The Periodic Table A Short History. End of 1700s: Had identified 30 elements Lavoisier separated...
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The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table
A Short HistoryA Short History
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End of 1700s:End of 1700s:Had identified 30 Had identified 30 elementselements
Lavoisier separated Lavoisier separated metals and nonmetalsmetals and nonmetals
Some known since prehistoric times
CuO2
Ag
Au
C
H2
N2
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Early 1800Early 1800
56 known elements56 known elements
New methods such as New methods such as atomic spectra used atomic spectra used to identify new to identify new elementselements
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German Chemist J.W. Dobereiner German Chemist J.W. Dobereiner (1780-1849)(1780-1849)
Observed several Observed several triadstriads
3 elements with 3 elements with similar properties similar properties where the middle where the middle element had average element had average propertiesproperties
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TriadsTriadsElement Atomic Mass Density
Cl 35.5amu 1.56 g/L
Br 79.9amu 3.12 g/L
I 126.9amu 4.95 g/L
Ca 40.1amu 1.55 g/L
Sr 87.6amu 2.70 g/L
Ba 137.0amu 3.50 g/L
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1865 J.A.R. Newlands (1837-1898)1865 J.A.R. Newlands (1837-1898)
62 Known elements62 Known elements
When elements were arranged When elements were arranged by increasing atomic mass, the by increasing atomic mass, the properties repeated every 8properties repeated every 8thth elementelement
Called the phenomena theCalled the phenomena the
““Law of OctavesLaw of Octaves””
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1869 Russian Chemist 1869 Russian Chemist Dimitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) andDimitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) and
German Chemist Lothar Meyer (1830-1885)German Chemist Lothar Meyer (1830-1885)
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Nearly identical schemes for classifyingNearly identical schemes for classifying
Mendeleev given credit because published Mendeleev given credit because published firstfirst
Produced first periodic tableProduced first periodic table
Mendeleev given credit over Newlands Mendeleev given credit over Newlands because he sometimes broke the pattern because he sometimes broke the pattern to put in order of propertiesto put in order of properties
Allowed him to predict properties of Allowed him to predict properties of missing elementsmissing elements
Led to prediction of 2 elements not yet Led to prediction of 2 elements not yet discovereddiscovered
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MendeleevMendeleev
Mendeleev given credit because published Mendeleev given credit because published firstfirst
Produced first periodic tableProduced first periodic table
he sometimes broke the pattern to put in he sometimes broke the pattern to put in order of propertiesorder of properties
Allowed him to predict properties of missing Allowed him to predict properties of missing elementselements
Led to prediction of 2 elements not yet Led to prediction of 2 elements not yet discovereddiscovered
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Mendeleev’s Prediction:
B C N
10.8 12.0 14.0
Al Si P
26.7 28.0 30.9
Zn
65
Cd In Sn Sb
112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8
As
74.9
Eka
Aluminum
Eka
Silicon
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1913 English Chemist H.G.J. 1913 English Chemist H.G.J. MoselyMosely
Noticed that Mendeleev Noticed that Mendeleev not always correctnot always correct
Arranged elements by Arranged elements by atomic number, not atomic number, not massmass
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Periodic LawPeriodic Law
When elements are arranged When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic in order of increasing atomic number, their physical and number, their physical and chemical properties show a chemical properties show a periodic patternperiodic pattern
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