The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE...
Transcript of The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE...
![Page 1: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Periodic Table
![Page 2: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Introduction
– The periodic table is made up of rows of elements
and columns.
– An element is identified by its chemical symbol.
– The number above the symbol is the atomic
number
– The number below the symbol is the rounded
atomic weight of the element.
– A row is called a period
– A column is called a group
![Page 3: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Organizing the Elements
• Chemists used the properties of
elements to sort them into groups.
• JW. Dobreiner grouped elements into
triads.
• A triad is a set of three elements with
similar properties.
![Page 4: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• In 1869, a Russian chemist and teacher published a table of the elements.
• Mendeleev arranged the elements in the periodic table in
order of increasing atomic mass.
![Page 5: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Henry Moseley
1887 - 1915
In 1913, through his work with X-rays, he determined the actual nuclear charge (atomic number) of the elements*. He rearranged the elements in order of increasing atomic number.*“There is in the atom a fundamental quantity which increases by regular steps as we pass from each element to the next. This quantity can only be the charge on the central positive nucleus.”
![Page 6: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Periodic Law
In the modern periodic table elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
Periodic Law states: When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties.
![Page 7: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• The elements can be grouped into three broad classes based on their general properties.
• Three classes of elements are Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids.
• Across a period, the properties of elements become less metallic and more nonmetallic.
![Page 8: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Properties of Metals
• Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
• Metals are shiny.
• Metals are ductile (can be stretched into thin wires).
• Metals are malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets).
• A chemical property of metal is its reaction with water which results in corrosion.
• Solid at room temperature except Hg.
![Page 9: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Properties of Non-Metals
• Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
• Non-metals are not ductile or malleable.
• Solid non-metals are brittle and break easily.
• They are dull.
• Many non-metals are gases.
Sulfur
![Page 10: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Properties of Metalloids
• Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both metals and non-metals.
• They are solids that can be shiny or dull.
• They conduct heat and electricity better than non-metals but not as well as metals.
• They are ductile and malleable.
Silicon
![Page 11: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Groups Periods
Columns of elements are
called groups or families.
Elements in each group
have similar but not
identical properties.
For example, lithium (Li),
sodium (Na), potassium
(K), and other members of
group IA are all soft, white,
shiny metals.
All elements in a group
have the same number of
valence electrons.
Each horizontal row of elements is called a period.
The elements in a period are not alike in properties.
In fact, the properties change greatly across even given row.
The first element in a period is always an extremely active solid. The last element in a period, is always an inactive gas.
![Page 12: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hydrogen
The hydrogen square sits atop group AI, but
it is not a member of that group. Hydrogen is
in a class of its own.
It’s a gas at room temperature.
It has one proton and one electron in its one
and only energy level.
Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up its
valence shell.
![Page 13: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
6.2 Classifying the Elements
The periodic table
displays the symbols
and names of the
elements along with
information about the
structure of their
atoms.
![Page 14: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Four chemical groups
of the periodic table:
1. alkali metals (IA)
2. alkaline earth metals
(IIA),
3. Halogens (VII),
4. Noble gases (VIIIA).
![Page 15: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Alkali Metals
The alkali family is found in the first column of the periodic table.
Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost level, in other words, 1 valence electron.
They are shiny, have the consistency of clay, and are easily cut with a knife.
![Page 16: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Alkali Metals
They are the most reactive metals.
They react violently with water.
Alkali metals are never found as free elements in nature. They are always bonded with another element.
![Page 17: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Alkaline Earth Metals
They are never found uncombined in nature.
They have two valence electrons.
Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and
calcium, among others.
![Page 18: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Transition Metals
Transition Elements include those elements in the B groups.
These are the metals you are probably most familiar: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver.
They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
![Page 19: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Transition Metals
The compounds of transition metals are usually brightly colored and are often used to color paints.
Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons, which they lose when they form bonds with other atoms. Some transition elements can lose electrons in their next-to-outermost level.
![Page 20: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Transition Elements
Transition elements have properties
similar to one another and to other metals,
but their properties do not fit in with those
of any other group.
Many transition metals combine
chemically with oxygen to form
compounds called oxides.
![Page 21: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Representative Elements
Groups 1A – 7A.
Elements are refered to as representative
elements because they display a wide
range of physical and chemical properties.
For any representative element, its group
number equals the number of electrons in
the highest occupied energy level.
![Page 22: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Trends in the periodic
table:
Ionization EnergyAtomic Radius
Electron AffinityElectronegativity
![Page 23: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sizes of Atoms
The bonding atomic
radius is defined as
one-half of the
distance between
covalently bonded
nuclei.
![Page 24: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Atomic Radius Trend
Group Trend – As you go down a column,
atomic radius increases.
As you go down, e- are filled into orbitals that are
farther away from the nucleus (attraction not
as strong).
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L
to R), atomic radius decreases.
As you go L to R, e- are put into the same orbital,
but more p+ and e- total (more attraction =
smaller size).
![Page 25: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Atomic Radius
![Page 26: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Ionic Radius Trend
Metals – lose e-, which means more p+ than e-
(more attraction) SO…
Ionic Radius < Neutral Atomic Radius
Nonmetals – gain e-, which means more e-
than p+ (not as much attraction) SO…
Ionic Radius > Neutral Atomic Radius
![Page 28: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Sizes of Ions
Ionic size depends
upon:
Nuclear charge.
Number of
electrons.
Orbitals in which
electrons reside.
![Page 29: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Sizes of Ions
Cations are
smaller than their
parent atoms.
The outermost
electron is
removed and
repulsions are
reduced.
![Page 30: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Sizes of Ions
Anions are larger
than their parent
atoms.
Electrons are
added and
repulsions are
increased.
![Page 31: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Sizes of Ions
Ions increase in size
as you go down a
column.
Due to increasing
value of n.
![Page 32: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Metals versus Nonmetals
Metals tend to form cations.
Nonmetals tend to form anions.
![Page 33: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Background Electrons can jump between shells (Bohr’s
model supported by line spectra)
The electrons can be pushed so far that they
escape the attraction of the nucleus
Losing an electron is called ionization
An ion is an atom that has either a net
positive or net negative charge
Q: what would the charge be on an atom
that lost an electron? Gained two electrons?
A: +1 (because your losing a -ve electron)
A: -2 (because you gain 2 -ve electrons)
![Page 34: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ionization Energy
Amount of energy required to remove an
electron from the ground state of a
gaseous atom or ion.
First ionization energy is that energy required
to remove first electron.
Second ionization energy is that energy
required to remove second electron, etc.
![Page 35: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Ionization Energy
Group Trend – As you go down a column,
ionization energy decreases.
As you go down, atomic size is increasing (less
attraction), so easier to remove an e-.
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to
R), ionization energy increases.
As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing (more
attraction), so more difficult to remove an e-
(also, metals want to lose e-, but nonmetals do
not).
![Page 36: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Ionization Energy
It requires more energy to remove each
successive electron.
When all valence electrons have been removed,
the ionization energy takes a quantum leap.
![Page 37: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Trends in First Ionization
Energies
As one goes down a
column, less energy
is required to remove
the first electron.
For atoms in the same
group, Zeff is
essentially the same,
but the valence
electrons are farther
from the nucleus.
![Page 38: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Electronegativity
Electronegativity-
tendency of an
atom to attract e-
.
![Page 39: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Electronegativity Trend
Group Trend – As you go down a column,
electronegativity decreases.
As you go down, atomic size is increasing, so less
attraction to its own e- and other atom’s e-.
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
electronegativity increases.
As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing, so there is
more attraction to its own e- and other atom’s e-.
![Page 40: The Periodic Table - KING'S SCIENCE PAGEhkingscience.weebly.com/.../05a_notes_periodictable01.pdfperiodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070109/60424c1b858f074c55451bb9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Electronegativity