The Paradigmatic Crisis in Chinese Studies: Paradoxes in Social and Economic History

8/18/2019 The Paradigmatic Crisis in Chinese Studies: Paradoxes in Social and Economic History

1/44

Sage Publications, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Modern China.

http://www.jstor.org

The Paradigmatic Crisis in Chinese Studies: Paradoxes in Social and Economic HistoryAuthor(s): Philip C. C. Huang

Source: Modern China, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul., 1991), pp. 299-341Published by: Sage Publications, Inc.Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/189244Accessed: 11-03-2016 00:19 UTC

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of contentin a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.

For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

This content downloaded from 216.220.176.6 on Fri, 11 Mar 2016 00:19:24 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

http://www.jstor.org/http://www.jstor.org/publisher/sagehttp://www.jstor.org/stable/189244http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/stable/189244http://www.jstor.org/publisher/sagehttp://www.jstor.org/


2/44

Th P r dgm Cr n Ch n ud

P r do x n o n dE o no m H o ry

P HL P CC HU AN G

n v r y o fC f or n L o A ng

Th f d of Ch n o nd onom h or y n h m d o f

p r dgm r By h do no m n m r y h u on ng

of h m o r n y on r u h h v n form dp ho r hp

Tho m o m n v r omm nd d h o mp g n o f

mor h n m nor y of h o r p y no n h d v r n d

r w or d of W r n h o r h p on C hn R h r m r f rr ng

o h r o f on fd n n un d ry ng y u n po k n u mp o n

h r h r d by oppo n g on r u T ho h v h d g r r

nf u n n our prof on h n h r u d o n ru h m v

n dh v rr d h ru f or of p rd gm ump o n n h

o r g n n n n d d by Th om K uh n 19 70 1 96 2 h

un d rm n ng of h o u mp o n b y um u d r r h h h

brough h f d o pr n po n of r n wh h no u h o d

on r u b u v n h d b b w n h m no ong r m r v n

Th r g nr n h om h ng dff rn n d d bu h r

y no r r u on of wh h om h ng mgh b

m for u o k o kof h r nd o mp o mov

o w rd n w g or o fu nd r n dn g Th f d n d n o r r n o

pur y m pr r r h o r o nd or d r u o n o r u pp o d y

h rd m h odo og om h v don m u h r p r d

d oog rgum n v ry fw wou d k o d o n d w n

h p r n p r dgm r n x ng oppor un y o r h nk

ou ro d u mp o n n d d dr fu nd m n u n n w w y

U TH OR N OT E My h n o J o p h E h r k R h r d Gu nd n d L o L n d o m y

u d n C y o n Du b C h r o p h r 4 B r d y R d n d M h w o m m r fo r h p f d

o mm n o n n r r v r o n p h n k go o K h ryn B rn h rd f or gr o u y r d ng

n d om mn n g on v n dr f

M ODE RN CHN A W 1 7 N o 3 J u y 1 9 9 1 2 99 3 4 1

C 1 99 1 g P ub on n

299


http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp


3/44

00 MODERNCHNA/JULY1991

Th r b g n w h b ro d r ok r v w of p n dpr n

g n r o n of Ch n n dW rn h o r hp o d n fy o m of

h m n o n ru h h v g ud d h o ry r r h n h four

d d D p h o bv ou d ff r n b w n h g n r on n d

b w n h wo d of h o n h m or o n ru mp oy d

h v u y h r d n umb r of b ump o n Th o g n r y

h v g on u n po k n wh mo h o r y n o n h b n dr wn

o h r of d g r m n m ong h d f fr n on r u A u mu

d mp r r r h how vr h r v d h mu n o u

x n of h o o fph nom n h h x ng ump on k

o b p r dox n o do ng h h ng d h v r yv d y of

ho o d u mp on T h r w k o kof n umb rof u h

mp r p rdox mp o mk xp h un pok n ump

o n h y o n r d nd u gg om n w w y o h n k bou h

u r d No mp w b m d f or ompr h n v r v w of

h r ur n d h d u on of p ho r h p w b

r r d o h mo u r v nd my own pr d on w

b d vo d un b h d y

THEPARADGMATCCR

CHN E E CHOL A R HP

C on m p or r y h o r h o r h p n C h n b g n n h 1 95 0

w h p ur o fCh n h ory dur ng h mp r p r od n

y un h ng ng Th r g n ng o n ru w f ud m n

gn n nd r d on ux po d g n p m n dy

n m nd mod rn Th ov r h m w h n f v mod

of p ro du o n fo rm u b y wh h h o r d v o p m n f o o w

h u v g of pr m v v f ud p nd o

mo d o f p rod u o n

Und r h on r u o f fud m ho r o f Ch n mp r p

ud d fud r on o r h x r on o f urp u v u

b y h r u ng n do rd f ro m h p n p ro du r n h fo rm

of n d r n x n d u ur ou n r Th r f for r u d n m v

omp on of our m r o do um n h o xp o v r




4/44

Hu ng / P AR A DGM A T CCR 3 0 1

o n Z h n g Yo uy 1 95 7 Y n Zh on gp n g 1 95 5 o m h o r

o u d f ud onomy w h pr omm r n u r on

o my o n p u d p n p ro du o nfo rh om o nu mp o n

Th y o n d rd h m o d n v h r r of u h pr odu on

n C h n o b h u n y o f f r mn g n d h nd r f n du r y n h

p n h ou h od p u d n h xpr on h m n f rm n d h

w om n w v n ng ng n h w hough o b ngu r y

n o u fo rm of pr od u o n r n o h p r n go u of n du r y

fr om f rm ng n o o w nw or kh op n dh n o p d v o p

m n T o u ppo r h r r gu mn h y g h r d v d n o d mo n

r h p r po nd r n o fn u r o no my n h M n g n dQ ng

n d p r n n o h 1930

B g nn ng r dy n h m d 1950 h on r u m o b

h n g dby h ho r h pon n p n p m ord ng o

w h h M ng Q ng Ch n f r f ro mb n g g nn u y v n d

dyn m h ng h r d ng h om ng of p m m r o h o

n h W On n o fr r h o ugh o do um n n d u n f y

y m y h pr d o f omm r n M ng Q ng Ch n T h

n n on w o d mon r h f or m on of n n gr d n o n

m rk hough o b h r r of r n on from f ud m o

p m A no h r o n n r d on h ow ng h o o n ng n d d

n o f h f ud r on o fprodu on p y of n d r n

nd h r of p r on o fpr odu on p r u r y of w g

bor2

T h or g n p ro po nn o f h n p n p m r gu mn p d

n o n o d mo n r n g o no m d v o pm n h y um d

h o n omm r on n d p r on of produ o n

o ud b d m on r d h r w ou d b n o u o n bo u p

o no m d v o pm n B u w h h h f o fo ff d o og

m ph f ro m r o n o f pr od u o n o h f or o f pr od u o n

h no og y r o ur u p ro du v y n d h k n h r fo rm

1980 n w g nr on of ho r urn d o d dr d r y h

u on of on om d v o pm n T h d ng r pr n v o f h

hoo h p y mph d nw r opp ng p rn n d fr r

u n h Y ng d L B o ho ng 1 98 5 b 1 98 4

A hough h n p n p m h o r h v u d d nun

d r m nn g h o d v w o f n u n h ng n g f u d C h n h y h v




5/44

302MODERNCHNAJULY1991

no b n b o g nw d pr d p n for h r on ru h r

mo ng h o d r f u d m h o r o r m o ng h y ou ng r g n r o n

r n d n h 1 98 0 n W r nE ur op n h o ry g v n h d yn m

d v opm n of ndu r p m n h n n n h n u ry

m k g ood n o p k n r r op of n p n p m or

r n o n o p m n h p r vou hr or four n ur B u

g vn Ch n n on p n n n h n u ry wh n d o

mk o p k of h r r p rod n p n p And g v n

h r v onom b k wrdn h m d Ch n n y v m

o f mp r m wh n do m k o u M ng Qng Ch n

w h r y mo d m En g n d

Th n p n p m h oo h r d o rgu w you of h

o n p u b n dby m n n n g h h n ru o nof h W k w d

C hn o ff h r pr op r o ur o f p d v o pm n T h C h n

on om y n n n h n u ry b k w r dn w ou d h r f o r b

b m d o n mp r m r h r h n n y n dg n ou n d n y ow rd

gn o n Bu h rgum n wh rv n on n m n

g n mp r m no omp ng on Th onom nf u n

of h W w m d un h nd of h n n n h n u ry n d h

C hn o no my h ow d m pu o f o wn o d v o p fu

g ro wn p m fr om h u pp o d p ro u o f h p r d ng n u

Th r y of Ch n onom b k w rdn n h n n n h

n ur yo ny r m nd u o f h v d y o f om o f h r r h o r y

f nd ng u nd r h f ud n u r o no my h m

Th h or mp b w n h f ud m nd n p n p

m h oo h b rd p rv v k p m o w rd bo h m on g

y oun g rC hn h o r o mu h o h f w bo h r v n o d dr

h op r n g n y on r u o f h r n or M o h v ough

o fy h r d r f or o m h n gn w by d op n g wh o o n

o r n o h r f h o n b p pr o h f ro m h W h r b y fu r h r n

rg ng h g n r o ng p n f d r r f on of h p r dg

m r n h w or dof Ch n ho r h p

W E T E R N CHO LA R H P

D p h gr r dv r y of W rn ho r hp o m of

m or nd n h v b n r m rk b y m r o h o o f Ch n




6/44

Hu ng / P A RA DG MA T CCR 3 0 3

ho r h pL k h r Am r n ud n h 1 950 b g nw h

v w of r d o n C h n n y un h ng ng To b u r

n d of fud m vr u p m h ux p o o nh r d rwn

fr om mod rn on h o ry w b w n r d o n nd mod

r n Ch n And h m n m ph w no on h r on of

f ud C hn b u on h h od of r d o n n u o n n d d o o gy

n d w h n o o no m h o ry o n h p r ur o f po pu o no n

o no my 3 Bu h f un dm n n o on h C hn w gn n

or h ng don y w hn r d o n un on w h h W w h

m n Ch n ho r hp

f h Q n gw n y un h ng ng h n mpu for u

v h n g mu h v o m fr om ou d h n h n gu r f o u on

h m p of h W nd Ch n r pon o F rb nk

R h u r n d Cr g 1 96 5 f F r b nk 1 9 58 U nd r h H r v rd

h oo p on or d mp r p on r ubr mp or n r r h w

don o d h W pr n nd h Ch n r pon o g

W r gh 1 95 7 F u rw r k r 19 58 B u h n h h m w h

ng d n h 1960 f r po y by ho w ho w h

mp of h W n p oogy for mp r m n d h Am r n

nvo v m n n V n m 4 n d h n m p r y b y h o r w ho

d o um n d h o u rr n o f mpo r n h n g d ur ng h M ng

Q ng r n o n

Th r nd n yh g vn r r n y o h p ropo for n w

on p u on of Ch n n h n ur b for h f u on of

W rn n fu n r y mod rn v n ng h m k nd o f

h ng ho n W rn Europ L k n p n p m

h o r h p h mp r po n o f d pr ur f or h r gum n h

v ry ub n omm r on h ook p n h M ng Qng

o no my p ro po n n r f u r h r ur g ng h r y mo d rn d v

opm n b f ound n h o po ph r w Row 1 984

19 89 N u n n d R w k 1 98 7

w h h n p n p ho r hp r ymod rn h o r

h v u d d n u nd r mn ng h o d un h n gn g r d o n C h n

h m nd w h d rv v h m p r pon m od Th r

mp r f nd ng h v o n rbu d m u h mo r n h r g rd h n h

r r po r m o f Jo hn F r b nk n d o h r b yr d

ho r Bu k h n p n p ho r h p h nw on




7/44


ru h v ng d f f u m g n n gbro d p n nd for

m r r o n f C h n n h 1 60 0 /1 70 0 1 84 0/ 18 9 5 p r od w o

mu h k h r y mo dr n W h ow h n d o w o un f or h r v ry

d ff r n p h of h n g n h ub u n n ur y Wh d ow d o

w h mp r m n dw h h w n h n ury r vo u on O n

po b y wou d b o r gu h mp r m r d h r r

n rn y g n r d n p n mod rn on Bu f h w h

h n h o w wo u d on o un f or h o m ng o f h C om mu n

v o u o n m r y n b r rn d v o nf ro mmo d rn o n

An oh r po b y wou db o r gu h w mp r m h

p u h d C h n o f f h r p ro p r m od r n n g o u r n o r v o u o n o

f r r y mo d rn pr op on n h v y o d v o p p r u v v w

of mp r m nd h r vo u on h og y on n w h h r

rgumn

And o h f d fnd f n h pr n h o r mp Th

o d no o n of gn n r d on C h n n d d r v v mp

r p on h m r n o ong r nf u n nd h n w n o on of n

r ymod rn Ch n un b o b h f h n w dom nn

on r u n h n r m h f d mp oy ng h m ng yn u r

gory of mp r C hn o h r r h M ng Qng p

r od w h o vr oo kn g h p ro b m o d w h h g r m ph

o n h mp r n u on h h rm mp

TWOMODEL

T h m or n y on r u of Ch n h o r hp d rv

ob vo u y fr om h mo d o f Mr x Th g or o ff ud

m n d p m o m f ro mM rx n y o fW r nE ur op

p y Eng nd Th d n v Ch n w on n h

h m of n p n p m f Ch n o y w m r yf ud

b fo r h o mn go f mp r m h n h W w ou d h v o b

r d d w h n ymod rn ng h n g h m f r w rd Bu h

w u r yun p b o ny p r o C hn o f ormu w

work d ou n w h h Ch n w w un h d on p our

o fd v o pm n b f or h o mn go fW r n mp r m T h r

h ow v r d ro v Ch n o ff h p ro pr p h n o m o on m

W h n p n p m on ou d hv bo h h n f v mod




8/44

Hu ng / P AR A DG MA T CCR 3 0 5

o f p rod uc t on f ormu a a sw e a s t h e L en n s t an ay s s of mp era sm

andthecondemnatonof mpera smthatnatona stcpr dedctates

T h m o r c on r u c o f W r n c ho r h p o n h o h r h n d

though essexpc ty artcuatedandfarfromun versay accepted

drewnspraton frstfromMa thusandthenfromAdamSm th

Stagnanttradtona Chna twasthoughtwasburdenedabovea by

MathusanpressuresonresourcesBut thatmagepersstedony so

ongasthepresumptonthattradtona Chnawasessenta ypre-

c omme rc a h e d sw ay On ce p e rva sv e c omme rc a z a t on n t h e M n g

andQngwas demonstrated theMathusannotonscameunder

u o nfr om h d o fAd m m h

Sm h v on w o f m rk dr v nc p d v o pm n U n

fetteredtradewoudpromotespecazaton competton nnovaton

productveeffcency andw ththemcapta accumuatonandde-

v e op me nt U rb an and ru ra ad v anc e sw ou d on n a s n g e sp ra of

moderndeveopmentpoweredbytheexchangeofgoodsbetween

t own an d c oun t ry S mt h 19761775-1776 t w as av s on t h at w as

re a z e d t o a c on sd erab e e x te n t n t h e E n g sh e x pe re n ce w h c h e n t

t h e S mth an n o t ons s t rong e mp rc a c onf rmat on t w as a s og v e n

strongtheoretca supportbythed scp neofeconomcs whchhas

empoyedanabstracted pureSmthanmode astheconceptua cor-

n r o n f or mu h of h o r n g

f M ng Q n g Ch n w d v o p m n o f h o r n v o n d by

Smth thenabor no essthananyotherproductvefactorwoud be

op t mze d n t su s e b y t he og c of t h e f ree y c omp et t v e mark et A n d

wthoptmause therecanbeno questonofexcessvepopuaton

ThuswastheMathusanperspectverepacedbytheSmthanv son

mp n h r y mo d mmo d

T h for g rou nd of d b b w n Ch n nd W r n ch o r

shpwas occupedatfrst bythequestonofwhethert wasfeuda

cass-reatonsor popuatonpressurethataccountedforCh nasback-

wardnessTheformerhedthatcapta formaton ntheChnese

economywasobstructedbytheru ngandordcasswhotookthe

economcsurpusfromthedrectproducersandspentt onuxury

consumptonratherthanproductve nvestmentthe atterarguedthat

captaformatonwasobstructedbypopuatonpressurewhttng

awaythepeasantssurpusaboveconsumpton5Asoat ssuewasthe




9/44


u o no fw h h r w o r vo u o n or po pu o n on r o n d

o h r r fo rm h C hn n d d o o v r om h r b k w r dn n d

modrn

W h h h ng o h r d on C h n mod f rom h r y

m od r nC hn r gum n n df ud m fr om n p n p m

h ow v r h f o u o fd b h f d T h r y mo d m on r u

ound f n r n gy gn dw h n p n p m g n h

o d fud n ur on omy n d r d o n C hn hoo W h

M ng Q n g o n om y r d y h g h y n g r d m r k o no my

w n n g r y mod rn o r n p n p d v opm n o r w

p r dom nn y pr omm r n y gn n nd h v

y b u r d n d b y po pu o n p r u r

W h r p o h r o o f W rn n fu n n Ch n C h n

h o r of bo h h f u d n d n p n p p r u o n und r

nd by mph d h d r ou f f of mp r m Th

fud m ho r r d how m pr m g gr v d f ud r

o n of xp o on wh h n p n p m h o r po

g h d h ow m p r m o b r u d f u r d v o pm n o f C h n

p m

Th W rn o un r o ho v w m f r f rom h m p

r p on h m om ho r r gu d for x mp h Ch n

f ur o mod rn w h r u no o f h d r ou m p

of h W bu o f h n o u ho d of r d o n Wr gh 1 95 7

F u r w rk r 1 9 58 T h n m n r n g y r gu m n f r om h

m h n m od T h x p n o n n n r n o n r d n dfo r gn

nv m n h m w h W rn nf un w r b nf for h

Ch n onomy f h Ch n onomy non h f d o

m od rn w n o b u of o omu h W rn n fu n bu

b u of oo m d h n f u n w o h o r y

p or D m b r g r 1 9 75 M u rp h y 1 9 77

Th n o f rgum n d f n y o h r n f ormu on h

mp yr p h o d W rn mp w h h m rk Now

un k mp r m w h m y po r nd mp

o n m rk n b h ow n o b g oo d Wh n o wd o o p r

h y f o r d W r n k d v o pm n n C hn T hu h n r n

o n m r k mu d gr ow h n C h n n du r y n d g r u u r

down n o h 1 930 mp w no pr v ou ho r h p h d




10/44


onf nd o h o r y por bu u y x nd d n orur

n d n n d Ch n g n r n g x n v d v o pm n R w k 1 98 9

B r nd 1 98 9 n d E h r k f or h o m ng f M y r 1 9 70 F u r

1989 m or n b y m b n f ff on y for h xpor

po k Th m for un o fCh n n h v w h h m rk

mu d d v opm n w n r rup d by h h or y b rr n

ph n om n o f w r f m n n d h C o mm un r v o u o n

ONEPARADGM

D p h obv ou d ff r n b w n Ch n nd W m

h o r h p h w o r y h r m u h n o mm on n b o h g n r

on h w Ch n h o ry n y un h ng ng w h

n g d by o n h m ph d d yn m h n g f r om w h n C h n

r d on n bo h h m g of p r o mm r nd n y

g n n o no my w h n g db yo n of h gh y o mm r d

n d v go ro u y d v o p ng o no my n b o h g n o n w u d

w h p r o mm r o no my n d mo d m d v o pm n w h o m

mr on Th Ch n f ud m h o r r gu d h f ud m

w gn n b y u ng w h pr omm r n u r ono my

Th y no h n h Ch n n p n p m h o r um d

h omm r on mu u h r n p d v opm n W rn

r d on C hn ho r m r y um d h h M ng Qng

on omy w omm r d P ng Ho 1 959 p opu on

u dy for x mp p d no n o n o o mm r on nd

D w gh P r k n 1 96 9 u dy o fM n g Q ng g r u u r o o k o w

v o f omm r on on n W m Row 1984

1 98 9 r y mo dr n h n g o h r r wo rk o n h o h r h n d

p r o d fr om h v d n o fv go ro u o mm r o n

Th p r u mp o n h o mm r o nw ou d gv r o mo dm

d v opm n on x mp o f n ump o n h u r o b oh

h f ud nd n p n p on ru nd h r d o n Ch n

nd r y mod mCh n on ru u ro h wo gn r

on o f h o r hp on bo h d of h o n nd r o b oh

m h n nd M rx ho r h p

T h k n d of u mp o n g n r y g o u n po k n h o r y n

on dr wn n d m ny o h r of d gr m n b w n h




11/44


d ff r n o n r u nd mod And o w rgu bou h u

x n o f Mn gQ ng o mm r on nd b ou h m r nd

d m r of mp r m n dof r vo u on B u w h v p d

n on o h r of gr m n T ho r mp y u md o b

o o ob vo u y r u o r u r d u o n

h k nd of ump o n h wou d p r dgm

ump o n Th w ord p rd gm h om o b u d n h

d m w or d u u y m n mor h n n n fu n mod

of n y u h u g r p h on p o fmu hof n y

pow r p y wh n pp d o h o n wh r h r r

o m ny o mp n g on r u n dmod pr f r o r r v h rm

p r d gm u mp o n f o r un p ok n u mp o n h r d b y d ff r

n nd oppo d n y on r u u h ump on h v w d d

w dr nd ub r n fu n h n h r u d on r u nd

mod h m v nd h v b n gn f n for wh h y d u n o

o h nk v n mor h n wh h y d u o h nk

By pr dgm r h n m rf rr ng no u o o of

o nf d n n on o r n o h r r u d o n r u o r mo d o r on o r

n o h rg n r o no f h o r h p o ro n or h o h r d o f Ch n

nd W rn ho r hp wou db m k o n r pr h urr n

r n Ch n ud gn ng h d m o f h od rg nr

o n r r h o r o u rr ng on y n Ch n n d g n n g h d f

of M rx h o r h pb y m h n h o r h p Wh r w ob od o f

d d fn d hm v o mu h n rm of h o hr r n h r

on hou d r u o h n d o r o n d r bo h A r u p rd gm

r n d o b o mpr h nd d n rm o f h n rd p nd n nd

h r d u mp o n o fb oh g n r o n n d bo h d

MULTPLEPARADOXE

b v bov h umu v w gh of dmon r d

mp r p r do x h h b ro ug h ou rf d p r d g m u mp

on o h v rg of o p P r dox r o b m u n ou y

r u ph n om n h o ur x n g um p on k o b o n rd o ry

T h y hr for h ng ho ump on f r w h r p o h

mp r v d y of on o r h o h r p r of h p r d ox g w h

r p h r o h f o f omm r on or of nond v opm n




12/44


On d p r v h y h ng h o ump on by u on ng

pr um d u onn on b w n w opro u h omm r

c o n nd o m o h r p h nom n on h c on r d c d b y no n

d v opm n mod rn or p d v opm n Th why h

o nu rr n o fv go ro u n d pr o r d o mm r o nw h h

p r n of u b n v f rm ng n h M ng n dQ ng p p r

p r dox from h p r p v o fbo h n p n p m n d r y

m od r n Ch n n d bo h n u r o no my n d r d o n C h n

h n g h u n po k np r um p on h r d b y o f h m h

o mm r o n wo u d of n y b r ng m od r n d v o pm n

T h o n r d on b w n h d m on r d m pr p r dox

n d h ump o n h y h ng h ow v r h v no u u y b n

p d ou xp y n h r u r ho r d ono n orm y d u

m p u mp o n n d o m w ho w ou d n o do ub h v h ou gh

h p o n o o ob v ou f o r d u o n T hu f u n p ok n h o n

r d d ump o n h v o n nu d o w d o n d r b nf u n

v n wh n m n y f u n y b ou h m A m o r p ur po o f h

r o n v n or y n umb r of d mo n r d m p r p r do x

n db rn go u h u np ok n um p on h h y o n r d

COMMERCALZAT ONW THOUTDEVELOPMENT

THEEMPRCALPARADOX

T h r n no wb n o do ub bo u h v ry u b n o mm r

on h ook p n h M ng nd Qng n h p of h f v

n u r b w n b ou 1 35 0 nd 1850 mo C hn p n

ook o w r n g o o n o h Th bou h b gg p r o f h

o ry of o mm r o n h d v o pm n o f o o n o no my

w h rg n r nd n r r gon r d T rff n o o ngood

n u rn m n mor x n v omm r on of gr n w h r d ng

b w n h o o n u rp u n d gr n u rp u r g on n d h o o n

u rp u n d gr n u rp u p n h ou h o d W h h d v o pm n

m h r of mu ud o f omm r own n d p y

n h Y ng d fo r h p ro n g nd r d n go f o o n n dg r n




13/44


w ou d b m py w ro ng o o n n u o p u r M n g Qn g Ch n

pr o mm r W u C h ng m ng 1 9 8 5

Y w o know h ub n v p n f rm ng pr d

h ro ug ho u h f v n u r o f vg or ou o mm r o n T h r

m y b d g r m n b ou w h h r p ro du o n k p u p w h r ur

p op u o n n r P r kn 1 96 9 o rf b h nd H o 19 59 E v n

1 973 b u h r n b no r gum n b ou h f h h oun ry d

n o u nd r go n g n y h ng k r n f or m v d v o p m n

o ng h m n h r n b no doub n ow b ou h pr d

of p k o r on of wg bor Th r w r rg

n um b r o f r ur f r mw or k r b o h o n g r m n d h o r r m T h r

w o h oo n n go f nd r n r on w h o d rform o f

h r r op pn gg v ng w y o f x d r n n dr n n k nd o h r n

u h h n g o ff r d d o n o nf rm o no f h n r d o mm r

on o f h r u r o no my L W n h W J n yu n d Jn g

J u n n 1 98 3

Y w o know h h r w rg p produ

on n g r u u r Mo gr u u r bor r w r h r d by p n

f rm k ng o u pp m n h r f m y b or n r of Ch n

p y h mo h gh y omm r d on m p n f rm

n g on n u d o pr d om n M or o vr h f w r g f rm h

mp oy d h r d b or d d no h v u b n y d ff r n y d p r

mu f ro m h m f r m H u n g 1 9 8 5 1 9 90

W h v n h or h p r d ox o n ur r n o f v go ro u o m

m r on nd ub n v p n f rm ng Th hrow n o

u on bo h h M r x nd m h n mod ump o nof

n ry o nn on b w n omm r on n dmod m dv

opm n T ho mod w r b d m n yon h x p o n mp r

x p r n o f En g n d n m o o f h r o f h w o r d mo d m

d v o pm n o ny m w h h on un u r of o h r n d n g

v d rh p w h omm r on n d m mu h r

h n n E n g n d Th b r d mo d o f p ur m r k d r v n d v

o pm n b d on h En g h x p r n h r vd u f u pu rp o

n h on r u o n of h or yfor n o on om bu hou d

no b onfu d w h h or r y n h r of h w or d

L n k d o h d o f m rk d r v n mo d m o n om d v o p m n

h ump o n h wou d of n y o m w h bo h gr ow h




14/44

Hu ng P A RA DG MA T CCR 3 1 1

n o u pu n d d v o pm n n b or p ro du v y T h w w h w

h p pn ng n m h n dM rx E n g nd n h r of h m h r fo r

r w n y d n o nb w n gr ow h n d d v opm n N h r

o w d fo r h p o b y o f ou p u g r ow h w h o u b or p ro du v

y d v o pm n

H ow v r p ho r hp h hown h h w p r y wh

w h p p n n g n M n g Q n g C h n O u p u g r o w h r u d f ro m

x p nd d u v d r g w h h m gh h v go n up fo ur m

o r u d fr om h gh r y d p r u v d mu h ro ug h n r d

f r u n y o f r op p ng p r u v d m u n d fo r o m r o p o

n r d f r r n d b or n pu p r o wn mu P r kn 1 96 9 Y

n oo n h b n b o do u mn n r d pr odu v y p r wo rk dy

o ppo d o p run r d p h p r n ffor o f n p n

p m ho r o d mon r onom d v o pm n O ny n d

p ro du v y w n u p r g y fr om h n r d p p o no f b or

R u rn p r w or kd y r m n d b y m y o w p n v ng n

d rd r m nd b r ub n v nd h m or y of h

C h n p op u o n r m n d d o f o od p ro du o n

Th d n on b w n g row h n dd v opm n ru y m

p or n f o r o mp r h nd n g Ch n r ur o o no m h o ry T h

b n o f b or pr od u v y d v o pm n d p dr m o up u

g r ow h w h o nd mn d h m o r y of h C hn po pu o n o

u b n v f oo d pr od u o n d ow n n o h 1 98 0 P r k n n d

Yu u f 1 98 4 B y o n r d r m b or p ro du v y d v o pm n

n h U n d for x mp wh n b 4% of h p opu on

o up py fo od o h r L bo rp ro du v y d v o pm n h

or o f h m n n g o fm od m d v o pm n n d d d n o h p p n n

M ng Q ng Chn

An o h rr d um p on h r d b y m h n d M rx h

mo d rn o no m d v o pm n w ou d o m n n g o h r n

p ro n vo v ng bo h n du r n d gr u ur d v o pm n n d

b oh ur bn n d ru r m od r n o n On g n h w w h w

h p p n ng n h r o n m po r ry E ng n d N h r o n o n d r d h

p o b y of ur bn n du r o nw h ou r ur d v o pm n

Bu n du r on w hou r ur d v o pm n w pr y wh

h pp n d n Ch n fr om h n n n h n ury on T hr n b

no do ub n ow b ou h u b n n du r d v o pm n h o ok




15/44


p n Ch n h n T h m oun o f p n v d n mo dm

m h n p ow r d n du r y m n ng n d r n po r gr w r o fw

o vr 10 %p r y r b g nn ng n h 1 89 0 f o wh h h m od m

k h n gh T n n W u x Q n gd o H n k ou n d Gu n g ho u

b or o n y pr w n T h r w o h v go ro u d v o pm n

of m r own p y n h Y ng d Th r w ub n

g ro w h v n n h n d r f w o r k ho p p ro du o n n h o wn 6

T h d v opm n ook p n h on x o f gr y r d

omm r on Th rg p r of h ory o dby h b r kng

pr o f h o d h r w y o mb n o no f o o n u v o n y rn

p nn ng n d o h w v n g by h p n h ou h o d M h n p un

y rn f r f or gn nd h n o dom m v y d p d h o d

h nd pun y rn P n g row r m o h r o on o b m h n

p un n dp n w v r o pu r h m h n p un y rn fo rh n d

w v ng Th r u w v y n r d r d ng n h oun ry d

W u Chng m ng 1 9 8 4 Xu Xnw u 1 9 9 0 Hu ng 1 9 9 0

Y h m m w o know h h nw p or

of h o no my n v r o un d f o r mo r h n 1 0% o f o o u pu n

C hn T h r w o o n d r b d r up o nof h r d o n h n d

r f mo p y o o n y rn p nn ng d ng for x mp o

h d n nd v n o mp o p of num rou own n h

Y ng d Mo mpor n p n n om r m n d h b r

m r g n o f ub n v n h r ou gh h r v y p ro p r ou 1 9 20

n d h n o o k u rn fo r h w or w h h d p r o n Th m o r y

o fC hn r ur p opu o nr m n d d o h n d n g g d n

b r ub n f oo dp ro du o n Th o no m d v o pm n h

oo kp o u rr d m n y n h T h o un ry d r m n d

u n d r d v o p d 7

COUNTERFACTUALARGUMENT

How do w d w h h d mon r d pr dox r W

n o f our on n u o n on on or h o h r mod

o h d r g r d of h mp r p r do x bo v O n r o r o f h

p h b n o ry o r gu w y h o nr v n ng d of h p r d ox

w h o un r f u r on ng Th u Ch n n p n p

ho r m n n d h f W rn m pr m h dn o n rud d n o




16/44


C h n h p prou of h M n g nd Qn gwou dh v d o

r n fo rm v p d v o pm n f or bo h o wn n d o un r y d

n h w y h f h r nform v p d v opm n dd no

o u rdo no m r Th v d y of h h or h m

m n n d by r ng h hou dh v d p on r vn ng

h or r y

n h m w y n o m h n Am r n ho r rgu xp y

or m p y h f h r h d no b n w r nd r vo u on h m rk

dr v nd v opm n of rur Ch n n h f r d d of h w n h

n u ry w ou d h v d o r n f or m v r ur m od r n o n My r

19 70 R w k 1 989 B rn d 19 89 n h w y h h or f h

ru r C h n d d no m od r n do n o m r T h or y m n n d

h xp n o fh o ry

Th m k nd of r gum n h b n u d w h r p o h ff

of W rn nf un Thu h po v f f of h nf un r

xp n d w y by Ch n h o r w h h rgum n h f h r

h d no b n mp r m h r wou d hv b n mor d v o p

m n 8 By h m ok n h n g v f f of W rn nf un

r xp n d w y by n o m h n W m ho r w h h r gu

m n h f h r h d b n mor W rn n fu n h r w ou d no

h v b n u h p r n r ur p ov r y or h f h r h d no b n

W r n nf u n h r w ou d h v b n mo r po v ry H ou

1 9 65 E v n 1 9 7 3 Dm b rg r 1 9 75

u h r o n o f n o m w h w oo h r k nd o f r o n ng O n

n n h f ud m or r d on mu g v w y o m rk dr v n

p m or mod rn on E vn f d dn o do o h or y

h ou d h v o r wo ud h v v n u y T h o h r m n n h g v n

h pr n of on m n o mm r on h r of h o m

po un d p m or mo d md v o pm n mu h v b n pr n f

w n o wou dh v b n v n u y C r y u h r gum n n

dd o n o b ng oun r f u r o og nd rdu o n On

n on n n v b un n r p h of h or d v opm n T h

o h r r du o mp x p h no mn o n g o mp on n p r

h w n d o do n d o r w h h mp r p rdox

nd k h or on r u p b of xp n ng h m r h r h n

n o n rg un g w y on o r h o h r d h o r y n u ry h ou d

p ro d fr om h o ry o h o ry r h r h n r n g w h h o rv n d




17/44


f or ng h ory o f m o v b hnd h o n p u

r k mpo d by h w o mod nd h r hr d

u m p o n

NVOLUTONAND NVOLUTONARYCOMMERCALZATON

L m n du g b r f y n d u o n of my o wn w or k n o r d r o

u r h ppro h w h o dvo h r C on r d o ry v d n

h d d m f r n my 1985 book o on yn r ppro h

h mph d h p r v d y of bo h g nr on o f h o r hp

nd bo h mod w on y n my 1990 book h gr p d

r y ho w mp r p r do x h n g d h u n po k n um p

o n h r d b yb o hg n r o n n d mo d T h d n u rn o h

u on H ow mgh w oun f or p r do x r u h

h on urr n of v gor ou omm r on n d ub n v

f r m n g A n d g ro w h w h o u d v o pm n A nd u rb n n d u r

o n n d r ur u nd r d v o p m n

T h p pro h d m n h nd o r h n k h v r ypro of

omm r on f W u om r y u m h rur omm r

o n p o wr d by h pr of m x m n g v o f n r pr

n gf rm r T h w h x pr n o f m h n dM r x En g nd

Ch n w um h ou dh v b n n od ff r n h n h r h

by h o r o f bo h h m h n n dM r x p r u o n fo rr h

p n who m d good B u n Q ng Ch n ur n ou h w

on y m p r o f h o ry T h r g r o ry w o d by po pu o n

pr ur on h nd h rnk ng frm drov p n o p

n vo u on o r n n f on of b or n pu p r un r h o o f

d m n h ng m rg n r u rn p r w or kd y n h Y n g d h

n vo u o n o ok p r n p y h f or m of o m m r d r o p p ro du

on p y of o o n nd h d n produ o n h m w h

p rm d n r d b or n pu n d xp nd d o o u pu v u

p r un r v v mp g r n produ on b u on y h xp n

of d r d r u rn p r workd y w r gy of u rv v g n

popu on pr ur mor h n of p pr of m x m n g n d

r u d n p umu on u h n vo u on ry omm r

o n p ow r d p r m r y by p op u o n pr u r n d o b




18/44


d ngu h d from h r n form v omm r on h nd n

m o d rn d v o pm n 9

nv ou o n ry o mm r o n ou d no n h m n h g h r

h ou h o d n o m h ro ug h fu r m p oy m n o f h h o u h o d

v b p ro du v b or o ud v n m n h g h r n om p r

b or r o n p r n nu m b h r ou gh m p oy m n f o r r g r n um b r

o f d y p r y r B u d d no m n n r d pr od u v y o r r u rn

p r w or kd y w h h g n r y o m w h m o r f f n b or o rg

n on hno og dv n or mor p nv m n p r

b or r n vo u o n n o h r w or d x p n h p r d o x of gr ow h

w h o u d v o p m n

Un k d v o pm n nvo u on nd o b m d n h w y o f

p ro du v x pn o n m d by h n umb r of d d o n d y n y

b o r r o u d ph y y w or k n y r w h r m pr ov d p ro du v

y pr b or r hrough p on n r d p npu p r

un bor do no f h m on r n Mo rov r h mor

nvo u d produ on b o m h m or d ff u n d o b o k

bo r ou n d pu r u h p h o f n r n g pr od u v y p r b or r

hr ough p on T h d p d b or wou dh v o f nd r

n v m po ym n

h ou db r h v n w hou o h r r n for m v h ng

n vo u on ry o mm r on o ud non h b o m h b

fo r ub n m rk n d ow nd v o pm n o u r r d n Mn g

Q ng C h n n v o u d p n p r od u o n o f o o n n d k p ro v d d

h b for h xp nd d r d n ho ommod nd by x n

on o n gr n T h r d nd h p ro ng of h o ommod

b m h b k bo n of h n w o wn h n u rn p ro vd d h

o n x f or n w u u r d v o pm n T hr ou gh h ow v r

ub n v p n produ o np r d

T h x p n o n fo r h mp r p r do x w h w h h w b g n

n d o b f ou nd n o h r w or d n h v r y n u r of h p ro o f

omm r on f w n o do o mg n h omm r

o nmu d o p d v opm n Th r n b dff r n

f or m n d dyn m o f omm r o n wh h r u n d ff r n

k nd o f h ng n d of m n n n g h C h n xp r n mu

h v b n o r h ou d h v b n k E ng n d m y o n r n w




19/44


n d o r fy u how dyn m nd o g w r d ff r n

p r od u n g r u h p p r p r d ox f ro m ou r En g n d d r v d

u m p o n

My ppro h o h u r d by mp r m m r n d

o f u mn g h r h h w or d m rk mu h v b n go od fo r h

Ch n o no my o r h mp r m o u do ny h v h d b n b d

r d o o ok wh u y h pp n d nd k oun of h

p r dox on ur rn of b nf n dd r ou ff T h

o mng of h W r u d n n n r n kng of h p n n v

fo r g n n d ur b n o r o f h o no my w h h n vo u d r u r

or n h n r n on d k onomy for x mp r v y

p n n v m h n d k w v ng w d on by Am r n n d

Fr n h f o r wh h m o d p nd on h r v y non p

n n v C hn k r ng n du r yfor h r k h r d Th C h

n f ur n u rn d p nd d on h p n vo u d p n h ou

ho d p ro du o n fo r h r u pp y of o o o n T h n r y m w

b d on h o wr u r nmu b rr y u v o no f h p n m n n d

h v n o w r r u rn k wo rm r n go fp n w om n n h

o o n n du r y m r o g p p d F or g n f o r un d r oo k

mo o f h r v y p n n v o hw v ng Ch n m

h r v y p h p yrn p nn ng n dCh n p n h

b or n n v ow r u rn o on u v on T hu w mp r m

Ch n n du r y n d p n n vo u o n n r n k d o f or m n g

y m

FORMCRO OCLALREEARCH

n rm of m hod m ro o r r h m p y h pfu

for ov r om ng x ng ump o n o ong r r h r r d

o m ro v o r un v n y x rm y d ff u o

r h n n o n o pp y oCh n mod nd ump on

d r v d from on own o n x D n v d n h m r o o

v o rb r h hnogr ph r u n df r hnd on w h

h u b how v r ow o n h po b y of d v op ng f

for h ub h d ff r n fr om on pr o n v d n o on W h

h om h p o b y for n vr n g h u u p mo og

p r no fpr o d n g fr om n u v ump o n o m p r ud y




20/44

Hu ng P A RA DG MA T CCR 3 1 7

Th o p po r un y h n o p n d up f or p r v n g n d o n p u n g

mp r r h on rd our x ng ump on

L o ud r no h r u fu p pro h f or m r r on

M ro u d o f ng v r b o r m d of vr b dom

p rm u o r fund m n u on bou p r um d on n on

mong d ff r n v r b Lo ud on h o h r h nd g n r y

mp o x m n h o h ory o f g v n r h u ffor dng

h o pp or u n y o f d dr n g n n w w y h u o n of h ow

d ff rn f or r d o h oh r r hr h n um ng h r n

onn on h ob n d n on own o n x m u o h v o

u rr d n h o h r n mp n g o r h nk n u v ump o n

hv f ou nd h o r o n r u g n r d fr om no n W r n o

mor n r u v h n h W rn d r vd mod Thu m y

n o o n of n vo u o n h d r wn m u h fr om h h o r o f A V

C h yn ov n d C ffo rd G r b o hb d on m r o o u d o f

no nW r n o

F n y mp r p r dox m o m p r u r y u fu w y

o o n p u pr ob m f or ud y Ex n g on r u b oh n h r

r of d gr m n nd h r h r d ump on n h p u o

d n fy pr dox On r y dn f d h mu n o u v d y

f f pr u m d o b o n r d o ry fr om h n dp on o f x n g

mod h n op n up u on bou p r um d u onn on

F or x m p m gh n o h n u r of o mm r o nb d f f rn

f ro mw h w h d um d A nd m gh n o h u o fmo d m

d v opm n b o h r hn u omm r on u h u on

n n urn d u o onn on n o o h rw pp r n n d o h

n r on of n w h or h xp n h p r dox

OTHERPARADOXE

Wh fo o w r b ro d y k h d o b rv on o n wh m o

m o b v r o h r mp r p r dox h h v b n r v d by

p ho r h p w no mp o pr ov d ompr h n v urv y

of h r u r h h on r bu d o d mon r ng h p r dox

u w r f r on y owork h m pr u r y u r v A o

h d u o nw on n r m n yon h p r u r dr on of




21/44


n u r yb n g d vo d h r T h m n un v od b y g h ng h

m ny v u b o n rb u on h o h r h v m d n r h ng fo r

n w p pr o h o br k o u o f h o nf n o f h o d mo d

EGMENTEDNATURALECONOMYANDNTEGRATEDMARKET

T hr h v b n m or f fo r o nbo h d of h o n n r n

y r o br ng h o n r n n d m h od o f m ro o no m o b r

o n Ch n h ory E r r ud h d b n m n ym r o o

n o m h n w p pr o h h v u db y u rn d h p o g h fr om

g ro n on o u pu o h n g d ub of mrk pr

n d n r pr / ho u h o d h o W u Ch n g m ng 1 9 8 4 1 98 5 C h n

C hu n h n g 1 9 84 W n g Y h h n 1 9 89 C h n g 1 9 9 0 1 o

Th n w r r h h u d d n d mon r ng o n d r b

mr k n g r o n n h M n g Qn g o no my T h r n o u o n

bou h x n of n on m rk n u h m or o mmod

r o on nd k M or n r rg on r d rou n b

r y d n f d nd h p prox m u n of r d m d

P r n d f f r n r g o n n b h ow n o h v m o v d y n hr on ou y

n h R pub n pr od h r r nd n r d nd

Ch n m rk m o b n k df ur h r o f or g n m rk

Y w o kn ow h h ro ug ho u h M ng n d Qn g m o

o o n y m n d o h p ro du o n w d o n n o n o wn w or k ho p b u

b y p n h o u h o d n o n un o n w h f r mn g X u Xn wu 1 9 90

1 98 1 M or o v r h b u k of p n p r od u o n o n n u d o g o

d r y o h ou h o d o n ump o n Th m o r n n d y m

u dy m h p n p ro du o nf or ho m o n um p on x

d d h f or h m rk 1 92 0 Wu Ch n gm ng 1 99 0

18 19 p m T h rur onomy n o h r word w n

ub n m ur n u r onomy

F or m rk mor ov r op r d un dr v r o n r n f r

from h d of h f r y omp v m rk L nd r n on

w r r r d by bo h u o m nd w r u r ng h f r r fu of

h n g hb or n dk n f rm ng d n p o n d h n d f n r gh

of r dmp o n n h of h v r yw d y u d pr of o nd

o n Y ng Guo h n 1988 L b or r n on m r y

r u r d p ron onn on nd n r m d r o f f h r by




22/44


gr y m n g h p r h of h bor mrk n r v g

o n m on g k n n d n g hb or h r p r o n o r h ro ug h r d

o w r o f n b d on h p r n p of r p ro y n dgood

f ng r h r h n of n m p ron r d m r k And p n

b or ro w ng f ro m u ur r w p r d d o n h o g o f u r vv b or

row ng n ub n on omy n r r of 2% 3% m on h

mu h h gh r h n n y r d m r k b d on pr of o r n d n r

p r o u db r F X o o n g 1 93 9 H u ng 1 9 90

Now w n o f our f on mor n o h o d r p N o m h n

ho r w ou d n h g v n h m n of y nhr on y n h

p r o f om o mmo d h r o f h o mpo un dmu f o ow

f v d n y h p rf y omp v x book y f or mr

k op r d n Ch n p n onomy no h n h ydo n

dv n d p onom nd h p n h o no h n

p n rpr nur ho k o m x m prof n h

m rk F or o m h r d u o n r o nn gw ou d d fu r hr o h

o og o n u o n h r n fo rm v m od r n o no f h o un

r y d m u r u fr om u h m r k d v o p mn T h h o r f

h d dno d o n o o n r d h h ory or dng o h oun r

f u r gum n n wou d hv oon r or r f w r nd

r v o u o n h d no n r ru p d h p ro

T h n u r o no my h o r o n h o h r h nd w ou d n h

f u d o no my n o n y b n u r o no my U nd r n or m h o r

progr on p m n d omp y n g r d m rk m gh h v

d v op d bu h po b y w p r u d dby h nf u n o f

m p r m w h h o nd w h Ch n f ud f or o bo k h

p ro Th u on wou dh v b n d ff r n f on y h W h d

n o n r ud d An d o w w ou d h v r p o f h o d d o og

rgumn

T h o mb n ng of h p rf f o rm rk m od n d h n ur

o n o my m od n o d u o no my H ou 1 9 6 3 M ur ph y 1 9 7 7

d o o d v n o u ru nd r n dn g fo rw k no wb yo nd u o n

h o n r onn on b w n h wo h mo obv ou x mp

b n g h o on x onomy wh h f f d m o v ry p n

wo ud b m py wr on g o p u r w o p r o no m

Non o f h hr mo d d u for o n p u ng how

m rk d d or d d no w or k n Ch n r n n ur O n h




23/44


ub on o mu h n Ch n o onom h ory w r

f d w h on p u m p h p r nd pr of h u rr n

r d gm r A u fu f r p for br k n gou o f h mp

w ou d b o pp ro h h u o nb y nv r n g h p h b o fgo ng

fr om h o ry o f n dp ro d ng n d fr om h mp r v

d n G v n h p r d ox of g mn d n u r o no my n d n

n g r d m rk how do w x p n h mu n ou p r n nd

on g p r n o f bo h A nd h o w do w x p n h p r d ox o f

n g r d m rk w h ou r n fo rm v m od m d v op mn M y

ugg on h h r n b d ff r n dyn m for o mm r on

h pr odu d ff r n o n u n m gh b o n b g nn ng n

o f h nk ng h n b x nd d o o h u on of how h m r k

d d or d dno o p r n or dn w h our x ng h m On

p r u r y pr om n g u b o f n ur ym gh b h o mm r

f rm h ood h u n o nb w n h r d o n n dmod m

m r k y m T h y hou d u good d bou h ow h wo

y m o p r d n d ho w h y d d nd d d no n r p n r

THEEXPAN ONOFTHEPUBLCREALM

W THOUTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFC VCPOWER

A no h r m po r n r o fn w r r h by Q ng h o r n h

dmon r on of h pr d mo p y n h Y ng d of

m r h n o rg n o n o mmo no rg n o o n g n r y or gn d

hoo nd d m r ry nd d m o ph n hrop

o o n o p ro vd f or h d r y w do w o r or ph n h r b

gr n r o pro g n f mn nd h k T h m oun n g v

n on u hnon pub o on d ng om o x pr

m n w h H b r m 1 98 9 19 62 n o o n of h r o f p ub

p h r n r ymod m Eur op o h r r h d v opm n

of h M ng r y Qng 1 Th p r m obv ou n d r k ng

T h b or ro w ng o f H b rm r m n d h m h ow v r n r ry

un n nd d o og nd rdu o n mp on n h on x

o fW r nEu ro p n h o r y H b rm u dy of h r o f h p ub

ph r n m oun o u dy of h r oo o fd mo r y n do f

ub u n d g n r o n or ru u r r n fo rm o n H k ng

no u bou h d ff r n b w n pub nd p rv r m bu

r h r bou ho wo r m n h on x of n oh r ux p o on




24/44

Hu ng / P AR A DG MA T CCR 3 2 1

h v ru v o y For hm h wo p r of on p

n rp n r nd d h mu n ou u o f h m h g v h

w or k n y p ow r F ro m h n dp on o f h r o o o f d mo

r y w n o m r y h x p n on of h p ub r m o f f h

w ru bu r h r xp n on n h o n x of h r on of

v p ow r g n pow r n u h o n x h w n d o

un dr n dH b rm r f r n o h p ub ph r o f v o

y H b r m 1 98 9 1 96 2

Mod rn urb n o y h w n d h dy x pn o nof h

pub r m of f bu n o w y w h h r o nof v pow r

g n h n f w m gh u fu y hnk of h pub r m

n r on d ov rby h mod m nd v o y n

d mo r o v o y r f u f u y ov r h

pub ph r n n on d mo r o how v r h r v r w

h On n d on y h nk of h omp dom n o n by h

p o r vo u on ry Ch n of h p ub r m of f

F ro m u h p o n o f v w w h p o gn n b ou H b r m

o n p h ym gh b p p d o Ch n h d o on r h r

h n o on b w n h xp n on of h p ub r m of f nd

h r on of v pow r g n h Th r w xp n on of

h pub w pr v r m of f w h own dv opm n

n d h b r k do wn o f v g o mm un p r n n n u rb n n v r on

m n o b u r W n d o ny h nk of h d f fr n n h d y

v o fv g nd own r d n o o n r our w h

f m y k n n df o w v g r b u b yo nd oppo d o

o n d r b y mo r p r v y f ro m f m y n d n g hb or o r h

po n for u h b u mor o on w ho h r ou d h

m m d n g h bo rh oo d B u n C h n h o wn d d no n d

o u d of h pow rof h n n ry h m w y n h

m d v n d r y m o d rn W A nd o w n d v o pm n d d n o

rry w h n r y h m m p on o fd v opm n o f v

p o p ow r n C h n b w n 1 6 00 /1 70 0 n d 18 40 /1 89 5 m

o m h r w f r m oun o fd v opm n o f v p ub o

on b u n h w yof r on of v pow r g n h

T ho wo ph nom n w r n r n k d n h W bu h y w r

d oc d n C h n T h p r dox of h x p n on of h p ub c r m

w h ou h r on of cv c pow r g n h h n r h




25/44


u o n Ho w w r h d y n m d r v ng h d v o p m n o f pu b

o on n M ng Q ng Ch n n d n h r y mod m W m r

n d y d f f r n

LEGALFORMALMW THOUTLBERALM

Ano hr ub of urr n n r n h U n d h udy

o fC hn g h o ry A n od r g n r o n h d b n m pr d by

h k of u d u on om y nd n dv du v r g h n C hn

g y m Jud u hor y w p r of d mn r v u hor y

n d w w pr d om n n y p n n n n f or h p ur po o fm n

n ng d o og y nd h p pr ov d o o rd r T h r w

o r no d v o p m n o f v w C h u 1 96 1 V n d r p r n k 1 97 7

1 96 2 B od d n d Mo rr 1 96 7 Th mp h k h g n r

h o r hp on Ch n of h m w on h d f fr n b w n

m p r C h n n d h m od m W

Th n m g n r on of r r h h mph d h f orm /

r on p of Ch n g r d on Th w n f d dno

o r o r b r ry pu n hm n n d or ur b u o p r d b y o n n

ru of v dn work d u w v nby pr n d y nd rd

o f u And d w h v m r n y m nd r o n

w y B ux b um 1 9 7 1 C on n r 1 9 7 9 A f or d 1 9 84 T h h o r h p

of our h r n p d or ook p h m m h r y

mod rn Ch n r r h n dp r d h r nd n y or dr

h u nb n d m ph o f h p r d n g g n r o n

Th d ff r n n y on r u mp oy d by h wo g n r o n

o rr p o nd o M x W b r d h o o my o f n r u m n o r kh d w

nd form or r o n w W b r 19 54 n on w h n r u

m n of h nd ub o h wh m of h ru r n h o h r

b d on b r form y od f d pr n p wh h n urn

g v r o p on nd rd on n d ud u onomy

h r r h W b r u d w h mod mr o n m

Th d ff rn b w n h wo pr p v r r yr f d

n h w or k of o m p r v w h o r R ob r o U ng r 1 9 76 n d

h o n g r m o f b y W m A fo rd 1 9 86 F or U ng r C h n

prov d d h fo p r x n of g r d o n w hou h

nd n h g v r o mod m b r w nd pro on for




26/44


h v r g h o f h n d vd u F or A fo rd o n h o h r h n d U ng r

v w of Ch n w rry h u u r bound r ror o f h r r

g n r o n w or k

B o hv w m o m v d n p r T h r n b no d ny ng h

mp r C h n w w h gh yform d nd u h o y

m nd r v y u onomou w form n ho n

Y h r n o b no dny ng h mp r Ch n w r m nd

ub o dm n r v n rf r n p y by h p r on of h

m p ro r fo r x mp K uh n 19 90 n d h u n R p ub n

m nd h nf u n of h mod mW g v r o n h

w y of b r mp u o wr d h p ro o no f nd v du r gh

Form m nd b r m my hv b o m o d n h r y

m od r n n d mo d m W B u h y w r n o n M n g Qn g Ch n

L n b g n d f h d of h u k on y o r h

v w h m or ur or m por n on Th d b wo ud n

h nd b o m m r o h rgum n o vr wh h r mp r

C h n w r d o n o r r y mod m f ud o r n p n p

H r g n h p o r wou d m o b w h h m pr

p r do x of fo rm m w h o u b r m

W n d o f nd ou u wh h m n n pr p y w h

r p o v u 2 Th r w no r p r on b w n

r m n nd v w n h Q ng o b u r Th m n h b n

of r yd n d nd u onomou r m of v u x

n mod m b r w Y h Q ng od rr d on d r b

n umb r of p f form p rov o n w h r p o v m r

k n h r n nd u on m rr g n dd vor buy ng n d

n g n d n d r d n dd b M v n umb r o f r o rd o f

h Q n g n d R pu b n p r o d h v n ow b o m v b T h

m ro o v dn on n d n ho r o rd p rm u o xp or

n umb r of u o n n d F ro m h p on o f v w of h

m g r for x mp u h ow mu h of h n o nw k n up

by v To wh x n d d h form y ord ng o

h r of h w nd o wh x n rb r r y ord ng o p ron

ud gm n A nd f r o m h p o n o f v w o f h o mm on fo k o w h

x n n dfo rw h p ur po d d h y r o r o g o n Ju h ow d d

h o ur y m n d ommun y m d on n r r n h

m n of v d pu An w r o u h u on m gh g v u




27/44


frm rb on wh h o n y h d ff r n nd m r of h

Ch n nd W r n g r d on

TRUCTUREANDAGENCYNTHE CHNEE REVOLUTON

P ho r h p on h C h n R vo u on h b n d vd d m ny

o vr h u on of h r on h pb w n r u ur nd g n y n

h r v o u on T h o r h od ox C h n M r x v w r g h f or w rd

n ou gh L on g r m r u u r h n g b r ou gh n r d n o n

b w n mo p y nd ord n d n n nd h Ch

n C om mu n P r y w h o rg n n g g n o f h x po d

p n ru u r h n g nd hum n g ny wr un d n ng

m o v m n o f Co mm un d r v o u o n M o 1 97 2 1 92 7

1 97 2 1 9 39 Z h n g Yo uy 1 95 7 L W n h 1 9 57

Th v w of h r v ou o n b k d by h C h n ho r h p

on o ng r m o onom h ng T h f ud m hoo w

h v n m ph d h n r y of n dord n n o nf und r

u d r on o fprodu on m p r m n h v w ggr v d

ho on rd on h rby ng h g for h n f ud

nd n m pr r vo u on Th n p n p m h oo

ho ugh r d n d how mp r m ob r u d h f u d v

opm n of h r r prou o f p m r h d h m o n u

on b o u h r u u r b k gr ou nd o f h r v o u o n T h o n n u d

pr dom n n o f h o r on o f h f ud n ur onomy

h g f or h C ommun d n f ud nd n mp r

r v o u o n

Con r v v ho r hp n h U n d h rgu d h oppo

Th r w d u n on b w n ru u r nd n nd hum n

g n y n h r v ou o n D ur ng h h g h o f h o d w r n h

1950 h m o d o o g nd o n rv v ho r v n m n

n d h h r v ou o nw r y h w ork of on p r or

m n or y o n ro d n d m n pu d b yM o o w M h n d T y or

195 6 Ev n u y h on r v v m n r m v w m o m ph

p r y or g n o n h r u f or d rv ng h r v ou o n

P n rugg n m r y f on of rvo u on ry

p ro pg nd w h r y m r d w h f f v o rg n n g wo rk

o f h h g h y m n pu v C h n C om mu n P r y




28/44


T h v w o o b k d by h o r h po n on g r m o o no m

h ng T h gn n r d o n C hn on r u no d r r

mp h h r o o fp op u o n pr ur h o ur o fmo dm

Ch n wh h n o m h n h m p o gh h d v op

m n ff of h m r k From h r po n of v w h

r v o u on p ro gr m o f h C h n C om mu n P r y w n b r r o n

r un n ng o n r r y o r u u r n d n p op u o n pr u r w ou d

f or b r h o n r o n d o h r r f o rm n d m rk d r v n d v o p

m n fo r p m n o fo rr v ou o n

T hr r y gr n of ru h nbo h of h of v w F w

w ou d d n y h h C h n C om mu n m ov m n n o y dm u h

gr r p op u r u p po r h n d d h G u om n d ng n d h u h

uppor m d r d ff r n n h o u o m of h v w r m o

p y n r g ph on h Nor hCh n p n Y h

m m h r n b no d ny ng h ron gy o np r or m n

y n d wo rk y o f h L n n C om mun P r y p ro o n

of m n no w h nd ng P n n po 1949 Ch n r m n

n m ny r p h o b of p ry m npu on r h r h n h

up po d m r o f h r v o u o nm d n h r n m

Bu h p o on x of h f d h m m d d ff u o

rgu o n or h o h r po n w h ou h r of h d o og p k g

A n f fo r o d m on r h p o pu r b o f h r v o u o n w ou d

om w h h n r r vo u on r gum n g d n 1971

w h n r g um n o n h m po r n o f p r y or g n n g w ou d r ry

w h h w ho on r v v h m of h ng g H ofh n 197 7

E v n h o w ho r fu y v o d d h d o og d b f oun d h m

v u nd r k by h m o f r v n y o mm d T hu w J oh n

F r b n k k d b y R mo n My r n d Th om M g r f or p ro p

g n g r vo u on p r dgm w ho d o og p r p v o n

d ng w h B n g h o ro gr p h p r p v p r vn d m n y

Am r n n u fr om h n k ng f r y n d ob r y b ou h w o

C h n g ov r nm n M y r n d M g r 1 9 80 8 8

Mo ho r n h f d h v n o found h rgum n o f h r

of h wo h gh y d oog on r u p r u v M ny y ng

rof u h rgum n h v u y h m v h d ff u k

o fg n r n g h k n d of m p r v d n h w ou d m k po




29/44


b mor o ph d n y g Ch n 1986 Bu y h r h

b n no r y r u d rn v h h g n dw d p n

To mov h f d for wrd from h r m o m o n n ry

p o br k o u o f h o nf n o f h o d fo rm u o n o f h

r on h pb w n o ng rm ru u r n dn nd h r v o u

on ru u r h ng d d no h v o b po n ng n h d r on

h r of fr m rk p m or of Co mmu n r vo u o n h r

w r o h rpo b h v u gg d on w h h on p o f

nvo u on ry omm r on Th m n n h on x h

p r dox of omm r on w hou n n f d onf nd

w hou d ff rn on of h p n ry n o p f rm r n d

h rd wg work r n d o mm r on n hn d h b y of

m p n f rm ng n d h n u r v g o r pro du h m v

An o h r x mp o f n r n v v w o f on g r m r u u r

h ng g o fo o w Th b g r u ur nd n y h ump o u

u f rom h J ngn n r n h n ury f r h T p n gR b on

w nd ord w k nng u d by gr r n r fr n n

r d x o n n d n on x p n d ng r n L n d or d m m gh n o

h v b n d r oy dby v o r vo u on by n n p n

h nd rd r vo u on ry mod r m gh h v nd d m py

h ro ugh r u ur o p w h ou m u h n h w y of p n

v o u on ry on n h ow r Yng r g o n B rn hrd

f o rho m ng

An o h r p fo rw r dw ou d b o o n v o f h r o n hp

b w n ru u r n d g n y om h ng o h r h n omp y

on n o r omp y oppo d W d o no h v o h oo b w n

u h o n r v v v w of p r y w h ou p op u r u ppo r n d h

C ommun v w of d o f r vo u on T h mpor n u

n d u h ow dd ru u r nd g n y n rr

V wng r u ur n d g n y p r nd n r v u fu

dv n o v r h p pr u mp o n of o mp on n y or o

d un o n n b u o h nk ng of h w o pro nd

n o f or go n o n u o n n E b h P r ry 1 98 0 u dy of h

C om mu n mo vm n n h H u b r fo r x mp o ng r m

o o g n b y n d Co mmu n o rg n n g r h o wn o m

n mp or r y n bu o nC omm un w n gn o dr w on

o mmu n y f d f n o r g n o n fo r up po r n J m o




30/44


m or o no my h o ry o 1 97 6 M r k 1 9 84 p r y n d p

n w ou d fn d h r m n gg ro un d n h r o r o n of h r gh o

ub n An d n Jo p h E h r k 1 98 7 ud yo f h B ox r o

g v u on m or x mp popu r u u r b o m w y o udy

p n p r d po on n h ough nd o n

T ow or k ou f u y n w v w of h r vo u o n n d k h f d

ou of h o n p u mp of h p f wd d w w n d

u v y d ff r n v d n fr om wh h b n u d o f r

C hn ho r o f h r v ou o nh v o n r n d h m v m n y

w h o rg n on h ory n p r b u of h m on of h

v b our Th r h b n n o gn f n work on wh h p

p n d wh n h r v ou o n ry mo vm n u y m r u r o y 3

Bu n w k n d of do u mn o n r b o mn g v b n r h v

n Ch n n d n h m m or of p r p n wh o r nk r of

our h nn ng f A o h o n now b g n d h rough

r h v n d m ro o f d r r h n Ch n n f for n wh h

numb r of Am r n ho r r r d y v y n g gd

CONTEMPORARYH TORY

T h w o m od d v d h r r d o v r n o o n m po r ry h o ry

Th onf n y of h Ch n r vo u on h oro r y

n h gory o m f or po r v ou o n ry Ch n n h

h m of h ng h C hn C ommun P r y h o rg n d g n

xpr ng h w of h bor ng m of Ch n o y

nd o y r o n n d o r vo u on w h n u r ou o m

o f h ong rm r u ur nd n n Ch n o y Th p r y

o rg n o n n y o f h r v o u on o n h o h r h n d h

po r vo u on ry n o gu n h gory o r n m 4 n h

on r u h p r y ru by o r n o nro of h p op

nd o y r o ppo d nd p m no o m h ou d

h v b n h ou om of h ru ur nd n n Ch n o y

W h r p o gr r n hng h o m mod p rd d h

o v o w n r h p of h m n o f pr od u o n w ou d o v r om h

w k n o f m p n p ro du o n nd po w r o no m m od

rn on bu w hou h n u nh rn n p d v op




31/44


m n Th p m mod on h o h r hnd pr d d h o

v o wn r h p wo ud u ff r fr om h b n o f n n v h

o pr n n o no my b d on pr v o wn r h p n df r m r k

r n p C n r d p n nn g mo r ov r w ou d br ng x v

bur u r on ro nd h o on omy wou d b om m r d

n n ff n y

Am on gC hn po y mk r h m v h r h v b n p ro

r d d b on h m u p u d h m of h

C u ur R vo u o n un d r h o gn h r ug g o f h w or od

W h h u rn of d r o n n off r ur p o y o n o r h o h r

mod h b n d upon o r o n h p o y h ng Thu

u y nd o v h v mn w r mph d n h Gr

L p n d h C u ur R vo u o n wh m rk n dp ro f n n v

w r o u d n h po Gr L p d u m n nd g n n h

p o C u u r R v o u o n r f o rm

Th d b h v rr d ov r o om x n n o h W rn

dm w or d w h o m h o r y mp h n gmo r w h h

M o n do h r m or w h L u h o n d h 1 98 0 r fo rm r

T h m o o mm d p ro po n n o f on o r h o h r m od h v g o n

on o r Ch n po from h p r p v of h b r d

m od for x mp x v m und rM o p o

L pp 1 98 7 o r n u ff n m r k o n un d r h 1 98 0 r f or m

J f f r o n n d R w k 1 99 0

W h C h n um w y f ro m o v gr u u r n h 1 98 0

r dn n o m h n h v n n h r f or m o nf rm o no f h r

h r h d f h F or h m C hn r o r o m rk m h n m g

h o p o f o m nd h r umph of p m Th

r form m n h h C hn onomy h f n y b n b k o n

p ro p r ou r o f m rk dr v n d v op mn f r d d o f

b rr n o r vo u on f prob m r m n on yb u h

r fo rm h v n o g on f r n ou gh h v n g f d o m p m n o m

p p rv o no fo wn r h p n d o d o n ro o f pr

p m

b v h r on of Ch n r n p r h bo hmod

h r f u y u mp o n A w h p r r vo u o n ry ud w h w

h v n o n mp or ry ud wo mo d n do n p r d gm W h

h f or g ro un do fd b h b n o u p d by h d ff r n b w n




32/44


h wo mod h gr r nf un h b n w d d by h r

u n po k n h r d u mp o n

Th p r d gm ump o n m r frr ng o p r n on g n

o h r of g r m n b w n h wo mod on d r d by bo h

o b o oo bv ou y r u o r u r d u o n Am on g ho um p

o n w ou d po n g n o h r o m mo n no o n h u rb n n d u

r o n n d ru r d v o pm n n d ou p u g ro w h n d b o r pr o

d u v y d vn wo ud fo rm n g o h r n pr o o fm od m

d v opm n w h h r p or o

Tw oo h r u mp o n h d b y h w o d h v b n m po r n

n n f u n ng our h n k ng b ou p o 1 94 9C hn n h p

m nd o m mod d r v fr om W rn x p r n nd h r

Ru n o un r n h r on g v r ou on d r on o h pr ob

m of x p op u o n B o h u m h w h m od r n o no m

d v opm n w h h r o or p n y uh prob m wou d

b y ov r om B y x n o n n h r o n d r h p rob m

nd n o n h g h y n vo u d f r m n g n w h h y d p r u n r

h v r d yb n p uh d o h gh o m h p o b y for fur h r

r g dv n Bo h h r for um v r u yun m d

p y fo r xp n o n of y d A nd n h r p y m uh n o n o h

d n nd ndu r produ o n o n o p n urv v n

n n vo u d r u r o no my B o h u m h r ur p ro du o n o m

p r m n y r op p ro du o n

Fn y hough h d o og y n fu n d mod of p m

n d o m h v o mm nd d h d h rn o fo ny m no r y of

ho r h r h rd n dn y o u m h h rpr n h on y

rn v o h o h r h p rh p n fu n d rg r numb r n h

p r p v rur d v o pm n mu om h r h rough p m

o r o m n o o m m x ur o f h w o or o m h r d or f ou r h or

o h r rn v

URBANDEVELOPMENTANDRURALNVOLUTONNTHE COLLECTVEERM

T h p r do x o n ur r n o f ur bn n du r o nw h r ur

u nd r d v o pm n v n m or v d n n p o r v o u o n ry C h n

d ow n h r ou gh h 1 97 0 h n n p r r v o u o n r y C h n b f o r 1 9 49

P ho r hp h d mon r d w h w d gu f p r n g




33/44


n du r d v o pm n n d gr u u r h n g W h n du r o u

p u r o 1 1 % p r y r b w n 1 9 52 n d 1 97 9 o r 19 f o d n h p r o d

gr u u r o u pu n r d u 2 3% y r b r y h d of po pu

o n g ro w h P r k n n d Yu u f 1 9 84 h p 2 T h p r d o x of

n du r d v o p m n n d r ur u nd r d v o pm n o n r d d

r y h pr d o n of bo h h p m nd o m mod h

r ur n d ur b n d v o p m n w ou d m ov n n d m

Rur o v o b u r n b d Ch n gr u u r o und r

k h k nd o f nfr r u ur n v m n n o po b b y nd v du

m p n f rm B y h m v ho mprov m n m gh h v

p rm d g n n bo rp ro du v y B u p op u o n pr ur n d

po y omp d v r gr r n n f on of b or n pu p r

un r h o of dm n hd mrg n r u rn n h nd v n

ho ug h ru r o u p u x p n d d h r f o d b o r n pu w n u p h r o

f o u r fo d f ro m h f u m o b o n o f wo m n f or f r m p ro du o n

f ro m n r d n um b r of d y w o rk d p r y r n d fr om n r

d ou b ng o f h r u r p o pu o n T h r u w o w r r u rn p r

w or k d y o r n o h r w o rd h p r d o x of o u p u g ro w h w h o u

b or p r od u v y d v o pm n n f r m p ro du o n

T h o v f rm urn o u h r d w h h p r rvo u on ry

f my frm r n b org n on h r r Un k

p f rm u ng h rd b or bor u pp yw f x d n d ou d

no b d u d ord ng o n d And un k p f rm w

u n o f b o h o n u mp o n n d pr o du o n n o u o f pr od u o n A

u h o ud b d rv n by o n ump o n n d o n vo u o h gh

d gr r g r d o fr u rn p r u n bo r n vo u o n n h p o 1 94 9

p rod mor ov r w d d by po y F rom h po n

o fv w d dd b or n pu n b or b un dn C h n w h p r h n

dd d p npu F ur h rmor x on n dpro ur m n w r

p gg d o o o up u r g r d o fr u r n p r wo rk d y o h

o v m mb r Th r u w w h o v nvo u on

o n n u o n o f h n u r o ng n vo u o n r y r n d n r ur C h n

R U RA L N DU T R ME A N D DE L NE N T HE 1 9 80

T h 1 98 0 b y o n r w u nn n g ru r d v o pm n T h g ro

o u pu v u o fr ur o wn h p n d v g o r h o d o mmu n




34/44


n d br g d p ro du o n u mp d b o u 2 5 fo d n h d d b w n

19 80 n d1989 m ny m h h n 15% u mu v n r n

p op u o n Z h on gg uo o ng n n n 1 9 9 0 3 33 3 3 5 5 6 5 7 2 5 8

263 W h h dr m dv n h v om h f r gn n n ur

o f g n u n m od r n d v o pm n f or C h n r ur p op u o n n h

n o f x p nd d p ro du v y n d r u rn p r w o rk d y n d u b n

u rp u bov b r ub n n n drd of v ng

H ow do w o un f or h d vn T h u mp o n h po pu

on pr ur m r nd h rur pr odu on m n y rop

pro du on d o m r r h r o on n r h r n o n pr m r

y on r op ou pu T h x p o nw h m rk n dp ro f n n

v wou dpow r dr m n r n h m nn r pr d d by h

p m mod g N nd u 1 990 T h f h rop ou pu

u y dv n d n v r g o f mo 7 %p r y r b w n 1 979

n d 1 98 4 Z h on gg uo o n g n n n 1 9 9 0 3 35 o n y f u d h o

n u v xp on n f Ch n r form r g h m v

p o n d o r op p ro du o n h u n g d g o f ru r d v o pm n

n d on fd n y f or o n nu d d v n o f om pr b d m n

o n g F h n y n u u o 19 85 E v n wh n r op y d v d

off n 19 85 h m o rd n m h n on n ud for m o ng o

h r v o n by r o r n g o o un r f u r gu mn f h C hn

d r h p h dn o o pp d w h h f w y m u r n dh d go n on

o o mp pr v on n d o d o n ro o fpr h r w ou d

h v b n f ur h r d v n

T h f h r op ou pu v d off f r n n pur hou dn o

o n hn d gh b ur pr n g Af r n h gh d n y n v ou d

p n onomy u h Ch n un r y d h d r d yb n

p u h d o v ry h gh v M or o v r x p fo rg r r u o f

h m f r r m d p o b by h om ng of g o f Ch n

p r o um ndu r y n h dv n d r y upp d mod m

npu h d r d y ong n b n n rodu d n mo r w

unr on b o xp fur h rdr m dv n of omp r

b o wh m gh b x p d of n g r r n o no my n w h h n d

w m u h n n v yu d k h U n d or h o v

Unon

W h n o n f o u d p r m r y on r o p pr od u o n n d h d

b ov r h pro nd on o f p v ru o produ o n




35/44


n o w p d o h ru ydyn m or o f h r ur on omy

n du r nd d n n ud ng hnd r f n m r ng f h r

nd nur r n o u g n Ch n 5 nv gor d

b y mr k d d r b u on of pr odu v m r nd n our

g m n r ur own h p n dv g xp od d w h nw n v

T h grow h w p y dr m n n du r y wh h x p r n d

b ou f v f o d n r f ro m 19 80 o 1 9 89 p n g h 0 3 f od

g n n d n r op pr od u o n By h n do f h d d r ur

n du r h d o m o o un f or mo r h n h f o f r ur o up u

n d d n no h r ff h 6

T h h n w r h k y r f r mor h n r op produ on b y

r o of b ou 9 1 h o un d f or h d r m 2 5 fo d u mp n

r ur g ro o u pu v u B y 19 88 m o r h n 9 0 m o n ru r w o rk r

w r m p oy d o f f f rm Z h on gg uo o n g n n n 1 9 9 0 4 00 f

3 29 w h h n u r n p r m d h r m ov o f ov r r ow d d b o r or

d n vo u o n n r op p ro du o n n o m r o f Ch n f o r h f r

m n n u r B y r du n g h n um b r of w or k r h r n g n

r v y f x d p d n vo u o n br ou gh n r d n o m p r wo rk

d y n r o pp ro du o n T h o up d w h n o m f ro m h n w

n du r nd d n r d h f r rr ng of gnu n dv op

m n n d r v p ro p r y n mn y r of h C h n oun ry d

F n y d o og n n on on o r h o hr mod o h

x u o n of o h r po b h o b ur d n o h r d mn o n of

h n g n h 1 98 0 B y h p r p v r ur d v o pm n h ou d

om n ord n w h h r h pr d o n of h p m or h

o m mo d n o o m m ng y p r do x o mb n o n of h

wo Y w p r y h rur o v n rpr own dby

own h p n dv g y op r n g n m rk d n vronm n

h w r mong h m o d yn m o f or o f h r ur onomy

A h nd of h d d h y ov r h dow d pr v n r pr

n o o u pu v u b y r o o f w o o o n Z h on gg uo n on gy

n n n 1 9 8 9 3 45 3 4 6

M A RK E T Z AT O N W T HO UT CV L O CE Y

n h h m rk on of h C hn onomy n h 1 980

w omp n dby h b r on of Ch n p o f n d h




36/44


on om n r of v o on T ho d v opm n h v d

om ho r o m poy h o n p of v o y o h r r

o po h ng und r h r f orm g W hy 19 90

on p h u f u y k u on bo u h n ur o fpow r r

o n b w n nd o y n dr pr n n dv n ov r h

o d o r n m m od w h h m p y o ok fo rg r n d o mp

d om n n o f o y

How vr k h gory pub ph r u d w h r p o r y

n dm dQ ng Ch n v o y oo h h po n p f of

d ng u n o for d u on b w n h W rn n dC hn

x pr n n h r y mo dr n h o ry of W r nE ur op n d h

mo r r n h o ry of E r nE ur op d mo r d v o pm n

o u on omy fr om p ow r n d h v r g h o f nd v du

n p y omp n d h d v o pm n of fr m rk

C v o y p u h omp x of onn on E r y p

d v o pm n o ng w h h r o f v o o n u o no mo u fr om

p ow r n d h b g n nn g of d mo r y T h u o f h r m

w hou x p n on o Ch n d ff rn h rfor rr h

r k of u gg ng mp y h h m omp x o u rr d n Ch n

u h u gg o n wo u d of o u r b n p pr op r f or 1 98 0

C hn for h Q n g wou d x gg r h d mo r mp on

o f h p r dof mrk v nd v o on n h 1 980

n db y x n o n h v po w rb n oy d by h d mo n r o r

n T n n m n u r n h p rn go f1 98 9 An d w o ud r p h

p h b o f om o pro on o Ch n W rn d by h

r du o n nd o og r on ng h f on o r wo m n o f

om po un d w r p r n h n h n r o mp ou nd m u b o r w

oonb

On g n n d of r n gfr om W rn d rv d ump o n

w w ou d do b r o b g n w h h mp r p r do xo fm rk

on n d v o on w h ou d mo r d v opm n T h

m r k o n of 1 98 0 C h n w o f v r y d ff r n o r f ro m h

h or xp r n o f p onom nd h v o

o n w r m r y d rv n b y v ry d ff r n d y n m f ro m h o n

h W f h o d ff r n n b d n f d h y h ou dh p u

o o o mpr h nd h p o b y d ff r n o po mp on

h m rk on r r f or Ch n




37/44


A N A L T E R NA T V E T O CA P A L M A N DO CA L M

On g n w n o f our on n u o n od y on on o r

h o h r mod o f m p p m or o m u n gon o r no h r

of h o d r du on o og or o un r f u rgum n

Th u h pr n of m rk uppo d o gn h m m nn

r rv o f o h r pr of h p m o mpound k p rv

o wn r h p n dd mo r y f h o o h r p r d on o fo o w h y

n v rh hou d From h r bu hor p o h oun r

f u on u on f on y h Ch n d r w r no o r u n

o b ndon o m for p m h d r d d v o pm n w ou d

b ur o fo o w

R o n r n Ch n o pp o d o r f or mh v mp oy d m r

o g o r h oppo on u on G v nm rk h r of h

und r b m n of p m mu r n y fo ow o n

u y p xp o on n d m r m nd o on Th r for

h n g r yof o m mu b r r d g n u h n p n

p m A for h b k n h r form h yd mon r no

h p r fo rm h d n o go n f r n ou gh bu h h y h d go n

oo f r f o ny h p n n d n d o v o no my h d no b n

o mp ro m d b y h r f or m h n g w ou d h v b n m u h b r

m o v u h r g um n b h n d Ru r C h n b f o r 1 95 0

w x n ur o fpr v o wn r h p n d m r k o no my b u

r m n d u nd rd v o p d w h h v m o r y of h p op u o n

d o u b n v fo od pr odu o n Fo rr ur C hn o r u rn

o d y o h p r 1 95 0 o no m o r g n o n wo ud p ro b b ym n

v n gr r pro b m h n h o f d r r Th p opu on w

rg nd h y d vn from mod m npu k h m

f r r r pump ng n d r or p ow ng h v r dy b n

m d d ff u o how h m r k ou dwor k uppo d

rn fo rm v m g g n u h od d

T h o v p pr o h o f h 1 95 0 h r ou gh h 1 97 0 h o u d

m r y b f b h n d Un dr h p pr o h o r op ou pu d d

n r d rm y b u pr od u v y n dr u r n p r wo rk d y g

n d Th m or y of h r ur p o p r m n d b r u b n

nd rd of v ng m k n od y o pr n h

pp ro h o r u r n o h p r 1 9 50 o no my




38/44


Wh h n Th f r k of h o ry r r h n h r m

o m o x p n w hy h r ur o no my d v o p d o v g or ou y

n h 1 98 0 w h n u h d v o p m n h d u d d bo h h f r m r k

u m pr v p ro p r y r ur C h n o f 1 35 0 1 95 0 n d h p n n d

o v rur Ch n of h 1 95 0 o h 1 970 W h w bou

h p r do x m x ng of o v o wn r h p by v g n d ow n

h p w h m rk d o nomy h h p d o g n r dyn m

r ur ndu r on

Ch n r vo u o n ry h o ry d n v f or h v r y r g ro

p y d by h r v g n d ow n hp T h o w r h o o fC om mu

n o rg n n g n d r vo u o n r y po w r T hr ou gh o v o n n

h 1 950 v g nd own hp o b m h b un of

o wn r h p o f n d n d o h r m n o f pr od u o n T h p r m n n

nd b y of h r on u n p opu on w r n x n ur d by h

x r or d n ry p op u o n r g r o n po n fo r d f ro m h

1 95 0 on T h n h y r v d h b u n o fo rg n o nf or

m v ffor n w r o n ro p ub h h n d du on gr y

bor n g n h pro h r d mn r v pp r u A h

h ng g v h ommun ro n rur h ng h x p

on f ro m h n dp o n b o h of d v o p ng o u n r n d o

oun r F n y n h 1 980 und r h w n mu o f n r d

u on om y nd m rk n n v h y b m h p r m ry un f or

r ur ndu r on T h r ru ro n h r u n g d v opm n

r h u on H n mp r r y m rg d n Ch n h

r pr n n rn v p h o rur m od rn on h f n h r

o f h mp m od of o m or p m

Th urr n pr dgm r n Ch n h or ud p r

n dp r of w or dw d r n h o r und r nd ng h h

om w h h nd of h o d wr n d h o p of h r g d

oppo on b w n h p nd o d oog Th o n

un u r pr n u w h p oppor un y o b r k fr of h

on p u on r n of h p nd o o n n h o mmon r h

f or n w h o r o n p O ur f d h f or o o o n g bo rr ow d

n y on p n r y from W r nd rv d h m mp

n g n on w y o r n oh r o f or C hn h o ry n o h

mo d o f m h n d M rx O ur m no w ho ud b o b h h

h or u onomy of Ch n ud n o w h h x u v m n d




39/44


o on of h o d n oog ud bu n r v w y h wou d

r h Ch n xp r n o h r of h wor d

NOTE

1 L h u 19 56 T h b mp r r r h o ng h n X uX nw u1 98 1 19 90

b gu n n h 1 9 50 w n o pu b h d un h 1 98 0

2 T h f r n d n y fo un d r ow n ng h v m n n W u Ch n gm n g 19 85 h o nd

n L Wn h 1983

3 T h o u n dn g x mp o f h n o f wo rk H oP ng u dy 1 95 9 w h h k

o d mon r M hu n p r u r b y prov dng d u d gu bou h h ng ng of

h C h n p op u o n n h M n g n dQ n g n h p o pu o n x p o o n of h 1 70 0 18 50

p r o d h n um b r of mo u h o f d o u r n g r u u r p ro du o n n d h b k gr ou nd f or

Ch n m od r n g r r n r

4 h B u n of Con r n dA n ho r 196 8 h o urn h w foun dd

pr y o h ng h b h d n rpr on p y h r by J m P k

1 96 9 n d h x h n g w h J o hn F r b n k 2 3 A p r J u y 1 9 70 1 5 1 7 0 C o h n 1 9 84 g v

d u on of bo h d nd p y r ong for n ro p v r m of h mp

r p on n d r d o n mo d rn y m o d o f F r b nk

5 C o mp r Z h n g Yo uy 1 9 57 n d L pp 1 97 4 w h H o P n g 1 95 9 n d E v n

1 97 3 h d b u mm r d n H u ng 1 98 5 14 18

6 T h b u dy o d o fC hn n du r

The Paradigmatic Crisis in Chinese Studies: Paradoxes in Social and Economic History

Documents

Transcript of The Paradigmatic Crisis in Chinese Studies: Paradoxes in Social and Economic History