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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA

Seminar Report

INTELLIGENT CLOTHING

Submitted by:

Noopur Dogra108091

EC-1


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OVERVIEW

Imagine a computer in your belt buckle operated by a keyboard on your sleeve or a shirt

that could check insulin levels, control core body temperature, or monitor heartbeat,breathing and blood pressure.

Today, your clothing can detect if your body temperature is giving signs that you are

getting sick, and make contact with the doctor for you. Your suitcase will let you know

what clothes it contains. In the field of "I -wear", literally intelligent clothing, everythingis possible, such as stockings that hydrate and energize the leg, stain-proof ties,

antibacterial socks and even Ultraviolet-resistant swimwear

You can have glasses with a built-in screen and Internet access. With these glasses on,

it's impossible to get lost: wherever you are, you can always connect to a navigation aide

that will show a local map and directions!

It all belongs to a new breed of functional fabrics. Fashion designers are adding wires,

circuits, and optical fibers to traditional textiles, creating garments that glow in the dark

or keep the wearer warm. Meanwhile, electronics engineers are sewing conductivethreads and sensors into body suits that map users whereabouts and respond to

environmental stimuli. At the famous Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),

researchers are working on developing smart clothes that keep their wearer in permanentcontact with the world via all the media imaginable, called SMART CLOTHING.

The new meaning of FABRIC signifies memory, communication, interface, power,connectivity or even computation. Using data fusion i.e. the techniques that combine data

from multiple sensors and gather that information to draw multiple inferences, genuinely

INTELLIGENT CLOTHING is woven from a selection of thread-like electronic

sensors and battery fibers, as well as flexible, conductive fibers. Garments are thus ableto function as standalone computers, providing wearers with information about their

environment. For example, a context-aware shirt for the blind might be woven with tiny

vibrating motors to provide warnings about approaching objects, while workers in thechemical industry could wear overalls capable of detecting a nearby spillage.

INTELLIGENT CLOTHING has revolutionized fields such as telemedicine, monitoringof patients in post-operative recovery, the prevention of SIDS (sudden infant death

syndrome), and monitoring of astronauts, athletes, law enforcement personnel and

combat soldiers.

This is the clothing of the future, both intelligent and communicative.

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INTRODUCTION:

Intelligent Clothing are articles of clothing, footwear or accessories that feature micro-

electronic sensors which gather, communicate and output usage and performance data.Intelligent Clothing is dissimilar to Wearable Computing and Wearable Computers in such

that a computer is not literally worn. Electronic sensing and computing technology isseamlessly integrated into clothing with minimal to no visual indicators of the technology.Billed as the next stage of the IT revolution, a mini-computer could be built into a shirt, a

belt, or just about anything else that can be worn. Pioneers of the "smart clothes" concept

defines intelligent clothing as the combination of mobile multimedia technology with

wireless communication and portable computers integrated into clothing. They make a slightdistinction between clothing which is worn to carry out a specific profession (smart

uniforms) and clothing which anyone could wear, even in their leisure time (smart clothing).

A garment may be more or less intelligent based on the number of sensors and their ability to

detect context, synthesize input, or cause change. Smart materials, materials that are

structured to respond to a contextual change (for example temperature, light level, moisture,etc.) driven by physical properties such as transition temperatures or chemical reactions can

also be used. The field of intelligent clothing is characterized by the fusion of two distinct

fields: functional clothing design and portable technology.

INTELLIGENT TEXTILES:

Advances in textile technology, computer engineering, and materials science are promoting a

new breed of functional fabrics. Fashion designers are adding wires, circuits, and optical

fibers to traditional textiles, creating garments that glow in the dark or keep the wearer warm.

Meanwhile, electronics engineers are sewing conductive threads and sensors into body suitsthat map users whereabouts and respond to environmental stimuli.

Researchers have used standard metal snap fasteners (press studs) to make electrical

connections between e-buttons and conductive fibers. The e-buttons, essentially small PCboards, contain the garments core electronics. One part of the fastener is attached to the

button, and the other to the item of clothing. Prototype textile networks, using interwoven Cu

fibers as data transmission lines have been developed.[Ref Fig 1] The conductive fibers arewrapped in a polymer coating that protects them from daily wear and tear. Fibers are joined

to external components, such as batteries or sensors, with conventional soldering or adhesive

techniques.

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Fabric area network is the latest wireless communications infrastructure to enable

networking and sensing on intelligent clothing. Pieces of clothing and accessories can nowcommunicate wirelessly with each other to form a data communication and sensing network

for mobile-services. The architecture and technology of the fabric area network (FAN)

consists of a network of emission-safe, low-power and low-cost wireless links implemented

on clothing. Because the range of the RF communications is restricted to the surfaces of theclothing, interference of bandwidth and data security can be easily controlled. The wireless

links can supply power to devices on the clothing.

For example:

France Telecom has developed a flexible, battery-powered optical fiber screen that can bewoven into clothing. Each plastic fiber-optic thread is illuminated by tiny LEDs that are

fixed along the edge of the display panel and controlled by a microchip. The threads are set

up so that certain portions are lit when the LEDs are switched on, while other sectionsremain dark. These light and dark patches essentially act as pixels for the display screen.

More sophisticated versions support advertising slogans, safety notices, or simply a range of

different geometric patterns can be switched on and off.

Electro-textile wall panels have also been developed. Instead of self-illuminating opticalfibers, a fabric known as Electric Plaid that exploits reflective coloring is used. The novel

fabric contains interwoven stainless steel yarns, painted with thermochromic inks, which are

connected to drive electronics. The flexible wall hangings can then be programmed tochange color in response to heat from the conducting wires. Batteries can be sewn into

pockets, wires fed through seams , and wireless antennae attached to collars and cuffs.

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Fig 1 Researchers at ETH Zurich are

using woven fabric with embedded Cufibers to produce context-aware clothing.


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Finished garments are fitted with some form of data encryption system before they reachconsumers. After all, wearing a jacket that is monitoring ones every movement, recording

details about personal well-being, or pinpointing exact location at a moment in time, adds a

whole new dimension to issues of wireless security and personal privacy. The user doesnthave to worry about having his or her T-shirt attacked by a hacker. Military battle dress,

medical monitoring suits, and fashion garments, for example, are installed with a differentlevel of data protection software. Encryption standards will also be required to ensure

different products work together in an efficient and secure manner.

Functional Fabrics are classified as :

1. Phase Change Materials

2. Shape Memory Materials

3. Chromic Materials

PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS:

A Phase Change Material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusionwhich, on

melting and solidifying, is capable of storing or releasing large amounts of energy.

In Cooling Apparel,specially designed inserts containing PCM are used for cooling the

garment inside.

Eg. Crystalline forms of Salt hydrides,fatty acids,esters and paraffins such as octadecane

SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS:

Shape memory polymers or alloys are materials that can take different shapes at different

temperatures according to changes in heat and moisture levels.

Magnetic shape memory alloys are materials that change their shape in response to a

significant change in the magnetic field.

pH-sensitive polymers are materials which swell/collapse when the pH of the surrounding

media changes.

CHROMIC MATERIALS:

Change their colour according to external environmental conditions, for this reason they are

also called chameleon fibers, classified on the basis of external stimuli as:

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_shape_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH-sensitive_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_shape_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH-sensitive_polymers


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Photo chromic : light.

Thermo chromic : heat.

Electro chromic : electricity.

Piezo chromic : pressure.

Solvate chromic : liquid.

Carsol chromic : electron beam

IMPLEMENTATION:

The two main applications of this indispensable yet untapped technology are

a) Medicine

b) Defence

c) Multi-purpose

MEDICINE

Intelligent Clothing has enabled a system for the non-invasive monitoring of human

physiology and the transmission of the data via the internet. The technology has targeted the

multi billion dollar tele health market.

(i) Intelligent Clothing is an emerging pediatric and maternal-fetal health telemonitoringtechnology. The heart of this technology is the world's first telemonitoing system for infants

a revolutionary SmartPatch and SmartBand multi-parameter wireless monitor with

internet connectivity.

SmartPatch technology is the smallest and least invasive ambulatory monitoring system inexistence. Weighing approximately 9 grams, the credit card sized SmartPatch

continuously monitors the heart, respiration and temperature and radios the data to a Bedside

Display Unit (BDU),[Ref Fig 3] for onward transmission to doctors via a web server. Theproduct has been developed for Special Care Baby Units, birthing hospitals, for doctors to

monitor their home-based patients remotely.

The Intelligent Clothing system is designed to accommodate up to 25 babies in one ward,

each being individually monitored by a Bedside Display Unit (BDU) and with each displaytransferring its data to a Nurses Central Station Computer where simultaneous monitoring

and comparison can be carried out.

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Intelligent Clothing's wireless technology uses ultra low power low frequency radio, an orderof magnitude lower than Bluetooth or mobile phone frequencies. It is a unique design not

previously used for medical applications; it employs and enhances collision avoidance

integrity suitable for both the home and hospital environment. 25 SmartPatches can beused in one room or ward without risk of data collision. Despite the low power and low

frequencies it has sufficient bandwidth to transmit the following data continuously:-

Respiratory plethysmography

Cardiac auscultation

ECG

Temperature

O2 Saturation

(ii) Intelligent biomedical clothes are a key element in the prevention and early detection ofdiseases. Smart fabrics with embedded sensors can monitor different aspects of the human

body. Clothes made of such fabrics provide user-friendly ways of monitoring patients over

extensive periods of time, thus reducing the need for doctors' appointments and hospitalvisits. The data collected by the wearable sensors is transmitted electronically to

telemedicine centres via fixed or wireless communication networks. When the data indicates

a need for concern, alarms or warnings are generated by the electronic systems.

The clothing item, e.g. a closely fitting vest,[Ref Fig 4] has a sensor for measuring conditions

and body function of the person wearing the clothing item, provided with an integratedelectrical line coupled to an electronic circuit for operation of the electrical line as an

antenna, for contact between the sensor and the outside environment.

To fulfill its mission of providing a comfortable and easy-to-use preventative method of

avoiding exertion-induced musculoskeletal disorders, ways of integrating electrodes intoclothing in order to pick up the electrical potential generated by muscle cells when they

contract (surface electromyography), together with the integrated electronics needed to

analyze and interpret these electrical signals have been developed. Because they are anintegral part of the clothing, these electrodes do not have to be positioned and attached to the

skin by a clinician in the way that conventional electromyography electrodes do.

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Fig 3 The foot mount


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DEFENCE

Taking the example of a maintenance worker using a smart uniform to help repair a machine,

his uniform might include eyewear that indicates which part of the machine needs mending.

For the same reason, in the United States, military researchers are working to develop

uniforms that can adapt to a soldiers environment. With this information, the soldier couldblend into his surroundings much like a chameleon as his clothing changes color to fit the

situation.

(i) A wearable version of a giant intelligent textile sensornet has been designed to detect

noise at VTU, USA. The fabric, developed with support from the US military, is fitted with

an acoustic beam former capable of picking up and pinpointing the location of an

approaching vehicle. Electrical connections are made by weaving wires into the heavy-dutycloth, and discrete microphones are attached at suitable points though these could also be

replaced by piezoelectric film sensors in the future. The films sensing properties will be

different from a discrete microphone, because the sound will hit a larger surface area. Theshape of the surface will give information about the direction of the source, because a sound

wave traveling across the film will apply a different force than a wave traveling the length of

the film.

Another intelligent material developed is D3o, which is one of the first fabrics to be made ofintelligent molecules. Such molecules flow when the person wearing the fabric moves but on

shock lock together to protect him, returning to their original state when the impact is over.

The molecules simply flow past each other at low rates of movement when the body ismoving naturally, but when they are subject to an impact that requires the molecules to move

very quickly they instantaneously lock together by linking with each other to form a

protective barrier. As soon as the impact has passed they immediately unlock to provide flowand normal flexibility. This all happens in less than a 1000th of a second.D3o mesh are used

in shin guards.The introduction of D3o signifies a new era in the production of protective

apparel, with the material being able to offer superior shock absorption, as well as being soft

enough not to hinder flexibility.

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G eorgia Tech Wearable Motherboard: The Intelligent Garment for the 21st

Century

Research at Georgia Tech has led to the development of this Wearable Motherboard (Smart

Shirt) for Combat Casualty Care.[Ref Fig 6] The Georgia Tech Wearable Motherboard uses

optical fibers to detect bullet wounds, and special sensors and interconnects to monitor thebody vital signs during combat conditions. It provides an extremely versatile framework for

the incorporation of sensing, monitoring and information processing devices. Appropriate

sensors have been "plugged" into this motherboard using the developed InterconnectionTechnology and attached to any part of the individual being monitored, thereby creating a

flexible wearable monitoring device. The flexible data bus integrated into the structure

transmits the information to monitoring devices such as an ECG Machine, a temperaturerecorder, a voice recorder, etc. The bus also serves to transmit information to the sensors.

A plastic optical fiber (POF) is spirally integrated into the structure of the shirt during the

fabric production process. An interconnection technology was developed to transmitinformation from (and to) sensors mounted at any location on the body thus creating a

flexible "bus" structure. T-Connectors are attached to the fibers that serve as a data bus to

carry the information from the sensors on the body. The sensors will plug into theseconnectors and at the other end similar T-Connectors will be used to transmit the information

to monitoring equipment. The lighted optical fibers illustrate that the shirt is "armed" and

ready to detect projectile penetration. The interconnection technology has been used to

integrate sensors for monitoring the following vital signs: temperature, heart rate andrespiration rate. In addition, a microphone has been attached to transmit the wearer's voice

data to monitoring locations.

Fig 6.Illuminated spiral optical

fibres around the smartshirt(Credit: Georgia Tech Univ

Webpage)

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A combat soldier attaches sensors to his body and to the Smart Shirt which functions like a

motherboard, with plastic optical fibers woven throughout the actual fabric of the shirt. To

pinpoint the exact location of a bullet penetration, a 'signal' is sent from one end of the plasticoptical fiber to a receiver at the other end. The emitter and the receiver are connected to a

Personal Status Monitor (PSM) worn at hip-level by the soldier. If the light from the emitter

does not reach the receiver inside the PSM, it signifies that the Smart Shirt has beenpenetrated (i.e., the soldier has been shot). The signal bounces back to the PSM from the

point of penetration, helping the medical personnel pinpoint the exact location of the soldier'swound.

It can be used in several distinct modes:

(i) Combat or field operations

(ii) In medical monitoring

(iii) For personal information processing.

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Fig 7. Back view of Velcro seam in the Smart Shirtfitted with Wearable Motherboard

(Credit: Georgia Tech Web)


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MULTIPURPOSE

Feels Good:

Advanced weaving of conductive threads combines tradition and technology for theenhances well-being and comfort of the user. The cream kimono has a conductive

embroidered spine at the back, which is able to disperse an electrostatic charge viathe fibres on the inside. This creates a tingling sensation that relaxes the wearer.

Inside the pocket there is a remote device with a number of different settings for thevarious levels of relaxation. Biometric sensors monitor the degree of relaxation.

ICD+ Wearable Electronic garment

ICD+ is the first wearable electronic garment that was ever put on the market for

consumers. Co-developed and designed by Philips Design, Philips Research andLevi's, the range of jackets contains entertainment (music) and communication

(mobile phone) functions, seamlessly integrated in the garments. All hands free andvoice activated.

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No kidding!!

These garments uses mobile phone and camera technology to help parents pin pointtheir kids' position, but also fabric antennas, radio tagging and miniature remote

cameras to allow children to play exciting games outdoors. Physical characters withidentity chips can be attached to the respective garments. The child sees the

character that represents another child on his screen and as children move aroundtheir characters also move on the screens, allowing them to create their own stories

A CASE STUDY: IMPLEMENTATION OF INTELLIGENT

CLOTHING

An intelligent garment differs from a traditional garment primarily in its capacity to

receive input from its wearer or environment. A garment is intelligent based on the numberof sensors and their ability to detect context and synthesize input. Smart materials,

materials that are structured to respond to a contextual change (for example temperature,

light level, moisture etc) driven by physical properties such as transition temperatures orchemical reactions have also been used in a low-cost jacket for joggers that has a pulse

monitor stitched to the left cuff.

Embedded sensors control conductive material on the back of the jacket to keep the wearerwarm should the temperature drop, while electroluminescent wires are fixed to pockets and

hems to light up in the dark as a safety feature.

More sophisticated prototypes for smart clothing items use conductive threads to weave

switches, circuits, and sensors into the fabric itself. These threads can be made from very

finely drawn conductive metals, metallic-coated or metal-wrapped yarns, or conductivepolymers, sleeve keypads for controlling cell phones, pagers, or MP3 players, and sportswear

with integral fabric sensors and display panels, ideal for monitoring heart rate and blood

pressure during a gym workout or morning run. Clothing fitted with textile global

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positioning system technology could also be suitable for locating skiers or mountaineers inbad weather.

The implementation of this technology in the form of a smart jacket is the basis for the

following case study.

This jacket is intended to increase the capabilities of its athletic user with the aid of anelectro-conductive textile (to augment temperature regulation), electroluminescent wire (to

augment night visibility) and a physiological activity monitor (to provide information on

pulse rate). It is intelligent in that it relies on sensor input to decide whether to activate

functions. The user has full control over these functions, yet they can also be activatedautomatically.

Design Methodology: A modified process based on the principles of systems engineering

design was followed in the development of the jacket. The end result of this process was the

selection of three electronic functions to facilitate needs in three areas: temperature

regulation, night visibility and physiological monitoring. These three functions consist of anelectro-conductive heating textile, an electroluminescent (EL) lighting system, and a wrist

mounted pulse monitor unit.

Prototype Development: User needs were defined as temperature control, night visibility,

ability to monitor activity level, storage for light cargo, comfort, mobility and aesthetics. The

heat and light systems were designed to be sensor-driven. Each system relied on input from

two sensors. The two light sensors were placed on each outer bicep, and the two heat sensorswere placed inside the jacket shell at the midpoint of each side seam. On/Off override

switches and the ability to adjust the level of sensor activation were also provided.

The electro-luminescent wires were used for lighting. This provided a light pattern thatcreated an outline of the human form and also maintained visibility from all directions. Theheating element (electro-conductive textile) was located between the lining and the outer

shell of the jacket. Two power sources were located at the center front waist. The

physiological monitor unit was mounted on the left sleeve of the jacket, allowing visibilityand easy access to the finger slot to activate the pulse monitor.

Two methods were used to create circuitry for the prototype garment, a hard-wired

connection between processing chips and a more durable technique of wire-wrapping

through a perforated PC board. In industrial production more durable circuits could bedeveloped; for example techniques such as etched custom designed PC boards would result

in a much smaller and more durable unit.

Summary: Once a full prototype was completed, a lab test of the functionality of the

electronic components was conducted. A prototype smart garment for recreationally athleticindividuals in cold temperatures was successfully developed using a modified systems

engineering design process.

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The prototype garment provided technologically augmented temperature control, nightvisibility and physiological monitoring, using automated processes driven by sensor input.

Performance of the prototype was tested through laboratory testing and user field testing and

found to be popularly satisfactory.

Fig 8. Prototype Jacket. The glowing areas

are the retro reflective trim. The activitymonitor can be seen on the left cuff, and one

of the sensors of the electroluminescent wire

can be seen on the left bicep. (Credit:

Komposite, Cornell University.)

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APPLICATIONS

1. Personalized Information Processing: A revolutionary new way to customize information

processing devices to "fit" the wearer by selecting and plugging in (or removing)

chips/sensors from garments.

2. Space Exploration and Specialized Monitoring Applications: Monitoring of astronauts inspace in an unobtrusive manner and the knowledge to be gained from medical experiments in

space that will lead to new discoveries and the advancement of the understanding of space.

3. Communication: Textile antennae developed at the Zurich labs will let the cloth

computers communicate with each other or the outside world. The next step forward will bethe creation of conductive thread-like elongation sensors to monitor body movement. Present

prototypes simple rechargeable batteries but better alternative energy generation methods are

being worked out. Integrating fabric solar cells, for example, is a very promising ideabecause of a large surface area on the clothing, solar energy can be generated.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Buede, D. M. (2000) The Engineering Design of Systems. John Wiley & Sons Inc,

New York. The North Face Inc (1/27/2001) Heat generating jacket by The North Face,

Press release.http://www.northface.com/code/assets/news_eve

nts/pr_TNF_MET5_Jacket.pdf

Rantanen, J., Alfthan, N., Impio, J., Karinsalo,T . Malmivaara, M., Matala, R.,

Makinen,A., Talvenmaa, P., Tasanen, M., and Vanhala, J. (2001) Smart clothing for the

arctic environment, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wearable

Computers, IEEE, Zurich. Sensatex, Inc. SmartShirt physiological monitoring device.http://www.sensatex.com/, Watkins, S. M. (1994), Clothing: The Portable Environment,

Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.

Web:http://www.g2i.org/bfora/redirect.asp?from=BF_COMP_33390&target=www

%2Eintelligentclothing%2Ecom

http://www.agentland.com/Resources/Tomorrows_World/Wearable_Agents/index.ht

m

Intelligent textiles and clothing; Edited by H Mattila, Tampere University of Technology,

Finland

Smart Systems: Wearable Integration of Intelligent TechnologyLucy Dunne, Susan Ashdown, Eric McDonald

Cornell University

[email protected]

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http://www.northface.com/code/assets/news_eve%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20nts/pr_TNF_MET5_Jacket.pdfhttp://www.northface.com/code/assets/news_eve%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20nts/pr_TNF_MET5_Jacket.pdfhttp://www.sensatex.com/http://www.agentland.com/Resources/Tomorrows_World/Wearable_Agents/index.htmlhttp://www.agentland.com/Resources/Tomorrows_World/Wearable_Agents/index.htmlmailto:[email protected]://www.northface.com/code/assets/news_eve%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20nts/pr_TNF_MET5_Jacket.pdfhttp://www.northface.com/code/assets/news_eve%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20nts/pr_TNF_MET5_Jacket.pdfhttp://www.sensatex.com/http://www.agentland.com/Resources/Tomorrows_World/Wearable_Agents/index.htmlhttp://www.agentland.com/Resources/Tomorrows_World/Wearable_Agents/index.htmlmailto:[email protected]


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