TN
L, M
ahar
aja,
and
Sw
arna
vahi
ni n
etw
orks
.
inte
rests
. It a
lso se
rves
as y
et a
noth
er fa
cet o
f the
endu
ring
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
the
JHU
/SU
and
the
UN
P. In
deed
, one
ext
rem
e in
terp
reta
tion
that
was
rein
forc
ed b
y th
e "s
peak
er e
lect
ion"
inci
dent
of 2
000
isth
at th
e SU
and
the
JHU
are
no
mor
e th
an a
UN
Pde
coy
crea
ted
to d
raw
vot
ers a
way
from
oth
er S
inha
lana
tiona
list r
ival
s suc
h as
the
MEP
or t
he JV
P.102
Whi
leth
is in
terp
reta
tion
is ex
trem
e, it
doe
s art
icul
ate
the
trui
sm th
at th
e JH
U is
ulti
mat
ely
a U
NP
cons
tella
tion.
Bear
ing
this
in m
ind,
wer
e th
e JH
U to
col
laps
e,de
pend
ing
on th
e po
litic
al c
onte
xt, m
embe
rshi
p an
dsu
ppor
t wou
ld p
roba
bly
be re
abso
rbed
bac
k in
to th
eU
NP.
How
ever
, con
sider
ing
the
JVP'
s rap
id e
xpan
sion
and
the
curr
ent a
ttem
pts a
t con
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
and
peac
e pr
oces
ses p
ursu
ed b
y m
ains
tream
par
ties,
the
poss
ibili
ty th
at th
ese
natio
nalis
t ele
men
ts m
ay fi
nd a
nid
eolo
gica
l hea
rth
in th
e JV
P ca
nnot
be
entir
ely
rule
dou
t.
THE
JHU,
SIN
HALA
NAT
ION
ALIS
M A
ND
ATTI
TUDE
S TO
THE
"ETH
NIC
CON
FLIC
T" A
ND
THE
PEAC
E PR
OCES
S
The
SU
and
the
JHU
mob
ilize
prim
arily
on
a Si
nhal
ana
tiona
list p
latfo
rm b
ased
on
the
perc
eive
d pr
emise
that
the
sout
hern
pol
ity is
exc
essiv
ely
dom
inat
ed b
y m
inor
ityin
tere
sts.
Thi
s ass
ertio
n is
base
d on
the
belie
f tha
tm
inor
ity-b
ased
par
ties s
uch
as th
e TN
A an
d th
e H
illC
ount
ry T
amil
part
ies a
re a
llege
d to
hav
e a
disp
ropo
rtio
nate
influ
ence
on
the
prop
ortio
nal e
lect
oral
syste
m a
nd c
oalit
ion
polit
ics.
Acc
ordi
ng to
this
view
,th
e m
inor
ity a
nd m
ains
tream
par
ties (
the
SLFP
and
the
UN
P) h
ave
succ
umbe
d to
the
agen
da o
f the
LT
TE,
Wes
tern
gov
ernm
ents,
NG
Os,
and
ING
Os.
Mea
nwhi
le,
the
inte
rests
of t
he m
ajor
ity S
inha
la c
omm
unity
are
sidel
ined
. The
par
ty w
as e
stabl
ished
to fi
ll a
void
in th
epo
lity
and
"to
repr
esen
t the
sile
nt m
ajor
ity w
ho d
o no
tre
ally
hav
e a
voic
e,"
as o
ne m
embe
r of t
he JH
U p
ut it
,103
and
to lo
bby
(like
the
JVP)
for t
he p
rote
ctio
n of
the
unita
ry st
ate
and
Sri L
anka
n na
tiona
l sov
erei
gnty
.
Unl
ike
the
JVP,
the
SU a
nd th
e JH
U h
ave
an a
ppar
ently
clea
r and
tran
spar
ent 1
2-po
int p
rogr
am a
rtic
ulat
ing
thei
rm
ain
dem
ands
aro
und
the
cent
ral t
heoc
ratic
pill
ar o
f the
dhar
mar
ajya
(rig
hteo
us st
ate
or ru
le) c
once
pt, a
imed
at
resto
ring
the
Budd
hasa
sana
(miss
ion
of th
e Bu
ddha
) at
the
apex
of t
he S
ri La
nkan
stat
e. W
e ha
ve b
riefly
cond
ense
d th
e pr
ogra
m b
elow
:
1)T
hat S
ri La
nka
shou
ld b
e a
Budd
hist
state
and
shou
ld b
e ru
led a
ccor
ding
to B
uddh
ist p
rinci
ples
whi
le sim
ulta
neou
sly sa
fegu
ardi
ng th
e rig
hts o
f oth
erre
ligio
ns a
nd c
omba
ting
"une
thic
al co
nver
sions
"
2)Sr
i Lan
ka is
and
shou
ld re
mai
n a
unita
ry st
ate
3)T
hat t
he n
atio
nal c
ivili
zatio
nal h
erita
ge o
f the
coun
try
is th
at o
f the
Sin
hala
maj
ority
4)T
hat r
uler
s sho
uld
adop
t the
uni
vers
al d
harm
araj
aco
ncep
t of A
soka
n ru
le, w
hich
shou
ld a
pply
to a
llet
hnic
gro
ups e
qual
ly
5)T
hat t
he g
over
nmen
t sho
uld
have
supe
rviso
ry a
ndm
onito
ring
cont
rol o
ver a
ll ac
tiviti
es a
nd m
onet
ary
tran
sact
ions
of N
GO
s and
ING
Os i
n Sr
i Lan
ka,
espe
cial
ly in
the
cont
ext o
f the
se in
stitu
tions
' use
of
educ
atio
nal p
rogr
ams f
or p
rose
lytiz
atio
n
6)T
hat a
dec
entr
alize
d ad
min
istra
tion
(gra
ma
rajya
sank
alpa
ya) s
houl
d be
ado
pted
acc
ordi
ng to
the
prin
cipl
e of
gra
ma
rajya
(vill
age
rule
) and
that
ade
volu
tion
of p
ower
in th
e cu
rren
tly p
ropo
sed
form
s are
impo
rted
con
cept
s
7)T
hat d
evel
opm
ent s
houl
d be
bas
ed o
n th
e na
tura
lha
bita
t, an
imal
s, an
d hu
man
ity o
f Sri
Lank
a an
d on
a Bu
ddhi
st-or
ient
ed n
atio
nal e
cono
my
that
empo
wer
s loc
al fa
rmer
s and
ent
repr
eneu
rs
8)T
hat a
n ed
ucat
iona
l sys
tem
suite
d to
Sri
Lank
ash
ould
be
deve
lope
d ba
sed
on th
e tr
aditi
onal
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
46
102
For
inst
ance
, MEP
lead
er D
ines
h G
unaw
arda
na, a
fter
hav
ing
his
invi
tati
on f
or t
he S
U t
o co
ntes
t un
der
the
MEP
ban
ner
refu
sed,
ass
erte
d th
at t
he S
U w
as
only
mob
ilizi
ng o
n be
half
of
the
UN
P. N
alin
de
Silv
a ha
s al
so m
ade
sim
ilar
alle
gati
ons.
See
Wal
ter
Jaya
war
dhan
a (2
004)
"M
onks
vot
ing
wit
h TN
A i
s
unac
cept
able
" A
sian
Tri
bune
, Apr
il 24
, 200
4.
103
Cf.
aut
hor's
inte
rvie
w w
ith
UG
, Col
ombo
Mar
ch 2
1, 2
005.
hier
arch
ies o
f dut
y an
d ob
ligat
ion
betw
een
pare
ntan
d ch
ild, t
each
er a
nd p
upil
etc.
9)T
hat S
ri La
nka
as th
e la
nd o
f dha
mm
ash
ould
bui
ldtie
s with
oth
er B
uddh
ist c
ount
ries a
s wel
l as w
ithno
n-Bu
ddhi
st ne
ighb
ors a
nd se
ek to
spre
adBu
ddhi
sm g
loba
lly
10)
Tha
t a B
uddh
ist c
ounc
il sh
ould
be
esta
blish
ed a
ndm
aint
aine
d fo
r the
supe
rvisi
on o
f the
San
gha,
and
the
1957
and
200
2 Bu
ddhi
st C
omm
issio
ns sh
ould
be a
dopt
ed
11)
Tha
t the
mor
al ri
ghts
of w
omen
and
the
statu
s of
mot
herh
ood
shou
ld b
e pr
otec
ted
12)
Tha
t the
med
ia sh
ould
be
gove
rned
by
"ind
epen
dent
, fre
e, a
nd e
thic
al p
rinci
ples
"104
Con
sequ
ently
, the
JHU
pre
sent
ly re
mai
ns e
mbe
dded
ina
char
acte
ristic
ally
Sin
hala
nat
iona
list c
once
ptio
n of
the
Sri L
anka
n sta
te--
one
that
is A
soka
n, u
nita
ry, m
unifi
cent
and
prot
ectiv
e of
the
lang
uage
, rel
igio
us ri
ghts,
and
agric
ultu
ral a
nd e
ntre
pren
euria
l fou
ndat
ions
of t
heSi
nhal
a pe
ople
. Suc
h a
conc
eptio
n in
evita
bly
prec
lude
sth
e po
ssib
ility
of e
nter
tain
ing
(at l
east
in th
eir c
urre
ntsta
nce)
the
viab
ility
of m
eani
ngfu
l con
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
or o
f a fe
dera
l sol
utio
n to
the
curr
ent e
thni
c co
nflic
t. In
fact
the
JHU
doe
s not
eve
n re
cogn
ize a
n "e
thni
cco
nflic
t" a
s suc
h. In
stead
they
ass
ert t
hat t
he c
urre
ntcr
isis i
s the
resu
lt of
an
uppe
r-m
iddl
e cl
ass f
ailu
re a
mon
gTa
mil
polit
ical
lead
ers i
n Sr
i Lan
ka (a
nd a
mon
g th
edi
aspo
ra) t
o re
treat
from
a c
olon
ially
priv
ilege
d po
sitio
n.T
hey
also
arg
ue th
at th
e LT
TE,
with
the
aid
of "
peac
e-lo
bbyi
ng N
GO
s," m
aint
ain
thei
r dom
inan
ce o
ver t
heTa
mil
popu
lace
thro
ugh
coer
cion
and
the
supp
ress
ion
ofde
moc
ratic
alte
rnat
ives
such
as t
he E
PDP
and
Eela
m
Peop
le’s R
evol
utio
nary
Lib
erat
ion
Fron
t (EP
RLF
).105
Addi
tiona
lly, t
he p
arty
reje
cts a
ny p
ropo
sal f
or se
lf-de
term
inat
ion
on th
e pa
rt o
f Tam
ils o
r oth
er m
inor
itygr
oups
. The
reas
onin
g be
hind
this
is th
at th
e JH
U d
ono
t rec
ogni
ze T
amils
as a
"na
tiona
l min
ority
" in
the
Sri
Lank
an a
s opp
osed
to In
dian
con
text
but
as a
n "e
thni
cm
inor
ity,"
whi
ch a
utom
atic
ally
disq
ualif
ies t
he T
amil
strug
gle
for a
uton
omy.
Mor
eove
r, th
e JH
U h
as b
een
pres
sing
for a
de-
mer
ger o
f the
Nor
ther
n an
d Ea
stern
Prov
ince
s (w
hich
wer
e m
erge
d su
bjec
t to
a re
fere
ndum
in 1
987)
in o
rder
to u
nder
min
e th
e cl
aim
that
thes
e ar
e"T
amil
Hom
elan
ds."
106
Con
sequ
ently
, the
JHU
, lik
e th
eir S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
tne
mes
is, th
e JV
P, re
mai
n in
cont
rove
rtib
ly h
ostil
e to
the
LTT
E, w
hich
they
per
ceiv
e as
an
unde
moc
ratic
,un
repr
esen
tativ
e, il
legi
timat
e an
d un
acco
unta
ble
terr
orist
orga
niza
tion
that
vio
late
s hum
an ri
ghts.
The
y al
sobe
lieve
that
Pra
bhak
aran
and
the
Vann
i LT
TE
rem
ain
oppo
sed
to a
pea
cefu
l sol
utio
n to
the
curr
ent c
onfli
ct.
Alle
ged
evid
ence
to th
at e
ffect
lies
in P
rabh
akar
an's
asse
rtio
n to
Ani
ta P
rata
p107
(and
to th
e w
orld
med
ia a
tth
e gr
ound
-bre
akin
g pr
ess c
onfe
renc
e of
200
2) th
at a
mili
tary
stru
ggle
for t
he d
efea
t of t
he S
ri La
nkan
Arm
yw
ill se
cure
a m
ore
legi
timat
e Tam
il sta
te a
nd th
at E
elam
still
rem
ains
the
ultim
ate
goal
of t
he L
TT
E.10
8
Furt
herm
ore,
the
JHU
(lik
e th
e JV
P) re
mai
ns h
ostil
e to
the
ISG
A fra
mew
ork
for p
eace
talk
s, sta
ting
that
it is
mer
ely
an a
ttem
pt to
turn
a d
e fac
toLT
TE-
led
Tam
ilna
tion-
state
into
a d
e jur
esta
te.10
9T
he JH
U a
lso fe
el th
atth
e G
oSL
has n
ot e
xplo
ited
to th
e fu
llest
the
oppo
rtun
ity p
rese
nted
by
the
LTT
E sp
lit, a
rgui
ng it
serv
ed a
s an
occa
sion
to d
estro
y th
e Va
nni L
TT
E in
the
East.
47|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
104
See
Mah
inda
Dee
galle
(200
4) "
Polit
ics
of t
he J
athi
ka H
ela
Urum
aya
Mon
ks: B
uddh
ism
and
Eth
nici
ty in
Con
tem
pora
ry S
ri L
anka
," C
onte
mpo
rary
Bud
dhis
m,
Vol.
5, N
o. 2
, pp.
81-
2.
105
Cf.
aut
hors
' int
ervi
ew w
ith
UG
, Col
ombo
Mar
ch 2
1, 2
005.
106
This
bec
ame
one
of t
he c
ondi
tion
alit
ies
alon
g w
ith
the
aban
donm
ent
of t
he p
rinc
iple
of
auto
nom
y fo
r an
unf
ulfi
lled
JHU
's p
arti
cipa
tion
in t
he U
PFA
.
107
See
A. P
rata
p (2
001)
Isla
nd o
f B
lood
: Fro
ntlin
e R
epor
ts f
rom
Sri
Lan
ka, A
fgha
nist
an &
Oth
er S
outh
Asi
an F
lash
poin
ts (P
engu
in, N
ew Y
ork)
.
108
Ibid
.
109
Ibid
.
The
JHU
also
app
ear t
o re
mai
n as
hos
tile
to N
GO
s and
inte
rnat
iona
l act
ors a
s the
JVP.
As d
emon
strat
ed b
y th
eir
"Tw
elve
Poi
nt P
rogr
amm
e,"
the
tran
sgre
ssio
n of
sove
reig
nty
by su
ch a
ctor
s rem
ains
as h
igh
on th
e JH
Uag
enda
as o
n th
at o
f the
JVP-
-des
pite
a h
istor
y of
hosti
lity
and
mut
ual i
nfilt
ratio
n be
twee
n th
ese
two
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t act
ors.
In th
is re
gard
, it s
houl
d be
note
d th
at th
e JH
U fe
el th
at th
ey h
ave
succ
essfu
lly u
sed
the
prom
otio
n of
a ra
dica
l Sin
hala
nat
iona
list a
gend
a to
push
the
JVP
to a
rtic
ulat
e an
eve
n m
ore
hosti
le li
ne to
ISG
A an
d a
fede
ral s
olut
ion
than
wou
ld o
ther
wise
hav
ebe
en th
e ca
se. W
hile
ther
e is
a pr
ofou
nd a
cade
mic
deba
te b
eyon
d th
e sc
ope
of th
is re
port
as t
o th
e ex
tent
of
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t heg
emon
y in
the
Sout
h as
a w
hole
,110
it is
none
thel
ess c
lear
that
a n
umbe
r of p
oliti
cal,
econ
omic
and
soci
o-cu
ltura
l fac
tors
can
coa
lesc
e to
prod
uce
signi
fican
t pen
dulu
m sw
ings
tow
ard
a Si
nhal
aBu
ddhi
st up
surg
e. It
mus
t be
reco
gnize
d th
at th
ese
feat
ures
of t
he S
ri La
nkan
pol
ity a
re n
ot st
atic
but
par
tof
a h
ighl
y dy
nam
ic a
nd v
aria
ble
phen
omen
on.
Alth
ough
the
JHU
hav
e co
ntrib
uted
to a
righ
twar
d sh
iftw
ithin
the
JVP
and
the
sout
hern
pol
ity a
s a w
hole
, our
opin
ion
is th
at th
e JH
U a
s it c
urre
ntly
stan
ds is
no
long
er a
s sig
nific
ant a
long
-term
pot
entia
l spo
iler o
f the
peac
e pr
oces
s as i
t may
hav
e se
emed
in A
pril
2004
whe
nit
won
nin
e se
ats i
n th
e el
ectio
n. O
ur re
ason
s for
this
asse
ssm
ent w
ill b
e ex
pand
ed u
pon
belo
w.
THE
RISE
AN
D FA
LL O
F TH
E JH
U AS
A S
INHA
LAN
ATIO
NAL
IST
ORGA
N
The
JHU
fiel
ded
bhik
kuca
ndid
ates
in th
e 20
04 e
lect
ion
in th
e co
ntex
t of a
sudd
en u
psur
ge o
f Sin
hala
Bud
dhist
natio
nalis
t pas
sions
. Thi
s nat
iona
lism
had
em
erge
d in
late
200
3 in
the
afte
rmat
h of
the
deat
h of
the
Vene
rabl
eG
ango
davi
la S
oma,
a p
opul
ar B
uddh
ist p
reac
her a
ndbh
ikku
who
was
abl
e to
reac
h a
wid
e au
dien
ce th
roug
hth
e el
ectro
nic
med
ia a
nd h
is un
com
prom
ising
casti
gatio
n of
the
gene
rally
cor
rupt
stat
e of
pol
itics
inth
e So
uth.
Som
a al
so p
reac
hed
voci
fero
usly
aga
inst
Chr
istia
n ch
urch
es a
nd N
GO
s, se
eing
them
as "
the
instr
umen
ts of
a d
iabo
lical
con
spira
cy b
y C
hrist
ian
pow
ers t
o co
nver
t and
cor
rupt
the
Sinh
ales
e Bu
ddhi
stpu
blic
."11
1T
his u
psur
ge a
lso e
mer
ged
at a
tim
e of
finan
cial
har
dshi
p an
d ris
ing
pric
es in
the
coun
try
alon
gsid
e th
e de
stabi
lizin
g dy
nam
ics a
nd u
ncer
tain
ty o
fa
stalle
d pe
ace
proc
ess i
n w
hich
the
UN
F go
vern
men
tw
as u
nabl
e to
cap
italiz
e on
the
visio
n of
the
2002
CFA
.112
All t
hese
fact
ors m
ay w
ell h
ave
com
bine
d to
prod
uce
the
pote
ncy
of th
e su
dden
nat
iona
list t
urn
and
expr
essio
ns o
f diss
atisf
actio
n w
ith th
e U
NF
gove
rnm
ent.
Muc
h of
this
lay
in th
eir p
erce
ived
failu
re to
eng
age
inco
nsul
tatio
n w
ith th
e pe
ople
or t
he p
resid
ent o
ver t
hena
ture
of t
he p
ropo
sals
for i
nter
im a
dmin
istra
tion
in th
eN
orth
-Eas
t. In
deed
, it b
ecam
e no
t unc
omm
on fo
r Ran
ilW
ickr
emas
ingh
e to
be
depi
cted
in th
e m
edia
as m
ore
sym
path
etic
to th
e ca
use
of T
amil
Eela
m th
an to
the
conc
erns
of t
he so
uthe
rn e
lect
orat
e. H
e w
as p
ortr
ayed
as
a le
ader
who
had
han
ded
the
inte
rests
and
con
trol o
f the
coun
try'
s fut
ure
to IN
GO
s and
pow
erfu
l don
or st
ates
pres
surin
g fo
r a so
lutio
n to
the
ethn
ic c
onfli
ct, a
nd a
sth
e he
lmsm
an o
f a g
over
nmen
t tha
t had
don
e lit
tle fo
rde
velo
pmen
t and
gro
wth
in th
e So
uth
outsi
de o
f ana
rrow
elit
e se
ctio
n of
the
Col
ombo
-cen
tric
bus
ines
sco
mm
unity
.
In th
is m
ore
turb
ulen
t situ
atio
n, a
serie
s of a
ttack
s on
Chr
istia
n ch
urch
es im
med
iate
ly fo
llow
ed S
oma'
s dea
thin
Dec
embe
r 200
3. T
hey
cont
inue
d w
ell i
nto
the
2004
perio
d re
sulti
ng in
at l
east
170
reco
rded
act
s of v
iole
nce
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
48
110
Aga
in t
he C
PA S
ocia
l Ind
icat
ors
surv
ey r
emai
ns o
f us
e in
thi
s re
spec
t as
it c
lear
ly d
emon
stra
tes
the
exis
tenc
e of
sig
nifi
cant
opp
osit
ion
to t
he p
eace
pro
cess
in th
e S
outh
. See
Cen
tre
for P
olic
y A
lter
nati
ves
(200
4) K
now
ledg
e, A
ttit
udes
, Pra
ctic
es S
urve
y on
the
Sri
Lan
kan
Peac
e Pr
oces
s (K
APS
) (C
PA, C
olom
bo).
Wha
t
such
em
piri
cal s
tudi
es c
anno
t ga
uge
is t
he e
xten
t to
whi
ch p
olit
ical
lead
ersh
ip c
an s
wif
tly
prod
uce
a co
unte
r-he
gem
onic
pos
itio
n to
the
cla
im t
hat
the
Sou
th
is S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
t in
ori
enta
tion
.
111
See
"S
ri L
anka
n pr
esid
ent
war
ns a
gain
st a
nti-
Chr
isti
an v
iole
nce,
" C
hris
tian
Sol
idar
ity
Wor
ldw
ide,
Jan
uary
19,
200
4 (w
ww
.csw
.org
.uk)
.
112
See
J. U
yang
oda
(200
5) "
Whe
re h
ave
we
gone
? Th
ree
year
s af
ter
the
Cea
sefi
re A
gree
men
t" D
aily
Mir
ror
(Col
ombo
), M
arch
18,
200
5.
agai
nst C
hrist
ian
chur
ches
.113
NG
Os (
such
as W
orld
Visi
on) w
ere
also
targ
eted
with
ant
i-Chr
istia
n po
sters
,slo
gans
, and
act
s of v
iole
nce.
The
JHU
/SU
com
bine
obvi
ously
atte
mpt
ed to
mak
e th
e m
ost o
f its
links
with
Vene
rabl
e So
ma,
whi
ch w
ere
form
ally
esta
blish
edth
roug
h th
e M
ahar
agam
a Tem
ple
conn
ectio
n, a
nd th
eaf
filia
tion
of h
is Ja
na V
ijaya
Fou
ndat
ion
with
the
SU in
2002
. To
this
exte
nt th
ey h
ave
even
cla
imed
his
supp
ort
from
bey
ond
the
grav
e. In
deed
, it i
s the
SU
who
cont
ribut
ed m
assiv
ely
to th
e co
ntin
ued
fann
ing
of a
nti-
Chr
istia
n fla
mes
, pas
sions
, and
vio
lenc
e an
d w
ho w
ere
instr
umen
tal i
n th
e ca
mpa
ign
for t
he ta
blin
g of
an
"ant
i-co
nver
sion
bill"
in 2
004
that
was
in th
e en
d ru
led
unco
nstit
utio
nal.11
4
How
ever
, the
JHU
influ
ence
on
the
polit
ical
pro
cess
has
been
such
that
the
min
ister
for B
uddh
a Sa
sana
, Rat
nasir
iW
ickr
eman
ayak
e, a
lso ta
bled
a g
over
nmen
t ant
i-co
nver
sion
bill,
the
"Act
of S
afeg
uard
ing
Relig
ious
Free
dom
." Ir
onic
ally,
this
bill
is vi
ewed
as e
ven
mor
estr
inge
nt th
an it
s pre
dece
ssor
, with
pot
entia
l pen
altie
s of
up to
five
yea
rs im
priso
nmen
t or a
Rs.
100,
000
fine
for
"une
thic
al"
conv
ersio
n of
fenc
es. P
enal
ties i
ncre
ase
tose
ven
year
s im
priso
nmen
t and
a R
s. 50
0,00
0 fin
e in
the
case
of m
inor
s. Ev
iden
tly, b
oth
bills
wer
e ta
rget
ing
the
perc
eive
d in
duce
men
t to
conv
ersio
n of
poo
rer B
uddh
istco
mm
uniti
es b
y C
hrist
ian
evan
gelic
al o
rgan
izatio
ns a
ndN
GO
s. A
law
that
pot
entia
lly c
ontr
aven
es h
uman
righ
tsar
ticle
s on
freed
om o
f rel
igio
n m
ay c
onse
quen
tlyse
rious
ly a
ffect
relie
f and
reco
nstr
uctio
n ef
fort
s on
the
part
of C
hrist
ian
aid
grou
ps a
nd c
harit
ies i
n Sr
i Lan
ka,
and
coul
d al
so a
ugm
ent r
athe
r tha
n di
min
ish re
ligio
usstr
ife in
the
coun
try.
Des
pite
the
cont
inui
ng im
pact
of t
he JH
U o
n th
e Sr
iLa
nkan
pol
itica
l lan
dsca
pe, t
he U
rum
aya
com
bine
has
suffe
red
a se
ries o
f set
back
s and
scan
dals
since
its
ince
ptio
n. T
his h
as re
nder
ed th
e JH
U's
curr
ent p
oliti
cal
influ
ence
and
futu
re e
lect
oral
pro
spec
ts co
nsid
erab
lym
ore
tenu
ous t
han
a ye
ar a
go. A
mon
g th
e se
tbac
ks w
asth
e sp
lit su
ffere
d by
the
SUin
Oct
ober
200
0 on
the
ques
tion
of w
ho sh
ould
take
up
thei
r sin
gle
parli
amen
tary
seat
won
in th
at y
ear's
ele
ctio
n. A
fact
ion
led
by R
anaw
aka
and
the
NM
AT so
ught
to re
mov
e th
epa
rty
chai
rman
, SL
Gun
asek
era,
from
his
unan
imou
sno
min
atio
n to
the
seat
by
the
SU's
cent
ral c
omm
ittee
.R
anaw
aka
blam
ed G
unas
eker
a fo
r the
poo
r sho
win
g in
the
elec
tions
and
acc
used
him
of l
acki
ng n
atio
nalis
tau
then
ticity
; cas
ting
aspe
rsio
ns o
n hi
s rel
igio
us v
iew
s (or
lack
of t
hem
), hi
s con
sum
ptio
n of
alc
ohol
, and
his
alle
ged
use
of E
nglis
h ov
er S
inha
la.11
5T
his l
ed to
the
depa
rtur
e of
a m
ore
restr
aine
d va
riety
of S
inha
lana
tiona
lism
cha
mpi
oned
by
the
SL G
unas
eker
a fa
ctio
n.In
its p
lace
, the
righ
t win
g of
an
alre
ady
ultr
a-na
tiona
list
orga
n be
gan
to a
sser
t con
trol o
ver t
he U
rum
aya
mov
emen
t.
The
JHU
wer
e al
so b
eset
by
scan
dal w
hen
two
diss
iden
tJH
U m
onks
, Apa
rekk
e Pa
nnan
ada T
hera
and
Kat
halu
we
Rat
hana
seeh
a The
ra, r
esig
ned
from
the
part
y in
clo
sesu
cces
sion.
The
y ac
cuse
d th
e pa
rty
of c
orru
ptio
n an
dbr
iber
y an
d co
ntin
ue to
crit
icize
the
part
y fo
r fal
ling
into
the
trap
of S
Um
anip
ulat
ion.
The
mon
ks th
enm
yste
rious
ly d
isapp
eare
d im
med
iate
ly p
rior t
o th
eel
ectio
n of
the
parli
amen
tary
spea
ker a
nd th
en e
mer
ged
to v
ote
with
the
gove
rnm
ent f
or D
EW G
unas
ekar
a (C
Pan
d U
PFA)
as s
peak
er. T
his p
rom
pted
the
JHU
to c
ast
the
two
deci
sive
vote
s, al
ongs
ide
the
UN
F an
d th
e TN
A,fo
r a U
NP-
affil
iate
d ca
ndid
ate,
WJM
Lok
uban
dara
. It
was
a m
ove
that
was
per
ceiv
ed, p
artic
ular
ly a
mon
gfe
llow
nat
iona
lists,
as c
ontr
ary
to th
e el
ecto
ral w
ill o
f the
coun
try
and
to th
e su
ppos
ed p
rinci
ples
of t
he JH
U. I
ndo
ing
so it
reki
ndle
d su
spic
ions
that
ele
men
ts w
ithin
the
part
y sti
ll se
emed
to u
phol
d U
NP
inte
rests
. T
hese
even
ts le
d to
a se
ries o
f atta
cks o
n JH
U-a
ffilia
ted
tem
ples
in th
e So
uth
and
are
perc
eive
d to
hav
e w
idel
y
49|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
113
Sou
rce:
Nat
iona
l Chr
isti
an E
vang
elic
al A
llian
ce o
f S
ri L
anka
.
114
The
JHU
's "
Proh
ibit
ion
of F
orci
ble
Con
vers
ions
of
Rel
igio
ns B
ill"
was
tab
led
in J
uly
2004
, but
was
judg
ed u
ncon
stit
utio
nal a
s it
bre
ache
d ar
ticl
es p
rote
ctin
g
free
dom
of
relig
ious
exp
ress
ion.
115
See
htt
p://
ww
w.w
sws.
org/
arti
cles
/200
0/de
c200
0/sr
i-d0
4.sh
tml
disc
redi
ted
JHU
cla
ims t
hat i
t was
act
ing
abov
e th
epo
litic
al fr
ay a
nd in
the
gene
ral n
atio
nal i
nter
est.
Furt
herm
ore,
def
ectio
ns fr
om th
e JH
U/S
U c
ombi
neha
ve c
ontin
ued
with
bot
h T
hila
k K
arun
arat
ne re
turn
ing
to th
e U
NP
fold
and
Gam
paha
Dist
rict M
P, K
olon
naw
eSu
man
agal
a The
ra, a
nnou
ncin
g hi
s res
igna
tion
from
part
y po
litic
s in
Oct
ober
200
4. O
ne in
terp
reta
tion
ofth
ese
cont
inui
ng sp
lits i
n th
e pa
rty
is th
at th
ey re
pres
ent
a po
litic
al d
ivid
e be
twee
n th
e la
y le
ader
ship
of
Cha
mpi
ka R
anaw
aka
and
the
bhik
kule
gisla
tors
in th
epa
rty.
Con
sequ
ently
, the
JHU
is d
eem
ed to
hav
e be
en w
idel
ydi
scre
dite
d in
bot
h po
litic
al c
ircle
s and
am
ong
the
wid
erpu
blic
. The
y ar
e al
so se
en to
hav
e br
ough
t the
cont
rove
rsia
l im
age
of b
hikk
usin
pol
itics
into
shar
pdi
srep
ute.
Thi
s may
sugg
est s
ever
al th
ings
--in
clud
ing
that
the
JHU
's lo
ng-te
rm p
rosp
ects
have
bee
n se
rious
lyun
derm
ined
, tha
t the
Uru
may
a or
gan
ther
efor
e no
long
er p
oses
as s
erio
us a
thre
at a
s spo
iler t
o th
e pe
ace
proc
ess,
or th
at su
ppor
t for
the
mov
emen
t may
swin
gba
ck to
the
UN
P or
eve
n to
the
JVP.
Non
ethe
less
, it i
spo
ssib
le th
at th
e U
rum
aya
elem
ents
may
regr
oup
and
reas
sert
thei
r inf
luen
ce o
n th
e po
litic
al la
ndsc
ape
in a
revi
taliz
ed a
nd n
ovel
shap
e. T
he p
ossib
ility
of a
nU
rum
aya
revi
val r
ecei
ved
a co
nsid
erab
le b
oost
in th
ere
cent
neg
otia
tion
and
signi
ng o
f the
P-T
OM
Sag
reem
ent b
etw
een
the
GoS
L an
d th
e pr
esid
ent.
The
JHU
alo
ng w
ith th
e JV
P w
ere
at th
e fo
refro
nt o
fpr
otes
ts an
d m
obili
zatio
ns a
gain
st th
e ai
d m
echa
nism
,in
clud
ing
high
-pro
file
fasts
-unt
o-de
ath
by A
thur
aliy
eR
atha
na T
hera
and
Om
alpe
Sob
hita
The
ra o
f the
JHU
and
four
oth
er m
onks
. The
re h
ave
also
bee
n ru
mor
sci
rcul
atin
g in
the
pres
s tha
t the
JHU
has
bee
n en
gagi
ngin
neg
otia
tions
with
the
JVP
rega
rdin
g th
e fo
rmat
ion
ofa
coal
ition
and
the
field
ing
of a
com
mon
pre
siden
tial
cand
idat
e. S
uch
a po
ssib
ility
, how
ever
, has
bee
n sw
iftly
dism
issed
by
the
JVP
who
are
mor
e lik
ely
to se
ekpo
litic
al p
artn
ersh
ips w
ith th
e M
uslim
par
ties a
nd th
eM
EP.11
6H
owev
er, t
he c
urre
nt S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
tup
swin
g on
ce a
gain
pos
es a
t lea
st th
e po
ssib
ility
that
the
JHU
cou
ld h
ave
a po
litic
al re
surr
ectio
n. A
s suc
h, it
isw
orth
con
sider
ing
the
pote
ntia
l inc
entiv
es th
ere
may
be
for t
he JH
U in
rega
rds t
o th
e pe
ace
proc
ess.
INCE
NTI
VES
FOR
THE
JHU/
SIHA
LA U
RUM
AYA
ASA
PEAC
E ST
AKEH
OLDE
R
1)It
is cl
ear t
hat t
he JH
U/S
Uan
d th
eir s
atel
lite
orga
niza
tions
hav
e ta
ken
on a
con
siste
ntly
neg
ativ
ero
le v
is-à-
vis t
he is
sues
of m
inor
ities
, the
pea
cepr
oces
s, pr
ospe
ct o
f a fe
dera
l sol
utio
n, a
nd IS
GA.
The
y ha
ve a
lso p
rove
d ho
stile
to re
cogn
izing
the
LTT
E as
a le
gitim
ate
acto
r and
repe
ated
ly a
ttack
and
mar
gina
lize
ethn
ic a
nd re
ligio
us m
inor
ities
and
thei
r pol
itica
l rep
rese
ntat
ives
, inc
ludi
ng S
ri La
nkan
and
Hill
Cou
ntry
Tam
ils, M
uslim
s, an
d C
hrist
ians
.As
the
JHU
cle
arly
seek
s to
cont
rol a
nd c
halle
nge
the
activ
ities
of I
NG
Os,
NG
Os,
inte
rnat
iona
l and
inte
r-go
vern
men
tal a
ctor
s, an
d fo
reig
n m
edia
tors
(suc
h as
Nor
way
), it
is cl
ear t
hat t
hey
rem
ain
ahi
ghly
ant
agon
istic
forc
e an
d a
pote
ntia
lly se
rious
obsta
cle
as fa
r as t
he a
id c
omm
unity
is c
once
rned
.T
his m
ovem
ent h
as c
onsis
tent
ly v
ied
for a
mili
tary
solu
tion,
mak
ing
it (a
long
side
the
JVP)
opp
osed
toth
e pe
ace
proc
ess i
n its
cur
rent
form
. Whi
le it
mus
tbe
stat
ed th
at th
e JV
P ar
e a
mor
e sig
nific
ant
polit
ical
act
or a
nd th
us p
oten
tial o
ppon
ent t
o th
epe
ace
proc
ess,
the
JHU
/SU
's ca
paci
ty to
wie
ld a
disp
ropo
rtio
nate
influ
ence
on
the
polit
ical
land
scap
e sh
ould
not
be
unde
resti
mat
ed. I
t can
be
reas
onab
ly a
rgue
d th
at th
e JH
U h
ave
also
pus
hed
the
JVP
itsel
f in
a m
ore
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t dire
ctio
nw
ith th
e la
tter p
arty
seek
ing
to m
obili
ze th
e Si
nhal
ana
tiona
list b
lock
in c
ompe
titio
n w
ith th
e fo
rmer
.
2)H
avin
g sa
id th
at, t
he JH
U/S
U h
ave
diffe
renc
es w
ithth
e JV
P. C
onsid
erin
g th
e re
fract
ory
natu
re o
fJH
U/S
U's
stanc
e, th
ey a
re ir
onic
ally
end
owed
with
a gr
eate
r tra
nspa
renc
y of
aim
s and
pot
entia
l for
dial
ogue
than
the
JVP.
The
JHU
/SU
hav
e al
way
spr
omot
ed th
eir i
deas
in a
cle
ar a
nd a
cces
sible
way
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
50
116
See
, for
inst
ance
, Nam
ini W
ijeda
sa (2
005)
"JV
P ru
les
out
deal
wit
h JH
U"
Sun
day
Isla
nd (C
olom
bo),
July
3, 2
005.
and
(unl
ike
the
JVP)
do
not d
eny,
disg
uise
, or
atte
mpt
to d
ilute
thei
r Sin
hala
nat
iona
list d
iscou
rse
thro
ugh
reco
urse
to th
e ho
mog
enizi
ng rh
etor
ic o
fps
eudo
-Mar
xist
plat
itude
s abo
ut u
nive
rsal
man
. In
this
resp
ect,
whe
n do
nors
con
front
the
spec
tra
ofth
e JH
U/S
U c
ombi
ne, t
here
can
be
a cl
ear
pers
pect
ive
of w
here
the
mov
emen
t lie
s in
rela
tion
to a
via
ble
peac
e pr
oces
s. So
me
of th
is m
ay h
ave
todo
with
the
broa
der c
ultu
ral h
orizo
ns o
f a m
ovem
ent
that
is to
a g
reat
ext
ent r
elate
d to
the
Sinh
ala d
iasp
ora
and
has g
reat
er a
cces
s to
the
Engl
ish m
edia
--in
spite
of it
s sm
all w
orld
nat
iona
list p
rete
nsio
ns. W
hile
we
are
not f
or a
min
ute
sugg
estin
g th
at th
ese
cultu
ral
horiz
ons m
oder
ate
the
exclu
siona
ry p
oten
cy o
f "lo
ng-
dista
nce"
nat
iona
lism
, the
abi
lity
to e
njoi
n an
dm
ount
a d
ialo
gue
is cle
arly
ther
e. T
his i
s not
a fa
r-fe
tche
d vi
ew. A
stud
y on
the
role
of th
e Sa
ngha
in th
epe
ace
proc
ess i
ndic
ated
that
eve
n na
tiona
list m
onks
have
, at t
imes
, bee
n su
scep
tible
to id
eolo
gica
lm
ovem
ent o
n th
e pe
ace
proc
ess (
Fryd
enlu
nd, 2
005,
p. 3
0). T
his i
s also
ech
oed
by th
e w
ords
of a
seni
orJH
U re
pres
enta
tive:
"We,
the
JHU
, are
will
ing
to c
hang
e ou
r sta
nd if
som
ebod
y pr
oves
us w
rong
. The
day
that
we
are
conv
ince
d or
pro
ved
that
we
are
wro
ng, w
e ar
ew
illin
g to
cha
nge
our s
tand
… W
e ar
e no
tsu
ppor
ting
the
Sinh
ala
caus
e ju
st be
caus
e w
e ar
eSi
nhal
ese
in a
ver
y tr
ibal
way
. We
are
supp
ortin
g it
beca
use
we
thin
k it
is th
e co
rrec
t per
spec
tive
and
ifso
meb
ody
conv
ince
s us t
hat i
t is w
rong
, we
will
acce
pt th
at. W
e str
ongl
y be
lieve
that
we
mus
t cru
shth
e LT
TE.
Tha
t is t
he tr
ue li
bera
tion
for T
amils
,tr
ue in
depe
nden
ce fo
r the
ent
ire c
ount
ry."
117
Nev
erth
eles
s, it
is cl
ear f
rom
the
sam
e qu
ote
that
the
JHU
/SU
see
the
LTT
E as
one
am
ong
aco
nten
ding
rang
e of
arc
h ad
vers
arie
s and
this
has
serio
us im
plic
atio
ns fo
r a p
eace
pro
cess
in w
hich
the
LTT
E pl
ay a
lead
ing
role
.
3)W
hat i
s also
cle
ar fr
om d
iscus
sions
with
the
JHU
isth
at th
ere
is so
me
hist
ory
and
cont
inui
ng d
ialo
gue
betw
een
the
JHU
/SU
com
bine
and
pol
itica
lal
tern
ativ
es to
the
LTT
E. W
hile
gro
ups l
ike
the
EPD
P an
d th
e EP
RLF
may
be
rega
rded
as
para
mili
tary
arm
s of t
he S
ri La
nkan
stat
e(in
clud
ing
by m
any
dono
rs a
nd N
GO
s),11
8sin
ceth
e C
FA it
is c
laim
ed th
at th
ese
grou
ps h
ave
been
disa
rmed
and
repr
esen
t an
alte
rnat
ive
to th
e LT
TE.
The
y ha
ve c
laim
ed a
will
ingn
ess t
o en
gage
in th
eel
ecto
ral p
roce
ss a
nd in
a d
ialo
gue
with
JHU
mem
bers
. As a
lead
ersh
ip-le
vel r
epre
sent
ativ
e of
the
JHU
put
it:
"I h
ave
a ve
ry c
lose
rapp
ort w
ith th
e al
tern
ativ
eTa
mil
grou
ps. R
ecen
tly a
t an
EPD
P w
orks
hop
Isa
id, '
Con
vinc
e m
e yo
ur st
rugg
le fo
r fed
eral
ism is
corr
ect.'
I ha
ve b
een
supp
ortin
g EP
RLF
sinc
e m
ysc
hool
day
s. I w
as a
stro
ng L
eftis
t in
my
scho
olda
ys.
I was
supp
ortin
g Ee
lam
and
EPR
LF."
119
Tho
ugh
such
a st
ance
doe
s not
pre
clud
e th
epo
ssib
ility
of a
dia
logu
e ab
out a
uton
omy
for t
heN
orth
-Eas
t with
non
-LT
TE
grou
ps, a
t the
sam
etim
e it
mak
es th
e po
ssib
ility
of t
he JH
U/S
Uen
gagi
ng in
a d
ialo
gue
with
the
LTT
E hi
ghly
impr
obab
le.
4)As
men
tione
d ab
ove,
it sh
ould
be
clea
rly re
cogn
ized
that
the
JHU
/SU
dyn
amic
has
bee
n eb
bing
ove
r the
last
year
, as h
as th
e co
ntex
t for
its i
nitia
l pot
ency
. It
is cl
ear t
hat o
ver t
he p
ast y
ear,
influ
entia
l fig
ures
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
e JH
U/S
U m
ovem
ent h
ave
left
inco
nsid
erab
le n
umbe
rs. D
ue to
its i
ncre
ased
lack
of
polit
ical
influ
ence
it m
ay, t
here
fore
, be
mor
e ap
t to
desc
ribe
the
JHU
as a
n or
gani
zatio
n th
at w
ill b
em
ore
effe
ctiv
ely
isola
ted
than
acc
omm
odat
ed in
any
mea
ning
ful p
eace
pro
cess
. Nev
erth
eles
s, it
ispe
rfect
ly p
ossib
le th
at, a
s the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
ajo
int a
id m
echa
nism
and
the
peac
e pr
oces
s is r
olle
d
51|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
117
Cf.
inte
rvie
w w
ith
UG
, Col
ombo
Mar
ch 2
1, 2
005.
118
See
UTH
R (2
004)
15
Year
s A
fter
Raj
ani:
The
Con
tinu
ing
Cos
t of
Dis
sent
(UTH
R, C
olom
bo).
119
Cf.
inte
rvie
w w
ith
UG
, Col
ombo
Mar
ch 2
1, 2
005.
forw
ard,
the
Uru
may
a co
mbi
ne m
ay a
ttem
pt to
forg
e cl
oser
link
s with
the
elem
ents
that
opp
ose
thes
e ai
ms-
-incl
udin
g iro
nica
lly th
ose
min
ority
part
ies t
hat t
he U
rum
aya
have
freq
uent
ly a
ttack
ed.12
0
As st
ated
abo
ve, t
he v
iciss
itude
s of S
inha
lana
tiona
lism
show
that
the
pend
ulum
can
swin
gsw
iftly
; and
that
the
pote
ntia
l for
a g
rass
-roo
tsm
obili
zatio
n of
Sin
hala
nat
iona
list o
pini
on h
as n
otco
mpl
etel
y di
ssip
ated
am
ong
the
JHU
/SU
's so
cial
cons
titue
ncy;
and
, the
refo
re, t
he so
cial
con
text
for
dono
rs m
ust b
e se
rious
ly c
onsid
ered
bef
ore
com
plet
ely
writ
ing
off s
uch
dyna
mic
s and
thei
rpo
tent
ial f
or re
gene
ratio
n.
JATH
IKA
CHIN
TAN
AYA:
AIM
S AN
D ST
RATE
GIES
FOR
SIN
HALA
NAT
ION
ALIS
M
As Ja
thik
a C
hint
anay
ais
not p
reci
sely
a p
oliti
cal
asso
ciat
ion
but m
ore
a sc
hool
of t
houg
ht le
d by
two
inte
llect
uals-
-aut
hor G
unad
asa
Amar
asek
ara
and
Nal
inde
Silv
a, w
ho h
eads
the
thin
k-ta
nk Ja
thik
a C
hint
ana
Parsh
aday
a--th
is se
ctio
n w
ill re
mai
n ve
ry b
rief.
Non
ethe
less
, we
will
out
line
the
cent
ral a
lignm
ents
betw
een
the
ideo
logi
cal p
rogr
am a
nd p
oliti
cal a
ctor
s we
have
disc
usse
d be
caus
e th
e m
ovem
ent h
as a
pro
foun
din
fluen
ce o
n bo
th c
ultu
ral a
nd p
oliti
cal f
acet
s of S
inha
lana
tiona
lism
. The
term
Jath
ika
Chi
nata
naya
was
firs
tco
ined
in G
unad
asa
Amar
asek
ara'
s Sin
hala
jour
nalis
ticar
ticle
s in
the
1980
s and
is b
est t
rans
late
d as
"civ
iliza
tiona
l" o
r "na
tiona
l con
scio
usne
ss."
It re
fers
to a
prog
ram
of r
egen
erat
ion
of tr
aditi
onal
Bud
dhist
soci
alan
d po
litic
al v
alue
s as a
bul
war
k ag
ains
t the
per
ceiv
edso
cio-
cultu
rally
del
eter
ious
impa
ct o
f cap
italis
t and
Wes
tern
influ
ence
s.121
Such
con
cept
ions
onc
e ag
ain
serv
eto
repr
oduc
e Si
nhal
a Bu
ddhi
st na
tiona
list a
ssoc
iatio
ns
betw
een
king
ship
and
righ
teou
s rul
e; a
nd e
ngen
der a
nat
tach
men
t to
the
unita
ry st
ate
and,
of c
ours
e, a
rabi
dho
stilit
y to
any
pro
ject
of d
evol
utio
nary
con
stitu
tiona
lre
form
. It m
ight
be
assu
med
from
this
that
the
JHU
/SU
and
Jath
ika
Chi
ntan
aya
have
a n
atur
al id
eolo
gica
lpr
oxim
ity a
nd it
is in
deed
cle
ar th
at a
fter C
ham
pika
Ran
awak
a an
d At
hura
liye
Rat
hana
The
ra le
ft th
e JV
P,th
ey a
ligne
d th
emse
lves
for a
tim
e w
ith th
e Ja
thik
aC
hint
ana
Parsh
aday
a.12
2H
owev
er, t
he re
latio
nshi
p so
ured
over
disa
gree
men
ts on
long
-term
Sin
hala
nat
iona
list
strat
egy
and
Nal
in d
e Si
lva
has s
ince
rem
aine
d ho
stile
toth
e JH
U/S
U. T
his r
ecen
tly le
d to
acc
usat
ions
of U
NP
subt
erfu
ge in
the
strat
egie
s of t
he p
arty
.
It is
inte
resti
ng to
not
e fo
r the
pur
pose
s of t
his r
epor
tth
at fo
r mos
t of t
he 1
980s
bot
h N
alin
de
Silv
a an
dG
unad
asa
Amar
asek
era
rem
aine
d cr
itica
l of t
he JV
P--
desp
ite th
e pa
rty'
s fre
quen
t app
eal t
o Si
nhal
a na
tiona
list
disc
onte
nt a
nd in
terp
reta
tions
of s
uppo
rt(C
hand
rapr
ema,
199
1, p
p.11
0-11
7). F
or th
e pr
opon
ents
of Ja
thik
a C
hint
anay
a, th
e JV
P's r
evol
utio
nary
Mar
xism
was
also
a W
este
rn d
ilutio
n of
the
true
pot
entia
l for
Sinh
ala
civi
lizat
iona
l con
scio
usne
ss. H
owev
er, w
hile
Nal
in d
e Si
lva
still
refu
ses t
o sh
ift c
ompl
etel
y on
the
ques
tion
of th
e th
ird g
ener
atio
n of
the
JVP
(aga
ince
nsur
ing
the
part
y fo
r the
ir co
ntin
ued
adhe
renc
e to
Mar
xism
), ov
er th
e la
st th
ree
year
s Gun
adas
aAm
aras
ekar
a ha
s bee
n ea
ger t
o hi
tch
the
Jath
ika
Chi
ntan
aya
band
wag
on to
the
JVP.12
3Fo
r Am
aras
ekar
a,th
e m
ains
tream
par
ties n
o lo
nger
hav
e an
y na
tiona
list
dyna
mic
s and
the
JVP,
with
Wee
raw
ansa
at t
heid
eolo
gica
l hel
m, h
as ta
ken
up th
e Si
nhal
a na
tiona
list
caus
e to
pot
ent e
ffect
. Suc
h a
turn
arou
nd is
not
able
, as
it ha
s for
med
a v
ital p
oliti
cal b
ridge
bet
wee
n an
old
eran
d m
ore
esta
blish
ed g
ener
atio
n of
Sin
hala
nat
iona
lism
and
the
JVP'
s you
thfu
l "pa
trio
tic"
coho
rts.
It al
so
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
52
120
In A
pril
2005
, the
JH
U in
vite
d th
e JV
P an
d al
l pol
itic
al p
arti
es w
ho w
ere
agai
nst
the
Join
t M
echa
nism
to
join
for
ces.
See
"JH
U t
o jo
in J
VP
agai
nst
the
join
t
mec
hani
sm"
Dai
ly M
irro
r (C
olom
bo),
Apr
il 26
, 20
05.
UPF
A C
abin
et M
inis
ter,
Feri
al A
shra
ff's
Nat
iona
l U
nity
Alli
ance
als
o vo
iced
obj
ecti
on t
o th
e "j
oint
mec
hani
sm."
121
Cf
auth
ors'
inte
rvie
ws
wit
h G
unad
asa
Am
aras
ekar
a M
arch
17-
18, 2
005.
122
Cf.
aut
hors
' int
ervi
ew w
ith
UG
, Mar
ch 2
1, 2
005.
123
Ibid
and
cf.
aut
hor's
inte
rvie
w w
ith
Gun
adas
a A
mar
asek
ara,
200
2.
conf
irms t
he a
utho
rs' i
nter
pret
atio
n th
at th
e JV
Pre
mai
ns th
e m
ost s
igni
fican
t con
tem
pora
ry S
inha
lana
tiona
list a
ctor
and
that
its n
atio
nalis
m is
dee
ply
ideo
logi
cally
em
bedd
ed. I
t is a
lso c
lear
ly ta
king
up
the
bato
n of
Sin
hala
nat
iona
lism
incr
easin
gly
disc
arde
d by
the
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s due
to th
eir g
ener
al c
onse
nsus
on
the
need
for a
dev
olut
iona
ry so
lutio
n. F
or th
ese
reas
ons
also
, the
JVP
rem
ains
the
mos
t sig
nific
ant o
ppon
ent t
oth
e cu
rren
t fra
mew
orks
for t
he p
eace
pro
cess
.
OVER
VIEW
OF
THE
UPCO
UNTR
Y PE
OPLE
'S F
RON
T
The
UPF
is a
smal
l but
not
insig
nific
ant H
ill C
ount
ryTa
mil
polit
ical
par
ty th
at e
mer
ged
as a
splin
ter g
roup
from
the
CW
C, t
he le
adin
g po
litic
al o
rgan
izatio
nre
pres
entin
g th
e in
tere
sts o
f the
"U
pcou
ntry
" Tam
ils.
The
UPF
em
erge
d in
198
9 w
hen
Periy
asam
yC
hand
rase
kara
n, a
CW
C o
rgan
izer,
Urb
an C
ounc
ilre
pres
enta
tive
and
ener
getic
soci
al a
ctiv
ist b
ecam
edi
sillu
sione
d w
ith th
e C
WC
's fa
ilure
to n
omin
ate
him
for t
he p
rovi
ncia
l cou
ncil
elec
tions
of 1
988
and
the
gene
ral e
lect
ions
of 1
989.
In fo
undi
ng th
e pa
rty,
Cha
ndra
seka
ran
join
ed fo
rces
with
Kad
er (a
n U
pcou
ntry
Mar
xist
inte
llect
ual a
nd fo
rmer
act
ivist
in th
e C
eylo
nTe
ache
r's U
nion
), T
harm
alin
gham
(a sc
hool
prin
cipa
l),an
d a
grou
p of
act
ivist
s who
had
pre
viou
sly b
een
conn
ecte
d to
the
Gam
ini Y
apa
grou
p an
d th
e U
pcou
ntry
Mas
s Org
aniza
tion.
124T
he p
arty
was
initi
ally
una
ble
tore
giste
r ind
epen
dent
ly a
nd th
eref
ore
ran
in th
e 19
89el
ectio
ns u
nder
the
anch
or sy
mbo
l of t
he P
eopl
e’sLi
bera
tion
Org
aniza
tion
of T
amil
Eela
m (P
LOT
E) w
ithU
mam
ahes
war
an's
bles
sing.
Whi
le th
ey fa
iled
to c
aptu
rea
seat
, the
UPF
non
ethe
less
man
aged
to a
mas
s 10,
000
vote
s in
thei
r deb
ut g
ener
al e
lect
ion.
The
y al
sosu
ccee
ded
in sp
littin
g th
e U
pcou
ntry
vot
e in
the
distr
ict
so th
e C
WC
also
faile
d to
obt
ain
a se
at. A
fter c
aptu
ring
thre
e se
ats i
n th
e lo
cal g
over
nmen
t ele
ctio
ns in
199
1, th
e
part
y fe
ll in
to a
mom
enta
ry d
eclin
e af
ter K
ader
,T
harm
alig
ham
, and
Cha
ndra
seka
ran
wer
e de
tain
ed fo
ral
lege
dly
harb
orin
g Va
rath
an w
ho w
as a
ccus
ed o
fbo
mbi
ng th
e Jo
int O
pera
tiona
l Com
man
d in
Col
ombo
.
Non
ethe
less
, in
1993
Cha
ndra
seka
ran
beca
me
the
first
prov
inci
al c
ounc
ilor t
o w
in a
seat
whi
le st
ill in
dete
ntio
n. In
the
1994
gen
eral
ele
ctio
n, h
e w
orke
dal
ongs
ide
the
PA, w
on a
seat
, and
bec
ame
min
ister
for
esta
te h
ousin
g un
til h
is re
signa
tion
in th
e co
urse
of t
hete
rm. T
he U
PF th
en b
ecam
e ac
tive
mem
bers
of t
heU
NF
allia
nce
in 2
001
and
thou
gh C
hand
rase
kara
nbe
cam
e m
inist
er o
f soc
ial d
evel
opm
ent h
e ea
rned
disa
ppro
batio
n in
som
e ci
rcle
s by
bein
g th
e fir
stm
inist
er to
pub
licly
eng
age
in a
Pon
gu T
ham
il ad
dres
sin
200
3. S
ince
the
UPF
A ca
me
to p
ower
, the
UPF
have
mai
ntai
ned
thei
r pol
itica
l alig
nmen
t with
the
UN
F, lo
bbie
d vo
cally
for a
resu
mpt
ion
of p
eace
nego
tiatio
ns, a
nd c
ontin
ue to
mai
ntai
n cl
ose
rela
tions
with
the
LTT
E.
ORGA
NIZ
ATIO
N A
ND
CON
STIT
UEN
CY B
ASE
The
CW
C a
nd th
e U
PF h
ave
broa
dly
simila
r roo
ts in
that
they
ope
rate
out
of s
imila
r Upc
ount
ry T
amil
cons
titue
ncie
s and
rem
ain
heav
ily d
epen
dent
on
unio
nac
tiviti
es fo
r fun
ding
, tra
inin
g, o
rgan
izatio
nal d
ynam
ics,
and
inte
rnat
iona
l lin
kage
s. In
deed
, des
pite
the
mas
sive
decl
ine
in u
nion
mem
bers
hip
in re
cent
yea
rs it
is w
idel
yre
cogn
ized
that
any
pol
itica
l for
ce se
ekin
g to
mob
ilize
the
Upc
ount
ry v
ote
will
not
succ
eed
with
out a
lso la
ying
dow
n w
hat i
s ter
med
as t
he tw
in "
trac
ks"
of H
illC
ount
ry "
railw
ay p
oliti
cs."
125
Alth
ough
the
UPF
firs
tbe
gan
as a
pol
itica
l par
ty ra
ther
than
a u
nion
, it s
oon
reco
gnize
d th
e es
sent
ial n
eces
sity
of fo
rmin
g th
eU
pcou
ntry
Wor
kers
' Fro
nt--
the
seco
nd-la
rges
t esta
teun
ion
with
an
estim
ated
45,
000
mem
bers
and
100
full-
53|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
124
Cf.
aut
hors
' int
ervi
ew w
ith
Law
renc
e, M
arch
20,
200
5. F
or f
urth
er b
ackg
roun
d, s
ee a
lso
UTH
R B
ulle
tin
No.
4 "S
ulle
n H
ills:
the
Sag
a of
Up
Cou
ntry
Tam
ils,"
(Jan
uary
, 199
3).
125
Cf.
aut
hors
' int
ervi
ew w
ith
Law
renc
e, M
arch
20,
200
5, a
nd P
.P. D
evar
aj, M
arch
15,
200
5.
time
unio
n w
orke
rs,12
6m
any
of w
hom
rece
ived
thei
rtr
aini
ng w
ithin
the
CW
C.12
7In
term
s of s
ocia
lco
nstit
uenc
y, th
e U
pcou
ntry
peo
ple
mus
t be
soci
o-ec
onom
ical
ly d
iffer
entia
ted.
The
re is
a si
gnifi
cant
,so
cial
ly m
obile
, and
gro
win
g ur
ban
and
trad
ing
clas
s of
the
Upc
ount
ry p
opul
ace
in b
oth
Col
ombo
and
in th
eto
wns
of t
he C
entr
al P
rovi
nce.
How
ever
, the
maj
ority
of
Upc
ount
ry T
amils
are
still
em
ploy
ed o
n th
e es
tate
sde
spite
the
fact
that
ther
e is
an in
crea
sing
trend
for
youn
ger g
ener
atio
ns to
shun
esta
te w
ork
and
the
soci
alsti
gma
that
acc
ompa
nies
it. W
here
pos
sible
, peo
ple
pref
er to
mov
e ou
t of t
he e
state
sect
or. I
n th
is se
nse,
desp
ite th
eir s
low
ly in
crea
sing
mob
ility
and
soci
aldi
ffere
ntia
tion,
bot
h th
e C
WC
and
the
UPF
still
hav
eth
eir o
rgan
izatio
nal r
oots
in th
e es
tate
s whe
re th
ede
pres
sed
state
of U
pcou
ntry
Tam
ils is
mos
tco
ncen
trat
ed a
nd e
vide
nt. T
his i
s so
desp
ite th
eir
reco
gniti
on th
at th
e so
cio-
econ
omic
con
ditio
ns a
ndpo
litic
al ri
ghts
of a
ll U
pcou
ntry
Tam
ils n
eed
impr
ovin
g--
whe
ther
they
are
livi
ng in
the
Hill
Cou
ntry
are
as,
Col
ombo
, or t
he N
orth
-Eas
t.
THE
UPF,
CW
C, U
PCOU
NTR
Y TA
MIL
NAT
ION
ALIS
M A
ND
THE
PEAC
E PR
OCES
S
Som
e in
form
ed c
ritic
s vie
w th
e U
PF a
nd th
e C
WC
inth
e sa
me
light
, as p
artie
s who
se c
entr
al c
once
rns
rem
aine
d tie
d to
"im
med
iate
pol
itica
l obj
ectiv
es."
The
irac
tions
are
also
con
sider
ed a
form
of p
oliti
cal
"bar
gain
ing"
that
"fit
s in
very
wel
l with
the
curr
ent s
tate
of p
oliti
cs in
Sri
Lank
a." T
he p
rese
nt le
ader
ship
,ho
wev
er, i
s crit
icize
d fo
r "no
t hav
ing
a lo
ng-te
rm v
ision
and
is no
t cap
able
of d
evel
opin
g a
long
-term
visi
on"12
8
beyo
nd th
e de
sire
for h
oldi
ng m
inist
eria
l por
tfolio
s and
barg
aini
ng fo
r acc
ess t
o eq
ual c
itize
nshi
p en
title
men
t,em
ploy
men
t, an
d de
velo
pmen
t pro
ject
s fro
m th
eel
ecto
rally
dom
inan
t par
ties o
r coa
litio
ns. N
onet
hele
ss,
since
the
CW
C e
nter
ed e
lect
oral
pol
itics
in 1
97712
9it
has
beco
me
reno
wne
d fo
r its
polit
ical
opp
ortu
nism
and
capa
city
to w
ork
with
eith
er o
f the
two
mai
nstre
ampa
rtie
s. As
a re
sult
it pl
ays a
sign
ifica
nt ro
le in
coa
litio
n-m
akin
g an
d br
eaki
ng,13
0an
d ca
n ef
fect
cle
ar d
iffer
ence
sof
em
phas
is an
d nu
ance
s in
the
appr
oach
of t
hese
two
part
ies-
-esp
ecia
lly w
ith re
gard
s to
Tam
il id
entit
y an
d th
epe
ace
proc
ess.
Inde
ed, w
hat i
s cle
ar is
that
the
UPF
'ssta
nce
on th
e na
tiona
l que
stion
has
, to
som
e de
gree
,de
part
ed fr
om th
at fo
und
in th
e ge
neal
ogy
of b
oth
thei
rle
ft-w
ing
and
CW
C ro
ots.
Thi
s is e
vide
nt in
the
fact
that
they
hav
e, a
t lea
st rh
etor
ical
ly, d
iscar
ded
the
redu
ctio
nist
Mar
xist
econ
omic
pla
titud
es th
at a
sser
t tha
tec
onom
ic c
hang
e w
ith o
ther
pro
leta
rian
forc
es sh
ould
be
the
prim
ary
obje
ctiv
e of
Upc
ount
ry T
amil
peop
le. T
hey
have
also
mod
ified
thei
r app
roac
h to
the
natio
nal
ques
tion
in th
e af
term
ath
of th
e su
cces
sive
targ
etin
g of
Upc
ount
ry T
amils
by
Sinh
ala
chau
vini
st vi
olen
ce in
1977
, 198
1, a
nd 1
983.
Mor
e re
cent
exa
mpl
es o
f eth
nic
viol
ence
, inc
ludi
ng a
ttack
s orc
hestr
ated
by
the
NM
AT/S
VV
com
bine
in 1
998
and
the
afte
rmat
h of
the
Bind
unuw
ewa
mas
sacr
e in
200
0, h
ave
also
influ
ence
dth
eir c
hang
e in
pos
ition
. For
the
UPF
then
, the
prob
lem
s of t
he U
pcou
ntry
Tam
il co
nstit
uenc
y ar
e no
long
er to
be
cont
aine
d w
ithin
a "
citiz
ensh
ip"
para
digm
.As
a re
sult,
the
lead
ersh
ip b
ase
of th
e pa
rty
took
up
am
ore
mili
tant
ly U
pcou
ntry
Tam
il na
tiona
list p
latfo
rmaf
ter h
avin
g fo
rged
link
s with
the
Eela
m R
evol
utio
nary
Org
anisa
tion
of S
tude
nts,
EPR
LF, a
nd P
LOT
E in
the
late
198
0s.
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
54
126
Cf.
aut
hors
' int
ervi
ew w
ith
Law
renc
e, M
arch
20,
200
5.
127
Cf.
aut
hors
' int
ervi
ew w
ith
P.P.
Dev
araj
, Mar
ch 1
5, 2
005.
128
Ibid
.
129
Sau
miy
amoo
rthy
Tho
ndam
an h
ad b
een
a go
vern
men
t-no
min
ated
rep
rese
ntat
ive
for
the
CW
C s
ince
the
196
0s b
ut i
t w
as o
nly
in 1
977
that
he
won
on
an
elec
tion
tic
ket.
130
It s
houl
d be
not
ed t
hat
the
CW
C b
rief
ly w
alke
d ou
t of
the
pre
sent
UPF
A c
oalit
ion
in la
te F
ebru
ary
2005
, ove
r re
port
ed d
isag
reem
ents
ove
r th
e U
pper
Kot
mal
e
Dam
pro
ject
and
a s
erie
s of
oth
er c
ondi
tion
s th
at h
ad s
eale
d th
eir
part
icip
atio
n in
the
coa
litio
n.
The
ess
entia
l diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
the
UPF
and
the
CW
Cis
that
they
no
long
er c
laim
to se
e th
e ci
tizen
ship
issu
ean
d th
e gr
adua
l equ
alizi
ng o
f sta
tus t
o be
the
mai
n ai
mof
an
Upc
ount
ry T
amil
polit
ical
par
ty.
The
y ha
vein
stead
opt
ed to
em
phas
ize th
at th
eir s
uffe
ring
at th
eha
nds o
f Sin
hala
cha
uvin
ism--
as w
ell a
s the
ir lo
ng-te
rmed
ucat
iona
l, em
ploy
men
t, in
frastr
uctu
ral,
cultu
ral,
polit
ical
, and
dev
elop
men
tal d
epriv
atio
ns--
can
only
be
answ
ered
thro
ugh
reco
urse
to a
fede
ral o
r dev
olut
iona
ryre
struc
turin
g of
pow
er.
In th
is, th
e U
PF o
pera
te a
dua
lstr
ateg
y of
cle
arly
dem
arca
ting
and
diffe
rent
iatin
g th
ene
eds,
iden
tity,
and
right
s of t
he U
pcou
ntry
Tam
ils fr
omth
ose
of th
e N
orth
ern
and
Easte
rn T
amils
. At t
he sa
me
time
they
act
ivel
y fo
rge
links
with
and
supp
ort t
hestr
uggl
e fo
r aut
onom
y ar
ticul
ated
by
the
Vann
i LT
TE.
In th
e ey
es o
f the
UPF
, the
ess
entia
l dem
and
and
solu
tion
for t
he U
pcou
ntry
Tam
ils (a
s wel
l as t
he L
TT
E)is
for t
errit
oria
l dev
olut
ion
and
the
carv
ing
out o
f a"d
evol
utio
nary
uni
t." T
he U
PF h
as p
ublis
hed
this
prop
osal
in it
s man
ifesto
com
mitm
ents,
pre
sent
ed th
eid
ea to
the
Parli
amen
tary
Sel
ect C
omm
ittee
s on
Dev
olut
ion
and
resp
onde
d to
the
gath
erin
g of
sugg
estio
ns fo
r con
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
in 1
994.
On
all
occa
sions
, acc
ordi
ng to
the
UPF
, it f
aile
d to
pro
duce
any
nota
ble
resp
onse
oth
er th
an a
dee
p re
luct
ance
on
the
part
of t
he G
oSL
to in
trodu
ce y
et a
noth
er d
imen
sion
that
mig
ht b
e pe
rcei
ved
as a
pot
entia
l sou
rce
of e
thni
cfra
gmen
tatio
n/ba
lkan
izatio
n w
ithin
the
Sri L
anka
npo
lity.13
1It
was
also
tout
ed th
at sh
ould
the
terr
itoria
lde
volu
tion
unit
prov
e im
prac
tical
, the
UPF
wou
ldex
plor
e th
e po
ssib
ility
of P
ondi
cher
ry-s
tyle
enc
lave
s.132
The
par
ty a
lso in
dica
ted
that
thei
r com
mitm
ent t
ofo
rgin
g a
bond
with
the
LTT
E is
base
d on
the
latte
r'spl
edge
to lo
bby
on b
ehal
f of t
he U
PF p
ropo
sal f
or
Upc
ount
ry d
evol
utio
n w
hen
cons
titut
iona
l ref
orm
isse
rious
ly d
iscus
sed.
133
The
em
erge
nce
of a
dee
per L
TT
E/U
pcou
ntry
nex
us h
asno
t sur
prisi
ngly
trig
gere
d cr
itici
sm fr
om S
inha
lana
tiona
list q
uart
ers t
hat a
re e
ager
to re
ad in
to it
an
LTT
E in
filtr
atio
n of
the
Hill
Cou
ntry
dist
ricts.
It h
asal
so b
roug
ht a
bout
con
dem
natio
n fro
m A
rum
ugam
Tho
ndam
an w
ho a
ccus
es th
e U
PF o
f ove
r-ex
tend
ing
itsco
nnec
tions
and
supp
ort t
o th
e LT
TE.
He
asse
rts t
hat
the
UPF
are
losin
g sig
ht o
f the
sepa
rate
issu
es a
t sta
kean
d of
pot
entia
lly su
bjug
atin
g U
pcou
ntry
Tam
il in
tere
ststo
the
will
of P
rabh
akar
an. I
n re
spon
se, t
he U
PF h
ave
state
d th
at th
e re
latio
nshi
p is
not s
o m
uch
a ca
se o
fin
strum
enta
l des
ign
but a
resu
lt of
a g
radu
al e
volu
tion
due
to th
e ris
ing
num
bers
of U
pcou
ntry
Tam
ils in
are
asof
the
Nor
th-E
ast s
uch
as th
e Va
nni.
Thi
s hap
pene
dsu
bseq
uent
to th
e fo
rced
mig
ratio
ns a
nd c
olon
izatio
nsth
at to
ok p
lace
afte
r the
land
refo
rms a
nd fo
od c
risis
of19
73-1
974;
and
then
the
serie
s of a
nti-T
amil
pogr
oms
of 1
977,
198
1, a
nd 1
983,
whi
ch se
rious
ly a
ffect
ed th
eH
ill C
ount
ry d
istric
ts.13
4It
is al
so e
vide
nt th
atN
orth
easte
rn T
amils
are
also
pre
sent
in th
e H
ill C
ount
ryin
size
able
num
bers
, with
41,
445
"Sri
Lank
an T
amils
"re
sidin
g in
Nuw
ara
Eliy
a al
one.
135
Acco
rdin
g to
the
UPF
,al
thou
gh th
e U
pcou
ntry
Tam
ils a
re a
sepa
rate
nat
iona
lco
mm
unity
, a b
ond
has b
een
deve
lopi
ng b
etw
een
the
com
mun
ities
bec
ause
of t
his i
ncre
asin
g in
terp
enet
ratio
nof
the
com
mun
ities
, the
ir sh
ared
Tam
il sp
eaki
ngba
ckgr
ound
and
exp
erie
nce
of o
ppre
ssio
n. T
he U
PF-
LTT
E ne
xus i
s exp
ress
ive
of th
ese
dyna
mic
s.136
Yet w
hile
Tho
ndam
an h
as c
onde
mne
d th
e U
PF's
prox
imity
to th
e LT
TE,
the
CW
C h
as a
lso lo
ng fo
rged
conn
ectio
ns w
ith T
amil
mili
tant
gro
ups,
atte
mpt
ed to
55|
The
Polit
ical
Act
ors
131
Cf.
aut
hors
' int
ervi
ew w
ith
Law
renc
e, M
arch
20,
200
5.
132
Ibid
.
133
Ibid
.
134
See
for
exa
mpl
e, O
ddva
r H
ollu
p (1
992)
"Et
hnic
Iden
tity
, Vio
lenc
e an
d th
e Es
tate
Tam
il M
inor
ity
in S
ri L
anka
," R
ound
Tab
le, N
o. 3
23, J
uly
1992
.
135
Sri
Lan
ka C
ensu
s of
Pop
ulat
ion
and
Hou
sing
, 200
1 (G
over
nmen
t of
Sri
Lan
ka, 2
004)
.
136
Cf.
aut
hors
' int
ervi
ew w
ith
Law
renc
e, M
arch
20,
200
5.
appe
ase
Prab
haka
ran,
and
supp
orte
d th
e LT
TE'
s ISG
Afra
mew
ork
for t
he p
eace
pro
cess
. Ind
eed
the
purs
uit o
fIS
GA
beca
me
one
of th
e pu
blic
ly p
rono
unce
dco
nditi
ons f
or th
e C
WC
's en
try
into
the
UPF
A co
aliti
onin
Sep
tem
ber 2
004.
Inde
ed, s
ince
the
1980
s the
CW
Cha
ve re
gula
rly m
ade
loud
noi
ses i
n su
ppor
t of a
nau
tono
mou
s reg
ion
in th
e N
orth
-Eas
t with
out a
llow
ing
this
stanc
e to
affe
ct it
s im
med
iate
pol
itica
l int
eres
ts an
dde
cisio
ns. A
lthou
gh th
e C
WC
was
one
of t
he p
rinci
pal
acto
rs in
volv
ed in
the
Vadd
ukod
ai D
ecla
ratio
n of
197
6,it
is qu
ite c
lear
that
the
CW
C w
ent i
ts ow
n w
ay in
the
afte
rmat
h of
the
decl
arat
ion,
par
tly d
ue to
its n
ewfo
und
plac
e in
ele
ctor
al p
oliti
cs. B
earin
g in
min
d th
e in
fluen
ceth
at th
e LT
TE
has c
ome
to w
ield
ove
r the
TN
A, th
eC
WC
is th
us c
once
rned
with
pro
tect
ing
the
auto
nom
yof
its p
ower
bas
e fro
m th
e po
tent
ial e
ncro
achm
ent a
ndsu
zera
inty
of P
rabh
akar
an. T
he C
WC
also
feel
sam
biva
lenc
e ab
out t
he p
rosp
ect o
f con
stitu
tiona
l and
elec
tora
l ref
orm
s. M
inor
ity p
artie
s cur
rent
ly b
enef
itun
der t
he p
ropo
rtio
nal a
nd p
resid
entia
l sys
tem
and
may
,th
eref
ore,
lose
out
und
er c
urre
ntly
pro
pose
d ch
ange
s.In
dia'
s int
eres
t in
keep
ing
the
LTT
E, IS
GA,
and
the
UN
F at
bay
may
also
hav
e in
fluen
ced
the
CW
C's
curr
ent p
oliti
cal t
actic
s.137
It is
also
cle
ar th
at th
e in
fluen
ce o
f the
Tam
il m
edia
, the
histo
ry o
f con
join
ed su
fferin
g, th
e in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
nth
e di
ffere
nt T
amil
com
mun
ities
, and
the
restl
essn
ess o
fa
youn
ger g
ener
atio
n of
Upc
ount
ry T
amils
hav
e al
lpl
ayed
thei
r par
t in
prod
ucin
g an
em
path
y w
ith th
eLT
TE
amon
g th
e co
nstit
uenc
y ba
se o
f the
Upc
ount
ryTa
mils
. Thi
s has
pla
yed
a m
ajor
par
t in
both
the
rhet
oric
al st
rate
gies
of t
he C
WC
and
the
mor
e de
ep-
seat
ed a
llian
ce o
f the
UPF
. The
latte
r app
ear t
o be
asse
rtin
g a
mor
e po
tent
supp
ort f
or a
dev
olut
iona
ryso
lutio
n an
d le
anin
g to
war
d a
stron
ger r
elat
ions
hip
with
the
LTT
E an
d th
e U
NP
coal
ition
. Yet
supp
ort f
orau
tono
my
in th
e N
orth
-Eas
t by
both
the
UPF
and
the
CW
C c
an a
lso b
e in
terp
rete
d as
an
atte
mpt
to st
eal t
heth
unde
r of T
amil
natio
nalis
m a
nd p
reve
nt th
e LT
TE
from
mak
ing
in-r
oads
into
the
Hill
Cou
ntry
. It t
here
fore
rem
ains
to b
e se
en if
the
UPF
will
con
trib
ute
to a
mor
epo
tent
pol
itics
of n
atio
nalis
t affe
ct in
the
Upc
ount
ryTa
mil
cons
titue
ncie
s or w
heth
er, a
s with
the
CW
C, t
hepa
rty
is ba
sed
on th
e pa
trona
ge n
etw
orks
and
pol
itica
lba
rgai
ning
that
has
hith
erto
cha
ract
erize
d th
e C
WC
. On
the
latte
r sco
re so
me
com
men
tato
rs h
ave
inte
rpre
ted
the
histo
rical
traj
ecto
ry o
f Esta
te T
amil
polit
ics a
s a si
mpl
esu
bstit
utio
n of
the
unio
n fo
r the
kan
gani
syste
m.
Non
ethe
less
, hav
ing
final
ly o
verc
ome
the
first
lega
cy o
fth
e hi
storic
al h
urdl
es le
ft by
the
dise
nfra
nchi
sem
ent o
fth
e ci
tizen
ship
act
s of 1
948
and
1949
,138
Upc
ount
ryTa
mils
now
form
a si
gnifi
cant
vot
ing
bloc
k w
ithin
anu
mbe
r of e
lect
oral
dist
ricts.
As a
resu
lt th
ey h
ave
even
grea
ter p
oliti
cal p
rom
inen
ce th
an si
mpl
y T
hond
aman
'sca
paci
ty to
act
as p
oliti
cal k
ingm
aker
, and
ther
efor
e th
eir
role
in re
latio
n to
the
peac
e pr
oces
s will
bec
ome
incr
easin
gly
signi
fican
t.
INCE
NTI
VES
FOR
THE
PEAC
E PR
OCES
S
Whi
le th
e C
WC
is lo
cked
into
the
statu
s quo
as f
ar a
s the
peac
e pr
oces
s goe
s, th
e U
PF is
will
ing
to e
nter
tain
the
ISG
A fra
mew
ork
for n
egot
iatio
ns, w
ith th
e un
derst
andi
ngth
at th
e LT
TE
will
brin
g its
requ
est f
or a
dev
olut
iona
ryun
it fo
r the
Upc
ount
ry T
amils
ont
o th
e ag
enda
for
cons
titut
iona
l ref
orm
. In
this
resp
ect t
he U
PF o
ffer l
ittle
in te
rms o
f pot
entia
l obs
tacle
s to
the
reco
mm
ence
men
t of
peac
e ta
lks o
n th
e ba
sis o
f con
tinui
ty w
ith th
e U
NF
regi
me.
In fa
ct C
hand
rase
kara
n hi
mse
lf at
tem
pted
,un
succ
essfu
lly, t
o br
ing
Wee
raw
ansa
and
the
JVP
to th
eta
ble
with
the
LTT
E in
200
4 on
the
basis
of I
SGA.
Con
sequ
ently
, the
UPF
had
bee
n w
illin
g to
take
initi
ativ
es w
ith th
e U
PFA
in o
rder
to re
vive
the
peac
epr
oces
s, de
spite
rem
aini
ng a
ligne
d w
ith th
e U
NF.
The
UPF
's pe
ace
strat
egy
pres
ently
rem
ains
unp
robl
emat
ic, a
fact
or th
at m
ay sw
iftly
cha
nge
if U
pcou
ntry
Tam
il iss
ues
are
not m
oote
d w
hen
fram
ewor
ks fo
r con
stitu
tiona
lch
ange
are
serio
usly
disc
usse
d.
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
56
137
See
Tis
sara
nee
Gun
asek
era
(200
4) "
The
Impo
rtan
ce o
f B
eing
Tho
ndam
an"
Asi
an T
ribu
ne, D
ecem
ber
9, 2
004.
138
See
Am
ita
Sha
stri
(199
9) "
Esta
te T
amils
, the
Cey
lon
Cit
izen
ship
Act
of
1948
and
Sri
Lan
kan
Polit
ics"
Con
tem
pora
ry S
outh
Asi
a, V
ol. 8
, No.
1, p
p.65
-86.
57|
Con
clus
ion
3.Co
nclu
sion
From
the
fore
goin
g an
alys
is, it
is c
lear
the
mai
nstre
ampa
rtie
s (th
e SL
FP/P
A an
d U
NP/
UN
F) h
ave
shift
ed o
nth
e w
hole
tow
ard
a co
mm
on p
latfo
rm th
at re
cogn
izes
the
need
for c
onso
ciat
iona
l con
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
and
the
nego
tiatio
n of
a p
eace
pro
cess
on
the
basis
of
auto
nom
y fo
r the
Nor
th-E
ast.
Thi
s con
sens
us h
as c
ome
abou
t des
pite
the
fact
that
atte
mpt
s to
impl
emen
t suc
h a
solu
tion
by e
ach
part
y ha
ve b
een
frequ
ently
der
aile
d by
the
oppo
sitio
n be
nche
s. A
lthou
gh th
is sh
ift h
asoc
curr
ed a
t the
leve
l of p
oliti
cal l
eade
rshi
p an
d am
ong
wid
e se
ctio
ns o
f Sri
Lank
a's e
lite,
it d
oes n
ot in
any
way
signi
fy th
at S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
t maj
orita
riani
sm is
in th
epr
oces
s of f
inal
ly b
eing
effa
ced
from
its l
ong
hege
mon
icso
jour
n in
the
sout
hern
pol
ity. T
he d
ynam
ics b
ehin
dth
is pe
rsev
eran
ce a
re c
ompl
ex b
ut fo
r the
sake
of
unde
rsta
ndin
g w
e ca
n br
eak
them
dow
n in
to a
four
-fold
,ov
erla
ppin
g sc
hem
a.
First
, dec
ades
of p
oten
t soc
ializ
atio
n th
roug
h fa
mili
al,re
ligio
us, e
duca
tiona
l, an
d m
edia
pra
ctic
es h
ave
resu
lted
in a
Sin
hala
Budd
hist
natio
nalis
t heg
emon
y th
at sp
ans t
hepo
litic
al, so
cio-
econ
omic
and
cul
tura
l lan
dsca
pe o
f Sri
Lank
a. It
has r
esul
ted
in th
ese
prac
tices
and
app
arat
uses
bein
g re
prod
uced
and
dee
ply
perm
eatin
g w
ide
levels
of
soci
ety,
espe
ciall
y th
e ve
rnac
ular
stra
ta. T
he K
now
ledge
,At
titud
es, P
ract
ices
Sur
vey
on th
e Sr
i Lan
kan
Peac
ePr
oces
s atte
sts to
this,
and
whi
le w
e ar
e no
t sug
gesti
ngth
at th
is vi
sion
of th
e w
orld
goe
s unc
onte
sted
or th
at it
isstr
uctu
rally
rigi
d or
stat
ic, o
ur v
iew
is th
at it
ebb
s and
flow
s in
reac
tion
to e
vent
s, as
one
wou
ld e
xpec
t. In
that
sens
e Si
nhala
nat
iona
lism
is st
ill in
the
room
of S
riLa
nka's
pol
itica
l hou
se a
nd li
ke a
n un
wan
ted
gues
t is a
lsoke
epin
g lo
ng a
nd u
nsoc
ial h
ours.
Seco
nd, i
t is c
lear
that
the
incr
easin
gly
glob
alize
d w
orld
oper
ates
to b
reak
up
natio
nalis
t spa
ce v
ery
sudd
enly
and
unev
enly
due
to th
e ra
pid
circ
ulat
ion
of m
oder
nco
mm
unic
atio
n, c
apita
l, an
d so
cio-
cultu
ral f
low
s. T
his
can
ofte
n le
ad to
pot
ent n
atio
nalis
t rea
ctio
ns se
ekin
g to
re-te
rrito
rializ
e th
ese
flow
s pol
itica
lly, s
ocia
lly, c
ultu
rally
,an
d so
met
imes
eco
nom
ical
ly in
ord
er to
reas
sert
con
trol
over
wha
t is e
ssen
tially
a v
ery
diso
rgan
ized
phas
e of
late
capi
talis
m. A
ccor
ding
ly, g
loba
lizat
ion
may
"pr
oduc
estr
ong
polit
ical
reac
tions
ass
ertin
g th
e no
rmat
ive
auth
ority
of t
he lo
cal a
nd th
e na
tiona
l ove
r the
glo
bal
and
the
inte
rnat
iona
l" (O
ng, 1
999)
, whi
ch a
mor
e sta
tist
appr
oach
was
onc
e m
ore
able
to, i
f not
reso
lve,
then
at
leas
t con
tain
.
Addi
tiona
lly, b
ecau
se d
ispar
ities
are
exa
cerb
ated
with
in"g
iven
" na
tiona
l spa
ces,
cosm
opol
itani
sm m
ay sw
iftly
beco
me
a cu
ltura
l mar
ker f
or th
e el
ite, j
ust a
s nat
iona
list
cultu
ral a
uthe
ntic
ity o
ften
play
s a si
mila
r rol
e fo
rsu
balte
rn g
roup
s. T
his i
s esp
ecia
lly tr
ue if
they
are
ghet
toize
d w
ithin
the
soci
o-cu
ltura
l ver
nacu
lar o
rec
onom
ical
ly o
pera
tive
fram
ewor
ks th
at th
e el
ites a
reke
en to
rein
forc
e up
on e
very
one
but t
hem
selv
es. I
t is f
orth
is re
ason
that
we
argu
e, w
ith T
om N
airn
, tha
t muc
h of
the
thru
st of
nat
iona
lism
com
es in
crea
singl
y (b
ut n
otex
clus
ivel
y) fr
om th
e "m
arch
land
s and
the
coun
trys
ide.
"139
As n
atio
nalis
m fr
eque
ntly
em
erge
s with
over
t for
ce fr
om th
e m
argi
ns a
nd p
erip
herie
s in
a gl
obal
,na
tiona
l, an
d lo
cal s
ense
, exp
lana
tions
of t
his
phen
omen
on c
anno
t sim
ply
be re
duce
d to
eco
nom
icfa
ctor
s. W
hile
the
diffe
ring
cons
titue
ncie
s of t
heJH
U/S
U a
nd th
e JV
P at
test
to th
is, it
is u
nmist
akab
leth
at th
e JV
P's m
ore
pote
nt p
oliti
cal p
rese
nce
and
repr
oduc
tion
of th
is Si
nhal
a na
tiona
list s
eam
has
eman
ated
from
a p
rofo
und
soci
o-ec
onom
ic a
nd p
oliti
co-
cultu
ral d
isart
icul
atio
n w
ithin
Sri
Lank
a. T
his
disa
rtic
ulat
ion
is op
erat
ive
thro
ugh
clas
s, ca
ste, c
ultu
ral,
lingu
istic
, cen
ter/
perip
hery
, and
mas
s/el
ite d
iffer
ence
s
139
See
T. N
airn
(197
5) "
The
Mod
ern
Janu
s,"
New
Lef
t R
evie
w, V
ol.1
, No.
94,
pp.
3-2
9 &
T. N
airn
(199
8) F
aces
of
Nat
iona
lism
: Jan
us R
evis
ited
(Ver
so, L
ondo
n).
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
58
and
disp
ariti
es in
whi
ch th
e JV
P ha
s pos
ition
ed it
self
asa
mor
e "a
uthe
ntic
" na
tiona
list v
oice
bec
ause
of i
tstr
aditi
onal
ly m
argi
naliz
ed p
ower
bas
e. In
a si
tuat
ion
inw
hich
elit
es h
ave
shift
ed th
eir g
ener
al p
ositi
on o
n th
epe
ace
proc
ess,
the
JVP
have
serv
ed to
cro
wd
the
natio
nalis
t sta
ge--
thei
r "m
oral
" an
d "s
over
eign
hig
hgr
ound
." T
his h
as b
een
done
in a
con
text
in w
hich
dono
r sta
tes,
lend
ing
insti
tutio
ns, N
GO
s, an
d th
e flo
ws
of g
loba
l cap
ital a
nd c
ultu
ral c
urre
nts h
ave
all i
ncre
ased
thei
r inf
luen
ce w
ithin
Sri
Lank
a, th
ereb
y de
epen
ing
the
perc
eive
d tr
ansg
ress
ion
of th
e co
untr
y's s
over
eign
ty.
In th
is la
ndsc
ape
a di
visio
n ha
s ope
ned
up b
etw
een
the
polit
ical
pro
ject
of t
he "
cosm
opol
itan"
elit
es w
ho a
reat
tem
ptin
g to
mov
e th
e po
litic
al sc
ene
tow
ard
a fe
dera
lor
dev
olve
d so
lutio
n an
d so
cial
forc
es w
ithin
the
Sout
h,so
cial
ized
into
the
ideo
logi
cal h
eart
h of
Sin
hala
natio
nalis
m, w
ho se
e th
is as
a st
ep to
war
d th
edi
sinte
grat
ion
of S
ri La
nka.
As a
resu
lt of
the
disa
rtic
ulat
ion
and
failu
re to
ove
rcom
e th
eaf
orem
entio
ned
disp
ariti
es, a
pot
ent b
ridge
has
bee
ncr
eate
d be
twee
n un
even
dev
elop
men
t, po
vert
y, an
dso
cio-
polit
ical
and
cul
tura
l mar
gina
lizat
ion
in th
e So
uth
and
natio
nalis
t dyn
amic
s. In
the
case
of t
he JV
P at
leas
t,it
cont
inue
s to
susta
in th
e pa
rty'
s gra
ssro
ots s
uppo
rt a
ndex
pand
ing
pow
er b
ase.
Thi
s is n
ot to
say
that
the
JVP
are
abso
lute
ly in
imic
al to
pea
ce in
Sri
Lank
a bu
t tha
tth
eir v
ision
, alo
ng w
ith th
at o
f the
JHU
, is p
rese
ntly
trap
ped
with
in th
e "i
nteg
rativ
e, e
volu
tiona
ry"
sche
me
that
den
ies "
diffe
renc
e" a
nd a
ttem
pts t
o ch
alle
nge
the
prob
lem
s of S
inha
la m
ajor
itaria
nism
from
with
in th
atpo
wer
stru
ctur
e (G
hosh
, 200
3, p
p. 2
3-34
). It
is a
stanc
eth
at h
as p
rove
d co
nsist
ently
frui
tless
and
ulti
mat
ely
rein
forc
es m
ajor
itaria
n do
min
ance
.
Thi
rd, w
hile
we
have
arg
ued
that
the
bato
n of
natio
nalis
m h
as b
een
pass
ed fr
om th
e m
ains
tream
par
ties
such
as t
he U
NP
and
the
SLFP
to th
e on
ce m
ore
mar
gina
lized
par
ties s
uch
as th
e JH
U a
nd th
e JV
P; it
mus
t also
be
appr
ecia
ted
that
ther
e is
a re
turn
jour
ney
here
in a
s far
as t
he c
ombi
natio
n of
exi
sting
and
wid
enin
g in
equa
litie
s tha
t exi
st in
the
sout
hern
pol
ityha
ve c
ome
to b
e ex
pres
sed
thro
ugh
the
voca
l nat
iona
list
dyna
mic
s of t
he JH
U a
nd, m
ore
signi
fican
tly, t
hrou
ghth
e JV
P. T
here
is, a
s it s
tand
s, no
cur
rent
sche
me
for
alle
viat
ing
the
kind
s of i
nequ
ality
and
pov
erty
(infra
struc
tura
l, so
cio-
econ
omic
, pol
itica
l, an
d cu
ltura
l)th
at fe
ed in
to th
e JV
P. As
such
, mai
nstre
am p
artie
s(e
spec
ially
the
SLFP
) fac
e a
futu
re o
f dim
inish
ing
elec
tora
l ret
urns
as l
ong
as th
ey m
aint
ain
thei
r poo
rre
cord
of d
emoc
ratic
stan
dard
s, ac
coun
tabi
lity,
and
resp
ect f
or m
ovin
g de
velo
pmen
tal p
riorit
ies b
eyon
d th
eC
olom
bo-c
entr
ic a
nd e
litist
pat
ron-
heav
y ne
twor
ks th
atex
ist a
t pre
sent
. In
the
curr
ent c
onte
xt th
e JV
P w
illex
pand
and
, if p
ast e
xper
ienc
e is
anyt
hing
to g
o by
,pr
ove
a w
orth
ier r
epre
sent
ativ
e of
mos
t of i
tsco
nstit
uent
s tha
n ha
s bee
n th
e ca
se w
ith m
ains
tream
part
ies.
At th
e sa
me
time,
as t
radi
tiona
l hol
ders
of
gove
rnm
ent,
the
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s will
figh
t too
th a
ndna
il to
kee
p th
eir c
onsti
tuen
cies
; and
, unl
ess t
here
is a
radi
cal c
hang
e, m
ay c
ontin
ue to
rely
on
the
corr
uptio
nan
d vi
olen
t int
imid
atio
n ty
pica
l of p
atro
nage
-bas
edpo
litic
s in
the
past.
Sim
ilarly
, the
re a
re c
once
rns t
hat
mai
nstre
am p
artie
s may
reso
rt o
nce
agai
n to
mor
eex
trem
e na
tiona
list m
obili
zatio
ns to
com
pete
with
thei
rm
ore
over
tly n
atio
nalis
t cou
nter
part
s. T
his c
an le
ad to
cycl
es in
whi
ch, f
or in
stanc
e, b
old
atte
mpt
s to
rush
thro
ugh
peac
e an
d co
nstit
utio
nal r
efor
m p
acka
ges
with
out s
uffic
ient
soci
al in
clus
ivity
, par
ticip
atio
n, a
ndco
nsul
tatio
n m
ay c
ontin
ue to
be
undo
ne b
y op
posit
ion
from
an
adm
ixtu
re o
f the
opp
osin
g m
ains
tream
par
tyan
d/or
the
natio
nalis
t par
ties.
In th
is co
ntex
t,m
ains
tream
pol
itica
l act
ors o
ften
beco
me
will
ing
part
ies
to fu
rthe
r rou
nds o
f eth
nic-
outb
iddi
ng a
nd z
ero-
sum
polit
ics.
We
have
alre
ady
seen
this
in th
e gr
avey
ard
ofth
e C
onsti
tutio
nal B
ill o
f 200
0, th
e po
st-C
FAne
gotia
tions
of t
he U
NF
in th
e 20
02-2
004
perio
d, a
ndth
e U
NP'
s ref
usal
to e
nter
tain
the
idea
of a
nat
iona
lU
NP/
PA g
over
nmen
t afte
r the
dep
artu
re o
f the
JVP
inJu
ne 2
005.
Onc
e ag
ain,
Sri
Lank
a fa
lls v
ictim
to th
eze
ro-s
um g
ame
and
"eth
nic
outb
iddi
ng"
of S
ri La
nkan
polit
ics.
Whi
le th
e pe
ace
proc
ess i
s a n
eces
sary
firs
t ste
p to
war
dso
lvin
g m
any
of th
e af
orem
entio
ned
polit
ical
and
soci
alpr
oble
ms a
ffect
ing
the
curr
ent c
risis,
the
shift
aw
ay fr
om
59|
Con
clus
ion
Sinh
ala
maj
orita
rian
mob
iliza
tions
has
not
bee
nsu
ffici
ently
acc
ompa
nied
in a
ny su
stain
ed w
ay b
y a
coun
ter-
hege
mon
ic, p
artic
ipat
ory
proj
ect,
rela
ying
this
ideo
logi
cal s
hift
to w
ider
leve
ls of
soci
ety.14
0M
uch
of th
isfa
ilure
in p
oliti
cal l
eade
rshi
p ha
s bee
n du
e to
the
pers
ever
ance
of p
atro
n-cl
ient
age
as th
e pr
edom
inan
tpo
litic
al th
read
that
runs
ver
tical
ly fr
om th
e sta
teth
roug
h th
e so
cial
bod
y. It
is a
mod
e of
pol
itics
that
prov
ides
littl
e sc
ope
for i
deol
ogic
al o
r soc
ial
tran
sform
atio
n.
All t
oo o
ften
initi
ativ
es fo
r pea
ce a
nd c
onsti
tutio
nal
chan
ge h
ave
been
dev
elop
ed o
n an
exc
essiv
ely
narr
owfu
nctio
nal b
asis,
mos
t not
icea
bly
of la
te, b
y th
eU
NP/
UN
F un
der R
anil
Wic
krem
asin
ghe.
The
latte
r'spe
ace
initi
ativ
e fe
ll pr
ey to
the
over
ridin
g in
tere
sts o
f apa
rty
that
is re
pres
enta
tive
of a
"str
atum
of t
he S
inha
lese
rulin
g el
ite"
that
"is
linke
d to
glo
bal c
apita
l and
no
long
er v
iew
s the
stat
e fro
m th
e ou
tdat
ed p
arad
igm
of
natio
nal s
over
eign
ty"
(Uya
ngod
a, 2
005)
. In
this
rega
rdth
e U
NP/
UN
F str
ives
to c
reat
e a
stabl
e la
ndsc
ape
for
the
long
-term
inte
rests
of g
loba
l and
loca
l bus
ines
sw
ithin
Sri
Lank
a. S
imila
r con
cern
s hav
e no
t bee
nen
tirel
y ab
sent
from
the
agen
da o
f the
SLF
P/PA
, whe
refa
r gre
ater
atte
ntio
n is
paid
to m
eetin
g bo
th e
nds o
f the
polit
ical
spec
trum
, inc
ludi
ng th
e na
tiona
list a
nd g
loba
lcu
rren
ts. S
uch
pres
sure
s evi
dent
ly p
rodu
ced
grea
ter
tens
ions
on
the
forg
ing
of th
e U
PFA
coal
ition
with
the
JVP
and
did
not g
reat
ly im
prov
e th
e co
nsul
tativ
em
echa
nism
s for
the
peac
e pr
oces
s. T
he re
sult
is th
at th
eag
enda
of c
onsti
tutio
nal r
efor
ms a
nd p
eace
favo
red
bypo
litic
al e
lites
has
not
bee
n ef
fect
ivel
y tr
ansla
ted
tow
ider
sect
ions
of t
he S
outh
whe
re S
inha
la n
atio
nalis
tm
obili
zatio
n an
d af
fect
is st
ill a
pot
ent d
ynam
ic, a
lbei
ton
e th
at is
subj
ect t
o sh
iftin
g pe
ndul
um sw
ings
.
In th
is, b
oth
the
JVP
and
the
JHU
hav
e pl
ayed
a ro
le in
fom
entin
g op
posit
ion
to c
onso
ciat
iona
l and
devo
lutio
nary
fram
ewor
ks fo
r pol
itica
l ref
orm
. In
doin
gso
they
repr
oduc
e th
e dy
nam
ics o
f Sin
hala
nat
iona
lism
and
the
conc
omita
nt d
esire
s for
the
pres
erva
tion
of th
e
Sinh
ala
maj
orita
rian
and
unita
ry st
ate.
Con
sequ
ently
,w
hile
the
JVP
and
the
JHU
can
be
view
ed a
s the
mos
tsig
nific
ant p
oten
tial o
ppon
ents
of th
e pe
ace
proc
ess a
ndpo
litic
al re
form
, we
mus
t be
war
y of
trea
ting
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
m a
s the
sole
dom
ain
of a
ny p
oliti
cal p
arty
.N
atio
nalis
m in
Sri
Lank
a, a
s else
whe
re, i
s a fa
r too
diffu
se a
nd v
olat
ile p
heno
men
on fo
r suc
h an
ana
lysis
.T
he JV
P (a
nd to
a le
sser
ext
ent t
he JH
U/S
U) w
illco
ntin
ue to
mob
ilize
on
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t dem
ands
,bu
t the
y w
ill a
lso se
ek to
mov
e th
e po
litic
al sp
ectr
um in
thei
r fav
or b
y re
crui
ting
mai
nstre
am p
oliti
cal a
ctor
s ont
oth
eir n
atio
nalis
t pla
tform
s or t
hrou
gh n
atio
nalis
tba
ndw
agon
s suc
h as
the
PNM
. The
dra
fting
of t
he A
nti-
Con
vers
ion
Bill
is a
perfe
ct il
lustr
atio
n of
nat
iona
list
mov
emen
ts' e
ndur
ing
influ
ence
on
mai
nstre
am p
oliti
cal
acto
rs. F
or su
ch re
ason
s, Si
nhal
a na
tiona
list p
oliti
cs is
still
a vi
bran
t phe
nom
enon
, im
pact
ing
on m
ains
tream
acto
rs a
s wel
l as p
rodu
cing
cur
rent
s of e
ndur
ing
mar
gina
lizat
ion
and
coun
ter-
natio
nalis
t rea
ctio
n by
min
oriti
es. T
his i
s evi
denc
ed, f
or in
stanc
e, b
y U
pcou
ntry
Tam
il po
litic
al p
artie
s suc
h as
the
UPF
, who
hav
ede
man
ded
devo
lutio
nary
aut
onom
y an
d fo
rged
stro
nger
polit
ical
brid
ges w
ith th
e LT
TE.
Unl
ess s
ome
form
of
devo
lutio
n ca
n br
eak
the
dead
lock
of t
his e
thni
cou
tbid
ding
, the
gro
wth
of n
atio
nalis
m w
ill c
ontin
ueun
abat
ed--
a te
nden
cy th
at m
ay te
ar a
t the
div
erse
soci
o-po
litic
al fa
bric
, not
just
of S
ri La
nka
but o
f the
sout
hern
polit
y its
elf.
140
The
earl
y pe
riod
of
the
PA c
oalit
ion'
s ri
se t
o po
wer
and
ini
tial
tim
e in
gov
ernm
ent
in t
he m
id-1
990s
can
be
seen
as
a m
ore
thor
ough
goin
g at
tem
pt a
t a
cons
ulta
tive
, edu
cati
onal
pro
ject
but
it w
as n
ot s
usta
ined
.
61|
Impl
icat
ions
for
Inte
rnat
iona
l Don
ors
4.Im
plic
atio
ns fo
r Int
erna
tiona
l Don
ors
The
se fi
ndin
gs h
ave
the
follo
win
g im
plic
atio
ns fo
rin
tern
atio
nal d
onor
s aim
ing
to su
ppor
t pea
cebu
ildin
gpr
oces
ses:
POLI
TICA
L KN
OWLE
DGE
The
don
or co
mm
unity
mus
t dev
elop
mec
hani
sms t
o en
sure
am
ore e
xten
sive a
nd u
p-to
-dat
e kno
wled
ge o
f the
pol
itica
lpr
ocess
es at
wor
k in
the s
outh
ern
polit
y an
d am
ong
the
dias
pora
. A se
nsiti
vity
to th
e nu
ance
s and
com
plex
ities
of
polit
ical
pro
cess
es w
ill le
ad to
a h
eigh
tene
dun
ders
tand
ing
of th
e de
ep n
exus
bet
wee
n po
vert
y,un
even
dev
elop
men
t, so
cial
exc
lusio
n an
d co
nflic
tdy
nam
ics-
-not
just
in re
latio
n to
the
Nor
th-E
ast b
ut in
the
Sout
h as
wel
l. D
oing
so w
ill si
gnifi
cant
ly o
pen
the
pote
ntia
l spa
ce fo
r dev
elop
men
ts am
ong
the
depr
esse
dco
mm
uniti
es o
f the
Upc
ount
ry T
amils
. Thi
s app
roac
hca
n al
so c
ontr
ibut
e to
a d
eepe
r und
ersta
ndin
g of
con
flict
with
in a
glo
bal f
ram
ewor
k an
d pr
even
t don
ors f
rom
falli
ng in
to th
e tr
ap o
f see
ing
such
dyn
amic
s thr
ough
an
exce
ssiv
ely
"int
erna
list"
lens
. Sim
ilarly
, it m
ight
ave
rtin
terv
entio
ns th
at fa
il to
look
bel
ow th
e ed
ifice
of
natio
nalis
m a
t the
soci
o-cu
ltura
l, ec
onom
ic, a
nd p
oliti
cal
crac
ks a
nd fi
ssur
es th
at n
atio
nalis
m se
eks t
o pa
per o
ver
but w
hich
freq
uent
ly fe
ed in
to it
s dyn
amic
s. In
this
sens
e, it
can
lead
to a
mor
e so
phist
icat
ed a
naly
sis o
fco
nflic
t tha
t loo
ks a
t int
ra-g
roup
dyn
amic
s rat
her t
han
acce
ptin
g th
e ve
neer
of "
ethn
ic c
onfli
ct"
at fa
ce v
alue
.
An o
ngoi
ng, p
oliti
cally
info
rmed
app
roac
h co
uld
also
enha
nce
conc
eptio
ns o
f the
vic
issitu
des a
nd m
icro
-po
litic
al sh
ifts t
hat m
ay b
e ho
stile
to fr
amew
orks
for
peac
e; fo
r ins
tanc
e, th
e up
swin
gs a
nd d
owns
win
gs o
fna
tiona
list a
gita
tion
and
uphe
aval
and
the
mov
emen
tsth
at fe
ed in
to a
nd a
way
from
nat
iona
list p
ositi
ons.
Rat
her t
han
taki
ng n
atio
nalis
t act
ors s
impl
y at
face
valu
e, e
ffort
s sho
uld
be m
ade
to c
reat
e an
aw
aren
ess t
hat
impr
oves
judg
men
ts ab
out t
he a
ppro
pria
tene
ss a
ndtim
ing
of d
onor
inte
rven
tions
in si
tuat
ions
of t
ensio
nan
d po
tent
ial c
onfli
ct. M
oreo
ver,
ther
e sh
ould
be
acl
eare
r per
cept
ion
of th
e ca
paci
ties f
or p
eace
am
ong
the
spec
trum
of p
oliti
cal a
ctor
s.
AID
FRAM
EWOR
KS
The
don
or co
mm
unity
nee
ds to
take
acc
ount
of t
he ef
fects
aid
and
atta
ched
cond
ition
aliti
es ha
ve in
the d
ebili
tatio
n of
the s
tate
and
in th
e fos
terin
g of
nat
iona
list a
nd a
nti-
glob
aliz
atio
n re
actio
ns th
at u
ltim
ately
com
bine
in th
eireff
ects
to u
nder
min
e the
pro
spec
ts fo
r pea
ce. O
ne o
f the
cent
ral t
ensio
ns th
at e
mer
ge fr
om a
n an
alys
is of
natio
nalis
t act
ors s
uch
as th
e JV
P, th
e SU
and
the
JHU
is th
e ev
iden
t hos
tility
of t
hese
pol
itica
l act
ors t
o IF
Is,
IGO
s, N
GO
s, an
d IN
GO
s. In
deed
, the
ir ho
stilit
yex
tend
s to
any
natio
nal o
r int
erna
tiona
l act
or w
ho is
perc
eive
d to
tran
sgre
ss th
e so
vere
ignt
y of
Sri
Lank
a.Su
ch a
ttack
s hav
e be
en ta
ken
to th
e le
vel o
f an
art f
orm
by th
e JV
P's p
ropa
gand
a se
cret
ary
and
parli
amen
taria
n,W
imal
Wee
raw
ansa
, and
are
em
blem
atic
of a
nat
iona
list
reac
tion
to th
e w
ay in
whi
ch h
uman
itaria
n ai
d an
dde
velo
pmen
t ass
istan
ce h
ave
incr
easin
gly
beco
me
focu
sed
on n
on-g
over
nmen
tal b
odie
s. In
this
resp
ect,
whi
le W
eera
wan
sa's
atta
cks c
an b
e re
ad o
n on
e le
vel a
sex
ampl
es o
f ind
iscrim
inat
e, fa
natic
al a
nd in
sula
rna
tiona
lism
, the
y no
neth
eles
s ref
lect
som
e of
the
deba
tes
that
hav
e ra
nged
abo
ut th
e w
ay in
whi
ch a
idor
gani
zatio
ns h
ave
cont
ribut
ed to
a tr
ansn
atio
nal
reco
nfig
urat
ion
of th
e w
orld
ord
er a
nd su
bseq
uent
conc
erns
ove
r the
loss
of s
tate
sove
reig
nty.14
1W
hile
few
wou
ld a
rgue
that
a re
turn
to a
n ou
tmod
ed c
once
pt o
f
141
For
a di
scus
sion
of
this
in t
he S
ri L
anka
n co
ntex
t, s
ee N
. Wic
krem
asin
ghe
(200
1) C
ivil
Soc
iety
in S
ri L
anka
: New
Cir
cles
of
Pow
er (S
age,
New
Del
hi).
sove
reig
nty
is po
ssib
le, t
here
are
non
ethe
less
dee
pco
ncer
ns a
bout
the
way
in w
hich
this
proc
ess h
as a
lsopl
ayed
its p
art i
n re
duci
ng th
e sta
te's
deve
lopm
enta
l rol
e,ca
paci
ty, a
nd re
spon
siven
ess.
It is
an is
sue
that
has
cert
ainl
y ta
ken
cent
er-s
tage
in th
e po
st-tsu
nam
i con
text
.T
he in
crea
sing
intro
duct
ion
of "
gove
rnan
ce"
prin
cipl
esan
d co
nditi
onal
ities
to a
id fr
amew
orks
has
also
obv
ious
lyco
ntrib
uted
to su
ch c
once
rns.
Con
sequ
ently
, as p
art o
f the
pro
ject
of s
treng
then
ing
conf
lict r
esol
utio
n an
d th
e pe
ace
proc
ess w
ithin
the
SCA
proj
ect a
s a w
hole
, the
aut
hors
stre
ss th
e ne
ed fo
r the
dono
r com
mun
ity to
take
acc
ount
of t
he e
ffect
s aid
and
atta
ched
con
ditio
nalit
ies h
ave
on th
e Sr
i Lan
kan
state
. In
this
cont
ext,
aid
has b
een
accu
sed
of re
prod
ucin
g cy
cles
in w
hich
the
gove
rnm
ent i
s deb
ilita
ted
and
caug
htbe
twee
n th
e ne
ed to
succ
umb
to tr
ansn
atio
nal a
ndin
tern
atio
nal p
ress
ures
whi
le ju
gglin
g th
e ris
e of
natio
nalis
t and
ant
i-glo
baliz
atio
n re
actio
ns a
ndag
itatio
ns su
ch p
ress
ures
pro
voke
. Thi
s has
bee
nev
iden
ced
by te
nsio
ns b
etw
een
the
state
and
NG
Os i
nw
hich
the
form
er a
ttem
pts t
o pl
ace
cont
rols
and
regu
latio
n on
the
latte
r. T
he N
GO
s res
pond
by
taki
ngon
a h
ostil
e an
d an
tago
nisti
c sta
nce,
incl
udin
g re
fusin
gdi
alog
ue w
ith th
e sta
te. T
he a
utho
rs, t
here
fore
, sug
gest
grea
ter d
ialo
gue
betw
een
thes
e se
ctor
s tha
t act
to d
elim
itth
e "c
ircle
s of p
ower
" in
a m
ore
resp
onsib
le, t
rans
pare
nt,
and
mut
ually
acc
epta
ble
fash
ion.
We
also
stre
ss th
e ne
edfo
r im
plem
entin
g "i
nitia
tives
that
hel
p to
bui
ld a
stro
ng,
legi
timat
e an
d re
spon
sive
state
" (G
oodh
and,
200
1, p
.11
2).
ENGA
GEM
ENT
WIT
H PO
LITI
CAL
ACTO
RS A
ND
CAPA
CITI
ES F
OR P
EACE
Don
ors n
eed
to b
e aw
are t
hat n
atio
nalis
m is
not
the
mon
opol
y of
any
one
par
ty b
ut a
tacti
c ofte
n de
ploy
ed to
unde
rmin
e pea
ce p
roce
sses a
nd th
e pol
itica
l leg
itim
acy
ofop
pone
nts.
Rath
er th
an p
rivile
ging
cert
ain
polit
ical a
ctors,
the d
onor
com
mun
ity sh
ould
conc
entra
te ef
fort
s on
enco
urag
ing
inte
r-pa
rty
dial
ogue
that
pre
vent
s the
use
of"e
thni
c out
bidd
ing"
and
enco
urag
es m
echa
nism
s for
pow
er-
shar
ing
and
grea
ter o
penn
ess. T
he a
utho
rs fe
el th
at a
deep
er k
now
ledg
e of
the
polit
ical
act
ors (
incl
udin
g th
ose
natio
nalis
t par
ties t
hat a
re g
aini
ng p
oliti
cal g
roun
d) w
illen
gend
er a
mor
e in
-dep
th a
ppre
ciat
ion
of th
e ca
paci
ties
of th
e di
vers
e ac
tors
invo
lved
in th
e sp
ectr
um o
f Sri
Lank
an p
oliti
cs. I
n th
e co
urse
of t
his s
tudy
we
have
atte
mpt
ed to
del
imit
the
vary
ing
ince
ntiv
es to
war
den
gage
men
t with
the
peac
e pr
oces
s tha
t exi
st am
ong
thes
e fo
rces
. The
ove
rrid
ing
conc
lusio
n is
that
alm
ost a
llof
the
signi
fican
t pol
itica
l par
ties d
iscus
sed
(with
the
exce
ptio
n of
the
JVP
and
the
JHU
) are
pot
entia
lly o
pen
to d
irect
eng
agem
ent w
ith th
e pr
oces
s and
to a
dia
logu
eab
out t
he p
ossib
ility
of f
eder
al fr
amew
orks
.
How
ever
, one
of t
he c
entr
al fi
ndin
gs in
this
repo
rt is
that
the
proc
ess o
f "et
hnic
out
bidd
ing"
con
tinue
s to
unde
rmin
e pe
ace
bids
and
con
stitu
tiona
l ref
orm
by
mai
nstre
am p
oliti
cal p
artie
s. W
hile
ther
e ha
s bee
n so
me
posit
ive
mov
emen
t her
e (fo
r exa
mpl
e, o
n th
e P-
TOM
Sag
reem
ent),
don
ors n
eed
to b
e aw
are
that
nat
iona
lism
isno
t the
pro
vinc
e of
any
one
of t
he m
ains
tream
par
ties.
Rat
her i
t has
bee
n de
ploy
ed b
y bo
th th
e U
NP
and
SLFP
-led
coal
ition
s as a
tact
ic fo
r und
erm
inin
g pe
ace
proc
esse
s and
pol
itica
l leg
itim
acy,
ther
eby
cont
ribut
ing
to th
e su
stena
nce
and
repr
oduc
tion
of d
esta
biliz
ing
Sinh
ala
natio
nalis
t dyn
amic
s. In
this
cont
ext,
the
dono
rco
mm
unity
shou
ld n
ot p
rivile
ge a
ny o
ne o
f the
pol
itica
lac
tors
. Ins
tead
it sh
ould
enc
oura
ge in
ter-
part
yco
mm
unic
atio
n an
d di
alog
ue, i
nclu
ding
atte
mpt
s by
gove
rnm
ent a
nd o
ppos
ition
coa
litio
ns to
ent
er in
to a
ndho
nor a
gree
men
ts de
signe
d to
pre
vent
the
use
of su
chta
ctic
s (fo
r exa
mpl
e, th
e 19
97 U
.K.-m
edia
ted
bipa
rtisa
nag
reem
ent).
In th
e in
tere
sts o
f lon
g-te
rm p
oliti
cal
coop
erat
ion,
don
ors s
houl
d al
so c
ontin
ue to
enc
oura
gem
echa
nism
s for
pow
er-s
harin
g an
d gr
eate
r ope
nnes
s.
Polit
ical a
ctors
enga
ged
in fi
ndin
g lo
ng-te
rm so
lutio
ns to
the
conf
lict s
houl
d cr
aft i
nter
vent
ions
that
add
ress
conf
iden
ce-
build
ing
mea
sure
s and
tran
spar
ent c
onsti
tutio
nal p
ropo
sals
simul
tane
ously
. One
of t
he p
robl
ems w
ith p
ast p
eace
proc
esse
s disc
usse
d in
this
repo
rt is
that
they
hav
e le
aned
too
heav
ily in
the
dire
ctio
n of
eith
er C
BM (f
or e
xam
ple,
the
UN
F 20
01-2
004)
or o
n th
e pr
epar
atio
n of
cle
ar a
nd
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
62
tran
spar
ent c
onsti
tutio
nal p
ropo
sals
(for
exa
mpl
e, th
ePA
199
4-20
00),
at th
e ex
pens
e of
the
othe
r. P
oliti
cal
acto
rs e
ngag
ed in
find
ing
long
-term
solu
tions
to th
eet
hnic
con
flict
nee
d to
reco
gnize
the
impo
rtan
ce o
fad
dres
sing
both
are
as si
mul
tane
ously
, as i
t is c
ruci
al to
the
crea
tion
of a
n en
viro
nmen
t con
duci
ve to
dia
logu
e,ne
gotia
tion,
and
dev
elop
men
t.
Help
ing
tradi
tiona
l par
ties o
verc
ome i
nstit
utio
nal
limita
tions
wou
ld en
hanc
e the
qua
lity
of d
emoc
racy
inte
rms o
f par
ticip
atio
n, d
elibe
ratio
n, a
nd in
form
ed ch
oice
.In
resp
ect t
o th
e tr
aditi
onal
par
ties-
-the
UN
P an
d SL
FP-
-it sh
ould
be
note
d th
at in
stitu
tiona
l cap
aciti
es a
ndin
tra-
part
y go
vern
ance
fram
ewor
ks a
re w
eak.
Mob
iliza
tions
in su
ppor
t of p
eace
suffe
r as a
resu
lt. W
eno
te th
at th
ere
are
seve
ral h
andi
caps
com
mon
to b
oth
part
ies t
hat i
mpa
ir th
eir a
bilit
y to
func
tion
as e
ffect
ive
acto
rs in
Sri
Lank
a's m
ulti-
part
y de
moc
racy
.
The
se in
clud
e an
abs
ence
of t
rans
pare
ncy
and
acco
unta
bilit
y; o
ver-
cent
raliz
atio
n of
dec
ision
-mak
ing
pow
er in
hie
rarc
hica
l lea
ders
hips
pre
vent
ing
part
icip
atio
n an
d di
vers
ity; t
he la
ck o
f str
uctu
res,
initi
ativ
es, a
nd in
cent
ives
for b
uild
ing
polic
yde
velo
pmen
t cap
aciti
es; a
nd a
lack
of e
ven
mar
gina
llysa
tisfa
ctor
y fra
mew
orks
for f
inan
cial
tran
spar
ency
and
acco
unta
bilit
y. T
here
is a
n al
arm
ing
lack
of c
apac
ity a
ndin
cent
ive
on th
e pa
rt o
f ele
cted
mem
bers
of t
hese
par
ties
to e
mpl
oy d
emoc
ratic
insti
tutio
ns in
the
cond
uct o
fpo
litic
s and
the
adva
ncem
ent o
f par
ty in
tere
sts.
Con
sequ
ently
, leg
islat
ive
insti
tutio
ns su
ch a
s Par
liam
ent
and
prov
inci
al c
ounc
ils b
ecom
e re
gres
sivel
y irr
elev
ant,
anex
ecut
ive-
cent
ric p
oliti
cal c
ultu
re d
evel
ops,
and
polit
ical
com
petit
ion
is in
crea
singl
y co
nduc
ted
outsi
dein
stitu
tions
. Hel
ping
the
trad
ition
al p
artie
s ove
rcom
eth
ese
disa
bilit
ies w
ould
enh
ance
the
qual
ity o
fde
moc
racy
in te
rms o
f par
ticip
atio
n, d
elib
erat
ion,
and
info
rmed
cho
ice.
It is
also
wor
thw
hile
to b
ear i
n m
ind
that
thes
e tw
o pa
rtie
s com
man
d be
twee
n th
em th
eco
nfid
ence
of a
ppro
xim
atel
y 60
% o
f the
ele
ctor
ate.
By
any
stand
ard,
this
is a
form
idab
le c
onsti
tuen
cy fo
r pea
ce,
if on
ly th
e pa
rty
lead
ersh
ips'
state
d co
mm
itmen
t for
ane
gotia
ted
settl
emen
t alo
ng fe
dera
list l
ines
can
be
perc
olat
ed d
own
to th
e gr
assr
oots.
Thi
s may
exp
lain
how
the
UN
P's r
emar
kabl
e tr
ack-
one
achi
evem
ents
in 2
002-
2004
cou
ld n
ot b
e tr
ansfo
rmed
into
bro
ad p
ublic
supp
ort f
or p
eace
.
Wid
er p
artic
ipat
ion
by a
nd co
nsul
tatio
n w
ith ex
tern
al a
ndin
tern
al a
ctors
mig
ht in
fluen
ce p
artie
s tha
t rem
ain
hosti
leto
pea
ce. T
his c
ould
conf
er g
reat
er tr
ansp
aren
cy, c
onsen
sus,
and
legiti
mac
y on
a v
iabl
e and
endu
ring
fram
ewor
k fo
rpe
ace.
Whi
le w
e ha
ve c
oncl
uded
that
the
JVP,
and
to a
less
er e
xten
t the
JHU
, rem
ains
opp
osed
to th
epr
edom
inan
t par
adig
ms f
or a
pea
cefu
l sol
utio
n, th
ere
are
a ra
nge
of a
ctor
s tha
t hav
e th
e po
tent
ial t
o pl
ay a
role
inop
enin
g up
the
spac
e fo
r dia
logu
e an
d en
gagi
ng w
ith th
epe
ace
proc
ess.
Exte
rnal
act
ors w
ho m
aint
ain
cont
act
with
and
/or i
nflu
ence
ove
r the
JVP
incl
ude
Chi
na,
Indi
a, a
nd th
e C
PIM
; whi
le in
tern
al p
laye
rs in
clud
e th
eLe
ft pa
rtie
s in
Sri L
anka
(the
CP,
LSSP
, NSS
P) a
ndpe
rson
aliti
es su
ch a
s TU
LF's
V. A
nada
sang
ari.
Bear
ing
inm
ind
som
e of
the
criti
cism
s we
have
raise
d ab
out p
ast
failu
res i
n en
cour
agin
g w
ider
par
ticip
atio
n in
and
cons
ulta
tion
abou
t the
pea
ce p
roce
ss, a
n ex
pand
ed ro
lefo
r bui
ldin
g pe
ace
capa
citie
s am
ong
a w
ider
rang
e of
acto
rs c
ould
con
fer a
gre
ater
tran
spar
ency
, con
sens
us,
and
legi
timac
y on
a v
iabl
e an
d en
durin
g fra
mew
ork
for
peac
e.
CIVI
L SO
CIET
Y, E
DUCA
TION
, PAR
TICI
PATI
ON,
AND
CON
FIDE
NCE
-BUI
LDIN
G
Prog
ram
mat
ic su
ppor
t for
civi
l soc
iety
acto
rs is
essen
tial t
oen
sure
that
they
cont
inue
to g
ener
ate p
olicy
opt
ions
and
act
as ri
ghts
wat
chdo
gs. B
earin
g in
min
d th
e co
ncer
ns se
t out
abov
e, it
mus
t be
reite
rate
d th
at e
xpan
sion
of d
emoc
ratic
polit
ics t
o in
clud
e ci
vil s
ocie
ty a
ctor
s as l
egiti
mat
esta
keho
lder
s in
publ
ic p
olic
y de
bate
s mus
t be
enco
urag
ed. D
urin
g th
e la
st tw
o de
cade
s Sri
Lank
a ha
sse
en th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f sev
eral
pub
lic p
olic
y re
sear
chan
d ad
voca
cy o
rgan
izatio
ns th
at a
re k
ey a
ctor
s in
the
peac
e co
nstit
uenc
y. Pr
ogra
mm
atic
supp
ort f
or th
ese
orga
niza
tions
is e
ssen
tial t
o en
sure
that
they
con
tinue
toge
nera
te p
olic
y op
tions
and
act
as r
ight
s wat
chdo
gs. T
he
63|
Impl
icat
ions
for
Inte
rnat
iona
l Don
ors
med
ia, t
oo, h
as p
laye
d a
simila
r rol
e an
d re
quire
sco
ntin
ued
supp
ort.
How
ever
, civ
il so
ciet
y m
ust n
ot b
e de
fined
to in
clud
eon
ly c
erta
in ty
pes o
f org
aniza
tions
to th
e ex
clus
ion
ofot
hers
. Loc
al-le
vel a
nd c
omm
unity
-bas
ed o
rgan
izatio
nsar
e pi
vota
l alli
es in
pea
cebu
ildin
g ef
fort
s but
are
curr
ently
suffe
ring
from
man
y of
the
sam
e ca
paci
typr
oble
ms a
s tra
ditio
nal p
oliti
cal p
artie
s. T
here
fore
,en
gage
men
t with
them
is im
pera
tive.
TRAN
SPAR
ENCY
, CON
SULT
ATIO
N, A
ND
INCL
USIV
ITY
A la
ck o
f tra
nspa
renc
y an
d co
nsul
tatio
n in
the p
eace
pro
cess
mus
t be a
ddre
ssed
as it
feed
s sus
picio
n an
d de
stroy
s tru
stan
d co
nfid
ence
am
ong
oppo
sitio
n gr
oups
and
civi
l soc
iety.
One
of t
he p
robl
ems t
hat h
as in
cite
d an
d le
gitim
ized
cycl
es o
f nat
iona
list d
iscon
tent
with
pas
t and
pre
sent
peac
e ef
fort
s is a
lack
of t
rans
pare
ncy,
cons
ulta
tion,
and
incl
usiv
ity. T
his i
s tru
e in
resp
ect t
o op
posit
ion
grou
ps a
sw
ell a
s civ
il so
ciet
y as
a w
hole
. It i
s im
port
ant t
hat t
hese
area
s be
addr
esse
d, a
s a la
ck o
f tra
nspa
renc
y fe
eds
susp
icio
n an
d de
stroy
s tru
st an
d co
nfid
ence
am
ong
polit
ical
opp
ositi
on g
roup
s and
civ
il so
ciet
y ac
tors
as a
who
le. T
his i
n tu
rn c
an se
rve
to le
gitim
ize a
ntag
onism
tow
ard
peac
e an
d re
form
pro
posa
ls. T
he re
cent
con
text
for P
-TO
MS
prov
ided
ano
ther
exa
mpl
e of
failu
re in
this
area
and
ulti
mat
ely
fann
ed th
e fla
mes
of S
inha
lana
tiona
list p
rote
st.
The
Polit
ics
of t
he S
outh
|
64
65|
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slow
and
Mic
hael
D. W
oost
(eds
.) Ec
onom
y, C
ultu
re a
nd C
ivil
War
in S
ri La
nka
(Ind
iana
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
,Bl
oom
ingt
on).
Zafru
llah,
H. M
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81) S
ri La
nka'
s Hyb
rid P
resid
entia
l and
Par
liam
enta
ry S
yste
m &
Sep
arat
ion
of P
ower
s Doc
trine
(Uni
vers
ity o
f Mal
aya
Pres
s, K
uala
Lum
pur)
.
