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10/20/12 The Parametric Paradigm and the Formation of a new Style

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Architecture of the self-organizing system - excerpt

Parametricism - The Parametric Paradigm and the Formation of a new Style

Published in: Time + Architecture, 2012/5, China

Extracts from: 'The autopoiesis of Architecture Volume 2 - A New Agenda for Architecture',John Wiley & Sons, March 2012 Author: Patrick Schumacher (Patrik Schumacher) Translator: ZhangShuo Jiong, Rodin proofreading: Guo Lei

ABSTRACT:

In the theory of autopoiesis of Architecture, Patrik Schumacher categorizes styles to epochal, subsidiaryand transitional styles. of He looks back THROUGH history and aligns the epochal styles of architectwith SOCIO-economic epoch, mainly based on Niklas Luhmann's theory. Four major The majorepochal styles are distinguished, as Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassicism / Historicism and Modernism.Patrik argues here that Parametrism will be the fifth epochal styles of 21st century in architecturalhistory. Parametrism is a solution to organise and articulate the increased complexity of post-fordistnetwork society . It has a series of new concepts and methods, which are different from repertoire oftraditional or modern architecture, that one is justified to speak of the emergence of a new paradigmwithin architecture.

Parametrism has been explored through the world network researchers for over 30 years. It is maturingthrough a whole series of successful, high profile research and built projects on all scales and acrossmany programmes. The concept of parametrism as an unified style of 21st century, initially as a unifiedavant-garde design research programme, and eventually as a unified system of principles, ambitions andvalues that constitute global best practice.

Summary :Patrick Schumacher in self-organizing systems architecture book, divided into the style of the era, fromthe property and transitional. Niklas Luhmann's sociological theory, dialectical correspondence betweenthe architecture in the style of the times, and belongs to the era of socio-economic background,and analysis of the four-times-style Renaissance, Baroque neoclassical / historicism and modernism.

Schumacher parameterized doctrine will become the fifth of architectural history, belongs to the style ofthe era of the 21st century. The parameters of the 'post-Fordist network society organizations and clarifythe increasingly complex solutions. It ownshave a range of traditional, modern field of architecture is not the same new concepts and methods,people, thereby determining the architecture emerged of the new paradigm. The parameterized doctrinehas network groups of researchers in the world to be explored for over 30 years. It membership by aseries of successful, high quality, scale and function and the completion of the project matures. Theparametersof the doctrine as a unified style of the 21st century, the original unified vanguard design researchprogram, and ultimately become the principle of unity, vision and value system, constitute the best

global practices.
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11. parameterized doctrine - parameterized paradigm and the formation of the new style

The recent Pioneer Architecture global convergence, this consensus has identified the generation of anew style: parameterized doctrine. The most significant external characteristics complex and the elementclusters breeding the dynamic curve linear - membership change by the successive differences bestressed. In addition to the surface features outside, people can also identify a range of traditional,modern field of architecture is not the same new concepts and methods, and thus to determine thearchitecture a whole new paradigm of emergence. Shared concept, the form of language library,constructed logic and computing technology features real to the formation of a new style of brewing.The parametersof the doctrine is the great new style Following modernism. Postmodernism and deconstruction onlylong-term research and innovation cycle transition episode. Establishment of modernism is based on theconcept of space, and the parameters of doctrine by the "field" (field) with whom distinction. The fieldis filling, as filled with fluid medium 1. Unlike the understanding of classical and modernist designbased on simple elements constitute the parameters of the 'design involves dynamic programming field,generated by the differences and associated interactive subsystem organization by a large number ofscalable shaping unit body membership . New design tools for its realization is essential to create a newdesign process and methods. These

new ways of working in the design process has been to promote and optimize. Parameterized doctrinetherefore rely on absorption sophisticated computing technology. However, parameterized as a style, notonly with new technology gorgeous dressed, has a new, unique value characteristics, thesecharacteristics even in computing technology has generated able to mature prior to being applied.The book is the first volume 3.9 illustrates the style as a research project, pioneer style can be analog asa new scientific paradigm, and thus support a new conceptual framework to develop new goals andmethods. Design research program that is style. The evolution of the internal architecture innovationwith the style, or style to another style evolution forward. The stylerepresents the cycle of innovation, design research activities are brought together for the collective effort.The vanguard design projects is a speculative hypothesis in a certain style. The style is a coherent

research program, to build a series of systematic design of experiments. Stability characteristics of theself is a prerequisite for its evolution. The style may initially is the appearance of the concept or designresults, but anoperational definition - can reliably guide the design exploration of the design process - let the style tobecome a coherent pioneer the collective design research process is crucial. Style as a design studyprogram should provide guidance to the understanding of the function / operation, as well as back toshape molding. Parameterized operational definition must have both functional rules and morphologicalrules:

All functions for the parameterized activities / events scene all the space / activities / events interrelatedparameters' function rules:negative principle (taboos): avoid rigid stereotypes encouraged toavoid the isolation of functional partitionprinciple (Creed):

Parameter 'morphological rules:negative principle (taboo): Avoid rigid shape of the (lack of the extended plastic)to avoid simple repetition (lack of diversity)to avoid an independent, not associated with elements of collageencourage the principles (creed): All forms are flexible (Intelligent: deformation (deformation) =information (information))

All systems are differentiated (gradients, ssthresh singularity)All systems are interdependent (interrelated)
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Avoid taboo principles and adhere to the achievements of the complex social system under complexorder creed principle. Its coherence as a collective research program is that the the unremitting insistenceof these tenets and taboos. Carry forward such style and clear in recently, but its development has reallybecome more than 15 years - a new generation of young architects added a lot of this movement,regardless of whether they claimed to belong to this style, they are active to comply with the principlesof the taboo and creed. After 15 years and mature style, is leading with the current Pioneer building. Ithasestablished a far-reaching impact of systemic innovation, and is moving toward the mainstream style, toeventually inherit modernism in order to change the situation of the global construction environment.This isa style to end the the modernist crisis caused by uncertainty style transitional, this transitional period,including a brief episode based critique of modernism, postmodernism, new historicism anddeconstruction. 55 55Figure : the modernist Figure 56 56: of postmodernism Figure 57 57: thedeconstruction Figure 58 58: the parametric ' parameter 'appearance as (organic or inorganic) naturalphenomenon, the result of self-organization and evolution process . Frei Otto (Frei Otto) is the only truepioneers of the parametric doctrine. To "form-finding" (formfinding), instead of the traditional drawingor Hard-made form of physical model as simulation and design engines. The complex contains theinherent laws of the physical process of exploration can not be reached otherwise, precise and elegant

combination. The methods demonstrated amazing strength and beauty. However, the closely dependenton the physical model so that it is limited, you can not go further promotion within the discipline. I needto be simple and easy to do digitized analog to the larger and broader impact of Otto's pioneering workin today.
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Figure 59 59: Frei Otto (Frei Otto), soap film model of membrane structure tent contemporaryparametric advocates the use of digital simulation and form-finding tool, by its very nature is openartificial modulus. Parameters can not only be extracted from the natural range can also be brand new,man-made force field and defined the rules of logic. Any object (geometry, position, color, transparency,etc.) of the parameter (attribute or relationship) with the other parameters of the object (or object groups)are interrelated. Relevance here to the very core of the concept, related to parametric architectural order.The correlation between existing is that the internal design, also design their external environment.Internal correlation includes both the interdependence between the various subsystems that constitutedesign, but also constitutes interdependence between subsystems within the unit elements. Externalcorrelation environmental adaptability and adhesion. This environmental adaptability a priorirequirements for self-organizing systems. Reference number of 'exploration and technologycontextualism (contextualism) raised to a new level of intensity.

11.1 as the parameters of the doctrine of the epoch-making style

Participate in an innovative adaptation of the continuous cycle of pioneer architecture and urbanism

argument 57 --- so that the re-processing of existing disciplines of architecture and urbanenvironment more responsive to the socio-economic era of post-Fordism .

Contemporary pioneer in building a major trend known as "parameterized ', which can sometimes bemistaken for mere fashion. A trend named "XX 'itself is a misleading behavior, despite initial purpose isthe opposite: the definition of a phenomenon of the times. In order to emphasize the contemporary worldpioneer building is a new style (likely is the significance of the times) molding and mature, we need theconcept of style - though it is being marginalized in the past few decades - and remodeling Describe oneof the important areas of the building. In the first volume of the "self-organizing system architecture,style theory expressed as: style aesthetic features and practical functions of the building is able tointegrate the necessary systems together. The same time, they are also the vanguard of the building as anecessary precondition for a common design research program.

The parameter 'global expansion is an epoch-making phenomenon, what it means?

In the first volume, the theory of style distinguish the times, from the property and transitional style. Oneof the most critical classification is the style of the times. Means that the architectural style of the conceptand the overall social era. Also need for the division of the social history of the development cycle

theory as a prerequisite, for example, a theory distinguish between various social period. All socialdevelopment cycle theory that social development the membership clearly differentiated from one stage,rather than a smooth, continuous process. The nature of this assumption is that the community to be
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understood as an overall system, wherein the monomer and subsystem functions integrated andinterdependent, individual differences, and therefore restricted. This in turn implies that the mutualstabilization of the monomer and the subsystem. At the same time, it also shows that the subsystem keyelements of change and destruction of the normal operation of the system, then the other elements andsubsystems are also susceptible to influence and interference that was forced to be changed. Therefore,this evolutionary model of the overall system can be inferred is not smooth, relative stability andaccelerate the transition between swing. Draw on the theory of biological evolution, this phenomenon isusually performance and summarized as punctuated equilibrium. Therefore, social history and thehistory of the various subsystems of society can stage representation. Subsystem inside of the buildingsociety, the stage performance that is the architectural style of the times.

Traditionally used to analyze the process of social development theory are philosophical category - thephilosophy of history - an important contributor Vico (Vico), Hegel (Hegel), Marx (Marx), and Spencer(Spencer) . Marxism is by far the most mature historical period divided theory. Although the theory ofself-organizing systems architecture is built in Niklas Luhmann (Niklas Luhmann) the mature historicalperiod divided theoretically, developed in the framework of Marxism, historical analysis and can not becompletely ignored. Therefore the next, must go in Luhmann's framework to clarify and integrate theconcept of Marx. Luhmann core framework established in the dominant mode of social differentiation. It

replaced Marx "social mode of production" as a historical era distinguished way. Luhmann identifiesfour main differentiation, as follows:

1. Cell differentiation2. Center - peripheral differentiation3. Class differentiation4. Functional differentiation

Marx pointed out that the the four productivity development stage 2, order:

1. Primitive communist society2. Slave society3. Feudal society4. Capitalist society

Primitive communist society - communes share many (not all) resources - tribal economic form. At thisstage, this original division of cell differentiation . The tribal family parallel to each other, as equal unitswithout the class intervention or division of. The members of the division of labor within the family alsodo so. The economic situation of the slave society, feudal society class to become the main way of socialdifferentiation, are class-divided society, and therefore can be merged. However, if we focus the historyof the last 1000 years, considering only 500 years ago, the main changes of the times (usually defined as

the seeds of modernism), then a merge point will appear. Stratification change society to functionaldifferentiation time corresponds to the transition time of the feudal society to a capitalist society.Luhmann's more general than Marx, because he avoids the economic changes as the single basis forsocial change. Economic change from feudalism to capitalism, is just one of several parallel evolutionarychanges in social subsystem. These changes can also be described as the growth of an enlarged mainautonomous system under some of the main features of the system, the original fusion in under one mainfunction of the system is clearly divided. Luhmann's concept of modern functionally differentiatedSocietydescribes the result of this process of separation and autopoietic closure. of Luhmann's modernfunction socially divisive concept that describes the results of this differentiation and self-growth andclosing process. Contrast Marx theory here very important point is the theory of Luhmann attention

many equally important aspect of parallel. He refused to highlight a particular aspect. No hierarchybetween these autonomous systems respectively. The interaction between the political system, the legalsystem, the economy, science, media like the inside of a biosphere independent species. For Marx, the


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economy obviously determine other aspects of social life. The difference between his foundation and thegiant structure to prove it. Luhmann system to clarify this distinction, the stage of development of theeconomic system as a dimension of the multi-dimensional process, then it can be used Luhmann systemto discuss the transition of feudalism to capitalism. The transition from feudal society to a capitalistsociety only from class differentiation to part 4 of thefunctional differentiation of social transformation .It can be inferred Marxist theory again to integrate them to become used to identify the social era and itsparallel architectural style of the era is equally possible. The two core concepts of Marxism is veryuseful here: Fordism and post-Fordism. They discussed the rich Luhmann is very important, becauseLuhmann did not provide more functional differentiation of the elaborate details of the era of divided.Luhmann's theory of society to the conversion of the functional differentiation of society Stratificationleads to the conversion from the the traditional leading building to the self-development of innovativebuilding. Summarized the requirements of the architectural style of the era of functional differentiation ofthe self-evolution further subdivided. Luhmann's concept of functional differentiation of society - afunctional differentiation of society as the main form of differentiation - For the first half of the 20thcentury is the most appropriate. The majority of the Group as well as national institutions have strictfunctional level of the Ford era, is the best example of the functional differentiation of society. In therecent 30 years, the new organizational trends and forms of communication emerge gradually, suggestsa more liberal way of differentiation. Functional differentiation still continue but become short but

persistent improvement, re-distribution of the mobile network and re-associate. Its domain is often fuzzyand briefly interact. Post-Fordist theory and some of the other recent management science theory alsoreflect this tendency. Parameterized 'i.e., the reaction of this new tendency. Captured and concentratedto these new phenomena key term is "Network" 5. Therefore, the construction of self-organizingsystems theory 'post-Fordist network society' to describe (and upcoming) social era. This is a still formedin the early stages of the planning era era. In many ways, the power of the computer and digitalmultimedia communications to promote the this dynamic exchange mode. Luhmann theory persistssocial way to distinguish between major social differentiation. Post-Fordist network society - the premiseof the architecture of self-organizing systems - is still part of the functional differentiation of society.Perhaps again under a social form by functional differentiation of society was transformed into another

differentiation, called networks differentiation. Speaking of excited by Luhmann, For lower a socialvision of we can refer to the following Dick Baker, he is convinced that a social form only a selectivenetwork, high-risk and associated 6. Social system theory is still in the theoretical framework offunctional differentiation, network version or other theoretical speculation about a social situation.

Building self-organizing system in Luhmann phased theoretical basis, as long as the self-organization ofsociety Luhmann definition, the world community is still defined functional differentiation of society.This is the short-term future of the situation . New hierarchical communication network began todominate a lot of organization and in the process of functional differentiation system inside, thesefunctions are still no signs of decomposition. Therefore, the post-Fordist network society need to begrouped into the functional differentiation of society in an evolutionary stage. Building - from parametricdesign I updated to respond to the needs of post-Fordist society - is still an important functional systemsin the world society. He relying on since the Renaissance used to distinguish the building the samecommunication structures (parameters) to update their existing operations and exchange.

11.1.1 History Synopsis: the context of theevolution of the built environment in the style of the timesis a randomly generated by experiments andfailures, as the material process of biological evolution. Walls tend to circle as compared to othergraphics round are more wasteful and unstable. Medieval bunker out the development of the city center

of the circle. Another important geometric shape is a rectangular unit, is very suitable for the densearrangement of the different size of the space. Prehistoric architectural environment of the body does notneed more insight and wisdom to explain. The stable performance standards, the experiment failed, and
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time-consuming to explain prehistoric architecture. The evolution of the built environment is very slow.Stable replication lead to slow evolution. This is a prehistoric building, a traditional dominant period ofthe building. Since 600 years ago, it all began to change. Italian Renaissance building (architecture) wasborn (separate from the house (building) District), born at the same time, there are scientific and earlycapitalism. In the Middle Ages, the so-called Roman style is only a passive style: it is just a styledistinguished descendants Recalling that period. During the Roman-style house is ruled by tradition.The Gothic style can be considered the first step from the traditional dominant house (building)architecture (architecture). Gothic style and the freedom of the city, as well as the rise of the feudalsystem is synchronized. The amazing achievements of the Gothic style makes it very difficult to beseparated from the architectural concept. However, in the construction of self-organizing systems theory,the decisive element in building mature systematic separation of design and construction. And graphicsperformance, specialized theoretical disciplines, through pictures and Motion Debate aired buildinginnovative publications support. Until the Renaissance, it appears to be responsible for the design of theentire project by the leading architects of individuals. Entirely on paper until the Renaissance was aconstruction project design and rendering. Therefore, until the the Renaissance building self-organizingsystem was able to project through the paper and pure theory of evolution. These elements are a decisivefactor since the rapid development of the built environment. Renaissance marks the starting point ofarchitecture. Renaissance building with the northern Italian city-states, the rapid development of early

capitalism in the socio-economic environment is integrated.

Figure 60 : The castle is the center of the medieval town of origin Figure 61 : Palma Nova rational themedieval ideal for city

Figure 62 : The architecture was born in the Renaissance. Filarete's Sforzinda: fictional city - thearchitect as the creator of the innovative

The second epoch style of Baroque 9. It is consistent with the the political dictatorship heavy MallBang era. The construction of the Renaissance ideal city order beyond the city walls. Outside the wallsof is still unknown wilderness of the Middle Ages. Order of architecture in the Baroque style across the


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boundaries of the city to promote the authority of the monarch absolute rule of the territory, a symbol ofthe land together as a unified city-state territory. This process is already in the late Renaissance omen.Architecture is geometric, geometry is a basic form of the human appreciation of space. Based on MarkCorson (Mark Cousins) 10based on space, human history can be described as a continuousinternalization and concepts from the fact the surrounding environment into the scope of the city. Athensstill has a border with the unknown and disorderly 'other outside' rendezvous. Greece the cosmologicalstill discussion about the end of the world. Throughout the Middle Ages in the Aristotelian cosmology.The city is a closed boundary. Since then leave means an adventure. In all map surround in whiteunknown area. The architectural form of the system in the Renaissance began to conquer thesurrounding geographical experimental. Italian castle can build their own defense project and includedin the wilderness under control, using the method that is an extension of the building volume andgeographical inclusion control. This expansion has been constructed by the perspective of performanceout in space performance. Alberti said: Starting from a plane of the grid, ahead of all the space into thearm. All might occupy the space of all objects have been placed under a security. Areas of the MiddleAges has been surpassed. City, landscape, geography and the house with the 'integration of landscape'.Venice in the 16th century to recapture the Veneto is the construction of the the Palladio villas(Palladian Villa) political and economic background. This villa extends to the city's building systemwilderness grid relies on the Roman land measuringsystem planning colony morphology : the land is

divided into roughly 625-square-meter grid 11. The important point of intersection of the villa is locatedat the intersection of two axes of this system, formally strengthen the intersecting axes. Palladio,suggests that the axial lift and on both sides of the street from the fields planting trees at regular intervals,and the second floor of the main room is the same intersection on the lift. This is the first clear statementof the modulus and hierarchical order. This process in the late Renaissance and reveal a large number ofapplications in the Baroque era and reached its peak in seventeenth-century French authoritarian period -land construction as part of the country. In the era of despotism (economic integration), the height of thecountry only through the development of the Baroque style, building systems to spread through the thekey commemorative landmarks and panoramic perspective to all visible surface. Under the rule of LouisXIV of France show baroque integration model of majority territory, a huge building capacity. Roads

and canals throughout the vast geographical. The country's borders were strictly defined and themapping of the national territory. A unified currency. Large administrative buildings are being built at anunprecedented scale. Versailles is to show the magnificent example of Baroque architecture andmonarch dictatorship forces match. Another example is in Baroque Rome, Pope stationed in thecomplex and a quality of St. Peter's Basilica. Baroque style spread in Europe, to preach absoluteauthority and power of the Catholic Church.
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Figure 63 : Baroque projected to absolute power, from Princely Architect or architectura Civilis PaulTexas (Paulus Decker) 1711

Body, the Baroque building with respect to the progress of Renaissance architecture lies in its relativeintegration of the different blocks of the large building or group of buildings become an integralBaroque style to the functional integration of large buildings. The typical characteristics of the Baroquestyle - the use of concave and convex arcs, strengthen the depth and plasticity, as well as dual-columnsplit gable - all contribute to its integration capabilities. Afar, the arc system and plasticity highlights theoverall volume, split gable help break the symmetry of the facade individuals and strengthen overallconsistency. Such components made of non-symmetric, so that they become free body blocks echo theoverall architectural symmetry effect is the most powerful integrated weapon. Robert Venturispecifically pointed out this phenomenon and give it the name 'bend' (inflection) 12. Contrast ratio, theRenaissance all parts monomer are self-symmetric. They are self-sufficient and does not need the overalllevel of association, for example, they do not tend to constitute the center of the whole. Thus, theRenaissance constitute a way to increase the style, the Baroque is integrated planning. Herman.Rakshasa the (Hermann Rorschach)'s ink psychology experiments also reflects a similar phenomenon:in order to strengthen the overall symmetry through the destruction of local symmetry 13. This has astrong sense of the overall symmetry in asymmetric to gain strong appeal

Local non-symmetry in Figure 64 : baroque, strengthen the overall symmetry. Bernardo (BernardoAntonio Vittone), stepped official residence, 1760

Figure 42 42: Ink Experiment 1 (Inkblot # 1), the from of Hermann Rorschach, Psychodiagnostik ,

1921

The next style included lead historicism neoclassical. This style and classic middle-class capitalism in the
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19th century concept of match, especially after the French Revolution, Napoleon's era. This the eramarks with challenging colors needs of the community need to be reflected in each design. This one,which includes the change of the type of construction, there are changes in the individual. The neo-classical middle-class style, clearly Baroque and its branches Rococo style distinguish - Baroque belongto the old regime, the Rococo and the nobility frivolous linked. The simple neoclassical performance ofthe middle-class moral and civic values of the Roman Republic. Neo-classical historicism is also morecommon phenomenon of the opening, for example, the use of a large number of historical styles tocreate before the rich style expression, in response to the increasingly wide-ranging field of architecture.Functional categories to meet the increasing and diverse. Authoritarian period

Construction limited to palaces and churches, and now a large number of public facilities need to bedesigned. Typical corresponding relationship between certain functional categories and specifichistorical style. Courts, banks and central government buildings tend to the new Greek-style church andtown hall tendency of the neo-Gothic style, private villas and even row houses tend neo-Renaissancestyle. Thus, a loose system emerges, this system has the ability to sort out the diverse social systems. Anew combination of diverse plane generic method has also been set up and spread - by John Durant(JNL Durand) reached. For planar organization, Durao building constitutes a system greatly expands thearchitectural forms. Durao it comes to "virtually unlimited building category, each and" may have to

modify ", there is due to every building has its own specific requirements vary due to location, time,characters, venues, costs, etc. 14.

Figure 65 65: neo-classical, type of processing diverse combination of process, JNL Durand (Durand)

The next great node is the shift from historicism to modernism. And before all style, modernismcharacteristics constitute brought by the open form of an increasingly diverse and free. This opennessfrom radical abstraction, before building specific boundary enclosure more abstract concept of space arereplaced. This is a brand new abstract realm - constitute architectural design into space - a process thatgave modernism more creativity and more broad application field of 15. However, modernism such anopen and diverse and rich - just before the architectural style relative terms. For various style aftermodernism, modernism is limited by the specific composition of the principles and form of constraint.The modernism released from the pursuit of the neoclassical symmetry, proportion, and complete, butstill be orthogonal limited. Moreover, it is still based on the separated,level organizing principle ofspecialization and repetition . These strict limits and composition principles Fordist era of large-scaleproduction of industrial standardization very applicable. This is also an era of social democracy, the

masses of people to become customers body of the building, construction / design for the first time tobecome a general-purpose forces, is responsible for all of the built environment and artificial objects."Fordism" the term was motivated by the Ford Motor Company, a broad category of social and
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economic history. Ford Motor Company as an example of the first large-scale industrial production, theproduction affordable to the general public from the complex commodities becomes possible. Fordismbased on a new scale of production and methods so that the workers can get the items they create suchextravagant jewelry such as automotive workers can afford daily necessities. This system can generateits own market, and thus spontaneous strengthen economic expansion. Thus forming the material basisof modern society. Fordism as a production system based on Taylorism - along a production line, theworkflow is the decomposition of science as a series of controlled operation. This allows the productionof knowledge by craftsmen transformed into the mechanism of the production line. At each point, onlyrequires repetitive work. The process is easy to learn and is equally simple, labor homogenization.Fordism should be understood as a socioeconomic class rather than a simple technological paradigm, itis the system of workers' creativity integration into the production cycle. Fordism fundamental progressso that the quality of life in the widespread commercialization of products essential to improve theproductivity of the industrial workers to meet the basic needs (food, clothing, housing, transportation)rose to an unprecedented height. The internal logic of modern architecture and planning that is based onthis whole concept of Fordism. In the First World War in Europe, the working class by thedemocratization of the right to share, Fordism urbanization become possible, and provide the basis ofsocio-economics of modern architecture: the national social welfare negotiations organized by tradeunions and public welfare ensure the a universality consumer standards. More and more countries

involved in the regulation of the economy and many departments are nationalized. This directly affectsthe development of the building, a lot of input in the construction of the Metro, social housing, schools,hospitals and recreational organizations.

Modern building remodeling construction disciplines. It secular elevation of the status of theconstruction (large-scale residential, residential decorating, industrial production factories), making it amuch-needed construction disciplines and meaningful concerns 16. Modern urban planning thepreceding line through the mechanisms of the democratic institutions of social welfare. The minimumliving standard residential is a container of merchandise based on a series of large-scale production ofglobalization: the living room, tableware, kitchen, toilet, washing machine, and later, refrigerators,

television sets, automobiles. The composition of modern architecture similar to the constituent principlesof Fordism: separated, specialization and repeat. Its logic clearly different functions into their perfectoptimized volume. The Dessau Bauhaus is the concept of a model (Figure 67). Here, accommodation,administrative, and work functions designed separately. Each function is independent of theoptimization: for each function corresponding to the different proportions of depth-storey facade spacebody block, in line with the various functional requirements (not the same as the neoclassical stuffed allstrong function a preset shape). In each partition, the repeatability is dominated rule. The lack ofcomplete sense at the level of the overall layout. Moscow Lenin Library, designed by Wei Siningbrothers design also reflects the principle of identical (Figure 66). Each individual block has a differentscale. Each block of the internal order planning are repeated. Maintaining separation between differentbody block, and connected only by a narrow corridor. In the future can also be easily added to the newunit. Nicholas. Kusi Ming (Nicolai Kusmin) the Soviet miners residential design is demonstrated byindependent minded series unit composed of more complex architectural composition. This constitutesthe mechanical plant design has obvious similarities. The same organizational model also applies tocontemporary government, industrial enterprises, the same principle applies to the standard concepts ofthe modern city. Corbusier the Radieuse residential (Ville Radieuse) (1933) is the complete and rigorouslogic embodied: the concept of segmentation (partition), unique functional design professional (districts),and repeat the sequence of the (district internal / homogeneity). Another example is the design of x \ C

n (W. Kalmykow) in 1930, a Soviet industrial city (Figure 68). Fordism and its architecturalsupplement - modern urbanism - in the Soviet Union, the richest logical expression 17. T all Western

societies are immersed in such forms of social organization. Regardless of where society organizationsare showing the same characteristics: the bureaucratic system to establish a strictly functional level, theywill be separated from the different areas of work area. Each work has its own field of the functional,
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repetitive tasks and command system. The various agencies of the modernist building is a reflection ofthis form of organization. Modernism urbanization patterns that functional differentiation of the socialmachinery space projection.

Figure 66 66: Modernism organizations: separation - professional - repeat, Wei Sining Brothers (Vesninbrothers), Nicholas. Kusi Ming (Nicolai Kusmin)

Figure 67 67: a modernist relations: separation - professional - repeat, Gropius, the Bauhaus 1929

Figure 68 68: modernist city the separation - Professional - repeat, the industrial cities W. Kalmykow,1930 about
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In the late 1960s, large-scale industrial production, enterprises, the collective trade unions, globalconsumer standards, and government regulation of Fordism performance by the massive challenge 18.At the end of the seventies, the social structure of the world crisis show that the society is calling for anew generation of political and economic strategy to ride out the storm 19. Modernism also face asimilar crisis. Modernism solutions applicable to a wide range in the 50 years before, such as theexpansion-planning zones, "sleep" satellite cities and commercial headquarters in suburban green group,but almost led to the bankruptcy of the modernism. The modernist program was abandoned. A large-scale real estate open Pruit Igoe in St. Louis, United States in 1974 were removed from the originalbuilding only 20 years. The development of the self-organizing of the building has not yet provided anew answer. Into the historic center of the most important social process new communication density.Fordism social and technical background to undermine the tremendous achievements of his ownmaterial. With the increasing complexity of the technical division of labor and white-collar workers inhigh-yield, salary requirements escalating. The affluence of the people so that their consumption farbeyond the most basic needs for survival, the market began to be more and more diversified, status andindividual consumption gradually rise, leading to the rise of the consumer cycle led to aesthetic. Theseadvances are the best value for money is intended to be more innovative and flexible design rather than

brought about by large-scale industrial production. Housing as the main platform of the consumer, isitself a manifestation of different income levels and personality. The problem with the rapiddevelopment of economic instability emerge. The health of the economies of scale due to product andmarket differentiation dependent on international expansion. The resulting international economicinterdependence reduce the economic impact of individual nation-state, it can buffer the disturbance ofthe business cycle. With the globalization of markets, the economic level, the interests of domesticproducers more and more difficult to protect, and the Keynesian macroeconomic regulation and controlis difficult to implement. More and more global current assets means that the welfare state is difficult toavoid erosion. Finer division of labor and the high speed of response exacerbated this phenomenon. TheFordist regime premise is a long-term market stability, in order to focus on by huge production agencies

establish economies of scale (but inherent rigidity). On the positive side, new product innovation tomake low-cost computer-based production technology revolution made possible. The manual high costonce is limited to a factor beyond the current standard. An important material factors microelectronicproducts revolution: productivity improvement requires appropriate economic perspective, rather thanscale. The flexible specialization technically realized liquidity generated after Fordism rigid fusion 20workers and management . Fordist mass society into a more dynamic diversification in these newconstraints and opportunities of the post-Fordist society 21. The state-owned industries have beenprivatized, large groups split into the network from the loose coupling by the outsourcing company.Communicate the intensity of exponential growth: at all levels within the company, between companies,between companies and customers, and potential employees. Has a high density of life for allcommunication: continuing education, career transition, multiple occupation, single career withcooperation in a number of projects in the flow of participants 22. Integrated urban fabric, architectureand space inside to assist communication situation, exchange density, the complexity of the social lifeand vitality. Post-modernism and deconstruction have begun to respond to new challenges, trying tocapture and cater to the salient features of the new contemporary social life.

Contemporary avant-garde architecture and urbanism must address the core issues, this can besummarized in one sentence: organization and to clarify the increasingly complex post-Fordistnetwork society. In this regard, the re-positioning of the building theoretical eighties poststructuralistaffected, especially the early 1990s Deleuze (Deleuze) and Guattari (Guattarid), "A Thousand Plateaus"( A Thousand Plateaus) . Since then, the re-positioning of the consequences is studied in detail. The

task is to develop an architectural and urban areas of the mechanism to create a complex city marketdomain, to enable it to accommodate the participation of multiple events at the same time, means that avariety of different space quickly locate and contact. This challenge has been 30 years in a self-
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organizing system architecture. Post-modernism and deconstruction made some attempts, these styles,however, can not be extended to the mainstream. Postmodernism seems ready to take over in the 1980s,but quickly returned to mainstream practical modernism (under the guise of the name of minimalismrefined modernism). Deconstruction never take over in the real world, but its main form of advantageand its pursuit of complexity affect the formation of the early 1990s, the next wave of pioneer buildings(folding (folding) tab). During this period, the animation software applications and strongly influencedthe direction of the design study. Calculated based on digital technology, the design process to explorethe aesthetic, functional explore cross-cutting, complex geometric shapes became possible. The newdesign process and forms designed to address the growing complexity brought by the the rich parametricdesign technology. Of course, we are faced with a new style, rather than just a series of newtechnologies. Technology - animation technology into analog form-finding tool, and parametricmodeling and programming - all inspire a new vision and values of the collective movement. This hasled to many new systemic interrelated design issues, and a global network of design researchers groupsare working to resolve these issues 23. Through collective cooperation design parameters of neoprinciple gradually mature, confident to announce a new generation of young architects recognized thework of a priori premise. Parameterized doctrine has also completed construction of a series ofsuccessful, high quality, a variety of scales and functions. At the same time, there are a number of large-scale urban planning projects makes Parametric Urbanism becomes credible. Thus, the parameters of the

doctrine has become a strong contender in the current era as an epoch-making style.

Including parametric doctrine, in building a self-organizing system in its nearly 600 years of evolutionhave produced five times style: Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth century), Baroque (the seventeenthand eighteenth century ), the neoclassical / Historicism (19th century), modernism (20th century) andparameterized doctrine (21st century). The Gothic style from traditional house led to the transformationof the building has paved the way. The table below summarizes the correspondence between the style ofthose times and the socio-economic development stage.

The style of the times Socio-economic environment of the times

The traditional led the house Local architecture of the Middle Ages FeudalismRoman architecture FeudalismTransition Gothic architecture The rise of feudalism + cityOrder of the delivery of the history of

architecture: style

Renaissance The seeds of capitalism, the city-stateBaroque Mercantilism, autocracyNeoclassical / historicism Middle class, the nation-stateModernism Fordism (socialist) welfare stateParameterized ' Post-Fordist network society, globalization

Correspondence of the style of the times

11.1.2 The twenty-first century, the unified style ofthe 21st century still have a unified style? The answer is yes. In 2008, the authors first proposed: a far-reaching impact of the new style has been in recent decades by the Pioneer building gradually evolve.

This style is in urgent need of a self-perception and the name of the world cognition. In the 11th VeniceBiennale, parameterized 'is thus proposed 24. This vocabulary is followed widely circulated within thefield of architectural theory and gain influence - largely through criticism and challenges 25. Since the


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incident is still confined to the internal architecture However, if, once the attention of the mass media, itmay be spread rapidly. In the field of building professional, "style" is almost the only classification forobservation, cognitive architects. Order architecture Declaration and action, you need the name of sucha style. The situation becomes complicated, the concept of style in architectural theory community 26long lost traction . So the parameters of the doctrine of the Declaration have both two discourses action:a novel and important architectural movement and reassert style concept - as an effective discourse-oriented and self-described categories.

Protect the style of the concept is worth. Despite this concept disappeared only architectural theorybecomes barren. This architecture also like to miss the strong integration into the social dialogueopportunities. However, for this decline to the concept the revival still need today wisdom and reliablereconstruction. One of the obstacles to reconstruction is to style just as a kind of appearance, or assuperficial, short-term kind of fashion. Despite the appearance of aesthetics in architecture and design, tooccupy an important relationship, but whether it is architecture or architectural style is not to be reducedto a look. Same style phenomenon can not be simple assimilation fashion phenomenon. Therefore, theconcept of style must be clear from these trivial misunderstanding of the meaning of distinguish. Thestyle is the difference between the overall building era (Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, neo-classical,modernist). The architectural style historical introspection requirements as far-reaching historical

phenomenon to be able to map the future. The architecture of self-organizing systems theoryarchitectural style as the design research program, the analogy with the scientific paradigm architecture27. A new style of architecture / design is similar to the new paradigm of science: it redefines thecategory, purpose and methods of the basis of a coherent collective efforts. Innovation and progresswithin the framework of the architectural style or progress with style evolution. This means styleprogress within the accumulation period and style transition transform alternating period. Stylerepresents the long-term sustainability of the innovation cycle, aggregation design research efforts into acollective movement, so that individual efforts are interrelated, the abandoned and enhanced.

The architecture inside parameterized doctrine is divided into a mature pioneer movement, by the

collective research and development efforts to accelerate progress and are ready to become mainstream.This is the least of expectations and motivation. The design study confirm the continuous accumulationof 10 years as a retrospective narrative and exposition, parameterized Manifesto. Looking to the future,the announcement of this style will further consolidate its already been achieved and is ready totransition into the mainstream by Pioneer. The authors believe that the parametric '30 years of stylecritique of modernism explore credible, sustainable answer. The parameters of the doctrine is the greatnew style after modernism 28. Postmodernism and deconstruction is only a transitional chapter, like ArtNouveau and Expressionism as historicism to modernism transitional chapter. Chong age style andtransition style distinction is important. During the transition period, the style quickly come and go, or atthe same time more than one style coexist. The crisis of modernism and death led to a far-reachingtransition phase, but there is no reason to deny a new unified disposable style will end this diversified. Infact, we are witnessing the unified potential.

Outside the founding era style and transitional style, we can also identify the second level subsidiarystyle emerged Chong era style big umbrella to float downward. These subsidiaries style represents thethe parallel diversity or the historical process, enrich and promote the style. Historicism, we candistinguish between the neo-classical, neo-Gothic, neo-Renaissance, neo-baroque and eclectic.Modernism, we can also distinguish between functionalism the the rationalism, organic doctrine,Brutalist, metabolism camp and high - tech - these subsidiaries style completely follow the modernistdesign principles: separation, specialization and duplication, such as the separation between the variousspecialized subsystem and subsystems within the repeat. Postmodernism and deconstruction, the former

by the performance history of diversity, which is created through collage and juxtaposition of diversity,to reject modernism the separability and repeatability order (denial of the old order, but did not establisha new order). Parameterization the doctrine can restore and strengthen the deconstructionist ability to


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absorb diversity in a complex order. Modernist separation and repeat the order parameters of thedoctrine in continuous differences (in an interconnected system) instead. Many sub-styles have beengiven broad new paradigm, looking forward, to enrich and expand the upcoming era of parameterized.The experience brought about by the crisis of modernism and its results - and failed - discriminantinvasive era style from a series of transitional style and subsidiaries style led many critics to believe thatour civilization (in this case refers to today's globalized civilization) will form a unified style. Then, has afar-reaching impact in the architectural history of style (Gothic - Renaissance - Baroque - Historicism -modernism such clear order) whether it will end? History Will it end? It will cause fragmentationstaggered contradictions? If the answer is yes, then whether we are going to celebrate the efforts ofdiversification under the slogan of fragmentation?

Architecture today is a global architecture. Any building project will be disseminated immediately andwas compared to other projects. Worldwide convergence is possible. This is not the point of monotonyand homogenization. It only means that the consistency of the foundation to build a principle, vision andvalues, so that the accumulation of different efforts together is relevant, constructive competition andgradual progress, rather than contradict each other, misunderstanding, denying to form a continuousstruggle vicious cycle.

The idea of a unified style, initially unified the Pioneer design research program, and ultimately becomethe principle of unity, vision and value system, constitute the best global practices. The ParametricDesign Paradigm fast penetration into every corner of the disciplines, it is claimed that the generalleadership. Systemic adaptive diversification and continuous differentiation (rather than just a variety) inallarchitectural design tasks throughout all functional areas and all scales - from urban scale to constructdetails.

11.2.1 parameter 'conceptual definition

The following formula can be parameterized 'conceptual definition: the parameterized' means that all ofthe architectural elements and complexes are parameterized shaped. This means that the architecturewithin the basic constituent elements of a base, bulk transfer. Classical modernism are based ongeometric shapes - cube, cylinder, four-sided pyramid, and (semi-) sphere in the ideal (independent,stiff), and the parameters of the basic elements of the doctrine is dynamic (adaptive, interactive)geometry - spline curve (spline), nonlinear the physicochemical curves and surfaces (nurbs), subdivisionsurfaces (subdivs). Compared to the old block geometry, "blisters" new dynamic "hair" fabric ","deformed ball (metaball) "instead of the interaction of these systems and attractors, echo each otherthrough the program script.

Figure 73 73: classical / modern body, F.Ching
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Figure 74 74: Parameters of body

Figure 75 75: the Zaha Hadid Firm, Galaxy Project, Beijing 2009

In principle, each unit or complex each property subject to the parameters of change. The coretechnology of operation of these variables is a function of the programming scripts, the attributes ofvarious elements of the correlation can be established through it. Of course, although the new style reliesheavily on these new design techniques, style can not be simplified techniques and tools. Forms relatedto formation of a new style needs a new vision and a new value - both related to the function - of course,rely on new tools and techniques to pursue.

General purpose parametric doctrine explore how the most advanced areas of post-Fordist networksociety organizations and the growing diversity and complexity of a clear social system and life. Thistask, the parameters of the doctrine is trying to build a complex spatial order. It uses scripting to createall the design elements and subsystems differences and associated follow certain rules. Its goal is tostrengthen internal interdependence in the field of architectural design in a complex urbanenvironment to strengthen external linkages and continuity . The new complex order parameters of'nationality differences and associated principles. The text of the definition of the generic parameters canand must be supplemented by an operational definition. A style of intuitive value necessary to beactionable, so the hypothesis can be tested it spreads more systematically, to constructive criticism - also

includes self-criticism. The operationalization process has been given by the parameters of the doctrineclear contraindications and creed.

11.3.2 implementation Parametric Urbanism
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83 83parametric urbanism, Zaha Hadid Architects, Appur Planning Competition, 2009, the systemmutual emphasized: terrain, building body block the path network.

The inherent advantages of the parametric doctrine is more significant in urban scale. Zaha HadidArchitects win design competition Cities Programme shows that the parameters of the doctrine can be

considered rational design methods, this method can produce large-scale, high-performance CitiesProgramme. Parametric Urbanism initial victory in the society is a more radical design researchbackground - this further study at the Architectural Association School Design Research Laboratory(AADRL) parameterized city 29"nominal. Parametric Urbanism parametric design tools into urbanareas. Strengths of the parameterized system is often used to handle a rapid succession of designchanges, for instance, the creation of a building various changes, or to generate the constituent elementsof the complex building geometry, these constituent usually can not pass the unit body repeatedlyobtained. Parametric Urbanism application of these technologies to the construction group, resulting in anew style, the new style does not replace the old style, but to join and synchronization expand the fieldof complex urban environment. Construction group as a whole as the generating element to a certainlaw of differentiation thrive in the urban environment, and these laws are always closely related to theconditions and base the initial differentiation. By multiple city-level synthesis began at the same time,each adhering to its differentiation logic and other levels associated resonance.

The project presented here use Maya (Maya software) fluid system as the basis of urban geometrygeneration tools. This tool simulates the typical properties of the fluid dynamic and fluid parametriccontrol. The morphology of the particle flow response to environmental characteristics, such as borders,barriers. The two streams are interlaced to form a complex pattern of nested and mixed. This program isproposed to use a different fluid "on behalf of" a different level of urban functions. These different fluidinitially distinguished by different colors, to be released to the key position of the venue. The imaginaryvenue is the base of the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, China.
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102 102Figure : fluid dynamics - the diversity of parametric, Parametric Urbanism, AA DesignResearch Laboratory (AADRL)

103 103Figure : two streams interact Parametric Urbanism the AA design research laboratory(AADRL) 2008

104 104: expansion of the fluid - a simple geometric mobile

Fluid interaction, but also by the role of the base boundary. Emerging pattern can be parameterized bythe class nature rules control manipulation. The designer thus obtained control emerged structure (loose).He / she can be frozen at any time in the fluid process, and select from the series of dynamic process ofpattern emerged. It should be repeated the series work. The determination of the final pattern (more orless) depending on whether they have the consistency, clarity mixed environment, limits the echoes -thus selected a "beauty" of the pattern. The next step of the design is the interpretation of the three-dimensional shape of the pattern (this pattern vector maps). The geometric interpretation of these fairlycommon data set output by the fluid can be any possible form. The particles and the vector field can beimmediately drawn by the vector direction, the density and speed of analysis, the operation of the

database can be further calculated. These three variables as programming scripts and geometrytranslation of the input parameters, most diverse translation possible. This radical openness translatedthese dynamic systems into Deleuze (Gilles Deleuze) design diagrams. Or more precisely, the design of


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media (provided by the fluid system of Mayan design world, the model space) become unusuallyparameterized diagram 30. According to the analysis of the concept of "artistic language 31", NelsonGoodman (Nelson Goodman) , absorbed through building self-organizing systems theory and discussedarchitectural modeling spatial characteristics of 32, Maya Fluid Systems sketch space at least asconstituting style hand-painted Like non-character, ambiguity, dense and filling. Deleuze discusses thedesign process features a considerable, although the latter is not yet set curing translation rules. Fluidsystem is ambiguous, because of the possibility of infinite geometric translation; it is filling, because ithas many potential measuring means may be provided for the next input parameter; It is intensive,because the difference can be measured and the registry critical ssthresh may be arbitrary. However,with the possibility of writing the translated script means designers the opportunity to modeling thespace into a strict system of character. Seems to translation thinking is decided to be with into the script,the system itself is transformed into a character system, lost vagueness. "Meaning" every model run aredetermined in advance. However, the lack of precise control fluid performance is difficult to predict alltranslated from geometric possibility (depending on the script), makes this process and systemprocedures commonly used characters are not the same. In a way, this system still is generated.

The chosen strategy here is very different geometric space translation of different fluids. Figure 104shows the case of two different rendering the fluid interaction. Fluid, one is translated into a smooth

flow of the terrain morphology, the fluid of the two contrasting translated into three-dimensional cellfield. Although these two systems have different of the body, but the system interaction between them toensure an overall consistency. Of course, translates more is to demonstrate the principle rather than theformation of a design. They produced an illustration of the performance of different systems interact.Even in such an abstract level, it has been criticized: both translation are not fully using the informationprovided by the vector field. The topographic interpretation using only one of the three variables of thevector field - and transformed into the height parameters. The stereo unit seems to use the three variablesof the two - the density and size. Two translation methods are no entry / conversion of all threevariables. Directionality of the vector has not been reflected. Comments on this abstract / morphologicaldid not receive timely improvements in the next stage, because of the more stringent test than this is how

to translate these architectural database prototype application to urban places. One difficulty is how toretain (or even strengthen) the initial fluid applications bring the feeling of elegance and interactive.


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105 105: the fluid space translates the courtyard morphology diagram 106 106: Fluid 2 the spacetranslates towers morphology

Implanted in the level of urban functions is planned for the two types of residential, public and culturalfacilities, landscape and green area. Figures 105 and 106 show the two very different types of

residential, each translational shows the fluid properties of the original illustrated. This commonality thetwo systems are common - even though they are very different. The two pictures juxtaposed to show thepower of the design process to produce differentiated unified (and unified differences). Maya fluidsystem modeling space to show its powerful modeling capabilities, while maintaining an expectedmacro-order and features to maintain openness on the microscopic morphology.

107 107Figure : fluid integration of three urban form, parameterized city, AA Design Research Studio,London 2008.: Ludovico Lombardi, Du Yu, Victoria Goldstein, Xingzhu, the Hu; Instructor: PatrikSchumacher.

The third fourth Similarly also been developed based database translates morphological system. Theresulting system has four fluid type, and each type of fluid is set at the base on the position of the particlegenerator. The translation of the four fluid types there is a significant difference: the a residence towersystem, a residence courtyard system, a public building podium system and a landscape terrain system.Fluid system to ensure that they share these four types, despite their different forms, but it can synthesizea coherent, multi-faceted city spaces.

It needs to be clarified is that the design results are not shown in Figure 107 is a simple and fastcomputing process. Such a result need the design process of high-strength, experience than the unusualdesign process (modernism or postmodernism) more trial and error over and over again. The difference


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is that the trial and error experienced here is mainly concentrated in the the script system development,rather than the direct effect on the unusual single design program. Once the system can be entered intothe database and input parameters within a certain range for satisfactory operation of the coordination,then the result than the single program is rich. Or even if there is only one system instance, we should beclear that variable, complex and coherent portfolio - either from the organization or phenomenon -impossible to leave the powerful capabilities of the digital calculation. Here to show the complexity ofthe order and elegance to rely on these new design tools and processes. Parametric doctrine only theirtools, methods, joint development, undertake more and more oriented architecture challenges in thedesign of the research program to explore and hone in on all scales.

1see the sixth chapter of the book 6.3.4 scene from the spatial domain (From Space to Field)

2Marx also predicted a future stage: world communism

3cell differentiation and functional differentiation like Durkheim's distinction between mechanical andorganic. The functional differentiation more complex, more organized. It can become even greater socialintegration. This distinction can be likened to a primitive organisms - such as a segmented worms andmammals - many specialized organs distinction. The fundamental principles of the latter, the organismcan (and must) far more than the former. In a field of biological or social unit, the unit body moreautonomy, and can be cut off and the body, survival and reproduction in the case of social contact.

4This shift another important moment in the emergence of science - the study of knowledge gainedindependence, does not depend on the political forces. .

5See Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society: Information Age: Economy, Society, andCulture, Volume 1 , Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, London 2010; also: Jan van Dijk, TheNetwork Society: Social Aspects of New Media, Sage Publications, London 2006

Dirk Baecker the, Die nchste Stadt: the Ein Pflichtenheft, Unpublished Paper 2009/2010,www.dirkbaecker.com See also: Dirk Baecker, Studien zur naechsten Gesellschaft, Suhrkamp,Frankfurt am Main 2007

7of the significance of the cultural phenomenon that postmodernism, such as art schools disappear, theemergence of an interdisciplinary research project being misunderstood grounds digestion of the

tendency of the field to the functional differentiation. The continued ability of the ultra-stable is assumedthat the function of the system compared to building self-organizing system. The ability of thedisintegration of the nation-state in a globalized world generally tend coherence function (instead ofsegmentary or hierarchical) differentiation. The decomposition of the nation-state under globalizationand its functional differentiation trend (rather than unit or class differentiation).

8The authors also expected to further the function of the system will be treated as an aspect of theongoing, functional specialization of the general trend. For example, we expect this booming careercounseling psychology has established itself as the self-organization of functional systems. Socialrelations become more complex, dynamic and requirements of everyone, the consultation may becomepermanent universal demand service, similar to the use of medical services. Forming in this area of

expertise exchange structure seems very vulnerable Luhmann systemic analysis: counseling psychologyclearly demarcate itself from a medical model of psychiatry. "Customers" instead of "patients". Theprimary distinction is' the issues raised and the action plan is not a medical diagnosis and treatment, the
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code is "coping / should not" or "adaptation / not suited" instead of "health and disease", its programseach kinds of psychological counseling method (cognitive behavior, people focused, psychodynamic,systemic), specific media treatment of communication or conversation, the social function of thecomplexity of the individual to adapt to the needs of society and opportunities. .

9Renaissance through the practices' transition to the Baroque

10of this follow Mark the Corson (Mark Cousin) some talks of the mid-1990s the ArchitecturalAssociation School in London.

11Clemens Steenbergen and Wouter Reh,, Architecture and landscape, Prestel Verlag, Munich 1996.article studies a different form of strategy through these strategies, geometric morphological control bythe architectural rules.

12Robert Venturi building of the complexity and contradictions of Robert Venturi, Complexity andContradiction in Architecture, The Museum of Modern Art Press, New York 1966

13Figure 42: Experiment 1 dots, Herman. Mating Inkblot # 1, from Hermann Rorschach,Psychodiagnostik , 1921

14Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, Prcis, des lecons d'architecturedonnes a la l'the cole RoyalePolytechnique, Paris 1802-1805, English translation by David Britt, published by The Getty ResearchInstitute, Los Angeles, CA, 2000, P.140

15more specific spatial concepts outlined in See Volume 1,5.4.1 Chapter emergence of architecturalspace ( The Emergence of Architectural Space) and 5.4.2 Chapter dominance of the architectural space

( The Hegemony of Architectural Space) and

16These developments also hinted that the architects of the revolution. Historicist architect of theacademic self-growth architect Behrens, Gropius, Le Corbusier and Mies replaced.

17Some people might think that socialism is the most suitable for this stage of economic developmentof the political formation

Its stability on the premise that 18- socio-economic environment of stability and predictability - split.

Postwar prosperity fracture occurs the first time in the 1966/1967 recession. The political crisis in 1968,the 1973 oil crisis and the international exchange rate system collapsed in 1974 further recession.

19See: United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO (United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization), Structural Change in Industry, Vienna 1979, and OECD OECD(Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development) the Positive Adjustment policies:Managing Structural Change, Paris 1983.

20all these cross-technical, economic, social and political phenomena under the label of post-Fordistanalysis. See: Ash Amin, Post-Fordism - A Reader,Oxford / Cambridge MA.1994; Robin Murray,Fordism and Postfordism, in S. Hall & M.Jacques, and New Times, London 1989; W. Ruigrok & R.

van Tulder The Logic of International Restructuring , London, New York 1995; Paul Hirst. the theJonathan Zeitlin, Flexible Specialization versus post-Fordism, London 1991. There two further booksthat QQ Search Widget nciku Mobile nciku Mini E-zine Games Store Store Postfordism in the context
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of urbanism: David Harvey, The a Condition of Postmodernity Oxford / Cambridge MA 1989; EdwardW. Soja, Postmodern Geographies, London, New York 1989. Concerning the introduction of theconcept into architectural discourse see: Patrik Schumacher, Productive Patternsin: architect's bulletin,Operativity, Volume 135, - 136, and Volume 137 - 138, Slovenia; the the abbreviated German Version:Produktive Ordnungen, in: ARCH + 136, Your Office Is Where You Are, Berlin 1997

21post-Fordism as a category of analysis is the Marxism unique provenance. The basic concept of"Fordism" was originally proposed by Gramsci (Gramsci), he summed up a post-war (World War II) ischaracterized by large enterprises and state capitalism. The concept of system economic analysis by theFrench regulatory School (Marxist), by Agnes Rita (Aglietta) "theory of capitalism provides." AggerLita tried in the development of capitalism (free markets, monopoly state capitalism) context remodelingand systematic Marxist concept. He tried to the the queue organization under the following dimensions:technology industry Fan

Cases (the production process), accumulation (cycle / growth cycle funds), and the regulatory approach(political and institutional framework). Each specific stage of the development of capitalism can becontinuity defined by the three dimensions of the system. Follow Althusser (Althusser), Agnes Rita thatthese dimensions is a semi-autonomous state of Dialectic, despite the long-term development of the

productive forces remains the last instance decision. If one or more dimensions to break thissynchronized structural crisis that appears. The crisis continued to intensify class struggle, triggering thepossibility of revolution, beyond capitalism to find a solution, or a can embody and the new regime toensure the stable development stage of capitalism. See Michel Aglietta, A Theory of CapitalistRegulation - The U.S. Experience, London 1979

22Patrick Schumacher Patrik Schumacher, Arbeit, Spiel und Anarchiein: Herbert Lachmayer &Eleonora Luis (eds), the Work & Culture, - Buero.Inszenierung von ArbeitRitterverlag of, of Klagenfurt

23Zaha Hadid firm and AA architectural design lab to form a node in the network in this fast-liter sing.

24"parameterized advocates Declaration exhibited and published in the Biennale.

25a theory of growth thriving membership endorsed by criticism rather than, it has long been predicted.

26For example, in the Higgs Freed (Sigfried Giedion) "Space, Time and Architecture" introduced in1967, it is recommended to remove the concept from the architectural theory: "when we describecontemporary architecture, we have to avoid the use of a word - style wall ring, since the concept of thestyle, we open the door of the formalism. "Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture 5th editionof the Harvard University Press, 1967, Pxxxiii

Set forth in the following article 27of this concept: Patrik Schumacher, Style as Research Programm ethe DRL TEN - A Design Research Compendium, AA Press, London, 2008. This statement is notimplied architecture as a science, with them quite On the contrary, the authors insist on architecture anddesign disciplines law and science, the arts are not the same.

28of elaborated on this point in the following article: Patrik Schumacher, Parametrism: A new globalstyle for architecture and withurban design , AD Achitectural Design, Vol79, No. 4 July / August2009.

29continuation of the study from 2006 to 2009

30See the book 1,4.22 Chapter T

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