The Pectoral (shoulder) GirdleThe Pelvic Girdle

The Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

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Composed of two bones

Clavicle – collarbone

Scapula – shoulder blade

These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle

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Figure 5.20a, b

Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle

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Figure 5.20c, d

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb

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The arm is formed by a single bone

Humerus

Figure 5.21a, b

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb

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• The forearm has two bones

• Ulna

• Radius

Figure 5.21c

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb

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The hand

Carpals – wrist

Metacarpals – palm

Phalanges – fingers

Figure 5.22

Bones of the Hand

• It supports the weight of the body from the vertebral column.

• It also protects and supports the lower organs, including the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the developing fetus in a pregnant woman.

FUNCTIONS OF PELVIC GIRDLE

Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle

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Hip bones Composed of three pair of fused bones

Ilium Ischium Pubic bone

The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis

Protects several organs Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine

The PelvisThe Pelvis

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Figure 5.23a

The PelvisThe Pelvis

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Figure 5.23b

Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis

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Figure 5.23c

DIFFERENCES IN M/F PELVIS

• Female inlet is larger and circular• Female pelvis is shallower, lighter, thinner• Female sacrum is shorter• Female ischial spines are shorter, farther apart• Pubic arch is more rounded

Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs

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The thigh has one bone

Femur – thigh bone

Figure 5.35a, b

Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs

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The leg has two bones

Tibia

Fibula

Figure 5.35c

Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs

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The foot

Tarsus – ankle

Metatarsals – sole

Phalanges – toes

Figure 5.25

Arches of the FootArches of the Foot

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Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches

Two longitudinal

One transverseFigure 5.26

JointsJoints

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Articulations of bones

Functions of joints

Hold bones together

Allow for mobility

Ways joints are classified

Functionally

Structurally

Functional Classification of JointsFunctional Classification of Joints

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Synarthroses – immovable joints

Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints

Diarthroses – freely moveable joints

INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS

• Fibrous = syndesmoses “give”• Cartilaginous• Synovial – fluid• 1. articular cartilage• 2. fibrous capsule• 3. joint cavity• 4. reinforcing ligaments

ARTHRITIS

• 3 sx:• 1. pain• 2. stiffness• 3. swelling

• OA – osteoarthritis – “wear-and-tear”• Affects articular cartilage• Analgesics (pain)

ARTHRITIS

• RA – rheumatoid arthritis – 3x women• Autoimmune disease• Joint replacement usually necessary

• GA – gouty arthritis• Uric acid • Males 30+• genetic

Osteoarthritis is a deterioration of cartilage and overgrowth of bone often due to "wear and tear". Rheumatoid arthritis is the inflammation of a joint's connective tissues, such as the synovial membranes, which leads to the destruction of the articular cartilage.