The Peopling of the World Chapter 1 Pre-history- 2500 B.C.
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Transcript of The Peopling of the World Chapter 1 Pre-history- 2500 B.C.
The Peopling of the WorldChapter 1Pre-history- 2500 B.C.
Objectives WHI.2•Demonstrate knowledge of early development of
mankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by:▫Explaining the impact of geographic environment
on hunter-gather societies▫Listing characteristics of hunter-gather societies▫Describing technological and social advancements
that gave rise to stable communities▫Explaining how archeological discoveries are
changing present-day knowledge of early peoples
How do we know about the development of Humans?
• Fossils▫ Natural▫ Hair, bones
• Artifacts▫ Man-made▫ Tools, clothing, jewelry
• Archaeologists▫ Use radio carbon dating
• Stonehenge▫ Example of archeological
site▫ Begun during Neolithic Era
and completed during Bronze Age
Human Origins in Africa
• Pre-history▫ Before the invention of writing
• Clues▫ Artifacts: remains such as tools, jewelry, and other
human made objects (archeologists)▫ Can use artifacts to re-create early life
(anthropologists)▫ Human fossils (paleontologists)
• Footprints▫ 1970s Mary Leakey found prehistoric footprints in
East Africa▫ Resembled modern human footprints▫ belonged to australopitecines (hominids= walked
upright)▫ Evidence that humans walked upright 3.6 million
years ago
australopithecines
• More Discoveries▫ Donald Johnson found a
complete hominid skeleton in Ethiopia in 1974 Named Lucy after Beatles
song 3.5 million years old Oldest skeleton to date 43 inches high
• Hominids on the move▫ Walking upright allowed
Hominids to move easier▫ Developed opposable thumbs
• Homo Habilis▫ Appeared in East Africa▫ 2.5 million years ago▫ Skeleton discovered by
Mary Leakey 1960 at Olduvai Gorge
▫ “man of skill”▫ Tools of lava rocks found▫ Possible first hunter
• Homo Erectus▫ Appeared in East Africa▫ 1.6 million years ago▫ “upright man”▫ More intelligent▫ Developed technology
Tools and skills to meet needs
▫ Skillful hunters▫ First to migrate on large
scale Settled in India, China,
SE Asia, and Europe▫ First to use fire
Controlled fire▫ Developed beginnings of
spoken language
Dawn of Modern Humans• Development of Homo Erectus into
Homo Sapiens• “wise men”
▫ Larger brains• Neanderthal’s
▫ Europe/SW Asia▫ Powerfully built, well-developed
muscles, thick bones, slanted brows▫ Lived 200,000 – 30,000 years ago▫ “cave-man” – large/bulky bodies▫ Developed religious beliefs and rituals
(funeral)▫ Resourceful- made temporary shelters▫ Vanished 30,000 years ago – no reason
why• Cro-Magnon’s
▫ Emerged 40,000 years ago▫ Identical to Modern Humans▫ Planned their hunts▫ Survival easier= population grew
quickly▫ Advanced skill in spoken language
New Evidence
•1994▫2.33 million year old jaw▫Found tools▫Suggests toolmakers emerged earlier than
thought
•1996▫Neanderthal bone flute found▫43,000 years old▫New concept of music
Humans Try to Control Nature
•Achievements in Technology and Art▫Focus shifts from survival to more advanced
culture▫People of Stone Age were nomadic
Hunter-gathers Increased food supply by inventing tools (Cro-
Magnons)▫Technological revolution
Use of stone, bone, and wood for different tools Expanded to knives, fish hooks, and harpoons Cro-Magnons used needles to sew animal hides
Paleolithic Art• Paleolithic people wore
jewelry made of seashells, lion teeth, and bear claws
• Carved small realistic sculptures of animals
• Cave paintings depicting wild animals▫ Religious beliefs/magical power▫ Communication▫ Made from: egg whites, fat,
plant juice, and blood▫ Also used charcoal
Paleolithic Culture• Language
▫ Formation of social groups Necessary for individuals to
express concerns and feelings
▫ Requires an ability to understand ideas
▫ Use of symbols and words▫ Hard to determine extent of
language, no written language
• Burial of the Dead▫ Comes with belief about
dead▫ Burial of human
jaws/skulls practiced early on
▫ Unclear whether trying to protect dead or protect living from spirits of the dead
▫ All groups had special significance for skull
▫ Towards end of Paleolithic period, groups bury dead with jewelry Appearance of graves Holes in the back of the
head
Neolithic Revolution• 10,000 years ago seeds
scattered, crops grew = Neolithic revolution
• Causes▫ Climate change?▫ warm temperatures = longer
growing seasons▫ More food = more people▫ Steady source of food
• Early Methods▫ Slash-and-burn farming
Cut trees/grasses and burn Ash fertilizes the soil Plant for a couple years Move to replenish soil
• Domestication of Animals▫ Taming of animals▫ Slow evolution▫ Constant source of food
• Revolution in Jarmo▫ Foot of Zagros Mountains in
Iraq▫ Practiced agriculture 9,000 yrs
ago
Villages Growand Prosper
• Agriculture developed independently throughout the world
• Africa▫ Nile River Valley▫ Wheat, barley
• China▫ 8,000 yrs ago▫ Yellow River (Huang He)▫ millet
• Mexico/ Central America▫ Corns, bean squash
• Peru▫ Central Andes▫ Tomatoes, potatoes
• Catal Huyuk▫ South-central Turkey▫ Example of early
agricultural life▫ Surplus of food= more
time▫ Skilled workers/ trade
Objectives
•Describe key scientific findings about human origins
•List human achievements during the Stone Age
•Describe the emergence of modern humans
•Describe technological and artistic achievements of the Paleolithic Age
•Define and describe the Neolithic Revolution
•Give examples of the growth of farming
Gobekli Tepe
Objectives WHI.2 Revisited•Demonstrate knowledge of early development of
mankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by:▫Explaining the impact of geographic environment
on hunter-gather societies▫Listing characteristics of hunter-gather societies▫Describing technological and social advancements
that gave rise to stable communities▫Explaining how archeological discoveries are
changing present-day knowledge of early peoples