The Pharmacy The Pharmacy Technician:Technician:Chapter 1 Chapter 1

HistoryHistory

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Five Historical PeriodsFive Historical Periods

Ancient Era: The beginning of time to Ancient Era: The beginning of time to 1600 AD1600 AD

Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940 Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970 Patient Care Era: 1970 to presentPatient Care Era: 1970 to present Biotechnology and genetic engineering: Biotechnology and genetic engineering:

The new horizonThe new horizon

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The Ancient EraThe Ancient Era

Leaves, mud, and cool water were used to Leaves, mud, and cool water were used to stop bleeding and heal woundsstop bleeding and heal wounds

Early man learned from watching injured Early man learned from watching injured animals’ behaviorsanimals’ behaviors

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Ancient Era Ancient Era

Knowledge of materials with healing Knowledge of materials with healing properties was passed down through the properties was passed down through the tribestribes

Medical information was documented on Medical information was documented on clay tablets around 2600 BCclay tablets around 2600 BC

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The Beginnings of PharmacyThe Beginnings of Pharmacy

The Ebers Papyrus, written around 1500 The Ebers Papyrus, written around 1500 BC, contained formulas for more than 800 BC, contained formulas for more than 800 remediesremedies

Each tribe had a designated person who Each tribe had a designated person who was the equivalent of a priest, pharmacist, was the equivalent of a priest, pharmacist, and physician all in oneand physician all in one

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The Beginnings of Pharmacy The Beginnings of Pharmacy

The earliest known record of the practice The earliest known record of the practice of pharmacy occurred in Mesopotamia of pharmacy occurred in Mesopotamia around 2600 BC.around 2600 BC.

Herbs were the predominant form of Herbs were the predominant form of curativescuratives

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The GreeksThe Greeks

Hippocrates, the “father of medicine,” Hippocrates, the “father of medicine,” liberated medicine from the belief that liberated medicine from the belief that disease was caused by spiritual reasonsdisease was caused by spiritual reasons

Theophrastus, the “father of botany,” Theophrastus, the “father of botany,” classified plants by their various partsclassified plants by their various parts

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The Greeks The Greeks

Mithridates studied the adverse effects of Mithridates studied the adverse effects of plants and later became known as the plants and later became known as the “father of toxicology”“father of toxicology”

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The RomansThe Romans

The Romans organized medical and The Romans organized medical and pharmaceutical knowledge and converted pharmaceutical knowledge and converted theories into scientific rulestheories into scientific rules

The Romans, as well as the Greeks, were The Romans, as well as the Greeks, were responsible for preparing their own responsible for preparing their own prescriptionsprescriptions

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The Romans The Romans

The Romans initiated the first job titles of The Romans initiated the first job titles of various pharmacy-related personnelvarious pharmacy-related personnel

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Other PioneersOther Pioneers

Dioscorides began the transition of the Dioscorides began the transition of the Greek system of knowledge into the Greek system of knowledge into the Roman system of science; he is known as Roman system of science; he is known as the “father of pharmacology”the “father of pharmacology”

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Other Pioneers Other Pioneers

Galen, a Greek physician, wrote “On the Galen, a Greek physician, wrote “On the Art of Healing,” and was very critical of Art of Healing,” and was very critical of physicians who did not prepare their own physicians who did not prepare their own remediesremedies

Cosmos and Damien, the patron saints of Cosmos and Damien, the patron saints of pharmacy and medicine, practiced both pharmacy and medicine, practiced both disciplines around 300 ADdisciplines around 300 AD

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Roman Pharmacy TitlesRoman Pharmacy Titles

Pharmacopeia — makers of remediesPharmacopeia — makers of remedies Pharmacotritae — drug grindersPharmacotritae — drug grinders Unguentarii — makers of ointmentsUnguentarii — makers of ointments Pigmentarii –— makers of cosmeticsPigmentarii –— makers of cosmetics Pharmacopolae — sellers of drugsPharmacopolae — sellers of drugs Aromatarii — dealers in spicesAromatarii — dealers in spices

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The Arabian InfluenceThe Arabian Influence

Formularies — continuation of Formularies — continuation of documentation of drug informationdocumentation of drug information

Dosage forms — syrups, conserves, Dosage forms — syrups, conserves, confections, and julepsconfections, and juleps

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The Arabian Influence The Arabian Influence

Pharmacy shops — first appeared in Pharmacy shops — first appeared in Baghdad around 762 AD, and were Baghdad around 762 AD, and were privately owned privately owned

Hospital pharmacies followed in Hospital pharmacies followed in Marrakech around 1190 ADMarrakech around 1190 AD

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The Italian InfluenceThe Italian Influence

Europe’s first university was established in Europe’s first university was established in Salerno, and was responsible for major Salerno, and was responsible for major contributions to pharmacy and medicinecontributions to pharmacy and medicine

The Magna Carta of Pharmacy, separating The Magna Carta of Pharmacy, separating pharmacy from medicine, was issued by pharmacy from medicine, was issued by Emperor Frederick IIEmperor Frederick II

Guilds of pharmacists were establishedGuilds of pharmacists were established

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New IdeasNew Ideas

A Swiss physician, Paracelsus, A Swiss physician, Paracelsus, contradicted the Galenic theories of contradicted the Galenic theories of botanical orientation to medicine with his botanical orientation to medicine with his own theories based on chemicals own theories based on chemicals

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New Ideas New Ideas

Monasteries became host to their own Monasteries became host to their own pharmaciespharmacies

Germany became the first to Germany became the first to governmentally regulate its pharmaciesgovernmentally regulate its pharmacies

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The Influence of RoyaltyThe Influence of Royalty

Pharmacists who worked for royal families Pharmacists who worked for royal families provided specialized services, and were provided specialized services, and were known as apothecariesknown as apothecaries

New medicinal herbal substances, plants, New medicinal herbal substances, plants, trees, and seeds began to be usedtrees, and seeds began to be used

Better documentation of this new Better documentation of this new knowledge began to occurknowledge began to occur

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The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

Pharmacy became separated from Pharmacy became separated from medicinemedicine

Pharmacy regulation beganPharmacy regulation began University education of pharmacists was University education of pharmacists was

now requirednow required

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The Renaissance The Renaissance

Larger quantities of known and new drugs Larger quantities of known and new drugs were imported from the New World and were imported from the New World and the Orientthe Orient

New chemical medicines were introducedNew chemical medicines were introduced

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The Empiric EraThe Empiric Era

Pharmacopeias became the regulatory Pharmacopeias became the regulatory tools of government, with standardized tools of government, with standardized medicines listedmedicines listed

Existing medications were questioned Existing medications were questioned and tested as to their actual and tested as to their actual effectivenesseffectiveness

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The Empiric Era The Empiric Era

In the 18th century, pharmacy began to In the 18th century, pharmacy began to develop in the colonies of the New Worlddevelop in the colonies of the New World

In 1751, Benjamin Franklin started the first In 1751, Benjamin Franklin started the first hospital in Americahospital in America

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The Empiric Era The Empiric Era

The first hospital pharmacist was Jonathan The first hospital pharmacist was Jonathan RobertsRoberts

William Proctor introduced control into the William Proctor introduced control into the practice of pharmacy in the New Worldpractice of pharmacy in the New World

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Drugs Discovered in the Drugs Discovered in the 19th Century19th Century

QuinineQuinine CaffeineCaffeine MorphineMorphine CodeineCodeine NiacinNiacin

AdrenalinAdrenalin PenicillinPenicillin PhenobarbitalPhenobarbital TestosteroneTestosterone

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The Industrialization EraThe Industrialization Era

Firms other than the pharmacies Firms other than the pharmacies themselves began centralized themselves began centralized manufacturing of medicinal preparationsmanufacturing of medicinal preparations

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The Industrialization Era The Industrialization Era

The periods of development of The periods of development of manufacturing pharmacy began as manufacturing pharmacy began as follows:follows: Formative (1867)Formative (1867) Botanical (1875)Botanical (1875) Standardization (1882)Standardization (1882) Organic Chemicals (1883)Organic Chemicals (1883)

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The Industrialization Era The Industrialization Era

Biological (1895)Biological (1895) Hormones (1901)Hormones (1901) Vitamins (1909)Vitamins (1909) Antibiotics (1940)Antibiotics (1940)

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The Growth of IndustrializationThe Growth of Industrialization

Large amounts of war-related injuries Large amounts of war-related injuries required industrial manufacturing in order required industrial manufacturing in order to meet the need for pharmaceutical to meet the need for pharmaceutical productsproducts

Many retail pharmacists protested the Many retail pharmacists protested the industrialization of manufacturingindustrialization of manufacturing

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The Growth of Industrialization The Growth of Industrialization

Industrialization brought about biologically Industrialization brought about biologically prepared products, complex chemical prepared products, complex chemical synthesis, increased use of parenteral synthesis, increased use of parenteral medications, and standardized medications, and standardized manufacturingmanufacturing

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Retail PharmacyRetail Pharmacy

The pharmaceutical industry created new The pharmaceutical industry created new needs, to the advantage of retail pharmacyneeds, to the advantage of retail pharmacy

Retail pharmacy has proved to be Retail pharmacy has proved to be indispensable and irreplaceable as the indispensable and irreplaceable as the fitting and distributing agency of medicinal fitting and distributing agency of medicinal productsproducts

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Retail Pharmacy Retail Pharmacy

Manufacturing and retail pharmacy are two Manufacturing and retail pharmacy are two branches of the same treebranches of the same tree

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The Patient Care EraThe Patient Care Era

Increased concentration on rational, Increased concentration on rational, targeted research through the use of targeted research through the use of computerscomputers

Increased number of available medicinesIncreased number of available medicines

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The Patient Care Era The Patient Care Era

Well-coordinated teams of scientists with Well-coordinated teams of scientists with other professions such as statisticians and other professions such as statisticians and financial managersfinancial managers

Multiple drug therapy, however, led to Multiple drug therapy, however, led to adverse reactions, interactions, and adverse reactions, interactions, and therapeutic outcomes that were greater or therapeutic outcomes that were greater or less than desiredless than desired

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Patient-Focused Drug TherapyPatient-Focused Drug Therapy

Also thought of as drug control or drug Also thought of as drug control or drug monitoringmonitoring

C.D. Hepler established the concept of C.D. Hepler established the concept of pharmaceutical care around 1988pharmaceutical care around 1988

A pharmacist’s education must now focus A pharmacist’s education must now focus on human behavior as it relates to on human behavior as it relates to providing practiced, patient-focused careproviding practiced, patient-focused care

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The New HorizonThe New Horizon

Research into gene therapy and genetic Research into gene therapy and genetic defects has greatly increaseddefects has greatly increased

Recombinant DNA technology is Recombinant DNA technology is producing new medications based on the producing new medications based on the patient’s genetic make-uppatient’s genetic make-up

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The New Horizon The New Horizon

Some medications that come from natural Some medications that come from natural sources, such as insulin, are prone to sources, such as insulin, are prone to producing allergiesproducing allergies

Genetic research is involved in the pursuit Genetic research is involved in the pursuit of cures for major diseases, such as of cures for major diseases, such as cancercancer