THE POLITICS OF JUDICIAL CO-OPERATION IN THE EU

THE POLITICS OF JUDICIALCO-OPERATION IN THE EU

The European legal order is largely based on judicial co-operation betweenthe European Court of Justice and the national courts. In this book, threecase studies on Sunday trading, on equal treatment of men and womenand on good faith in contract law reveal that national courts and nationallitigants are mainly pursuing national interests by means of European law.The European Court of Justice seeks European solutions by delimiting thescope of the European legal order, by transforming the subjective rights ofmarket citizens into political rights of union citizens, and by developingEuropean remedies to enforce European rights. Micklitz contributes to thedebate on the role and function of the preliminary reference procedure inthe making of EU law, and does so on the basis of concrete examples. Heoffers an original analysis of the limits of the European legal order, and ofthe role and function of subjective rights and European remedies.

hans-w. micklitz is Jean Monnet Professor of Private and EuropeanEconomic Law at the University of Bamberg, and Head of the Institute ofEuropean and Consumer Law (VIEW) in Berlin. He was a Fellow of theEuropean University Institute, Florence, Italy, and visiting Professor at theUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and at Somerville College, University ofOxford. He has published very widely in the areas of European and consumerlaw.

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THE POLITICS OF JUDICIALCO-OPERATION IN THE EU

Sunday Trading, Equal Treatmentand Good Faith

HANS-W. MICKLITZUniversity of Bamberg






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In memoriam Ch. R. and H.-J. M.






CONTENTS

List of figures page ixList of tables xPreface and acknowledgments xiTable of cases xiiTable of treaties xxivTable of EC directives xxvTable of statutes xxviiTable of statutory instruments xxxList of abbreviations xxxii

1 Judicial activism and legal politics 1The purpose of this book 1The basics of the European legal order 5The three pillars of the European legal order: judicial

co-operation, organised law-enforcement, andpolitical legitimacy 11

Judicial co-operation, organised law-enforcement andpolitical legitimacy; and the common market, theinternal market and the private legal order 27

The choice of the UK as a subject for study 33The selection of the case studies and the methodology 36How to read this book 41A summary of the findings of this book 41

2 The reconstruction of the Sunday trading cases 43Article 28: a weapon to win the Sunday trading war? 43The UK government: caught between loyalty and

politics 95The European Commission’s position in the Sunday

trading litigation 103

vii






viii contents

The Advocates-General and the ECJ: principalcharacters or merely supporting roles? 108

The attitude of the judges in the referring proceedings 126Reactions to the Euro-litigation 152

3 The reconstruction of the equal treatment litigation 165The legal structure for achieving equality between

men and women 166The appellants 172The respondents and the governments 222The European Commission’s position in equal

treatment cases 236The Advocates-General and the ECJ: who is pushing

whom in the development of equal treatment? 244The attitude of judges in national courts and of legal

doctrine 272

4 The reconstruction of good faith in the control ofunfair terms in consumer contracts 292Introduction: the reach and nature of the conflict

between civil law, common law and European law 292The common law position: caveat emptor and the

freedom of contract 299The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977: legislative

intervention in the freedom of contract 324The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 355The concept of good faith as understood by the Office

of Fair Trading 383Good faith before the UK courts: the European

perspective 401

5 The limits of judicial activism and perspectives forlegal politics 424Communication in disorder: judicial co-operation

between national and European courts 426Imbalances and incapacities in organised

law-enforcement 460Judicial strategies to overcome the boundaries of

legal-political legitimacy in Euro-litigation 479

Bibliography 503Index 521






FIGURES

3.1 Scope, form and remedies in equal treatment litigation page 172

ix






TABLES

1.1 The European integration programme and itslegal-political difficulties page 6

1.2 The relationship between the European legal order,judicial co-operation and organised law-enforcement,and freedom, equality and justice 28

2.1 Criminal and civil references to the ECJ in the Sundaytrading litigation 68

2.2 Chronology of references in the Sunday trading litigation 972.3 The relationship between the UK courts and the ECJ 1273.1 The hierarchy of references in equal treatment litigation 1733.2 Enforcement of the ECJ’s equal treatment decisions in the

national courts 2734.1 The interplay between co-operativism and individualism,

and objective and subjective interpretation 2964.2 Individual, administrative and collective redress under

the common law, the UCTA, the UTCCR and Directive93/13/EEC 300

5.1 The factors governing the establishment of a successfulstrategy in European litigation 474

5.2 The relationship between vertical direct effect andhorizontal direct effect, and the addressee in equaltreatment and good faith litigation 496

x






PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

While I have attempted in this book to consider, as a whole, the co-operation between the English courts and the European courts, it isnevertheless clear that there are limits to the scope of the research that Ihave undertaken. My views of the English law will always remain thoseof a German lawyer who was not educated in the common law systemand who is not fully familiar with all its nuances and implications. Thereader, it is hoped, will accept my apologies for missing those nuancesbut will nevertheless benefit from an outsider’s view of the Englishlegal system.

The project could not have been undertaken without the help andsupport of many people. I would like to thank first and foremostStephen Weatherill, Professor of Law at the University of Oxford, forhis invitation to join Somerville College. I would also like to thank thefollowing persons for their substantial input into my research: PaulGurowich of the Office of Fair Trading; Francis F. B. Reynolds, Profes-sor of Law at the University of Oxford; Lord Hoffmann; Harriet Hall,legal adviser at the National Consumer Council; Arthur Hugh VaughanQC, barrister; Michael Beloff QC, barrister; Lord Goff of Chieveley;Stuart Isaacs QC, barrister; Tony Askham, solicitor; Eileen Brennan,legal adviser at the Consumers’ Association; Advocate-General Waltervan Gerven; Paul Diamond, solicitor; Pauline Matthews of the EqualOpportunities Commission; Brian Bercusson, Professor of Law at theUniversity of Manchester; and the anonymous referees who read themanuscript of this book. I also thank Andrea Wechsler for her time,energy and ideas in assisting me to reconstruct the Sunday tradinglitigation.

Last but not least, I would like to thank the Volkswagen Foundationwhich made the execution of the project possible, and Professor DrHagen Hof for his help and advice whenever it was needed.

xi






TABLE OF CASES

Abdoulaye v. Regie Nationale des Usines Renault SA [1999] ECR I-5723; [2001] 2

CMLR 18, Case C-218/98 219

AEG (UK) Ltd v. Logic Resource Ltd [1996] CLC 265 352

AIG Europe (UK) Ltd, Re, Office of Fair Trading, Unfair Contract Terms, Bulletin

No. 2, September 1996, 16 391n

Ailsa Craig Fishing Co. Ltd v. Malvern Fishing Co. Ltd [1983] 1 WLR 964 313

Alderslade v. Hendon Laundry Ltd [1945] KB 189 318n

Alexander v. Railway Executive [1951] 2 KB 882 320n

Alison (J. Gordon) Ltd v. Wallsend Shipway and Engineering Co. Ltd (1927) 43

TLR 323 310n

Allied Dunbar (Frank Weisinger) Ltd v. Frank Weisinger [1988] IRLR 60 147

Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v. San Giorgio SpA [1982] ECR I-3595,

Case C-199/82 256

Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v. Simmenthal SpA [1978] ECR 629;

[1983] 3595 80, 81–2, 83, 209

Andrews Bros. (Bournemouth) Ltd v. Singer & Co. Ltd [1934] 1 KB 17 310n, 311n

Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v. Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB

223 147, 148, 149

B v. France (A/232-C) [1992] 2 FLR 249; (1993) 16 EHRR 1; [1992] Fam Law 491

248

B&Q Ltd v. Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council [1990] 3 CMLR 535 127,

128, 129, 130, 133, 135, 138

Barber v. Guardian Royal Exchange [1990] ECR I-1889, Case C-262/88 31, 169,

172, 173, 176, 178–81, 182, 183, 218–19, 223–4, 225, 227, 235, 238, 239, 240,

246, 248, 259, 273, 274, 275, 276, 284, 285, 289, 291, 449, 451, 479, 484, 492,

493, 497

Becker v. Finanzamt Munster-Innenstadt [1982] ECR 53, Case 8/81 207

Behn v. Burness (1841) 2 M&G 257 310n

Belgian Linguistic Case (No. 2) ECHR Series A No. 6, judgment of 23 July 1968,

(1979–80) 1 EHRR 252 177

Belgium v. Blesgen [1982] ECR 1211; [1983] 1 CMLR 431, Case 75/81 48, 106

Bilka-Kaufhaus GmbH v. Weber von Hartz [1986] ECR 1607; [1986] 2 CMLR 701,

Case 170/84 180, 199, 201, 235, 238, 239, 246, 260, 266, 267, 282, 290

xii






table of cases xiii

Birch v. Thomas [1972] 1 WLR 294 304n, 352n

Birds Eye Walls Ltd v. Roberts [1993] ECR I-5599, Case C-132/92 169, 238, 291n

Bosman [1995] ECR I-4921, Case C-415/93, 15 December 1995 9

Boyle v. Equal Opportunities Commission [1998] ECR I-6401; [1998] 3 CMLR

1133, Case C-411/96 219

BP Supergas v. Greece [1995] ECR I-1883, Case C-62/93 256

Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v. Germany [1996] ECR I-1029, Case C-46/93 9, 23, 85

Brigden v. American Express Bank Ltd [2000] IRLR 94 361, 362, 382

British Coal Corporation v. Smith [1994] ICR 810; [1994] IRLR 342 220, 284

British Crane Hire Corporation Ltd v. Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd [1975] QB 303

308n

Bromley London Borough Council v. Greater London Council [1983] 1 AC 768

(the ‘Fares Fair’ case) 147

Brown v. Rentokil [1998] ECR I-4185; [1998] 2 CMLR 1049, Case C-394/96 198,

219, 265, 278–9, 285

Buet (R.) and Educational Business Services (EBS) SARL v. Ministere Public

[1989] ECR 1235, Case 382/87 110, 111, 135

Bulmer (H. P.) Ltd v. J. Bollinger SA (No. 2) [1974] Ch 401; [1974] 3 WLR 202;

[1974] 2 All ER 1226; [1974] 2 CMLR 91 50, 80, 433

Bundesverfassungsgericht, 12 October 1993 (Maastricht decision) 19

Burke v. South Eastern Railway Co. (1879) 5 CPD 1 304n

Burnett v. Westminster Bank Ltd [1966] 1 QB 742; [1965] 3 All ER 81 303

Burton v. British Railways Board [1982] ECR 555, Case 19/81 179, 218n, 246,

260

Buylow Ltd, Re, Office of Fair Trading, Unfair Contract Terms, Bulletin No. 2,

September 1996, 17 391n

BV Industrie Diensten Groep v. J.A. Beele Handelmaatschappij BV [1982] ECR 707

135

Caledonia (E. E.) Ltd v. Orbit Valve Co. Europe plc [1994] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 239

315n, 318

Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v. King [1952] AC 192 316, 318n

Centros [1999] ECR I-1459, Case C-212/97 22, 493

Chanter v. Hopkins (1838) 4 M&W 399 311n

Chapelton v. Barry Urban District Council [1940] 1 KB 532 303

Charles Robertson (Developments) Ltd v. Caradon District Council [1988] 1

CMLR 293 47–8, 50

Charterhouse Credit Ltd v. Tolly [1963] 2 QB 683 320n

CILFIT v. Ministry of Health [1982] ECR 3415, Case 283/81 411n

Cinetheque SA v. Federation Nationale des Cinemas Francais [1985] ECR 2605;

[1986] 1 CMLR 365 57, 58–9, 105, 109, 110, 111, 117, 122–3, 129, 130

Circle Freight International Ltd v. Medeast Gulf Exports Ltd [1988] 1 Lloyd’s Rep

427 302n, 308n






xiv table of cases

Circuit Systems Ltd (in liquidation) and Basten v. Zuken-Redac (UK) Ltd

(formerly Racal-Redac (UK) Ltd) (1994) 42 ConLR 120 334n, 335

Cofidis SA v. Fredout [2002] ECR I-875, Case C-473/00 23, 293, 500

Coloroll Pension Trustees Ltd v. Russell [1994] ECR I-4389, Case C-200/91 181,

247

Comet BV v. Produktschap voor Siergewassen [1976] ECR 2043, Case 45/76 170,

213, 214n, 254

Commission v. Belgium [1991] ECR I-2205, Case C-229/89 201

Commission v. Denmark [1988] ECR 4607 (the ‘Danish Beer Bottles’ case),

Case 302/86 135

Commission v. Germany [1987] ECR 1227; [1988] 1 CMLR 780, Case 178/84

104n

Commission v. Italy [1968] ECR 423, Case 7/68 132



Commission v. Italy (Re Wine Vinegar) [1981] ECR 3019, Case 193/80 135

Commission v. Netherlands [2001] ECR I-3541, Case C-144/99 293, 324, 383,

496

Commission v. Sweden [1999] ECR I-4147, Case C-478/99 293

Commission v. United Kingdom [1982] ECR 578, Case 61/81 167n

Connoisseur Cars, Re, Office of Fair Trading, Unfair Contract Terms, Bulletin


Coote v. Granada Hospitality Ltd [1998] ECR I-5199, Case C-185/97 170, 172,

173, 174–5, 204, 210–13, 219, 220, 221n, 223, 225, 242, 255, 269, 273, 275,

279, 467n, 498

Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 1251, Case 6/64 5n, 7, 81

Council of the Civil Service Unions v. Minister for State for the Civil Service

[1985] AC 374 147–8

Courage Ltd v. Crehan [2001] ECR I-6297, Case C-453/99 15, 23

Coventry City Council v. Woolworths plc [1991] 2 CMLR 3 150

Criminal Proceedings Against Giovanni Carciati [1980] ECR 2773, Case 823/79

135

Criminal Proceedings Against Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV [1987] ECR 3969, Case

80/86 206n

Curtis v. Chemical Cleaning & Dyeing Co. Ltd [1951] 1 KB 805 324

Customs and Excise Commissioners v. ApS Samex [1983] 1 All ER 1042 35n, 50,

411

Da Costa [1963] ECR 31, Cases 28–30/62 65

Danfoss [1989] ECR 3199, Case 109/88 201, 229, 251, 261, 266, 291, 439

Darlington Future Ltd v. Delco Australia Pty Ltd [1987] 1 ALJR 76 314n

David Lloyd Leisure plc, Re, Office of Fair Trading, Unfair Contract Terms,

Bulletin No. 2, September 1996, 22 391n






table of cases xv

Defrenne I [1971] ECR 445, Case 80/70 168, 217, 245

Defrenne II [1976] ECR 455, Case 43/75 168, 183, 227, 237, 260

Defrenne III [1978] ECR 1365, Case 149/77 168–9, 246

Dekker v. Stichting Vormingscentrum voor Jonge Volwassenen Plus [1990] ECR

I-3941, Case C-177/88 194, 195, 197, 219, 233, 250, 278, 279, 287, 290

Derry City Council v. Hampden Homecare plc, removed 17 September 1991, Case

C-232/88 53

Dillenkofer [1996] ECR I-4845, Case C-178/94 8

Direction Generale des Impôts and Procureur de la Republique v. Forest [1986]

ECR 3449, Case 148/85 106

Director-General of Fair Trading v. First National Bank plc [2002] 1 AC 481;

[2001] 3 WLR 1297; [2002] 1 All ER 97 294, 297, 360n, 362, 365, 372n,

373, 374n, 395, 401–2, 413–21, 430, 436, 449, 464, 470–1, 474, 495

Duphar v. Netherlands [1984] ECR 523 132

Dzodzi [1990] ECR I-3763, Cases C-297/88 and 197/89 453n

Edmund Murray Ltd v. BSP International Foundations Ltd (1992) 33 ConLR 1

334n

Enderby v. Frenchay Health Authority and Secretary of State for Health [1993]

ECR I-5535 172, 173, 199–202, 221n, 223, 224, 225, 229n, 230, 231n, 234,

240, 241, 242n, 251, 252, 266, 267, 273, 275, 276, 283–4, 290, 439, 444, 445,

455, 484

Equal Opportunities Commission v. Birmingham City Council [1989] 1 All ER

769; [1989] AC 1155 196

F v. Belgium [1975] ECR I-679, Case C-13/94 249

Faccini Dori [1994] ECR I-3342, Case C-91/92 8

Farr (A. E.) Ltd v. Admiralty [1953] 1 WLR 1285 316n

Federica Maso [1997] ECR I-4051, Case C-373/95 24n

Fiona (The) [1994] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 506 319n

First Parking Services Ltd, Re, Office of Fair Trading, Unfair Contract Terms,


Fissher v. Voorhuis Hengelo BV [1994] ECR I-4583, Case C-28/93 214n

Flamar Interocean Ltd v. Denmac Ltd (The Flamar Pride) [1990] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 434

336n, 337

Foster v. British Gas plc [1990] ECR I-3313 170, 172, 173, 203, 205, 223, 225,

229, 230, 273, 276, 280, 454

Francovich and Bonifaci v. Italy [1991] ECR I-5357, Cases C-6 and 9/90 8, 23,

24n, 84–5, 86, 97, 99, 101, 105, 127, 244, 269, 497

Fratelli Costanzo SpA v. Comune di Milano [1989] ECR 1839, Case 103/88 206

Freiburger Kommunalbauten GmbH Baugesellschaft & Co. KG v. Ludger

Hofstetter and Ulrike Hofstetter [2004] 2 CMLR 13 293, 485n

Garland v. British Rail Engineering Ltd [1982] ECR 359, Case 12/81 169, 218n,

260






xvi table of cases

GB-INNO-BM NV v. Confederation du Commerce Luxembourgeoise Asbl [1990]

ECR I-667, Case 362/88 409

George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v. Finney Lock Seeds Ltd [1983] QB 284 308n,

314, 323, 336–7, 339, 341–2, 350–1, 435–6

Germany v. Parliament and Council (the ‘Tobacco’ case) [2000] ECR I-8419,

Case C-376/98 31n, 483, 490

Gillespie v. Bowles (Roy) Transport Ltd [1973] QB 400 315n

Giloy [1997] ECR I-4291 453n

Gmurzynska-Bscher v. Oberfinanzdirektion Koln [1990] ECR I-4003, Case

C-231/89 453n

Gonzalez Sanchez v. Medicina Asturia [2002] ECR I-3901 449

Grado [1997] ECR I-5531, Case C-291/96 454n

Grant v. South West Trains Ltd [1998] ECR I-623, Case C-249/96 169, 172, 173,

188, 190–1, 219, 223, 225, 236, 239, 248, 249–50, 263, 264, 273, 274, 285,

287, 435, 452, 463, 479, 484, 493

Grayan Building Services Ltd, Re [1995] Ch 241 351

Green (R. W.) Ltd v. Cade Bros. Farms [1978] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 602 340, 342–3

Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 US 424 (1971) 193

Grimaldi v. Fonds des maladies professionnelles [1989] ECR 4407, Case 322/88

409

Guarantee Guild Ltd, Re, Office of Fair Trading, Unfair Contract Terms, Bulletin


Habermann-Beltermann [1994] ECR I-1657, Case C-421/92 265

Hadley v. Texas Homecare Ltd (1988) 152 JP 268 46, 67

Handels- og Kontorfunktionaerernes Forbund i Danmark (for Hertz) v. Dansk

Arbejdsgiveforening (for Aldi Marked K/S) [1990] ECR I-3979, Case

C-179/88 194, 195, 197, 233, 250, 253, 265, 278, 279, 290

Harbutt’s ‘Plasticine’ Ltd v. Wayne Tank & Pump Co. Ltd [1970] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 15

320n, 323

Hardwick Game Farm v. Suffolk Agricultural etc. Association [1969] 2 AC 31

308n, 309n

Harling v. Eddy [1951] 2 KB 739 302n, 310n

Harris v. Wyre Forest District Council [1990] 1 AC 831; [1989] 2 All ER 514 340,

344

Harris Ltd v. Continental Express Ltd [1961] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 251 316n

Harz v. Deutsche Tradax [1984] ECR 1921 208, 243, 253

Hauptzollamt Bremen - Freihafen v. Waren-Import-Gesellschaft Krohn and Co.

[1970] ECR 451, Case 74/69 409

Havprins (The) [1983] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 356 309n

Heininger [2001] ECR I-9945, Case C-481/99 32

Hen & Derby v. Director of Public Prosecutions, unreported 411

Henry Kendall Ltd v. William Lillico Ltd [1969] 2 AC 31 308n






table of cases xvii

Hoffmann La Roche v. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1975] AC 295 79

Hofner and Elsner v. Macrotron [1991] ECR I-1979 230n

Hollier v. Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd [1972] 2 QB 71; [1972] 1 All ER 399 308n,

309n, 313

Hongkong Fir Shipping Co. Ltd v. Kawasake Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] 2 QB 26

311n

Hood v. Anchor Line [1918] AC 837 303n

Hudson v. Marshall (1976) 75 LGR 13 46

Hunermund v. Landesapothekerkammer Baden-Wurttemberg [1993] ECR I-6787

159, 162

Iannelli & Volpi SpA v. Ditta Paolo Meroni [1977] ECR 595; [1977] ECR 557;

[1977] 2 CMLR 688 81

Inland Revenue Commissioners v. National Federation of Self-Employed and

Small Businesses [1982] AC 617 93, 94

Inspire Art [2003] ECR I-10155, Case C-167/01 493

Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v. Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd [1989] QB 433

306–7, 352, 416, 418, 420

Internationale Handelsgesellschaft GmbH v. Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fur

Getreide und Futtermittel [1970] ECR 1125 131

James v. Eastleigh Borough Council [1990] 2 All ER 607; [1990] 2 AC 751 196

Jan van der Haar [1984] ECR 1797; [1985] 2 CMLR 566, Joined Cases 177–178/82

51

Jenkins v. Kingsgate (Clothing Productions) Ltd [1981] ECR 911, Case 96/80 9,

169, 172, 173, 192–4, 199, 217, 219, 220, 221, 223, 225, 228–9, 235, 240, 250,

265–6, 273, 275, 281, 282, 290, 291, 450, 455

Johnson Matthey Bankers Ltd v. State Trading Corp. of India [1984] 1 Lloyd’s Rep

427 309n

Johnston v. Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary [1986] ECR 1651;

[1986] 3 CMLR 240, Case 222/84 146, 169, 172, 173, 184–8, 198, 203, 204,

206, 207, 208, 210, 225, 226, 242, 243, 254, 261–2, 273, 288, 435, 492, 498

Johnstone v. Bloomsbury Health Authority [1992] QB 333 359n

Kalanke v. Freie Hansestadt Bremen [1995] ECR I-3053, Case C-450/93 198

Karsales (Harrow) Ltd v. Wallis [1956] 1 WLR 936 320n

Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097, Cases C-267 and 268/91 9, 22, 24, 25,

31, 154, 156, 159–64, 439, 447, 479, 482, 483, 490, 501

Kettering Borough Council v. W. H. Smith Do-It-All Ltd [1990] 1 CMLR 773

126, 128, 140

Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council v. Wickes Building Supplies Ltd [1990] 2

CMLR 501; [1991] 4 All ER 240; [1991] 3 WLR 985 [1992] 3 All ER 717;

[1993] AC 227 62, 63, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 150

Kleinwort Benson [1995] ECR I-615, Case C-346/93 454n

Knight Machinery (Holdings) Ltd v. Rennie, 1995 SLT 166 341n






xviii table of cases

Kowalska v. Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg [1990] ECR I-2591, Case C-33/89

183, 201, 241, 255, 266

Kreil v. Germany [2000] ECR I-69, Case C-285/98 188, 198, 268, 288

Kruse v. Johnson [1898] 2 QB 91 149

Lamport & Holt Lines Ltd v. Coubro & Scrutton (M&I) Ltd [1982] 2 Lloyd’s

Rep 42 318n

Lawrence v. Regent Office Care Ltd [2002] ECR I-7325, Case C-320/00 169, 184

Lawson v. Weston (1801) 4 Esp 56; 170 ER 806 371n

Lease Management Services Ltd v. Purnell Secretarial Ltd [1994] Consumer Credit

Law Reports 127 331

Lee (John) & Son (Grantham) Ltd v. Railway Executive [1949] 2 All ER 581 312

Lemmerz-Werke v. High Authority [1963] ECR 239, Cases 53 and 54/63 409

L’Estrange v. F. Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394 301–2

Les Verts-Parti Ecologiste v. Parliament [1988] ECR 1017, Case 249/83 5n, 7n

Leur-Bloem [1997] ECR I-4161, Case C-28/95 453n

Levez v. T. H. Jennings (Harlow Pools) Ltd [1998] ECR I-7835; [1999] All ER (EC)

1, Case C-326/96 170, 172, 173, 204, 213–16, 223, 224, 225, 227, 230, 231,

232, 255, 256–7, 270–1, 272, 273, 274, 275, 435n, 498

Lewen v. Denda [1999] ECR I-7243; [2000] 2 CMLR 38 219

Luddit v. Ginger Coote Airways Ltd [1947] AC 233 353n

Luna (The) [1920] P 22 302n

Macarthys Ltd v. Smith [1980] ECR 1275, Case 129/79 167, 172, 173, 176–7, 223,

225, 232, 237, 240, 242n, 245, 250–1, 259, 273, 275, 280, 450, 454

McCullagh v. Lane Fox & Partners Ltd (1994) 1 EGLR 48 311n, 345

McCutcheon v. David MacBrayne Ltd [1964] 1 WLR 125 301n, 308

Mahlberg v. Land Mecklenburg [2000] ECR I-549; [2001] 3 CMLR 40,

Case C-207/98 219

Mansfield District Council v. Payless DIY Ltd, removed 17 January 1990,

Case C-134/88 53n

Marleasing v. La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion [1990] ECR I-4135,

Case C-106/89 8n, 209

Marschall v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1997] ECR I-6363, Case C-409/95

199

Marshall v. Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority

[1986] ECR 723 (Marshall I), Case 152/84 8n, 23, 169, 170, 172, 173, 178,

184, 187, 203, 204–7, 223, 225, 231, 268, 269, 273, 275, 276, 447

Marshall v. Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority

[1993] ECR I-4367 (Marshall II), Case C-271/91 23, 170, 172, 203–4,

208–10, 212, 214, 215, 223, 242, 243, 244, 252, 253, 255, 256, 268, 273, 275,

276, 277, 280, 447, 454, 498

Melgar v. Ayuntamiento de Los Barrios [2001] ECR I-6915, Case C-438/99 170,

258, 281

Ministere Public v. Andre Gauchard [1987] ECR 4879, Case 20/87 157






table of cases xix

Ministere Public v. Marchandise [1991] ECR I-1027, Case C-332/89 64, 65, 66,

67, 76, 77–8, 79, 82, 86–7, 89, 91, 96, 97, 101, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114,

115, 116–17, 118, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 131, 144–5, 153, 159, 447, 490

Ministere Public v. Patrice Di Pinto [1991] ECR I-1206 330n, 383n

Monarch Airlines Ltd v. London Luton Airport Ltd [1998] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 403

335n, 336n, 337n, 340n

Moroni [1993] ECR I-6591, Case C-110/91 181, 247

Nagarajan v. Agnew; Nagarajan v. Swiggs and London Regional Transport; and

Swiggs and London Regional Transport v. Nagarajan [1994] IRLR 61 211

Neath [1993] ECR I-6935, Case C-152/91 181, 247

Neville Johnson Offices Ltd, Re, Office of Fair Trading, Unfair Contract Terms,


Newstead v. Department of Transport and Her Majesty’s Treasury [1987] ECR

4753, Case 192/85 218n, 227

Nimz v. Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg [1991] ECR I-297, Case C-184/89 183,

201, 241, 266, 267

North Yorkshire County Council v. Ratcliffe [1994] IRLR 342 220, 284

Oceano Grupo Editorial SA v. Rocio Murciano Quintero [2000] ECR I-4941, Cases

C-240 to 244/96 293, 373, 445n, 486

Oebel [1981] ECR 1993; [1983] 1 CMLR 340, Case 155/80 88, 90, 106, 108, 114,

117, 123, 135, 153

Olley v. Marlborough Court Ltd [1949] 1 KB 532; [1949] 1 All ER 127 304

Oosthoek’s Uitgeversmaatshcappij BV [1982] ECR 4575; [1983] 3 CMLR 428,

Case 286/81 157

Oval (717) Ltd v. Aegon Insurance Co. (UK) Ltd (1997) 85 BLR 97; (1997)

54 ConLR 74 331, 335n

P v. S and Cornwall County Council [1996] ECR I-2145, Case C-13/94 169, 172,

173, 174n, 188–91, 219, 223, 225, 236, 239, 248, 249, 263, 264, 273, 274,

286–7, 289, 435, 463n, 484

Palmisani [1997] ECR I-4025, Case C-261/95 24n, 270

Parker v. South Eastern Railway Co. (1877) 2 CPD 416 304

Pederson v. Kvickly Skive [1998] ECR I-7327; [1999] 2 CMLR 326, Case C-66/96

219

Phillips Products Ltd v. Hyland and Hampstead Plant Hire Co. Ltd [1987]

1 WLR 659; [1987] 2 All ER 620 337n

Photo Production Ltd v. Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 545 315,

321, 322

Polyduke (The) [1978] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 211 302n

Post Office v. Adekeye [1995] IRLR 297; [1995] ICR 540 211, 279

Preston v. Wolverhampton Healthcare NHS Trust [2000] ECR I-3201, Case

C-78/98 170, 204, 271–2

Procureur du Roi v. Dassonville [1974] ECR 837; [1974] 2 CMLR 436, Case 8/74

24, 48, 55–6, 59, 75, 105, 116, 123, 152–8, 161, 163–4, 191, 199






xx table of cases

Pro Sieben Media AG v. Carlton UK Television Ltd [1999] 1 WLR 605 351

Quietlynn Ltd and Brian James Richards v. Southend-on-Sea Borough

Council [1990] ECR I-3059; [1990] 3 CMLR 55, Case C-23/89 117, 154,

155

R. v. Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, ex parte Hook [1976] 1 WLR 1052

147

R. v. Braintree District Council, ex parte Willingham (1982) 81 LGR 70 73–5

R. v. Chief Constable of Sussex, ex parte International Trader’s Ferry Ltd [1999] 1

All ER 129 149–50

R. v. Felixstowe Justices, ex parte Leigh [1987] QB 582 94

R. v. Inspectorate of Pollution, ex parte Greenpeace [1994] 4 All ER 329 93

R. v. International Stock Exchange of the United Kingdom and the Republic of

Ireland, ex parte Else (1982) Ltd [1993] QB 534 50, 411–12, 433

R. v. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hedley Lomas (Ireland)

Ltd [1996] ECR I-2553; [1996] 2 CMLR 391 498, 502

R. v. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain [1989] ECR 1295, Cases 266 and

267/87 110, 111

R. v. Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Equal Opportunities

Commission [1994] 1 All ER 910 216n


Commission [1994] 2 WLR 409 93


Commission [1995] 1 AC 23 167

R. v. Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Seymour-Smith and Perez [1999]

ECR I-623, Case C-167/97 167, 181, 282–3, 285, 291

R. v. Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Rose Theatre Trust Co. Ltd

[1990] 1 All ER 754 93–4

R. v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex parte World

Development Movement Ltd [1995] 1 WLR 386 93

R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Brind [1991] 1 AC 696

147, 148

R. v. Secretary of State for Social Security, ex parte Child Poverty Action Group;

R. v. Secretary of State for Social Security, ex parte Greater London Council

[1990] 2 QB 540 93

R. v. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, ex parte Consumers’ Association

and Which?, High Court, unreported 299n, 380n, 402–13, 456, 464n, 470,

474

R. v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd [1991] ECR I-3905;

[1991] 1 AC 603; [1996] ECR I-1029, Case C-213/89 23, 33–4, 80, 82, 83,

85–6, 97, 127, 138

R&B Customs Brokers Co. Ltd v. United Dominions Trust Ltd [1988] 1 WLR 321;

[1988] 1 All ER 847 330, 331, 337n, 363n, 383n






table of cases xxi

Rainey v. Greater Glasgow Health Board [1987] AC 224; [1986] 3 WLR 1017;

[1987] 1 All ER 65 (House of Lords) 146

Raphael (The) [1982] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 42 318n

Rasbora Ltd v. JCL Marine Ltd [1977] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 645 333n, 345

Razzouk and Brydoun v. Commission [1984] ECR 1509, Joined Cases 75/82 and

117/82 183

Reading Borough Council v. Payless DIY Ltd, Case C-304/90 66, 97, 143–4

Rees Hough Ltd v. Redland Reinforced Plastics Ltd (1984) 27 BLR 136; (1984)

Const LJ 67 335n, 343n

Rewe-Zentrale AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung fur Branttwein (Cassis de Dijon)

[1979] ECR 649, Case 120/78 24, 37, 56, 57, 58, 59–60, 76, 100, 105, 114,

122, 129, 130, 133, 135, 140, 141, 153–4, 191, 199, 214n, 228, 236, 292, 482,

501

Richardson, Spence & Co. v. Rowntree [1894] AC 217 304n

Rinner-Kuhn v. FWW Spezial-Gebaudereinigung GmbH & Co. KG [1989] ECR

2743, Case 171/88 201

Rochdale Borough Council v. Anders [1988] 3 All ER 490; [1992] ECR I-6457 47,

52, 66, 96, 97, 127

Rutter v. Palmer [1922] 2 KB 87 316

Ruzius-Wilbrink [1989] ECR 4311, Case 102/88 201

Salvat Editore SA v. Jose M. Sanchez Alcon Prades [2000] ECR I-4941 486

Sanchez, Council Decision, 19 December 2002, OJ 2003 No. C26, 4 February 2003

23

Schenker & Co. (Aust) Pty Ltd v. Malpas Equipment and Services Pty Ltd [1990]

VR 834 318n

Schulte, Case C-350/03, 28 September 2004, not yet reported 32

Sheffield v. Pickfords Ltd [1997] CLC 648; (1997) 16 Tr LR 337; The Times,

17 March 1997 335n

Shell Chemicals UK Ltd v. P&O Roadtanks Ltd [1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 297 318n,

319

Shields v. E. Coomes Holdings Ltd [1978] 1 WLR 1408 434–5

SIAT di dal Ferro v. Tradax Overseas SA [1980] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 53 308n

Singer Co. (UK) Ltd v. Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority [1988] 2 Lloyd’s Rep

164 337

Sirdar v. (1) Army Board and (2) Secretary of State for Defence [1999] ECR I-7403,

Case C-273/97 188, 198, 268, 288

Smith v. Advel Systems Ltd [1994] ECR I-4435, Case C-408/92 169, 172, 173,

181, 182–4, 191, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 235, 239, 247, 273, 274, 289,

430, 435, 452, 479, 484, 493

Smith v. Bush [1990] 1 AC 831 335n, 340, 344, 345, 351n

Smith v. South Wales Switchgear Ltd [1978] 1 WLR 165 302n

Smith v. Taylor [1966] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 231 309n






xxii table of cases

Snupat v. High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community [1959] ECR

127, Joined Cases 32 and 33/58 229

Sonicare International Ltd v. East Anglia Freight Terminal Ltd and Neptune Orient

Lines Ltd [1997] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 48 340n, 346n

Spriggs v. Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co. [1986] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 487 318n

Spurling (J.) Ltd v. Bradshaw [1956] 1 WLR 461 306

St Albans City and District Council v. International Computers Ltd [1996] 4 All

ER 481 329, 351

Standard Chartered Bank Ltd v. Walker [1982] 1 WLR 1410 353n

Steenhorst-Neerings [1993] ECR I-5475, Case C-338/91 257

Stephen v. International Sleeping Car Co. Ltd (1903) 19 TLR 620 304n

Stevenson v. Rogers [1999] 1 All ER 613 331

Stewart Gill Ltd v. Horatio Myer & Co. Ltd [1992] 1 QB 600 350

Stoke-on-Trent City Council v. B&Q plc [1990] 3 CMLR 31 63, 77, 91, 119, 135,

139, 142, 143, 149, 150–1

Stoke-on-Trent City Council v. B&Q plc [1992] ECR I-6635; [1993] 1 CMLR 426;

[1993] 2 All ER 297, Case C-169/91 53, 66, 67, 68, 78, 80, 86, 89, 96, 97,

101–3, 107, 108, 110, 115, 117, 120, 121, 122, 124–5, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131,

132, 134, 138, 145, 153, 154, 159, 163, 246, 429, 434, 439, 441, 442, 443, 444,

445, 447, 457, 467, 472, 482, 483, 489, 490

Stoke-on-Trent City Council v. B&Q (Retail) Ltd [1984] AC 754; [1984] 2 WLR

929; [1984] 2 All ER 332 67, 70, 80

Stoke-on-Trent v. Toys ’R’ Us Ltd, 18 October 1990 150

Suffolk Coastal District Council v. Notcutts Garden Centres Ltd, removed 10 May

1990, Case C-118/88 53n

Sugar v. London, Midland & Scottish Railway Co. [1941] 1 All ER 172 304n

Suisse Atlantique Societe d’Armement Maritime SA v. NV Rottersdamsche Kolen

Centrale [1966] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 529; [1967] AC 361 320n, 321, 323

Sze Hai Tong Bank Ltd v. Rabler Cycle Co. Ltd [1959] AC 576 320n

Taylor v. Glasgow Corp., 1952 SC 440 303n

Tele Danmark A/S v. Handels- og Kontorfunktionaerernes Forbund i Danmark

[2001] ECR I-6993, Case C-109/00 170, 258, 281

Ten Oever [1993] ECR I-4879, Case C-109/91 181, 247

Teuling [1987] ECR 2497, Case 30/85 201

Thompson v. London, Midland and Scottish Railway Co. [1930] 1 KB 41 302n,

303n, 304n, 305n

Thornton v. Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1971] 2 QB 163 305–6, 352, 353n

Timeload Ltd v. British Telecommunications plc [1995] EMLR 459 349

Torfaen Borough Council v. B&Q plc [1989] ECR I-3851; [1990] CMLR 337, Case

C-145/88 47, 53, 54, 59–64, 65, 66, 67, 75, 76, 77, 78, 82, 87, 88, 97, 100,

105, 107, 108, 109–13, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122–3, 124, 125,

126–51, 152–9, 427, 429, 434, 440–1, 443, 447, 449, 450, 455, 466n, 467, 489

Uberseering [2002] ECR I-9919, Case C-208/00 22, 493






table of cases xxiii

UGS Finance Ltd v. National Mortgage Bank of Greece [1964] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 446

321

Union Departmentale des Syndicats CGT de l’Aisne v. Sidef Conforama [1991]

ECR I-997, Case C-312/89 64, 65, 66, 67, 76, 77–8, 79, 82, 86–7, 89, 91, 96,

97, 101, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116–17, 118, 121, 124, 125, 126,

127, 131, 144–5, 153, 159, 447, 490

United Kingdom v. Council [1996] ECR I-5755, Case C-84/94 90

Van Duyn v. Home Office [1974] ECR 1337, Case 41/74 8, 187

Van Gend en Loos [1963] ECR 1, Case 26/62 5n, 7, 80

Vereeniging van Cementhandelaren v. Commission [1972] ECR 977 111

Von Colson and Kamann v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891 203,

204, 207, 208, 210, 212, 215, 229, 231, 243, 244, 253, 269, 498

Wallis, Son and Wells v. Pratt and Haynes [1911] AC 394 310n, 311–12

Wardale v. Binns [1946] 2 All ER 101 46n

Warley Caravans v. Wakelin (1968) 66 LGR 534; (1968) 112 SJ 330 46n

Warner Brothers Inc. v. Christiansen [1988] ECR 2605, Case 158/86 110, 111

Webb v. EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd [1992] 2 All ER 43 172, 173, 174, 195, 196,

197, 219, 223, 225, 233, 258, 265, 273, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 290

Webb v. EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd [1992] 4 All ER 929 195, 435, 453, 454

Webb v. EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd [1994] ECR I-3569, Case C-32/93 170, 194,

197, 198, 232, 250

Webb v. EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd [1995] 4 All ER 577 195

Webb v. EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd [1995] 4 All ER 929 195

Wellingborough Borough Council v. Payless DIY Ltd 126, 127, 128, 129, 134, 140

Wheeler v. Leicester City Council [1985] AC 1054 147

White v. Blackmore [1972] 2 QB 651 316n

W. H. Smith Do-It-All v. Peterborough City Council (No. 2) [1990] 2 CMLR 577

126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134, 140, 141, 142

Woodman v. Photo Trade Processing Ltd, Judgment of 7 May 1981, Exeter County

Court, unreported 369n

Worms v. High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community [1962] ECR

195 229

Worringham v. Lloyds Bank Ltd [1981] ECR 767, Case 69/80 218n, 238, 450

Wouters v. Algemene Raad van de Nederlandse Ordre vor Advocaten [2002] ECR

I-1577, Case C-309/99 233n

Wychavon District Council v. Midland Enterprises [1988] 1 CMLR 397 51

X (Minors) v. Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 3 WLR 152 73n

Yeoman Credit Ltd v. Apps [1962] 2 QB 508 320n

Zinnia (The) [1984] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 211 335n, 341n

Zockoll Group Ltd v. Mercury Communications Ltd (No. 1) [1998] FSR 354 348,

349

Zuckerfabrik Suderdithmarschen [1991] ECR I-415, Cases C-143/88 and C-92/89

23, 253






TABLE OF TREATIES

Treaty of Amsterdam 9, 18, 23, 166, 188–9, 287

Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) 18, 22–3, 99, 131

Art. 153 7

Treaty of Rome (Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community) 29,

37, 80

Art. 5 99, 104, 131

Art. 10 253

Art. 13 264

Art. 28 7, 8–9, 31, 43–95, 96n, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103–8, 110–17, 122, 123, 126,

128–30, 135–6, 137, 141, 143, 152–64, 194, 199, 441, 443, 456, 457, 467, 488,

489

Art. 30 56, 57, 61, 76, 100, 105, 106, 112, 131–3, 136, 153, 154, 226

Art. 39 9, 226

Art. 46 226

Art. 55 226

Art. 81 110, 111, 113, 122

(1) 111

Art. 86 230

Art. 94 8

Art. 95 7, 31, 156, 361

(3) 156, 160

Art. 141 9, 10, 31, 165n, 166, 167–9, 177–8, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184n, 188,

191, 192–4, 219–20, 227, 228, 232, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 245,

246, 250, 252, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 266, 273, 274, 276, 281, 282,

290, 450, 491, 492, 494

Art. 153 9, 32, 412, 494

Art. 211 103

Art. 226 104, 105

Art. 228 104, 105

Art. 234 2–4, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 32, 33, 49–53, 78, 92, 165, 205, 217, 274,

425, 437–8, 458, 459, 460, 466, 488

Art. 296 226

Art. 297 226, 242, 262

xxiv






TABLE OF EC DIRECTIVES

Dir. 70/50/EEC 55, 103, 122

Art. 3 87, 123

Dir. 71/305/EEC 230

Dir. 75/117/EEC, Equal Pay Directive 8, 31, 165n, 166, 167, 170, 179, 238, 244,

263, 282, 429, 450, 456, 491

Art. 1 177, 192, 228

Art. 2 214, 231

Art. 6 231

Art. 8 167

Dir. 76/207/EEC, Equal Treatment Directive 8, 31, 165n, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171,

178, 179, 186, 188, 198, 206, 212, 226, 238, 239, 242, 248, 262, 263, 267, 274,

276, 281, 429, 454, 456, 491

Art. 2 198, 215

(1) 194, 197, 249

(2) 186–7, 262, 267

(3) 262

(6) 267

(7) 279

Art. 3 189, 190, 255

(2)(c) 262

Art. 4 198

Art. 5 202–3, 204–7, 268, 269, 499

(1) 190, 205, 207, 238

Art. 6 170, 175, 185, 187, 207–16, 244, 245, 252–4, 261, 262, 268–9, 275, 277,

498, 499

(1) 204

(2) 210, 213

Art. 7 227

Dir. 80/723/EEC, Art. 2 230

Dir. 80/987/EEC 243

Dir. 83/189/EEC 460

Dir. 84/450/EEC 406

xxv






xxvi table of ec directives

Dir. 85/374/EEC, Product Liability Directive 8, 243n, 326n

Dir. 85/577/EEC 8

Dir. 87/373/EEC 460

Dir. 88/182/EEC 460n

Dir. 89/440/EEC 230

Dir. 92/85/EC 170

Dir. 93/13/EEC, Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts 10, 26n, 32, 38, 40, 292,

293, 296, 297, 298, 300, 309–10, 319, 326, 335, 339, 347, 355, 356, 364, 366,

372, 376, 379, 403, 404, 412, 420, 422–3, 428, 430, 431, 432, 456, 457, 464,

467, 494–5

Annex 373, 485, 495

para. 1(q) 386

Art. 3 367, 422

(1) 446, 486

Art. 4 486

(2) 375

Art. 5 375, 383

(2) 310n

Art. 7 356, 377, 379, 404, 406, 407, 499

(1) 403, 408, 409, 499

(2) 403, 404, 405–7, 408–9, 411, 499, 500

Dir. 93/104/EC, Working Time Directive 90

Dir. 94/10/EC 460n

Dir. 97/80/EC, Art. 4(1) 252

Dir. 98/27/EC 380n, 482, 499, 500

Dir. 99/44/EC 38

Dir. 2000/43/EC 171, 243n, 291

Art. 7(2) 491n

Dir. 2000/73/EC 171

Dir. 2000/78/EC 166n, 264

Art. 9(2) 491

Dir. 2002/73/EC 166, 202, 210, 279

Art. 1(2) 267

Art. 2

(2) 202

(6) 202

(7) 198

Art. 6(3) 491

Dir. 2002/78/EC 171






TABLE OF STATUTES

Administration of Justice (Appeals) Act 1934, s. 1 84n

Agriculture Act 1970, ss. 68(6), 71(4), 72(3) 324n

Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876, s. 3 84n

Burgerliches Gesetzbuch Bestimmungen in Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen

(BGB), Art. 305(c) 301, 302

Consumer Credit Act 1974 418, 421

Consumer Protection Act 1987 326

County Courts Act 1984 418

s. 71 418

Criminal Justice Act 1991 47n

Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 282

Equal Pay Act 1970 167, 177, 213, 214, 216, 227, 232, 256, 270, 273, 280, 284,

450, 456

s. 1(3) 192, 193, 281–2

s. 2(5) 214, 215, 257, 271

s. 6(1) 178n

European Communities Act 1972 80, 136, 137

s. 2(1) 80

s. 2(4) 82

Fair Trading Act 1973 326–7, 409

Gas Act 1972 205

Gesetz zur Regelung des Rechts der Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen (Act on

Standard Business Contracts) 1976 298

Hire-Purchase Act 1938, s. 8(3) 324n

Limitation Act 1980 213

Local Government Act 1972

s. 22 77

s. 222 71

Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982, s. 2 155

Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 54

Merchant Shipping Act 1988 34

Misrepresentation Act 1967 324, 325, 334

s. 3 326

xxvii






xxviii table of statutes

Plant Varieties and Seeds Act 1964, s. 17(1) 324n

Race Relations Act 1976 211, 213, 256

s. 4(2) 211

Radioactive Substance Act 1990 93n

Sale of Goods Act 1893

s. 13 311n, 332

s. 55 333n

Sale of Goods Act 1979 387

ss. 12–15 333

s. 14

(2) 331

(3) 330

Sex Discrimination Act 1975 167, 174, 178, 197, 211, 216, 232, 233, 276, 279, 456

s. 1

(1)

(a) 196

(b) 196, 200n

s. 4(1)(a) 174

s. 5(3) 196

s. 6

(2) 211

(4) 178n, 179

s. 29 175

s. 65(2) 208, 254

s. 75 216

s. 77 200n

Shops Act 1950 43, 48, 49, 54, 58, 59, 66, 69, 70, 71, 75, 81, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 95,

98, 100, 134, 135–6, 441, 443, 455, 456, 463, 466, 475, 489

Part IV 46, 48

s. 47 43, 44, 48, 49, 59, 60–1, 63, 66, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90,

100, 108, 128–9, 140, 141, 143, 158, 163

s. 59 54

s. 65(1)(b) 74

s. 66 60n

s. 67 60

s. 71(1) 62, 71–5, 77, 79, 83, 89, 94

Sched. 5 60

para. 1

(1) 46

(b) 46

(h) 46

Shops Act (Northern Ireland) 1946 60






table of statutes xxix

Sunday Observance Act 1780 134

Sunday Trading Act 1994 69, 458, 463

Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 327, 334n

s. 1(3) 327n

s. 3 332

Supply of Goods and Services Act 1973 324, 326

Supreme Court Act 1981, s. 31 72

Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (UCTA) 293, 297, 298, 300, 309, 323, 325–55,

356, 363, 365, 436

s. 1(3) 333

s. 2 344

(1) 333

(2) 334

s. 3 328, 387

(2) 346–50, 360n, 361

(b) 347, 360

(i) 334, 335, 347, 368

(ii) 334, 347

s. 6 333n, 335

(2) 330n

(3) 330, 337, 353n

s. 7 333n, 335

(3) 337, 353n

(4) 353n

s. 11 336

(1) 334, 336, 350

(2) 385n

(3) 334n, 344

(4) 336, 337

(5) 335, 359

s. 12 359

(1) 329–30

(a) and (b) 361

s. 20 353n

s. 21 353n

s. 24(2) 385n

s. 26 359

s. 28 359

Sched. 1 359

Sched. 2 335, 337, 338, 339, 347, 351, 353, 367, 369






TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS

County Courts (Interest on Judgment Debts) Order 1991 418, 421

Sex Discrimination Order (Northern Ireland) 1976 185

Art. 53 185, 187, 242

Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994 (UTCCR 1994) (SI 1994

No. 3159) 293, 296, 297, 298–9, 300, 309, 326, 339, 354, 355–79, 380, 381,

382–3, 385–7, 399–401, 409, 410, 413–21, 422, 430, 436, 457, 466, 499

reg. 2 362–3

(1) 359

reg. 3 375, 397, 416

(1) 359

(2) 375, 376, 385, 391n, 400, 415

(3) 359

(4) 359, 360n

reg. 4 358, 368, 385, 389, 391, 393, 397, 400, 415

(2) 365, 375

(3) 365

(4) 365

reg. 5 358, 365n

(2) 359

(3) 359–60

reg. 6 376, 389, 390, 396, 397

reg. 8 377

(2) 378, 414

(3) 378–9

(4) 379

(6) 379

(7) 379

Sched. 1 360

Sched. 2 372, 385, 394, 395, 398

para. (d) 385n

Sched. 3 365, 386, 387–8, 391, 393, 396, 420

para. 1(b) 391

para. 1(i) 390, 391

xxx






table of statutory instruments xxxi

Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 (UTCCR 1999) (SI 1999

No. 2083) 379–83, 396, 400–1, 410, 413, 430, 500

reg. 5 397, 398, 400

reg. 6 398

reg. 7 398, 400

(1) 389

reg. 15

(1) 381

(2) 381

Sched. 2 388, 396, 397, 398

Sched. 3 389






ABBREVIATIONS

AC Appeal CasesALJR Australian Law Journal ReportsAll ER All England Law ReportsAuR Arbeit und RechtBGB Burgerliches GesetzbuchBLR Building Law ReportsCJ Chief JusticeCLC Commercial Law CasesCMLR Common Market Law ReportsConLR Construction Law ReportsConst LJ Construction Law JournalCPD Common Pleas DivisionDTI Department of Trade and IndustryECJ European Court of JusticeECR European Court ReportsEGLR Estates Gazette Law ReportsEHRR European Human Rights ReportsEMLR Entertainment and Media Law ReportsEOC Equal Opportunities CommissionEuZW Europaische Zeitschrift fur WirtschaftsrechtFLR Family Law ReportsFSR Fleet Street ReportsICR Industrial Cases ReportsIRLR Industrial Relations Law ReportsIStR Internationales SteuerrechtJZ JuristenzeitungKB King’s BenchKritV Kritische Vierteljahresschrift fur Gesetzgebung und

RechtswissenschaftKSSC Keep Sunday Special CampaignLC Lord Chancellor

xxxii






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