The outstanding women in Buddha's Era

8/3/2019 The outstanding women in Buddha's Era

1/220


2/220

jrwfAk'vufxuf awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;rsm;


3/220

jrwfAk'vufxuf

awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;rsm;t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)

yHkESdyfrSwfwrf; yxrtBudrf? Mo*kwf 2011

tkyfa& (1000)

yHkESdyf Surin ???

??? ???

jyKpkol t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)

pDpOfol t&Sif OuHo

rsufESmzHk;ESifh

twGif;tjyiftqif apmvif;ausmf

qufoG,f&ef [email protected]


4/220

vSnf;ul;NrdKUe,f? ydkufBuD;0J&Gm? r[m0dZdwm&mrwdkuf

q&mawmf a'gufwm t&Sif a&0wmvuFm&

tm;pmtkyfjzifh &Sdckd;uefawmhyg\/


5/220

t&Sif t*P (vSnf;ul;)


6/220


rmwdumaus;Zl;wif&Sdjcif; ................................................................................................. 1yPmr ESifh y#dnmOf ............................................................................................ 3

tcef;-1 pmtkyfacgif;pOfudk t"dyg,fzGifhqdkjcif; .............................................................. 5]Ak'vufxuf}[l&m... ............................................................................ 5]awmf0ifpH xm; trsdK;orD;rsm;}[l&m........................................................6

{w'*f ...................................................................................................7awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJUxl ;ay;&m pHxm;aom taMumif;av;rsdK;.............7

tcef;-2 awmf0ifpHxm; okZmwm trsdK;orD; ............................................................................ 10

okZmwm emrnfwlrsm; .......................................................................... 11awmf0ifpHxm;okZmwmtrsdK;orD;\twdwfZmwfaMumif;a&S;qkawmif; ..... 12ypKyef qkawmif;jynfhonfh okZmwm ..................................................... 12CemEdkYqGrf; uyfvSLrIESifhpyf rSwfzG,f .................................................. 13CemEdkYqG rf;csuf&ef pDrHyk H ....................................................................... 13tavmif;awmfjrwfxH CemEkdYqGrf;ykdY&ef pDrHjcif; ...................................... 14tavmif;awmfjrwfCemEdkYqGrf;udk tvSLcHawmfrljcif; ..............................15xl;jcm;aomqGrf;ESpfrsdK;..........................................................................17

olaX;uawmf okZmwm\om;awmf armif,o ...................................... 19'geuxm ............................................................................................. 20oDvuxm ........................................................................................... 21o*uxm............................................................................................. 21r*uxm .............................................................................................. 22tazaomwmyef? om;&[Em ................................................................ 22om;,oESifhwuG jrwfAk'tm; tdrfodkY qGrf;pm;yifhjcif; ........................... 23 t&Sif,o\ ]{[dbduK}jzpfjcif;ESifhpyfrSwfzG,f .................................... 23r,fawmfokZmwm t&d,mjzpfjcif; ......................................................... 24o&P*kHESifhpyf rSwfzG,frsm; ................................................................ 24okZmwm awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl; &&Sdjcif; ....................................... 26


7/220


tcef;-3 awmf0if pHxm; 0domcg trsdK;orD;............................................................................... 29

0domcg\ twdwfZmwfaMumif; a&S;qkawmif; ........................................ 29xl;jcm;aomukodkvfESpfrsdK; .....................................................................30uyjrwfAk'xH qkawmif;jcif ; ........................................................... 31

aemufqkH;b0 0domcg[k trnfwGifjcif; ............................................. 310domcgckepfESpft&G,fwGif jrwfAk'


8/220


'ge\vuPm'dpwku ........................................................................ 65'geESifh oHo&m&SnfrI ........................................................................... 66taMumif;okH;yg;jynfhpkHrS tvSLjzpfjcif; .................................................. 67tvSLray;aomol(2)OD; ........................................................................ 68

'geukodkvftjym;rsm; ........................................................................... 69'gew&m;\tusdK;w&m;rsm; .................................................................. 71'ge\tusdK;ay;BuD;rm;zGHUNzdK;&ef taMumif;(6)yg; ................................... 72vufiif;tusdK;ay;&ef t*Fg(4)yg; .......................................................... 72 'ger[kwfaom 'geig;rsdK;.....................................................................73

tcef;-4 awmf0ifpHxm; ckZKw&m trsdK;orD; ............................................................................. 76

ckZKw &m\twdwfZmwfaMumif; a&S;qkawmif; ....................................... 77ckZKw&m\ ypKyefb0 ......................................................................... 77ckZKw&maomwmyefwnfjcif; ............................................................... 77omrm0wDwdkY uRwfwrf;0ifjcif; ............................................................ 78ckZKw&m\twdwfuHrsm; tusdK;ay;ykH ................................................... 79ckZ Kw&mESifh wd0kwfygVdawmf ..............................................................81"ruxduwd kY odrSwfzG,f ...................................................................... 82"ruxdu av;rsdK; ............................................................................... 82

"ruxdu t*Fg(5)yg; ..........................................................................83 awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJU&&Sdjcif; ............................................................ 84

tcef;-5 awmf0ifpHxm; omrm0wD trsdK;orD; ......................................................................... 87

omrm0wD\ twdwfZmwfaMumif; a&S;qkawmif; ................................... 88b' 0wDjynf a&m*E&uyfqdkufa&mufjcif; .......................................... 88ola|;BuD;ESifh ola|;uawmfBuD;wdkY uG,fvGefjcif;................................... 89

]omrm0wD}[k trnf&jcif;ESifh aCmouola|;BuD;\ arG;pm;orD;jzpfjcif; ........................................... 89omrm0wDonf Oawerif;\ rdzk&m;jzpfvmjcif; ................................... 90rm*@D\ &efNidK; ...................................................................................91omrm0wDwdkY w&m;xl;&&Sdjcif; .............................................................. 92rm*@Dukef;wdkufjcif; ............................................................................. 92omrm0wD\ arwmpdwfxm; ................................................................. 94rm*@D\ aemufqkH;vufeuf ............................................................... 95

omrm0wDwdkY\ twdwfb0rS tukodkvfuH .......................................... 95rm*@D\ b0ed*k H;................................................................................ 96arwmw&m; ........................................................................................ 97


9/220


arwmpGrf;tm; tusdK;rsm; ..................................................................... 98a0vmrokwfvm arwmtusdK; ............................................................. 98rsufarSmufawGUEdkifaom arwmpGrf;tif (2)rsdK; ....................................... 99arwmtusdK;(11)yg; .......................................................................... 100

arwmrydkYrD a&S;OD;pGmjynfhpkHap&rnfhw&m;(15)yg; ................................ 100arwmbm0em yGm;rsm;ykH ..................................................................... 106Ak'0g' arwmw&m;udk txl;tav;ydkxm;jcif;taMumif; ................... 107 omrm0wD awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJUxl;&&Sdjcif;..................................... 109

tcef;-6 awmf0ifpHxm; Ow&m trsdK;orD; ............................................................................. 112

awmf0ifpHxm;Ow&mola|;orD; twdwf ZmwfaMumif; a&S;qkawmif; ...... 113

ypKyefb0 ykPola|;BuD;\orD; Ow&mjzpfvmjcif; ..........................113ykPwk dYrdom;pk ola|;vnf;jzpf?aomwmyeft&d,mrsm;vnf;jzpfMujcif; ...............................................114,ckvSL ,cktusdK;ay;jcif;\ taMumif;&if;av;csuf ...........................116orD;ay;&ef awmif;yefvmcJh.................................................................117Ow &m\ BuD;rm;aomo'gqE ...........................................................118Ow&m\ twk,lzG,f&mpdwfxm; ......................................................... 119a'oemawmf\pGrf;tif ........................................................................ 120

rsufarSmufb0BuD;yGm;Edkifonfhtcsuf(4)csuf ..................................... 120eErmwm[k trnf&jcif; ..................................................................... 121 awmf0ifpHxm; psm,D{w'*fbGJU&&Sdjcif;.................................................. 122

tcef;-7 awmf0ifpHxm; oky0gom trsdK;orD; ........................................................................ 124

oky0gom\twdwfZmwf aMumif; a&S;qkawmif; .................................... 125aumvd,omuD0ifrif;orD;oky0gomjzpfvmjcif; ................................. 125

udk,f0efwnfjcif; ................................................................................ 125trsdK;orD ;rsm;ESifh tma0edu'ku ig;rsd K; ............................................... 126y#d oaEae&jcif; tqifhqifhqif;&JykH .................................................. 127om;awmfoD0vdudk zGm;jrifjcif; ............................................................ 129a&ppfvSLusdK; (5)yg; ........................................................................... 130oD0vdr,f awmf\ tmomqE.............................................................131orD;arG;aomfvnf ; pdwfrav;oihf.......................................................131oD0vdowdkYom; omoemhabmifodkY 0ifa&mufjcif; ............................... 132

uHwltusdK;ay; ...................................................................................134t&SifoD0vdax&f\ twdwfukodkvfuH ................................................135om;trdESpfa,muf\twdwftukodkvfuH ............................................137


10/220


om;aumif; orD;aumif; ..................................................................... 138om;okH;rsdK; .......................................................................................... 138 rdbwdkY\ arQmfvifhcsufig;yg; .............................................................. 139oky 0gomrif;orD; yPDwabmZOfudk vSL'gef;jcif; ...............................140

tcef;-8 awmf0ifpHxm; okyd,m trsdK;orD; ........................................................................... 143

okyd,m\ twdwfZmwfaMumif; a&S;qkawmif;......................................144yp Kyefb0 aomwmywdzdkvfwnfjcif; ................................................ 144okyd,m\ tH hrcef;aom olemjyKpkykH ..................................................... 145 jrwfAk'tm; qGrf;uyfvSL'gef;jcif; ........................................................ 145odumyk'fudk ynwfawmfrlcJh&jcif; ........................................................146

awmf0ifpHxm; olemjyK{w'*fbGJUxl; &&Sdjcif; ........................................146jrwfAk'udk,f awmfwdkifyif olemjyKpkcJhjcif;..............................................147jrwfAk'ESifh ylwd*wwdrax&f .........................................................147 jrwfAk'ESifh t&Sifz*Keax&f..................................................................148jrwfAk'ESifh t&Sif0Pvdrax&f ............................................................149jrwfAk'ESifh t&SiftZdax&f .............................................................. 149jrwfAk'ESifh y|r*dvme&[ef; .............................................................. 150jrwf Ak'ESifh 'kwd,*dvme&[ef; .......................................................... 150

olemjyKvkyfief;ESifhpyfvsOf; Ak'0g'vmrSwfom;zG,f&mrsm; ..................151olemjyKt&nftcsif;(5)yg; ..................................................................151rjyKpkxdkufaomolem\ t*Fg(5)yg; .....................................................151jyKpkxdkufaomolem\ t&nftcsif;(5)yg; ............................................ 152&[ef ;awmfrsm; aq;ay;jcif;? aq;ukjcif;ponfwd kYESifhpyf odrSwfzG,frsm; ......................................................... 152 &[ef;awmfrsm;aq;ay;? aq;ukxdkufaomyk*dKvfrsm; .............................153

&[ef;awmfrsm; aq;ynmoifaumif;\ ............................................... 154tzdk;tcr,lbJ ukodkvfjzpf aq;uk&usdK; ............................................ 155aq;vSL&usdK; (10)yg;........................................................................ 156

tcef;-9 awmf0ifpHxm; umwdd,meDtrsdK;orD; ..................................................................... 161

awmf0ifpHxm;umwd,meD\twd wfZmwfaMumif; a&S;qkawmif; ............. 162 aemufqkH;b0 umwd,meDola|;rjzpfjcif; .......................................... 162umwd,meDola|;r\ tpvo'gw&m; ............................................... 162

awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl;&&Sdjcif; ..................................................... 163o'g ..................................................................................................164o'g\vuPm'dpwku ..................................................................... 164


11/220


o'gtrsdK;tpm; (4)rsdK; ...................................................................... 165o'gw&m;&Sdol\ vuPm (3)yg; ..................................................... 166o'gw&m;&Sdjcif;\ tusdK;w&m;rsm; ................................................... 166

tcef;-10 awmf0ifpHxm; eukvrmwk trsdK;orD; ................................................................. 169eukvrmwkZeD;armifESHwdk Y\ twdwfZmwfaMumif;a&S;qkawmif; ............ 169 eukvrmwkZeD;armifESHwdkY\ ypKyefb0 .............................................. 170b0wdkif;awGUvdkygvQif ........................................................................ 171 ZeD;aumif; eukvrmwk.......................................................................173rdef;rjrwfusifh0wf (6)yg; ................................................................... 176r,m; (7)rsdK; ..................................................................................... 177

eukvrmwk ZeD;armifESHwd kY pHawmf0if{w'*fbGJUxl;rsm;&&SdMujcif; ......... 178

tcef;-11 awmf0ifpHxm; umVD trsdK;orD; ............................................................................. 182

awmf0ifpHxm;umVDtrsdK;orD;\twdwfZmwfaMumif; a&S;qkawmif; ....... 182aemuf qkH;b0 umVDola|;orD;jzpfjcif; ..............................................183omwm*d&ewfrif;ESifh a[r0wewfrif;wdkYtaMumif; ............................ 183om;awmf aomPuk#duP ................................................................ 187yxroHa0* ...................................................................................... 187

'kwd,oHa0* ..................................................................................... 188&[ef;jyKjcif; ...................................................................................... 189r,fawmf umVdola|;uawmf\ vlBuHKtvSLawmf ................................. 190wpfcsufckwf ig;csufjywf ................................................................... 190r,fawmftwGuf om;&[ef;\w&m;yGJ ................................................ 195 awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl;rsm;&Sdjcif; ................................................ 197

usrf;NyD;qkawmif; ............................................................................................ 203 tvSL&Sifrsm; ................................................................................................... 204


12/220

1jrwfAk'vufxuf awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;rsm;

aus;Zl;wif&Sdjcif;aus;Zl ; txl;wifxkdufolrsm;udk'Dae&mrSwqifh aus;Zl; (txl;) wif&Sdyg

aMumif; ajymyg&ap/xkdYaMumifh1/ pma&;oltm;i,fpOfrSonf,aeYxd avmuD? avmukw&mpmay

rsm; oifMum;ay;onfhtjyif bufaygif;pkHrS tm;ay;csD;ajrmufvsuf&Sdaom &efukefwkdif;? vSnf;ul;NrdKUe,f? ykdufBuD;0J&Gm? ta&SUausmif;? r[m0dZdwm&mr pmoifwkduf q&mawmf a'gufwm t&Sifa&0wmvuFm& q&mawmf tm;vnf;aumif;?

2/ &efukefNrdKU EkdifiHawmfy&d,wdomoemhwuokdvfrS ygarmucsKyfq&mawmftrSL;&Sdaom ygarmu? uxdu? enf;jyq&mrsm;ESifh vlynm&Sifrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;?

3/ pma&;ol\ crnf;awmf (OD;oHacsmif; (c) OD;pdefPf)+ r,fawmfa':0kdif; (c) a':vSjrifh? nDi,f armifvSpkd;OD;+racsmpkwkdYtm;vnf;aumif;?

4/ rlv&[ef;'g,umrBuD; a':odef;jrif h (atmif&wemyGif hqDpuf

rdom;pk? vSnf;ul;) tm;vnf;aumif;?

5/ odumxyf&[ef;'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;jzpfMuaom (OD;bkd;acG;)+a':cifpdef rdom;pk (vSnf;ul;)? OD;wufjym;+a':jrifhMunfrdom;pk (vSnf;ul;)ESifhOD;&Jrif;pkd;+a':&D&D0if ;rdom;pk awmifOuvmwkd htm;vnf;aumif;?

6/ pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf rwnfvSL'gef;ay;aom a'gufwm OD;jrifhxGef;+a':EG,fEG,fOD;xGef;? om;BuD; vrif;xGef;? om;i,f wm&mxGef;

rdom;pk (qpf'eD? Mopaw;vs) ESifh tjcm;tvSL&Sifrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;?7/ tcufcJaygif;pkHudk ausmfjzwfvsuf pmtkyfjzpfay:vma&;twGuf

BuD;MuyfpDpOfay;onfh t&SifOuHo? rsufESmzHk;ESifh twGif;tjyiftqifrsm; ulnDaqmif&Gufay;onfh apmvif;ausmfwdkYtm;vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;(txl;)wif&Sdygw,f/ xkdYjyif ukd,ftm;? Pftm;? "etm;wdkYjzifh tzufzufrS tm;ay;Muolyk* KdvftoD;oD;wdkYtm;vnf; aus;Zl;wif&Sdygw,f/

t*Pqpf'eD?Mopaw;vs


13/220

2 t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)


14/220


yPmr ESifh y#dnmOf

- t*0HorSd oOmwH? Ak'H wdavmuylZdwH/ao0dwH awe "rO? oHCH 0Emrd om0uH/ (yxsm0w*gxm)- v'H edm, yAZH? tmap&O ermrd wH/

oaAoH ykn0km,? rH *EH vdcgr}[H/ (yxsm0w*gxm)

t[H- t*P emrorkwf tuREkfyfonf? t*0HorSd- avmuxif&Sm;? trsdK;rsm;wGif?xdyfzsm;jrifhvS? omuD,[k? yDowifhNzdK;? tqif;wdk;onfh? rif;rsdK;xifay:? tEG,fawmf?

oOmwH- rsdK;av;yg;tpOf? ordkif;wGifvsuf? awmf0ifausmfMum;? om;wpfyg;[k ? xif &Sm;zGm;ajrmuf? aumif;pGmawmuf? aygufa&mufolvnf;? jzpfawmfrlxaom?wdavmu ylZdwH- jA[mewfvl? oHk;bHkolwdkY? MunfjzLav;jrwf? ylaZmfawmfrltyfxaom? Ak'O- op mav;yg;? jrwfw&m;udk? ydkif;jcm;xifxif? odjrifawmfrljim;?jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;aumif;? awe- xdkbk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;onf? ao0dwH-tNrJrjywf? rSD0JylaZmftyfxaom? "rO- r*fzdkvfedAmef? "ruef[k? q,fwefxifay:?w&m;awmfudkvnf;aumif;? (w- xdkbk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfjrwf BuD;\?) om0uH-

om;jrwfykw? om0u jzpfawmfrlaom? oHCO- &Spfyg;t&d,m jrwfoHCmudkvnf;aumif;? 0Emrd- usrf;OD;tp yrmP? OD;csdkusdK;yg\bk&m;/

(0EdwGm- usrf;OD;tp yPmr OD;csdkusdK; &Sdcdk;NyD;? ,H tmap&H- MunfvifNrJxl;?NrdKUvSnf;ul;wGif? xdyfOD;,SOfwGJ? ydkufBuD;0J[k? ac:NrJonm? a&Taus;&Gm&Sd? r[m0dZdwm &mr ausmif;wdkufvS\? pmcsaus;Zl;&Sif? tMuifq&mawmfocifudk)? edm,-bkef;awmfuHawmf? ynmawmfpk? trSDjyK? yAZH- omuD,Zmwf &Sif&[ef;jrwftjzpfudk?

(r,m- t*P? emrorkwf? tuREkfyfonf?) v'H- aumif;pGmxkwfacsmuf a&muftyfayNyD/ wH tmap&O- wwfodzdkYa&;? enf;ay;ydkYcs? teE*kPf&Sif? xdkr[m0dZdwm&mrwdkuf


15/220


q&mawmfocif? aus;Zl;&Sifudkvnf;? ermrd- usrf;OD;tp? yPmr? OD;csdkusdK;?&Sdcdk;yg\bk&m;/ (erdwGm- usrf;OD;tp yPmr OD;csdkusdK; &Sdcdk;NyD;?) oaAoH- cyfodrf;rsm;pGm? Munfomxif&Sm;? trsdK;aumif;om;? trsdK;aumif;orD;wdkY\?

ykn0km,- Iwdk if;ydkrdk? ukodkvfwdk ;yGm;? tusdK;rsm;&eftvdkYiS g? rH *EH - ]jrwfAk'vufxuf awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;rsm;}[k xif&Sm;ac:rSwf? usrf;jrwfudk? vdcgrd(vdcdH)- ynmcG eftm;? &Sdjim;avsmfpG m? apwemESifh? o'g&Tif jrL; MunfEl;0rf;om?a&;om;ygawmhtHhownf;/

;


16/220


earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/

tcef;-1

pmtkyfacgif;pOfudk t"dyg,fzGifhqdkjcif;usrf;\ acgif;pOfrSm ]Ak'vufxuf awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;rsm;} jzpf\/

pmtkyfacgif;pOfvm t"dym,fqdkvd kcsuf tjynfhtpkHudk atmufygtwdk if; avhvmEdkif

ay\/

]Ak'vufxuf}[l&m...

Ak'[lonf opmw&m;av;yg;udk udk,fawmfwdkifvnf; odawmfrl wwf\/udk,fawmf wdkifrSwpfyg; tjcm;olwdkYudkvnf; odapawmfrlwwf\/ xdkYaMumifh ]Ak'}rnfay\/ ,if;]Ak'}[laom trnfudk crnf;awmf oka'g"erif;BuD;? r,fawmf rm,ma'0Dtp&S daom yk*dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ ay;tyfrSnfhac:tyfaom trnfawmfum;

r[kwfygay/ pifppfaomfum; bk&m;jzpfawmfrl&m aAm"dr@dKif "rtvkH;pkH wkdYudkodaomoAkwPfawmfudk &&SdawmfrlonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf tvdktavsmuf ]Ak'}[k trnfawmf &&SdvmcJhjcif; jzpfay\/

1

jrwfAk' udk,fawmfwdkifuvnf; ]]aovykPm; ... igonf r*opmudk yGm;rsm;NyD;NyD? ork',opmudk y,fNyD;NyD? 'kuopmudk ydkif;jcm;odNyD;NyD? eda&m"opmudk rsufarSmufjyKNyD;NyD? xdkYaMumifh ]Ak'}rnfawmfrl\}}[k EIwfawmfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhaMumif; awGU&Sd&ay\/

usrf;vm Ak'vufxuf[l&mvnf; ,if;odkY ]Ak'}trnfawmf&aoma*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOf (y&dedAmefr0ifrD) tcsdeftcgudk ]]Ak'vufxuf}}[k usrf;u &nfTef;ay\/


17/220


]awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;rsm;}[l&m...

]awmf0ifpHxm;trsdK;orD;rsm;}[l&m ]awmf0if}[laom a0g[m&udk ]pH}udk

jrefrmtbd"meftusOf;csKyf ]]pH

H

-e^pef t&nftcsif;EdIif;,SOf&ef tajccHjyKxm;aom t&m/ EdIif;,SOftyfaomt&m/ taumif;qkH;erlem}} [kvnf;aumif;? ]]awmf0if-e^awmf0if (Oypm) awmfav;0 0ifouJhod kY jrifhjrwfol}}[kvnf;aumif ; zGifhjyxm;ay&m tvdk awmf0ifpHxm;[lonf pHerlemxm;&ef taumif;qkH;jzpfonfh awmfav;0 0ifouJhodkY jrifhjrwfol}}[k t"dym,f&ay\/ t"dym,f twdkif;yif avmuvifom;tay: &mEIef;jynfhop m&SdNyD; tdrfaxmifa&; vlrIa&;wdkYvnf;uRrf;usif? rif;a&;pdk;a&;wdkYvnf; &Sif;vif;aqmifGufwwfaom tr&m[laomtrsdK;orD;?

Am&mPoDrif;\ t*ra[oDvkyf&ef ajymqdkrIudk vufcHrIrjyKbJ vifom;udE&mESifhopm&SdpGm aygif;azmfaom udE&D? a0E&mrif;tay: armifao&if r,fygvdkufaor,f? rcGJbl;qdkonfh r'Da'0D[laom trsdK;orD;? Elema&m*gpGJaeaom vifawmfarmifaomwdaoeudk rcGJbJ a&yla&csrf; urf;vSrf;aom orLv[laom trsdK;orD;tm;jzifhav;a,mufaomtrsdK;orD;wdkYudk awmf0ifpHxm;avmuf awmfav;0[k owfrSwfMu ay\/ ,if;trsdK;orD;av;a,mufwdkYonfum; Zmwfawmfvm trsdK;orD;rsm;yifjzpf\/ xdkYjyif omrefvlom;wdkYu awmf0if\[k owfrSwfcHxm;&olvnf; jzpf\/ ,if;

wdkYum; t&d,m r[kwf? omrefykxkZOfwdkYom jzpfay\/ (qkdvkdonfrSm tr&mpaom av;OD;wkdYonf Ak'vufxufwGif xif&Sm;jcif;r[kwf? tavmif;awmfb0wGifomxif&Sm;aom trsdK;orD;rsm; jzpf\[lvkd/)

aAm"dr@dKif oAkwPfawmf\ tmEkabmfawmfaMumifh w&m;rif;tjzpfodkY a&mufawmfrlaom jrwfAk'onfum; ]]igonf w&m;rif;tjzpfudk &&SdawmfrltyfNyD/,cktcg vltaygif;jzifh tusdK;r&Sd? vltrsm;udk ta&;xm;&efrvdk? twkr&Sdjrwfaom zvormywfcsrf;omudk cHpm;awmfrltHh}} [k ESvkH;oGif;jcif;rjyKbJ y&dowfav;yg;

tv,f0,f cif;xm;tyfaom jrwfaom bk&m;&Sif\ae&m xdkifaeawmfrlvsuf t*Fg&Spfyg;ESifhjynfhpkHaom toHawmfjzifh "rudkxkwfazmfcJh\/ ,if;odkY "rudkxkwfazmf&mtukodkvftrIwdkYudk jyKvkyfolrsm;udk tyg,fav;yg;udkjyvsuf aMumuf vefYap&efESdyfuGyf w&m;awmfudka[mawmfrl\/ ukodkvftrIwkdYudk jyKvkyfolrsm;udkum; b0*fxdkifaeapbdtvm; ewfjynfcsrf;omwdkYudkjyvsuf w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfrl\/,if;odkY a[mMum;NyD;aemuf yk*dKvftvdkuf tusifh*kPfxl;ESifhxl;jcm; udkufnDolwkdYtm;

]{w'*fbGJUxl;}udk ay;tyf omoemawmfwGif awmf0ifpHxm;oltjzpf owfrSwfawmfrl

cJhay\/Oyrmtm;jzifh pMu0aw;rif;onf pMum&wem\tpGrf;tmEkabmfaMumifh

pMumrif;\ pnf;pdrfudk &&SdNyD;aemuf ]]igonf pMumrif;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdNyD? ,cktcg


18/220


vltaygif;jzifh tusdK;r&Sd? vltrsm;udk ta&;xm;&efrvdk? pMumrif;\pnf;pdrfudkomcHpm;awmhtHh}}[k ESvkH;roGif;bJ w&m; qkH;jzwf&mvTwfkH;obif tNrJrjywfxdkifvsufESdyfuGyfxdkufolwdkYudk ESdyfuGyf\/ csD;jrifhxdkufol wdkYudk csD;jrifh\/ &mxl;ay;xdkufaom

*kPfaus;Zl;&Sdolrsm;ud k &mxl;rsm;ay;ouJhod kYyif jzpfay\/jrwfAk'onf Oyrmtwdkif; omoemawmf awmf0ifpHxm;xdkufolrsm;udk {w'*f bGJUxl;rsm;ay; aG;cs,fcJhay\/ ae&m {w'*f[laoma0g[m&udk&Sif;vif;pGmodzdkY vdkygvdrfhrnf/

{w'*f

{w'*f[lonf ]{w'*H} [laom ygVdpum;rS qif;oufvmaom a0g[m&

wpfckjzpf\/ {w'*H-udk {wH+t*H-[k ESpfyk'fcGJ&rnf/ xdkESpfyk'fwdkYwGif {wH[laomyk'fonf yk*dKvfudkpGJaomyk'f jzpf\/ t*H[laomyk'fonf tp? txG#f (tzsm;)? tpk?tjrwf[laom av;rsdK;aomteufudka[m\/ um; txG#f(tzsm;)ESifh tjrwf[laom teufESpfrsdK;udk ,l&\/ xdkYaMumifh {w'*f[laom ygVdoufa0g[m&udk txG#ftjrwfyk*dKvf (odkYr[kwf) tomqkH;? tjrwfqkH;yk*dKvf[k t"dyg,f zGifhqdk&rnfjzpf\/

ygVdoufa0g[m&tbd"mefvnf; {w'*f[laomyk'fudk ]]qdkif&m*kPfxl;&SdolwdkYwGif txl;tjrwfqkH;yk*dKvf? xdyfqkH;yk*dKvf}}[k zGifhxm;jyef\/ xdkYaMumifh {w'*f

[lonf jrwfAk' udk,fawmfwdkif omoemawmf pHawmf0iftjzpf owfrSwfxdkufolwdkYtm; csD;jrifhaombGJUxl;yif jzpfay\/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhum; usrf;tvdkt&rl jrwfAk'udk,fawmfwdkif {w'*fbGJUxl;ay; aG;cs,fxm;oludkom awmf0ifpHxm;[k okH;EIef;rnfjzpfygonf/

awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJUxl;ay;&m pHxm;aom taMumif;av;rsdK;

jrefrmpum;wGif ]csD;rGrf;wefonf vl&nfudkI} [laom qdkdk;pum;&Sday\/

,if; qdkdk;pum;t& csD;rGrf; xdkufwefoludk olUt&nftcsif;ESif h xdkufwefonfhtavsmuf csD;rGrf;&rnfom jzpf\/ jrwfAk'onfvnf; ukd,fawmfjrwf\ wynfhom0u?om0dumrwkdYtm; a&S;a&S;aom b0oHo&mwdkY jznfhusifhqnf;yl;cJhaom yg&rD ukodkvfESifh awmifhwyefqifcJhaom qkawmif;t avsmuf oDv*kPf? orm"d*kPf?ynm*kPf ponfwdkYjzifh vGefuJaom yk*d Kvfxl; yk*dKvfjrwfwdkYudk y&dowftv,fudk,fawmfwdkif ]awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl;rsm;}udk csD;usL;ay;oem;awmfrlavh&Sday\/azmfjyyg awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJUxl;rsm;udk csD;jrifh&m jrwfAk'udk,fawmfwdkif pHxm;

aom taMumif;av;rsdK; &Sday\/ xdkav;rsdK;aomtaMumif;wdkYteuf tenf;qkH;wpfyg;ESifh nDGwfrSom if;bGJUxl;udk &&SdEdkifay\/ ,if;taMumif;av;rsdK;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpf\/


19/220


(1) t|Kywd = oufqdkif&mtrIudpwkdY uRrf;usifaMumif; taxmuf txm;cdkifvkHjcif;?

(2) tm*re = a&S;a&S;b0wdkYvnf; ,if;trIudpwkdY uRrf;

usifcJhjcif;?(3) pdP0oD = ,if;trIudptay: avhusufrIrsm;jcif;?(4) *kPwda&uwm = *kPftm;jzifh xl;cRefvGefuJjcif;/xdkav;rsdK;wdkYteuf jrwfAk'\ awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJUxl;rsm;udk &&Sdaomol

wdkYteuf tcsdKUrSmwpfrsdK;? tcsdKUrSmESpfrsdK;? tcsdKUrSmokH;rsdK;? tcsdKUrSmav;rsdK;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkH Muonf[k qdk\/ ,if;pHawmf0if {w'*fbGJUxl;udk&&SdolwdkYrSm ta&twGuftm;jzifh&[ef;a,mufsm; (41)OD;? &[ef;rdef;r(13)OD;? vl0wfaMumiftrsdK;om;(11)OD;ESifh vl0wf

aMumiftrsdK;orD;(10)OD;wdkY ay:xGef;vmcJhay\/ ,if;wdkYteuf pmtkyf awmf0ifpHxm;trsdK;orD;rsm;t& awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJUxl;udk&&SdMuaom vl0wfaMumif trsdK;orD; (10)OD;taMumif;wkdYudkom a&;om;okawoejyKrnfjzpfygonf/trsdK;orD;(10)OD;rS tjcm;aom&[ef;r(ax&Dr)tjzpf xif&Sm;aom trsdK;orD;wdkY\taMumif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? Zmwfawmfvm tr&m? udE&D? r'D? orLv[laomtrsdK;orD;wdkY\taMumif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; usrf; a&;om;azmfjyrnfum;r[kwfygay/

xdkYaMumifh]Ak'vufxufawmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;rsm;}[laom pmtkyfacgif;pOfjzifh ]a*gwr jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOftcgu awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJUxl;

wdkYudk &&SdcJhMuaom vl0wfaMumif trsdK;orD;q,fOD;}[laom t"dym,fudk azmfTef;jyoaeay\/

,if;awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh &&SdcJhaom {w'*fbGJUxl;wdkYrSmatmufygtwdkif;yif jzpfay\/

(1) awmf0ifpHxm; okZmwm trsdK;orD;

yXro&P*re {w'*fbGJU (yxrqkH; o&P*kHokH;yg;wnfjcif;)? (2) awmf0ifpHxm; 0domcg trsdK;orD;

'g,D{w'*fbG JU (tvSLay;jcif;)?(3) awmf0ifpHxm; ckZKw&m trsdK;orD;

"ruxdu{w'*fbGJ U (w&m;a[mjcif;)? (4) awmf0ifpHxm; omrm0wD trsdK;orD;

arwm0D[m&D{w'*fbGJU (arwmw&m;jzifhaejcif;)?

(5) awmf0ifpHxm; Ow&m trsdK;orD;psm,D{w'*fbGJ U (psmef0ifpm;jcif;)?


20/220


(6) awmf0ifpHxm; oky0gom trsdK;orD;yPDw'g,dum{w'*fbGJU (rGefjrwfaom0wKudk ay;vSLjcif;)?

(7) awmf0ifpHxm; okyd,m trsdK;orD;

*dvmEky|muD{w'*fbGJ U (olemudkjyKpkjcif;)?(8) awmf0ifpHxm; umwd,meD trsdK;orD;ta0pyoE{w'*fbGJU (omoemawmf0,f rwkefrvIyf ouf0if,kHMunfjcif;)?

(9) awmf0ifpHxm; eukvrmwk trsdK;orD;0dmodu{w'*fbGJ U (jrwfAk'ESifh tuRrf;0ifjcif;)?

(10) awmf0ifpHxm; umVD trsdK;orD;tEk0yoE{w'*fbGJU (wqifhMum;&kHrQjzifh Munfkdjcif;)?

awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD; (10)OD;wdkY\ taMumif;t&mwdkYudk azmfjyvwHhaom tcef;wdkY jynfhpkHpGm okawoejyK a&;om;azmfjyrnf jzpfygonf/

tcef;(1) jrwfAk'vufxuf awmf0ifpHxm;trsdK;orD;rsm;[laom pmtkyfacgif;pOf\t"dyg,f tESpfom&udkazmfTef;xm;ygonf/

;


21/220


tcef;-2

awmf0ifpHxm; okZmwm trsdK;orD;vlom;onf ywf0ef;usifESifh ae\/ ywf0ef;usifqdk;ESifhvnf ; awGU&\/

ywf0ef;usifaumif;ESifhvnf; BuHK&\/ 0ef;usifqdk;u raumif;usdK;udk pDrHay;ouJhodkY0ef;usifaumif;u aumif;usdK;udk zefwD;ay;\/ aumif;usdK;udk t&om&Sd&Sd cHpm;vdkMuaomfvnf; qdk;usdK;udkrl aMumufwwfMu\/ vefYwwfMu\/ xdkodkYjzpfjcif;rSm "rwm

yifjzpf\/ vlUywf0ef;usifonf aMumufp&mwdkYjzifh 0ef;&Hae\/ vefYp&mwdkYjzifh umqD; ae\/ a&BuD;\/ rdk;onf ;xefpGm Gm\/ awmrD;avmif\/ avrkefwdkif; wdkuf\/,if;odkYaom obm0ab;tE&m,fwkdYonf vlom;wdkYtm; Ncdrf;ajcmufvsuf &SdMuay\/

vlom;wkdYonf ,if;odkY aMumufvefYMuojzifh tm;udk;&SmMu\/ cEmukd,f twGif;vnf; &SmMu\/ tjyifvnf; &SmMu\/ obm0ab;&efwdkYudk tZwtpGrf;jzifh wGef;vSefMu\/ r&onfh tqkH; awmif;yefwdk;vQdK;Mu\/ awmawmifudkvnf; awmif;yef Mu\/ a&udkvnf; wkd;vQdK;Mu\/ ajrud kvnf; c,Mu\/ rD;udk

awmif;yefzkdYvnf; 0efrav;ouJhokd Y avudk awmif;yefzdkY&efvnf; toihfay/ rdrdxufpGrf;tm;BuD;oludk taMumufydkcJhMu\/ tvefY,dkcJhMu\/ awmif;yefwdk;vQdK;Mu&mrStm;udk;p&mtjzpf rSwfxifvmMu\/ odkYjzifh udk;uG,frItrsdK;rsdK;wdkY ay:ayguf&\/,if;udk;uG,frI rsm;rSm azmif;yGoxuf azmif;yGvm\/

ordkif;rwifrDumvrSonf vlom;wdkYonf opfyif? awmawmif? a&? ajr?ork'&m tp&SdonfwdkYudk udk;uG,f&mtjzpf rdrdwdkY\pdwful;wnfhovdk udk;uG,frIjyKcJhMu\/ odkYaomf udk;uG,f &mtppf [kwfonfr[kwfonfudkum; rnfolrQ uGJuGJjym;jym;

rodMuay/ tarSmifvrf;wGif prf;w0g;0g; avQmufvSrf;aeolrsm;ES ifhom wlMu\/ r[mou&mZf (103)ck? uqkefvjynfhaeYwGifum; avmu udk;uG,f&mtppf ay: aygufvm\/ ,if;udk;uG,f&mtppfrSm a*gwrjrwfAk'yif jzpf\/ ,if;Ak'&wem


22/220


ESifhtwl "r&wem[laom udk;uG,f&mtppfwdkY ay:aygufvmay\/ xdkESpf 0gqdkvqef; (5) &ufwGif ,if;udk;uG,f&mtppfudk vlom;wdkYrS pwifawGU&SdMu\/ ,if;vlom;wdkYrSm Ouvmywdkif;rS ]wykESifhbvdum}[laom ukefonfnDaemifwdkYyif

jzpf\/ xdktcsdef avmuwGif oHCm&wem ray:xGef;ao;ojzifh ukefonfnDaemifwdkYonf a'G0gpduo&P*kHwnf Oygoumrsm;tjzpf cH,lMuav\/ xdknDaemifwdkYonfrsuf&rf;rSef;q udk;uG,f&m&SmMuonfholrsm;wGif yxrqkH; udk;uG,f&mtppfudk pwifawGU&Sdol Oygoumrsm;yif jzpfMu\/ jrwfAk'\tqkH;tratmufodkY 0ifa&mufvmolAk'bmom0if trsdK;om;rsm; jzpfvmMu\/

aemufydkif;wGif jrwfAk'onf ow0gwkdYtm; vSnfhvnf w&m;a'oemawmfukda[mMum;awmfrlNyD; Ak'omoemawmfudk wnfaxmifawmfrl\/ w&m;a[mNyD; Ak'

bmom0ifjzpfatmif pGrf;aqmifcJh\/ ol\ wynfhom; &[ef;awmfwkdYudkvnf; w&m; a[mNyD; Ak'bmom0ifrsm;wdk;wufatmif pGrf;aqmifapcJh\/ ,if;odkYa[majymcsuf aMumifh trsdkK;om;rsm;omru trsd K;orD;rsm;yg Ak'bmom0if jzpfvmMu\/ xdkodkY jzpfvmaom Ak'bmom0if trsdK;orD;xktwGif; yxrqkH;aomudk;uG,f&mtppfjzpfonfh o&P*kHokH;yg;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfoltaygif;wGif aoemed*kH;olaX;BuD;\orD; okZmwmonf jrwfAk'\omoemawmf0,f awmf0ifpHxm;aom Ak'bmom0iftrsdK;orD; wpfa,mufyif jzpf\/ awmf0ifpHxm; olaX;orD; okZmwm\ b0Zmwf

aMumif;onf Ak'bmom0if trsdK;orD;rsm;tzdkY pHxm;p&m jzpf\/ tm;usp&m aumif;\/ twk,lp&m Oyrmtppf jzpf \/ okZmwmonf Ak'omoemawmf0,f trsdK;om;rsm;enf;wl vl0wfaMumif trsdK;orD;wdkY\ awmf0ifpHxm;ykHudkazmfTef;\/ ,if;odkY tm;ustwk,l pHxm;pHjyKp&maumif;aom awmf0ifpHxm;okZmwm\ b0Zmwf aMumif;udk ,aeYacwftrsdK;orD;rsm; odxm;oihfay\/

okZmwm emrnfwlrsm;

jrwfAk'vufxufwGif vl0wfaMumif trsdK;orD;xktwGif; pHawmf0if {w'*fbGJUxl;udk yxrqkH;&&SdolrSm aoemed*kH;olaX;BuD;\orD; okZmwmyif jzpf\/ ,if; okZmwm[laom trnfjzif h xif&Sm;aom trs d K;orD;rsm;rSm jrwfAk'wd k Y\omoemawmfwGif (11) OD;rQ&SdaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&ay\/ xdkolwdkYrSm-

(1) okZmwmax&Dr (aombdwjrwfAk'\t*om0dumr)?(2) okZmwmax&D r (yd,'DjrwfAk'\ t*om0dumr)? (3) okZmwm (y'krkw&jrwfAk'\r,fawmf)?

(4) okZmwm (aum@njrwfAk'\r,fawmf)?(5) rmCvkvif\ZeD; okZmwm (aemiftcgwGif odMum;rif;\rdzk&m; okZmwm)?(6) okZmwmolaX;orD; (bk&m;jzpfrnfhaeY CemEdkYqGrf;'g,dumr)?


23/220


(7) okZmwm Oygodumr (emwduGmol aomwmyef)?(8) ausmif ;tr0domcg\nDrawmf okZmwm? (9) rPdapm&Zmwfvm okZmwmtrsdK;orD;?

(10) omauwNrdKUol okZmwmax&DrESifh(11) okZmwmrdzk&m;- wdkYjzpfMu\/

,if;(11)OD;xJwGifyg0ifaom aoemed*kH;olaX;BuD;\orD;? CemEdkYqGrf; tvSL&Sif okZmwmolaX;orD;udkom jrwfAk'udk,fawmfwdkif ]]{w'*H bdua0 rrom0dumeH OygodumeH yXrH o&PH *pEDeH ,'d'H okZmwm aoed,"Dwm}}

[l

&wemokH;yg;udk qnf;uyfudk;uG,fol igbk&m;\wynhf vl0wfaMumif trsdK;orD;xk

taygif;wGif aoemed*kH;olaX;BuD;\orD; okZmwmonfom tjrwfqkH;? olronfomtawmfqk H;? olronfom tomqkH;? olronfom tapmqk H;[k qdktyfaom ]yXro&P*re {w'*fbGJUxl;}udk csD;jrifhawmfrlNyD; omoemawmf0,f pHawmf0if trsdK;orD;

wpfOD;tjzpf ajrmufpm;awmfrlcJh\/ azmfjyvwHhwdkYonfum; aoemed*kH;olaX;BuD;\orD ; okZmwm\ b0twKygwf Zmwfvrf;jrwfwdkYonfomjzpfay\/

awmf0ifpHxm; okZmwm trsdK;orD;\ twdwfZmwfaMumif; a&S;qkawmif;

xdkaoemed*kH;olaX;BuD;\orD; okZmwmonf y'krkw&jrwfAk'\ vufxuf [Hom0wDjynf\ wpfckaomtrsdK;tdrfwGif trsdK;orD;wpfOD;jzpfcJh\/ tcgwpfyg; olronf jrwfAk'\ w&m;awmfudk em,lpOf y'krkw&jrwfAk'onf Oygodumr trsdK;orD ;wpfOD;tm; a&S;OD;pGm o&P*kH wnfaomt&m ]]awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJU}} ay;aeonfudk awGUjrifcJh\/ xdkYaMumifh olronf ]]aemiftcg igonfvnf; trsdK;orD;uJhodkY a&S;OD;pGm o&P*kHwnfol vl0wfaMumif trsdK;orD;wdkYwGif {w'*fbGJUxl;&&Sd&ygvdk\}} [k awmif;qkqdkcJhzl;av\/ ,if;odkY awmif;qkqdkNyD; yg&rDawmfrsm;

jznfhqnf;cJ h&m a*gwrjrwfAk '\vufxufawmfum; qkawmif;jynfhcJh\/

ypKyef qkawmif;jynfhonfh okZmwm

xdktrsdK;orD;onf urmwpfodef;wdkYumvywfvkH; ukodkvfaumif;rIrsm;udk qnf;yl;tm;xkwfNyD; vlUjynfewfjynfwdkY wpfvSnfhpDusifvnfaecJh&\/ a*gwr jrwfAk'vufxufum; jrwfAk'ryGifhrDyif a&S;OD;pGmomvQif Oka0VawmtkyfteD; aoemed*kH; aoed,trnf&Sdaom olaX;BuD;\orD; jzpfcJh\/ olr\trnfrSm

]okZmwm}[k wGifav\/ okZmwmolaX;orD;onf tG,f a&mufcsdef aoemed*kH;&Sdwpfckaomanmifyif ]]t&Sifanmifapmifhewfrif; ... tuREfkyfronf rsdK;dk;Zmwfwlaomvifa,mufsm;udk& yXrtBudrfudk,f0efwnfvwfaomf om;OD;a,musfm;udk &&Sd&yg


24/220


vdk\/ tu,f om;OD;a,musfm;udk &&SdygvQif oifanmifapmifhewfrif;tm; CemEdkYjzifhylaZmfrIudk jyKygtHh}}[k qkawmif;cJhav\/ xdkqkawmif;rItwdkif; okZmwmolaX;orD;onf],o}[laom olaX;om;wpfa,mufESifh tdrfaxmifusNyD; om;wpfa,mufudk

yxrqkH;arG;zGm;cJhav\/ xdkom;\trnfudkvnf; cifyGef;onf\trnfuJhodkYyif],o owdkYom;}[lyif rSnfhac:cJhMuav\/ xdkYaMumifh okZmwmolaX;uawmfonf ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; uqkefvjynfhaeY anmifapmifhewfrif;tm; CemEdk YqGrf;jzifhAvdewfpmauR; ylaZmfyocJhonfrSm ,cktBudrftygt0if tBudrfESpfq,fcefY wdkifcJhayNyD/

CemEdkYqGrf; uyfvSLrIESifhpyf rSwfzG,f

okZmwmolaX;uawmfonf bk&m;tavmif;awmf\ bk&m;jzpfrnfh uqkefvjynfhaeYom yxrqkH;tBudrf qkawmif;jynfh anmifyifapmifhewftm; CemEdkYqGrf;jzifh ylaZmfyojcif;um; r[kwfay/ pifppfaomfum; xdkESpf xdktBudrfrS a&S;vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;ESpfq,fcefYavmufuyif qkawmif;jynfh anmifyifapmifhewftm;CemEdkYqGrf;jzifh ylaZmfyocJhjcif; jzpf\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf okZmwmolaX;uawmf\om;onf ,oolaX;om;jzpfaomaMumifhyif/ ,oolaX;om;onf bk&m;tavmif;bk&m;jzpfrnfh xdkESpfxdktcsdefyif tdrfaxmifus olaX;pnf;pdrfudkyif tjynfht0

cHpm;aeayNyD/ ,if;taMumif;udkaxmufqaomf okZmwmolaX;uawmfonf om;qkawmif;rI jynfh0ojzifh vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;ESpfq,fcefYu tpjyK xdkanmifyifapmifhewftm; ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; uqkefvjynfhaeY CemEdkYqGrf;jzifh AvdewfpmauR; ylaZmfyorIjyKcJh aMumif;um; xif&Sm;\/

okZmwmtrsdK;orD;\ om;qkawmif;rIudkMunfhaomf xdkacwfumv&SdtdEd,trsdK;orD;xkonf om;a,mufsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf anmifyifapmifhewfrsm;tm; ylaZmfyorI&SdcJhaMumif; odEdkif ay\/ ,aeYacwfumvvnf; tdEd,&SdtrsdK;orD;rsm;onf

]]okZmwmom;qkawmif;&m anmifyifrS tacgufrsm;udkcGg aoG;NyD;aomufaomf om;a,mufsm;av;&onf}}[k ,kHMunfqJ? tokH;jyKqJyif jzpf\/ ,cktcg0,f okZmwmom;qkawmif;&mXme anmifyif? a&S;a[mif; ewfuGef;? a&uefESifh tcsdKUtcsdKUaomkyfwkawmf qif;wkawmfwdkYudk avhvmawGU&SdEdkif\/

CemEdkYqGrf;csuf&ef pDrHykH

okZmwmolaX;orD;onf a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;\ 'ku&p&d,m ajcmufESpf

jynf hajrmufonfh uqkefvjynfhaeY anmifapmifhewftm; Avdewfpmudk jyKvdkaom aMumifh CemEdkYqGrf;csuf&ef pDrHcJh\/ ,if;odkY pDrHykHudkazmfjy&m ynm&Sifq&mESpf a,mufwkdY\ t,ltqESpfrsdK;wkdYudk uGJjym;pGm awGU&av\/ ,if;ESpfrsdK;wdkYwGif


25/220


Zmwf t|uxmq&mujyqdk&mwGif-

]]a&S;OD;pGmuomvQif EdkYpm;EGm;rwpfaxmifudk EG,fcsdKawm ausmif;aponf/,if;EGm;rwpfaxmifwdkYrSxGufaomEdkY&nfwdkYudk tjcm;EdkYpm;EGm;rig;&mwdkYtm;

wdkufauR;apav\/ wpfzef ,if;EGm;rig;&mrSxGufaomEdkY&nfwkdYudk tjcm;EGm;r ESpf&mhig;q,fwdkYudk wdkufap\/ ,if;EGm;rESpf&mhig;q,frSxGufaom EdkY&nfwkdYudk tjcm;aomEGm;rwpf&mhESpfq,fh ig;aumifwdkYudk wdkufap\/,if;EGm;r wpf&mh ESpfq,fh ig;aumifwdkYrSxGufaomEdkY&nfwkdYudk tjcm;EGm;r ajcmufq,fhav;aumifwdkYtm; wdkufap\/ ,if;EGm;r ajcmufq,fhav;aumifwdkYrS xGufaomEdkY&nfwkdYudk tjcm;EGm;r okH;q,fhESpfaumifwdkYtm; wdkufap\/ ,if;EGm;r okH;q,fhESpfaumifwdkYrSxGufaomEdkY&nfwkdYudk tjcm;EGm;r

wpfq,fhajcmufaumifwdkYtm; wdkufap\/,if;EGm;r wpfq,hfajcmufaumifwdkYrS xGufaomEdkY&nfwkdYudk tjcm;EGm;r&SpfaumifwdkYtm; wdkufap\/odkYvQif okZmwm olaX;uawmfonf EGm;Edk Yt&nfyspf csdKNrdefaom t&om&Sdap&efESifh MoZm&Sdap&ef &nfoef EGm;EdkYqifhuJqifhuJ vJvS,frIudk jyKvkyfav\}}

ZdemvuFmDumq&murl-

]]okZmwmolaX;uawmfonf yXrEdkYpm;EGm;rwpf&mudk EG,fcsdKawm ausmif;ap\/ xdkEdkYpm;EGm;rwpf&mrSarG;aom EdkYpm;EGm;rwpf&mudk xdkYtwl EG,fcsdKawm ausmif;apjyef\/ xdk'kwd,EdkYpm;EGm;rwpf&mrS arG;zGm;aom EdkYpm;EGm;rwpf&mwdkYudkvnf; EG,fcsdKawm ausmif;apjyef\/ xdkwwd,EdkYpm;EGm;rwpf&mrS arG;zGm;aom EdkYpm;EGm;rwpf&mwdkYudkvnf; EG,fcsdKawmyif ausmif;apjyef\/ xdkpwkwEdkYpm;EGm;r wpf&mwdkYrSarG;zGm;aom EdkYpm; EGm;rwpf&mwdkYudkvnf; xdkYtwlyif EG,fcsdKawm ausmif;apjyef\/ xdkyrEdkYpm; EGm;r

wpf&mrSarG;zGm;aom EdkYpm;EGm;rwpf&mwdkYudkvnf; xdkYtwlyif EG,fcsdKawm ausmif;apjyef\/ xdkq|r EdkYpm;EGm;rwpf&mwkdYrS arG;zGm;aom EdkYpm;EGm;r wpf&mwkdYudk xdkYtwlyif EG,fcsdKawm ausmif;apjyefonf/ enf;jzifhckepfqufajrmufaom EdkYpm;EGm;rwpf&mwdkYrS EdkY&nfwkdYudknpf,l CemEdkYqGrf; csuf&ef pDrHav\/}}txufazmfjyyg q&mwdkY\ rdefYqdkcsufwdkYwGif Zmwft|uxmq&m\ rdefYqdk

csufudk Munfhaomf okZmwmonf CemEdkYqGrf;csuf&eftwGuf EdkYpm;EGm;r taumifa&

aygif; wpfaxmifhudk;&mudk;q,fhig;(1995)aumif tokH;jyKcJhaMumif; awGU&ay\/MumjrifhcsdefrSm tvGefqkH; wpfESpfom MumjrifhcJhaMumif; awGU&SdEkdifay\/ #Dumq&m\tvdkt&rl okZmwmolaX;uawmfonf EdkYpm;EGm;r taumifa&aygif;ckepf&m (700)


26/220


aumifudkom tokH;jyKcJh&aMumif; odEdkif\/ MumjrifhcsdefrSmum; tenf;qkH; ckepfESpfMumjrifhcJhrnfom jzpf\/ odkYaomf okZmwmonf anmifapmifhewfrif;tm; wpfESpf wpfBudrfAvdewfpmauR;aomaMumifh Zmwft|uxmq&m\pum;onf ydkoihfrnfxif\/

yg&rDawmfcef;ysdKUrlum; &Sifr[moDv0Hotausmfonf-]]EG,fcsdKawmaumif;? pm0ausmif;? ESpfaxmif;tifNcdKuf? a&rwdkufom;?rdIufudk,ftm;? ig;&mEGm;ud k? Budrfrsm;zefzef? &nfjyefwdkufNyD;? rum;BuD;wnf;}}

[k pyfqdkxm;awmfrlcJh\/ odkYaomfvnf; usD;oJav;xyfq&mawmfBuD;u ZdewyumoeDusrf;wGif atmufygtwkdif ; rSwfcsufjyKxm;awmfrl\/

]]o[*g0DeH vwm0ae p&maywGm wawm *a[wGm y&mouwGm

wduwHK bZdwGm taE t|*g0DeH r"k&oH 'k[dwGm - [laom okwfr[m0gt|uxm? a"Eko[H v|dr"ku0ae p&maywGm wawm wduwHK 0dbma*eyga,wGm-[laom Zmwu|uxm? tyg'geft|uxmwdkYESif rnDaMumif;ESifhh usrf;*efwdkY EGm;rwpfaxmif[kvmvsuf ig;&m[k rqdkwef/ ]ig;&yfEGm;udk}[k pyf&if; pum;onfta&;tom; ysufom&Sdrnf xifonf}}

okZmwmolaX;uawmfonf &&SdvmaomEdkY&nfjzifhom CemEdkYqGrf;csufonf&Sdaomf EdkYonf BuD;pGmaom tjrKyfBuD;rsm;x vufsm&pfvnfvsufom aeukef\/ EdkYwpfaygufwavrQvnf; rjyifodkYrusay/ ckHavmuf(zkdcaemuf)txufodkYvnf; tenf;i,frQyif rD;cdk;rwufygay/ xdktcg avmuygv ewfrif;BuD;av;a,mufwdk Yonf ckHavmuf(zkdcaemuf)udk apmifha&Smuf ay;Muav\/ r[mjA[mrif;onfum;CemEkdYtdk;udk xD;jzifh rdk;ay;av\/ odMum;rif;onfum; xif;p? rD;prsm;udk nDGwf

atmifjyKvsuf rD;udk awmufapav\/ ewfrsm;onfum; ewfMoZmwdkYudk CemEdkYtkd;twGif;odk Y xnfhMuav\/

tavmif;awmfjrwfxH CemEkdYqGrf;ykdY&ef pDrHjcif;

okZmwmolaX;uawmfonf wpfaeYwnf;jzifhomvQif uJhodkYaomtHhMozG,fwdkYudk awGUjrif& ykPmrnfaomuRefrudk ]]trdykPm ... ,aeY igwdkY\ocifanmifapmifhewfrif;onf twdkif;xuftvGef MunfdkzG,f&S d\/ igonf rQavmuf

aom tESpfESpfq,fausmf umvtwGif; odkYoabm&Sdaom tHhMozG,fwdkYudk rjrifpbl;/ xl;uJygaypG/ oifonf vsifvsif jrefjref oGm; anmifapmifhewfrif;\ae&manmifyifeef;udk &Sif;vif;okwfoifygacs}}[k apcdkif;av\/ uRefr ykPmonfvnf;


27/220


]]aumif;ygNyD t&Sifr}}[k 0efcHpum;ajymMum;NyD; anmifyifteD;odkY vsifjrefpGmoGm;a&mufvwfaomf anmifyif&if;xdkif ta&SUavmu"mwfudk MunfhIawmfrlaeaombk&m;tavmif;awmfudkvnf;aumif;? xdkbk&m;tavmif;udk,fawmfrSxGufaom ta&mif

t0gwdkYjzifh anmifyifwpfyifvkH; aTa&miftqif;0g0if;aeonfudkvnf;aumif; awGUjrif& ]],aeYwGif igwdkY\anmifapmifhewfrif;onf anmifyifrSqif;ouf rdrdvufjzifhyif ylaZmfoumAvdewfpmud k cH,l&ef xdkif aeonf}} [k BuHpnfrdav\/ xdkYaMumifhuRefrykPm;onf tdrfodkY vsifjrefpGm jyefoGm;NyD; olr rsuf0g;xifxif awGUjrifykHrsm;udkolaX;uawmfokZmwmtm; jzpfaMumif;ukefpif jyefajymMum; cJhav\/

okZmwmolaX;uawmfonf xdkuRefr\pum;udkMum;aomtcg tvGef0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf ]]oifonf ,aeYrSp ighorD;BuD;t&m wnfavavmh}}

[kajymqdkum orD;ESifh xdkufwefaom t0wfwefqmwdkYudk ay;av\/bk&m;tavmif;awmfjrwfwdkif;yif bk&m;jzpfrnfhaeY CemEdkYqGrf;ukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifawmfrl&jcif;onf "rwmyifjzpf\/ xdkodkYbk&m;jzpfrnfhaeY tzdk;wpfodef;wefaTcGufudk &zdkY&ef oihf&um; okZmwmolaX;uawmfonf tzdk;wpfodef;wefaom aTcGufjzif h CemEdkYqGrf;ud k xnfh\/ ,if;odkY xnfh&m CemEdkYqGrf;onf aTcGufwpfcGufjynfhkHom&Sd\/ tydktvdk[lr&Sday/ okZmwm olaX;uawmfonf CemEdkYqGrf;xnfhNyD;aom aTcGufudk tjcm;aomaTcGufjzifh zkH;tkyf\/ wpfzef t0wfjzLwdkYjzifh &pfywf

jyef\/ rdrdudk,fudkvnf; tqifwefqmrsm;qif,ifNyD; aTcGufudk OD;acgif; Guf BuD;pGmaom taqmifta,mif tcrf;tem;jzifh anmifyif&Sd&modkY oGm;av\/anmifyif&if;odkY a&muf bk&m;tavmif;\wifhw,fjcif;udk jrif&aomtcg vGefpGm 0rf;ajrmuf anmifapmifhewfrif;[laomtrSwfjzifh udk,fudkTwfvsuffoGm;av\/xdkYaemuf aTcGufudkcs zGif hNyD;aomf yef;eHYomwdkYjzifh xkHtyfaoma&udk aTu&m;jzifhxnfh,l NyD; tavmif;awmfteD; &yfwnfav\/

tavmif;awmfjrwfCemEdkYqGrf;udk tvSLcHawmfrljcif; awmxGufawmfrlpOfumvu bk&m;avmif;tm; C#dum&jA[mrif;

uyfvSLvmaom ajroydwfonf ajcmufESpfMum'ku&p&d,musifhpOf wpfavQmufvkH;tavmif;awmfudk pGefYroGm;acs/ odkYaomf olaX;uawmfokZmwm\ CemEdkYqGrf;uyf&efvmaom xkdcPum; aysmufcsif;rvS tvkdvkd aysmufuG,foGm;&av\/ xkdUaMumifYbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf vufsmbufvufawmfukkdjzefY a&udk cH,lav\/ okZmwmolaX;uawmfonf aTcGufjzifYyif CemEkdYqGrf;udk qufuyfav\/ xdktcg bk&m;

tavmif;awmfonf olZmwmolaX;uawmfudk MunfY\/ bk&m;tavmif;\ MunfYjcif;\ tjcif;t&mukdodaom okZmwmolaX;uawmfonf ]]tdkt&Sif anmifapmifYewfrif;..tuREkfyfonf t&Siftm;a&TcGufESifYwuG CemEkdYqGrf;udk vSL'gef;tyfygNyD/ oifewfrif;


28/220


onf aTcGufESifY wuGaom CemEdkYqGrf;udk cH,lawmfrlNyD; tvdk&Sd&modkY


29/220


(2) pkEaTyef;wdrfonf vSL'gef;aom awm0ufysdKom;qGrf;wdkYyifjzpf\/

jrwfAk'tavmif;awmfonf okZmwmvSLaomqGrf;udk bkOf;ay;

xdkaeYrSmyif bk&m;tjzpfodk Y a&mufawmfrl\/ odkYaomf CemEdkYqGrf;udkbkef;ay;csdef

&m*? a'go? arm[ paom udavomrsm; ruif;a0;ao;aom tavmif;awmfb0om&Sdao;\/ pkEvSLaomqGrf;udkum; &m*? a'go? arm[paom udavomuif;NyD;aomtcsdef bkOf;ay;awmfrljcif;jzpf\/ odkYqGrf;ESpfckwdkYudk bkOf;ay;csdef uGmjcm;Muygvsuftb,fhaMumifh tusdK;ay;jcif; wl&ygoenf;[k ar;jref;zG,f&Sdvm&\/ rdvdErif;onfvnf; ,if;qGrf;ESpf&yfESifhywfouf t&Sifem*aoerax&fudk xdkYtwlyif ar;jref;cJhzl;ay\/

,if;ar;cGef;ESifhywfouf O'get|uxm? 'DCedum, r[m0*|uxmESifh

rdvdEyOmwdkY0,f atmufygtwdkif; ajz&Sif;xm;ay\/,if;ok dY tusdK;ay;wl&jcif;rSm-(1) y&dedAmefpH0ifjcif;\taMumif;tjzpfwlrQjcif;?(2) ormywfudk0ifpm;Edkifjcif;\taMumif;tjzpfwlrQjcif;ESifh(3) aemuftcsdef0,f atmufarhykHwdkYwljcif;

[laom taMumif;okH;rsdK;aMumifh jzpfonf[kqdk\/

(1) y&dedAmefpH0ifjcif;\taMumif;tjzpfwlrQjcif;jrwfAk'tavmif;awmfonf okZmwmvSLaomCemEdkYqGrf;udk bkOf;ay;awmfrl

oOyg'd aooedAme"mwfjzifh udavomy&dedAmefpH0ifawmfrl&\/ (bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&mufawmfrl\[lvkd/) pkEvSLaomqGrf;udkbkOf;ay; tEkyg'daooedAme"mwfjzifhcEy&dedAmefpH0ifawmfrl&\/ okZmwm vSLaom yPDwqGrf;udk rSD0JokH;aqmif&ojzifh bk&m;tavmif;\oEmef yPDwkyfwdkYjzpfav\/ xdkyPDwkyfwdkYudk rSD&m&&Sd aomaMumifh udk,fawmf jrwfoEmefjzpfonfh 0dyempdwKyg'f r*fpdwKyg'f zkdvf

pdwKyg'fwnf;[laom "rum,onf tvG,fwulomvQif udavomwdkYudk y,fpGefYEdkif\/ xdkYaMumifh udavomy&dedAmef0ifpH&\/ pkEvSLaom yPDwqGrf;udk rSD0JokH;aqmif&ojzifh xdkYtwlyif abmZeoyg, NyD;ajrmufjynfhpkHjcif;aMumifh cEmwdkYudk y,fpGefYEdkif \/ cEy&dedAmef 0ifpH&\/ odkY udavomy&dedAmef? cEy&dedAmefpH0ifjcif;\taMumif;tjzpf wlrQaomaMumif h ,if;qGrf;ESpfyg;wd kYonf tusdK;ay;ykHjcif; wlrQMuay\/

(2) ormywfudk 0ifpm;Edkifjcif;\ taMumif;tjzpfwlrQjcif;

jrwfAk'onf bk&m;jzpfrnfhaeY okZmwmvSLaomqGrf;udk bkOf;ay;awmfrluka#aygif; ESpfoef;av;odef; ta&twGuf&Sdaom t&[wr*f\taMumif;jzpfaomormywfwdkYudk 0ifpm;awmfrl\/ y&dedAmefpHawmfrlrnfhaeYvnf; xdkYtwlyif jrwfAk'


30/220


onf pkEvSLaomqGrf;udk bkOf;ay;awmfrl uka#aygif;ESpfoef;av;odef; ta&twGuf&dS aom xdkormywfudkyif 0ifpm;awmfrlEdkif\/ odkY ormywf0ifpm;Edkifjcif;\taMumif;tjzpf wlrQjcif;aMumifh qGrf;ESpfyg;wdkYonf tusdK;ay;ykHjcif; wlrQMujcif;jzpf

\/ (3) aemuftcsdef0,f atmufarhykHwdkY wlrQjcif;bk&m;jzpfNyD;onfhaemuftcsdefum; okZmwmola|;uawmfonf ]]ig Cem

EdkYqGrf;vSLcJhaom yk*dKvfonf yanmifyifapmifhkupdk;ewfrif; r[kwfbl;wJh/ xdkyk*dKvfoljrwfum; bk&m;tavmif;wJh/ xdkbk&m;tavmif;onf igvSLaomCemEdkYqGrf;udk bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifawmfrl bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&mufawmfrlNyDwJh/ xdkjrwfAk'tzdkY&m owXmepHaeawmfrlpOf igvSLaom CemEdkYqGrf;jzifh rQwawmfrljcif;jzpfowJh}}[laom owif;

pum;udk Mum;od&av\/ xdkodkY owif;aumif;udk Mum;od& ]]ightzdkY&m t&awmfavpG}}[k tzefzefatmufarhaom okZmwm\oEmef0,f yDwdaomrew&m;rsm; txyfxyf jzpfyGm;av\/

pkEoEmefvnf; jrwfAk' y&dedAmefpHawmfrlNyD; aemuftcsdef ]]igonfaemufqkH;qGrf;udk jrwfAk'tm; uyfvSLtyfNyDwJh/ ig\ qGrf;ESifhywfouf jrwfAk'onfw&m;taygif;wdkY\ OD;xdyfozG,fjzpfaom edAmefudk,ltyfNyDwJh/ ighqGrf;udk bkOf;ay;awmfrl jrwfAk'onf tEkyg'daooedAme "mwfjzifh y&dedAmefpH0ifawmfrlowJh}}[laom

owif;pum;ukd Mum;od&av\/ xdkodkY owif;pum;udk Mum;od& ]]ightzdkY t&awmfavpG}}[k tzefzefatmufarhaom pkE\oEmef0,f yDwdaomrew&m;rsm; txyfxyf jzpfyGm;av\/

odkY tvSL&SifESpfOD;wdkY\ atmufarhykHwdkYwlrQjcif;aMumifh qGrf;ESpfyg;wdkYonftusKd;ay;ykHjcif; wlrQMuav\/ tjcm;tjcm;aom qGrf;wkdYxuf tusdK;tmedoif ykdrkdBuD;rm;Muav\/

olaX;uawmf okZmwm\om;awmf armif,ojrwfAk'onf owowm[vGefNyD;aomtcg rd*'g0kefawmodkY


31/220


aumifrsm;yrm wkH;vkH;yufvuf? rzkH;rzd? yg;pyfa[mif;avmif;? oGm;ykyf&nf pD;aMumif;rsm;? wSL;SL; w*J*Ja[mufoHrsm;jzifh owdvufvGwf tdyfarmusaeonfudk pufqkyfGH&SmzG,f&m awGUjrif &av\/ ,oola|;om;onf xdkodkYpufqkyfGH&SmzG,frsm;udk awGUjrif

&aomaMumifh oHa0*jzpfum ]]tcsif;wdkY.. ESdyfpufavpGwum;? nif;qJavpGwum;}}[kNiD;wGm;av\/ xdkYaemuf ,oola|;om;onf bkHeef;tqifhqifhtHhrcef;onfh rdrd\jyom'fpHtdrfawmf BuD;udk okmef wpfpjyifyrm rSwfxifoGm; aetdrfudkpGefYcGmNyD;awmxGufoGm;av&m rd*'g0kefawm&Sd jrwfAk'\teD;odk Y nwGif;csif; a&mufav\/jrwfAk'\teD;okdY a&muf&mvnf; ,oola|;om;onf ,cif oHa0*udk usL;&ifhjyef av\/ xdktcg jrwfAk'onf ,oola|;om;tm; uxmajcmufyg;w&m;awmfudktpOftwdkif;a[mawmfrl\/

1,if;uxmajcmufyg;wkdYrSm -

(1) 'geuxm?(2) oDvuxm?(3) o*uxm?(4) r*uxm?(5) umrmeH tm'De0uxmESihf (6) aeuartmedoHouxm-

wkdYyifjzpf\/ ,if;uxmajcmufyg;w&m;awmfukd tenf;i,f &Sif;jyvkdygao;onf/

'geuxm

jrwfAk'onf ,oowdkYom;tm; uxmajcmufyg;udktus,fw0ifha[mcJh\/,if;wdkYwGif-

'geuxm = 'geESifhpyfaomw&m;pum;[lonfrSm

aumif;rI'geonf rsufarSmufb0wGifcsrf;om&ef? wrvGefb0wGifcsrf;om&eftaMumif;jzpf\/ aemufqkH;edAmefa&mufzdkY&ef taMumif;jzpf\/ vlUpnf;pdrf ewf

pnf;pdrf[laom pnf;pdrftrsdK;rsdK;\ taMumif;&if;vnf; jzpf\/ tokH;taqmif tmkH0wKrsm;? ,if;0wKrsm;udk okH;aqmifjzpfaom csrf;omrIrsm;\ wnf&mvnf; jzpf\/ab;a&m*gzdpD;cH&aomow0grsm; tzdkYvnf; tapmifhta&Smufaumif;vnf; jzpf\/ykef;atmif;&m ae&mvnf; jzpf\/ vm;a&muf&mvnf ; jzpf\/ vJavsmif;&mvnf;jzpf\/ ypKyefavmu? wrvGefavmuwdkY aumif;rI'geESifhwlaom rSD&m? wnf&m?tapmifhta&Smufaumif;&m? ykef;atmif;&m? vm;&m? vJavsmif;&m[lum; r&Sdygacs/

aumif;rI'geonf rSD&mjzpfaomaMumifh oD[moeyvifESifh wl\/ axmuf

wnf&m jzpfaomaMumifh r[myx0DajrBuD;ESif h wl\/ 'geaumif;rIonf tyg,fqif;&JrS ul;ajrmufaMumif; jzpfaomaMumifh avSoabFmESif h wl\/ avmb? rp&d,[laom &efolab;r Suif;apwwfaomaMumifh ol&Jaumif;ozG,fvnf; jzpf\/ m?


32/220


rp&d,paom tukodkvftrdIufwkdYudk avmifuRrf;apwwfaomaMumifh rD;ozG,fvnf;jzpf\/

aumif;rI'geonf jrwfAk'wdkYoGm;cJhaom vrf;aumif;vrf;rSefvnf; jzpf

\/ bk&m;&SifwdkY\tEG,ftqufvnf; jzpf\/ igbk&m;onf yg&rDjznfhusifhpOfumva0vmrtvSLBuD;? r[ma*g0dEtvSLBuD;? r[mok'etvSLBuD;? a0E&m tvSL BuD;tp&Sdaom tvSLBuD;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk vSL'gef;cJh\/ ,kefow0g jzpfpOfyifigbk&m;onf rD;ykHwGif;odkY ckefqif;um rdrdudk,fudk tvSLcHyk*dKvftm; pGefYvSLcJhzl;\/aumif;rI'ge[lonf avmuDa&;&mbufvnf; odMum;rif;? rm&fewfrif;? jA[mrif;? pMumrif;[laom pnf;pdrftrsdK;rsdK;udkay;Edkif\/ aemufqkH; avmukw&m bufvnf; om0uaAm"dPf? yapuaAm"dPf? ormoarm"dPfwdkYudk ay;pGrf;Edkif

\.. ponf ponfjzifh jrwfAk'onf ,o owdkYom;tm; 'geESifhpyfaomw&m;pum;udka[mMum;awmfrlcJh\/

oDvuxm

'geaumif;rIudkjyKrSom oDvudkapmifhxdef;EdkifaomaMumifh 'geuxmtNyD;oDv uxmudka[m\/

oDvuxm = oDvESifhpyfaomw&m;pum;[lonfrSm-

aumif ;rIoDvonf ow0gwdkYtwGuf axmufwnf&m? vJavsmif;&m?ykef;atmif; rSDcdk&mjzpf\/ oDvonf jrwfAk'\tEG,fvnf;jzpf\/ igbk&m;onfocFygve*g;rif;? bl&d'wf e*g;rif;? par,se*g;rif;? oDv0rif;? rmwkaygouqifrif;? q'efqifrif;jzpfpOftcg tp&Sdaom tqkH;r&Sdaom b0aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYoDvudk rusdK;rayguf rajymufrusm;atmif apmifhxdef;cJhzl;NyD/ ypKyef? wrvGefb0pnf;pdrftwGuf oDvESifhwlaomaqmufwnf&m rSDcdkp&m[lr&Sday/ oDvESifhwlaomtqifwefqm[l r&Sday/ odkYtp&Sdonfjzifh oDvESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;udk

a[mMum;cJh\/

o*uxm

jrwfAk'onf oDvaumif;rIudk jyK rnfaomewfGmpnf;pdrfudk&&Sd\[kjyqdkvdk aomaMumifh oDvuxmtNyD; o*uxmudk a[mawmfrljyef\/

o*uxm = ewfGmESifhpyfaomw&m;pum;[lonfrSm-

ewfGmok*wdudk vlwdkif;ESpfouf\/ awmifhw\/ ewfGmok*wdonf

vlwdkif;vlwdkif;\ pdwfudk wdk;yGm;pdkajyap\/ ,if;ewfGm tNrJaysmfTifrIudk&\/ pnf;pdrfcsrf;omudkvnf;&\/ pwkr[m&mZf ewfjynfonf vlUoufwrf;tm;jzifh ESpfaygif;udk;oef;Mum ewfpnf;pdrfudk cHpm;&\/ wm0wom ewfjynfonfum;


33/220


vlUoufwrf;tm;jzifh ESpfaygif;okH;uka#ajcmufoef;Mum ewfpnf;pdrf udk cHpm;&\..ponfponfjzihf o*uxmukd a[mMum;awmfrlchJ\/

r*uxm jrwfAk'onf ewfGmcsrf;omtaMumif;udk a[mawmfrlNyD;aemuf ]]xdkewfGmcsrf;omonf &m*paom udavomwdkY tNrJwapnif;yef;ESdyfpufcHae&\/ t&d,mr*fum; udavomrS vGwfajrmufNyD;aomaMumifh udavomwdkY\ nif;yef;ESdyfpufrI rcH&ay/}} [l jyqdk&eftwGuf o*uxm\ tjcm;rJh r*uxm= t&d,mr*fESifhpyfaomw&m;pum;udk a[mMum;awmfrl\/ ,if;r*uxmonf rsm;jym;vGef;aomaMumifh a&;om;jcif;rjyKawmhyg/

umrmeH tm'De0uxmESifh aeuar tmedoHouxm

jrwfAk'onf ewfGmcsrf;omESifhpyfaomw&m;pum;jzifh ,oowdkYom;\pdwfudk jzm;a,mif;qGJaqmifNyD;vQif ewfGmcsrf;omonfvnf; rNrJaom tedp oabmomjzpf\/ rcdkifcHhaom oabmw&m;omjzpf\/ xdkewfcsrf;om om,mwyfrufrI rjzpfoihfay/ 0wKtmkH umr*kPfwdkYrnfonf om,mzG,fenf;yg; qif;&Jyif yef;rIuomrsm;ay\/ 0wKtmkH umr*kPf trsm;pk om,mrIonf wpfaG;

avmufom&Sd\/ tjypfwdkYonfum; jrif;rdk&fawmifavmuf rsm;jym;\}} tp&Sdonfjzifhumr*kPf\tjypfrsm;? ,kwfnHhjcif;rsm;? ,if;umr*kPfw&m;wdkYonf ow0gwdkYtm;nif;qJESdyfpufjcif;rsm;udk tus,fw0ifha[mMum;\/

xdkumrw&m;wdkY tjypfa'gorsm;vSonfESifhtrQ &[ef;tjzpfrSonf edAmefwdkifatmifaom aeurw&m;tpk tjypfa'gouif;jcif;? qif;&J'kuenf;yg;jcif;paomumr*kPfrS xGufajrmufjcif; tusdK;tmedoifwdkYudk tus,fw0ifha[mMum;awmfrl\/

odk Y jrwfAk'onf 'geuxmtp&Sd aom uxmajcmufyg;jzifh a[mMum;

awmf rlNyD; opmav;yg;udk jyawmfrlaomtcg jzLpifaomt0wfud k qdk;&nfjzifhqdk;ouJhodkY ,oowdkYom;onf 'd|d? 0dpdudpmuif;vsuf kwfjcnf;yif aomwmywdzdkvfwnfcJhav\/

tazaomwmyef? om;&[Em

xdktcg ,o\tdrfvnf; ,o\rdcif okZmwmola|;uawmfonf eHeufapmapmx om;,opH&m jyom'fxufodkYwuf Munfhavaomf om;,oudk rawGU

jrif&ojzifh idkauR;jrnfwrf;um vifawmfarmif,oola|;tm; om;aysmufaMumif;udk taMumif;Mum;av\/ ,o\ zcifola|;vnf; t&yfav;rsufESmwdkYoYdk jrif;onfwrefawmfwdkYudk apvTwf om;aysmuf &Smcdkif;av\/ rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; om;,o\


34/220


aTajceif;&mudk tpOfvdkuf&m rd*'g0kefawmodkY a&mufav\/ jrwfAk'onfvnf; ola|;BuD;vmonfudkjrifvQif ,oowdkYom;tm;

ola|;BuD; rjrif&atmif wefcdk;jzifh 0Sufxm;awmfrl\/ ola|;BuD;onf bk&m;ocifxHodkY

csOf;uyfNyD;aomf ]]ola|;om; ,oudkawGUrdovm;}}[k ar;\/ jrwfAk'onf ]]toifola|;.. xdkifygOD;/ t&yfyif oif\ om;i,fudk awGU&vwHh}} [k rdefYawmfrlNyD;'geuxmtp&S daom uxmajcmufyg;w&m; tpOfud k a[mMum;\/ w&m;\tqkH;ola|;BuD ;onf aomwmywdzdkvfwnfav\/

ola|;BuD;onfum; jrwfAk'\omoemawmfwGif yxrqkH; aw0g"duo&P*kH wnfolvnf;jzpfonf/ ,oowdkYom;onfvnf; zcifola|;tm; a[mMum;aom w&m;awmfudk em,l& vl0wfESifhyif &[Emjzpfav\/

om;,oESifhwuG jrwfAk'tm; tdrfodkY qGrf;pm;yifhjcif;

xdktcg jrwfAk'onf ]],oowdkYom;onfum; &[EmjzpfavNyD/ xdkYaMumifhumr*kPf csrf;omudk rcHpm;awmhacs/ zcifolaX;BuD;onfvnf; omoemawmfudkrzsufqD;&mNyD/ wefcdk;awmfudk Nidrf;apaomf oihf\}}[k BuHawmfrl om;tzESpfOD;wdkYudkjrifapav\/ ola|;BuD;onf om;awmf,oudk jrifaomtcg vGefpGm0rf;ajrmuf]]cspfom;,o.. oihftarokZmwmonf oihfudkrjrif&onfhtwGuf pdk;&drfylaqG; idka


35/220


,if;usrf;wdkY\ a&;om;rIonf 0denf;r[m0gygVdawmfudk rlwnfNyD; a&;om;[efwl\/odkYaomf t*Fkw&|uxmrl ],aom t&[wH ygykPd/ wHb*0g {[d bduL}wd

tm[/ wm0a'0 *d[dvd* tE&"m,d? 'dr,ywpD0&"a&m ta[mod/ ydwmyd

owm&H edraEod}[l t&Sif,oonf {[dbduK a&S;OD;pGmjzpfNyD;rSom ola|;BuD;onfqGrf;pm;yifhaMumif ; jyqdkxm;csufudk awGU&ay\/

r,fawmfokZmwm t&d,mjzpfjcif;

,oola|;om;udk {[dbduK&[ef;jyKNyD;aomtcg jrwfAk'onf eHeuftcgt&Sif,oudk aemufvdkuf&[ef;jyKum ola|;BuD;,oESifh ola|;uawmf okZmwmwdkY\tdrfodkY qGrf;bkOf;ay;


36/220


tm;xm;udk;uG,f &mtppf}}[k pGJNrJ,kHMunfrSom o&P*kHwnfav\/,if;o&P*kHukd atmufygtwkdif; ESpfrsdK;cJGjcm;Ekdif\/(u)avmukw&mo&P*kH?

(c)avmuDo&P*kH?

(u) avmukw&mo&P*kHqdkonfrS m okZmwm ola|;uawmfrsm;uJhodkYopmav;yg;udk odjrifNyD;olwdkY\ o&P*kHjzpf\/ odkY opmav;yg;udk odjrifNyD;olwdkY\ o&P*kHonf edAmefudk tmkHjyKNyD; &wemokH;yg; aumif;pGmwnfav\/

(c) avmuDo&P*kHqdkonfrSm- ykxkZOfwdkY aqmufwnfaomo&P*kHjzpf\/ykxkZOf wdkYonf tcdkuftwefYrQom udavomudky,f &wemokH;yg;udktmkHjyKvsuf

o&P*k H aqmufwnfMu\/wpfenf;tm;jzifh Ak'bmom0ifwdkY\ o&P*kHudk udk;uG,fykHtaetxm;t&av;rsdK; cGJjcm;Edkifao;\/,if;wdkYrSm-

(1) twoEd ,smwe o&P*kH?(2) wy&m,ewm o&P*kH?(3) odbm0ly*re o&P*kH ESifh (4) yPdygw o&P*kH-wdkYjzpf\/

xdkav;rsdK;wdkYwGif-(1) &wemokH;yg;twGuf rdrdtoufudk pGefYEdkifonftxd qnf;uyfudk;uG,f

jcif;onf]twoEd,smwe o&P*kH} jzpf\/(2) ]aom[H 0dp&dmrd}ponfjzifh ]]a&mufav&mt&yfwdkif; &wemokH;yg;

tm; &Sdcdk;vsuf &wemokH;yg;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk a


37/220


,if;udk;uG,frIonf o&P*kH rajrmufay/ ,kHMunfjrwfEdk; udk;uG,frSom o&P*kHajrmuf\/

o&P*kHonf rapmifhxdef;Edkifjcif;? aqmufwnfol\ toufqkH;IH;jcif;wdkY

aMumifh ysufEdkifay\/ rapmifhxdef;Edkif[l&m &wemokH;yg;rSvGJ tjcm;aomyk*dKvfwdkYtm; tav;tjrwf taetxm;jzifh udk;uG,fjcif;rsdK;udk qdkvdk\/ ae&m ewfudk;uG,frIrsm;udk odxm;oihfay\/ ,if;odkY udk;uG,frIrsdK;onf o&P*kHysufEdkif\/aqGrsdK;trSwf? q&mtrSwfjzifh udk;uG,frIrsdK;onfum; o&P*kHrysufay/ xdkYaMumifhpHawmf0ifokZmwmxkH; ESvkH;rlum Ak'bmom0ifwdkYonf yg;pyfo&P*kHrSonf o&P*kHppfppfwnfatmif apmifhxdef;oih fay\/ odk YrSom avmukw&mo&P*kH ydkif&Sif yXro&P*re {w'*fydkif&Sif okZmwmola|;uawmfuJhodkY pHawmf0ift&nftcsif; jynfh0

aom Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifppfppf jzpfEdkifayrnf/ xdkodkYr[kwfygu rddk;zvm Ak'bmom0ifom jzpfEdkif\/

okZmwm awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl; &&Sdjcif;

aemuftzdkY jrwfAk'onf vl0wfaMumiftrsdK;orD;wdkYudk tpOftwdkif;awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl;rsm;udk toD;oD;csD;jrifhvwfaomf ola|;orD;okZmwmudk-

]{w'*H bdua0 rr om0dumeH OygodumeH yXrH o&PH *pEDeH ,'d'H okZmwm

aoed,"Dwm- a&S;OD;pGm aw0gpdu o&P*kHaqmufwnfaom igbk&m\wynfhvl0wfaMumiftrsdK;orD;wdkY wGif aoemed*kH;olaX;orD; olZmwmonfom

tjrwfqkH;? tawmfqkH;? tomqkH;? tapmqkH; wnf;/}

[k]yXro&P*re {w'*fbGJUxl;}udk ay;tyfcsD;jrifhawmfrlNyD; omoemawmf0,f awmf0ifpHxm; vl0wfaMumif trsdK;orD;wpfa,muftjzpf csD;jrifhawmfrl\/

okZmwm\acR;r (,oowdkYom;\r,m;a[mif;)onf ola|;uawmfokZmwmESif h a&S;OD;pGm o&P*kHwnfaomfvnf; twdwfumvu qkyefjcif;r&Sdaom

aMumifh {w'*fbJGUxl;udk &&SdcJhjcif;r&Sday/ xdkYaMumifh tusdK;xl;udk&&SdvdkolwdkYrSmqkyefoihfMu\/ tu,f qkyefjcif; r&SdMuygrlum; okZmwm\acR;ruJhodk Y bJGYxl;tusdK;xl;udk &&SdEdkifrnf r[kwfacs/

,if;odkYqkawmif;jcif;? qkyefjcif;ESifhywfouf Oy&dyPmot|uxmwGifusrf;jyK q&m t&Sifr[mAk 'aCmorax&fu atmufygtwdkif; rdefYqdkcJhav\/

]]tMuifoltm; o'g? oDv? okw? pm*? ynm[laom aumif;aom w&m; ig;rsdK;um; &Sd\/ (odkYaomf) qkawmif;jcif;um;r&Sd/ xdkoltm; vm;&m

*wdrNrJacs}}azmfjyyg ygVdawmfpum;t& yk*dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf &wemokH;yg;udk

ouf0if ,kHMunfjcif;o'g? aumif;aomtusifhoDv? aumif;aomtMum;tjrifokw?


38/220


pGefYBuJay;urf;jcif; pm*? avmuDtodPfynm w&m;ig;yg;&Sdyif &Sdjim;aomfvnf;ukodkvfaumif;rI? vSL'gef;rI wpfckckjyK&m owfowfrSwfrSwf qkrawmif;? qkryefygu vm;&m*wdtaejzifh aocsmrIr&Sd Edkif aMumif; odEdkifay\/ o'g? oDvpaom

azmfjyygw&m;ig;yg;udk vufudkifxm;um aumif;rIjyKvsuf rdrda&mufvdkaom bkHb0?rdrd&vdkaomqk? rdrdjzpfvdk&mtaetxm;udk &nfTef;owfrSwf qkawmif;? qkyefyguawmif;onfhtwdkif; a&mufEdkifaMumif;? &EdkifaMumif;udk ola|;uawmf okZmwm\ qkawmif;jynfh0rIu Tefjyay\/ qkawmif;onfjzpfap? rawmif;onfjzpfap?rdrdjyKaom aumif;rIrSm taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm aumif;usdK;ay;rI&SdrnfrSm rSefaomfvnf; qkawmif;vQif qkawmif;onfh tavsmuf jynfhpkHvmwwf? jzpfay:vmwwfykHudkowdrlvsuf okZmwmola|;uawmfudkenf;,lNyD; BudK;pm;usifhaqmifoihfay\/

awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*f&Sif okZmwmtrsdK;orD; \taMumif;wGi f Cem EdkYqGrf;uyf&eftwGuf EGm;arG;jrLykHudkMunfhaomf olronf twdwfb0om ZGJ&Sdol r[kwfbJ ypKyefb0vnf; ZGJ&SdoljzpfaMumif; awGU&SdEdkifay\/ tuGufusus vkyfudkifwwfaMumif;udkvnf; olr\aqmifGufcsufrsm;u azmfusL;jyoaeay\/olr\CemEdkYqGrf;csufvkyfrIonf rlvu Avdewfpmwif&efom &nfG,fcsufxm; cJhay\/ jrwfAk'tm;uyfvSL&mvnf; anmifapmifhewf[kom xifrSwfcJhay\/

xdkYaMumifh okZmwmola|;uawmf\oEmef0,f ykAapwemESifh rkapwemwdkY jzpfay:cJhjcif; r&SdaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifay\/ jrwfAk'\w&m;awmfudkem,lNyD; aemufydkif;omvQif ]jrwfAk'onf ig\ qGrf;jzifh bk&m;jzpfvmolwnf;} [k Tifvef;0rf;ajrmufumtMunfdkBuD; MunfdkcJhonfudk axmufIojzifhomvQif ty&apwem&SdaMumif;awGU&SdEdkifay\/

Ak'bmomwGif apwemokH;wefonf tvGefta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@rS yg0ifaeay&m apwemokH;wefjynfhpkHrSomvQif tG,fokH;yg;vkH;wGif aumif;usdK;udk

ay;pGrf;EdkifaMumif; ,kHMunfMuay\/ okZmwm\ CemEdkYqGrf;uyfvSLrIwGifty&apwemomjzpf ,if;apwem\tusd K;udkom cHpm;&zG,f&Sd\[k xifrSwfp&m&Sday\/ odkYaomfvnf; jrwfAk'u omoemwGif okZmwm\ CemEdkYqGrf;ESifh pkE\ 0ufysdKom;qGrf;wdkYrSm xl;jcm;aom qGrf;wdkYjzpfaMumif; rdefYqdkcJhay&m CemEdkYqGrf;vSLrIjzpfaom ty&apwem\tusdK;rSm rsm;jym;rnfum; trSefygay/ okZmwmtzdkY&m t&d,myk*dKvfjzpfaomaMumifh apwemokH;wefjynfhpkHrI rjynfhpkHrIwdkYrSm y"merusaomfvnf; ,aeYAk'bmom0ifwdkYonf apwemokH;wefjynfhpkH&ef txl;vdktyfvS

ay\/ odkYrSom aumif;usdK;udktjynfht0 cHpm;&rnfjzpfay\/ rnfodkYyifjzpfapumrl rdrdwdkYonf okZmwmtrsdK;orD;uJhodkY t&d,myk*dKvf r[kwfaomaMumifh rnfonfhtvSLudk jyKvkyfonf jzpfap apwemokH;weft&if;cH jyKvkyfoihfay\/


39/220


wpfzefokZmwmonf yxrqkH;o&P*kHwnfol vl0wfaMumiftrsdK;orD;taygif;wdkYwGif tjrwfqkH;aom{w'*fbGJUxl;udk &&SdcJhay\/ ae&m trsdK;aumif; om;? trsdK;aumif;orD;wdkYtaejzifh EIwfrSomrefGwfqdkjcif;o&P*kHrSonf rdrd

toufudk pGefYEdkifonftxd o&P*kHokH;yg;udk pdwfygvufygjzpfatmif jyKpkysdK;axmifoihfay\/ ,if;odkYjzpfap&efvnf; pHawmf0if{w'*fbGJUxl;&Sif okZmwm ola|;orD;udktwk,loihfay\/

umrbkHom; ow0grsm;onf tmkHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wdkYudk tNrJrjywfcHpm;aeMu&m ,if;tmkHig;yg;teufrS tawGUtxdcHpm;rI (azm|AmkH)udk taumif;qkH;txG#ftjrwftjzpf owfrSwfxm;Mu\/ ,if;odkY owfrSwfpGJvrf;olrsm;xJwGif pHawmf0ifokZmwm ola|;uawmfBuD;\ om;jzpfol ,oowdkYom;onfvnf; yg0ifcJhaMumif;

awGUEdkifay\/ odkYaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif owdoHa0*& umr*kPfudkpGefYvGwfNyD;awmxGufcJhay\/ xdkYaMumifh avmuvlom;wdkYonf ,o owdkYom;uJhodkY vkH;0 rpGefYvTwfEdkifaomfvnf; arxkefrIwdkYudkum; tvGeftuRH rvdkufpm;oihfygay/ todPfjzifh EdIif;qum oihfwifhkHom cHpm;oihfay\/ a&SmifMuOfEdkifyguvnf; touf&SnfpGm?temrJhuif;? tm;tifjynfhNzdK;? rSwfPfwdk;um csrf;omokcESifh jynfhpkHrnfjzpfay\/

wpfzef okZmwmtaMumif;0,f jrwfAk'onf okZmwmwdkYtdrfom;rsm;ESifh,oowdkYom;\r,m;a[mif;wdkYud k w&m;a[majym&mwGif w&m;um; twlwlyif/

a[mMum;onf h ae&mom uGmjcm;ay\/ jrwfAk'onf wpfaeYwnf;yif 'geuxm paom uxmajcmufyg;w&m;udk okH;cgxyf a[maMumif; awGU&ay\/ odkYjzpf&m ,aeYacwf w&m;a[m"ruxd ursm; w&m;xyfaejcif;rSmum; tqef;r[kwfygay/jrwfAk'\enf;udk twk,lxm;oavm[k xifzG,f&Sday\/

xdkYaMumifh awmf0ifpHxm; okZmwmola|;orD;taMumif;ud k rSwfom;&ojzifh ,aeYacwf trsdK;orD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\trsdK;orD;jzpf&jcif;udk tm;i,f raeoihfay/ rdrdwdkY\&wemokH;yg;udk toufESifhxyfwl ,kHMunfMuaom o&P*kHwnf trsdK;

orD; jzpf&jcif;ud k *kPf,loihfay\/

;


40/220


tcef;-3

awmf0ifpHxm; 0domcg trsdK;orD; jrwfAk'omoemawmf0,f tvSLa&pufvufESifhruGm vSL'gef;cJhMuolrsm;

ay:xGef;cJh&m trsdK;orD;ydkif;wGif 0domcg'g,dumrBuD;onf 'get&mwGif olrwlatmifxl;cRefcJholjzpf\/ ,if;0domcg\emrnfudkvnf; Ak'bmom0ifwdkYonf i,fpOfuyif Mum;zl;Muay\/ odkYaomfvnf; olr\b0ESifh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udkum; aocsmpGm

od&SdtHhrxif/ jynfhjynfhpkHpkH em;vnftHhrxif/ tcef; pHawmf0if0domcg trsdK;orD;\'get&m0,f olrwlatmif awmf0ifpHxm;ykHtaMumif;t&mwdkYESihfwuG olr\b0twKywfud k jynfhpkHpGmazmfjyrnfjzpf\/

0domcg\ twdwfZmwfaMumif; a&S;qkawmif;

0domcgavmif;vsm trsdK;orD;onf y'krkw&jrwfAk'\ vufxuf [Hom0wDjynf0,f wpfckaomola|;rsdK; jzpfcJh\/ tcgwpfyg; olronf jrwfAk'

w&m;awmfudkem,lpOf y'krkw&jrwfAk'onf trsdK;aumif;orD;wpfOD;tm; tvSL'geay;urf;jcif ; arGUavsmfaomt&m0,f tomqkH; tjrwfqkH;jzpfaom awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*f &mxl; xm;awmfrlonfudk awGUjrifcJh&\/ xdkYaMumifh olronf ]]aemiftcgwGifigonfvnf; trsdK;orD;uJhodkY tvSL'geay;urf;jcif; arGUavsmfaom trsdK;orD;taygif;wGif {w'*fbGJUxl;ud k &&ygvdk\}}[k awmif;qkqdkcJh\/

0domcgavmif;vsm trsdK;orD;onf y'krkw&jrwfAk'xHrS Asm'dwf&&SdNyD;aemuftouf&SnforQ ukodkvfaumif;rIwdkYudk jyKvkyfcJh\/ xdkb0rS uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf urm

wpfodef;umvywfvkH; vlUjynfewfjynfwdkYom usifvnfcJh&\/ ,if;odkYusifvnfcJhNyD;uybk&m;&Sifvufxufawmfum; umodwdkif;&Sif uduDrif;BuD;\ orD;awmf (7)a,mufwdkYwGif ti,fqkH;taxG;qkH; orD;awmf oHC'goD jzpfcJh&\/ ,if;nDtr (7)


41/220


a,mufwdkYrS m atmufygtwdkif;jzpf\-(1) orPD rif;orD;?(2) orP*kwm rif;orD;?

(3) bduKeD rif;orD;?(4) bduK'g,dum rif;orD;?(5) "rm rif;orD;? (6) ok"rm rif;orD;?(7) oHC'goD rif;orD;?

txufazmfjyyg orD;awmf(7)a,mufwdkYonf a*gwrjrwfAk'vufxuf awmfum; tpOftwdkif; atmufazmfjyygtrnfwdkYudk&vsuf omoem0,f xif&Sm;

Muav\/ ,if;wdkYrSm-(1) acrmax&Dr?(2) Oyv0Pfax&Dr?(3) y#mpm&max&Dr?(4) r[myZmywda*gwrDax&Dr? (rdaxG;awmfa*gwrD)(5) "r'dEmax&Dr? (6) r,fawmfrm,ma'0D (jrwfAk'\r,fawmft&if;)ESifh

(7) 0domcg 'g,dumrBuD;wdkYjzpfay\/txufazmfjyyg uduDrif;BuD;rSm orD;awmf(7)a,mufomru om;awmf

yx0dE& ukrm&? orD;awmf O&p'gwkdYvnf;&SdMuao;\/ yx0dE&ukrm&onf a*gwrjrwfAk'vufxuf o'gyAZdw t&m0,f awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl;&t&Sif&|ygvrax&fyifjzpf\/ orD;awmf O&p'gonf uy jrwfAk'vufxufyifbk&m;&Sif\ qGrf;tEkarm'emw&m;udk emMum;&ojzifh crnf;awmf uduD rif;BuD;aomwmyefwnfaomaeY &[EmjzpfcJhav\/

xl;jcm;aomukodkvfESpfrsdK;

oHC'goDtrsdK;orD;i,fonf uyjrwfAk'trSL;&Sdaom oHCmawmfESpfaomif;wdkYtm; oHCmaphtaetm;jzifh ouFef;csKyf&ef t0wfESif hwuG tyfcsnf? tyf?qdk;&nfwdkYudk ay;vSLcJh\/ ,if; tvSL'gerSm 0domcgb0wGif r[mvwmwefqm&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfcJh\/ wpfzef EdkY&nf? EdkY"rf;? axmywf? &ufwuf? qDOD;[laomEGm;EdkYt&omig;rsdK;wkdYudkvnf; ay;vSL cJh\/ oHCmawmfrsm;u ]]awmfygNyD? jynfhpkHygNyD}}

[k wm;jrpfonfhwkdifatmif apwemo'gw&m; xufxufoefoefjzifh vSL'gef;cJh\/,if;tvSL'gerSm 0domcgb0wGif r*FvmvufzGJU&ef EGm;rsm;udk NcHrSxkwfaomtcg ay;onfhEGm;rsm;xufydkum EGm;rsm;NcHrS ckefxGuf wm;qD;r&bJ ygvmjcif;\


42/220


taMumif;&if;yif jzpf\/

uyjrwfAk'xH qkawmif;jcif;

odkY0domcgavmif; oHC'goDtrsdK;orD;i,fonf tdrfaxmifrjyKbJtysdKpifb0jzif h tESpfESpfaomif;wdkifwdkifaumrm&jA[p&d,odumyk'fudk apmifhxdef;\/rdrd\trBuD;rsm;ESifhtwlvnf; 'gepaom ukodkvfaumif;rIwkdYukd jyKvkyf\/ uyjrwfAk'\xHyg;vnf; ]]aemif yGifhvwHhaom jrwfAk'vufxuf ypnf;av;yg;jzifh axmufyHhvSL'gef;aom trsdK;orD;wdkYwGif tjrwfqkH; tomqkH; jzpf&ygvdk\}} [kpHawmf0if{w'*fbG JUxl;udk awmif;qkqdkcJhav\/

ae&m aumrm&jA[p&d,[lonf oli,ftG,frSp usifhtyfaom jrwf

aom tusifhudkac:jcif;jzpf\/ rdef;ra,mufsm;ESpfOD;om;wdkY\ aysmfjrL;aygif;zufqufqHjcif;udk rjrwfaomarxkeftusifh[k qdk\/ ,if;arxkeftusifhudk i,fi,fG,fG,frSp toufqkH;onfhwdk if a&SmifMuOfjcif;onf aumrm&jA[p&d,odumyk'fudk xdef;odrf;jcif;jzpf\/ trSefrSm aumrm&jA[ p&d,odumyk'fudk apmifhxdef;jcif;rSmtjA[p&d,odumyk'fudk apmifhxdef;jcif;yif jzpf\/ odkYaomfvnf; xdkpOf uduDrif;BuD;\orD;awmf(7)a,mufpvkH; apmifhokH;aom aumrm&jA[p&d,odumyk'frSm q,fyg;oDvwk dYudk apmifhokH;jcif;jzpf aMumif; t|uxmq&mu Tefjyxm;ay\/

odkYvQif 0domcgonf twdwfoHo&m 'ge? oDv? bm0emwkdYudk txufwef;usus jznfhusifhcJholjzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifay\/ xdkYaMumifhtem*wfb0wkdY aumif;usdK;&a&;twGuf aumif;rGefonfhtaMumif;uHwkdYudk aqmuf wnfMuaom todPf&SdolwdkY\vkyf&yfwd kYudk tm;usenf;,loihfay\/

aemufqkH;b0 0domcg[k trnfwGifjcif;

oHC'goDtrsdK;orD;onf uyjrwfAk'ESifh a*gwrjrwfAk'wdkY\tMum;

umvywfvkH; ewfjynf? vlUjynfwkdYusifvnfcJh&\/ a*gwrjrwfAk'vufxufawmfum; t*Fwdkif;? b'd,NrdKU ar@uola|;BuD;\om; "eO,ola|;BuD;\ t*ra[oDokrea'0D0rf; y#doaEwnfaecJh\/ rD;SL;oefYpif zGm;jrifcJh\/ xdkola|;orD;\trnfudk ]0domcg}[k rdbaqGrsdK;taygif;wdkYu ac:a0:cJh Mu\/ 0domcg euwfESifh,SOf zGm;aomaMumifh 0domcg[k trnfrSnfh[efwl\/ b'd,NrdKUESifhpyfvsOf;Ak'omoeduyx0D0ifusrf; usrf;jyKq&mu-

]]t*Fwdkif;\NrdKUawmfrSm prm (rmvdeD-umvprm y&d,m,f)jzpf\/ ,ckNrdKU

awmftrnfrSm bm*vyk& (rm*vfyk&f)NrdKUjzpfonf/ b'd,NrdKU? rka*F&NrdKU?tyk&NrdKUwdk Yonf t&HNrdKUrsm;jzpf\/}}

[k jyqdkxm;\/ wpfzef t&Sify@dwmbd0Ho (,ck ygarmucsKyf? e.y.o)uvnf;


43/220


b'd,NrdKU\ wnfae&mESifhpyfvsOf; atmufygtwkdif; jyqdkxm;aMumif; avhvmod&SdEdkifay\/

]]Oa'erif ;\ ra[oD(rdzk&m;acgifBuD;) arwm&Sif {w'*f& omrm0wD\

ZmwdNrdKUvnf; jzpf\/ ,cktcg AD[m&fe,fajrmufydkif; **Fgjrpf\awmifbufrka*F& (rk*F,m&f)pD&ifpkwGif yg0ifonf/

0domcgckepfESpft&G,fwGif jrwfAk'


44/220


(4) xdk "e,ola|;\ZeD; okrea'0Dola|;uawmf? (5) ar@uola|;BuD;\ ykPuRefwdkYjzpf\/

avmu vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\pGrf;tifudk pkHprf;vdkMuonfrSm "rwmyif

jzpf\/ xdkoabm w&m;twdkif;yif txufazmfjyygig;OD;wdkYonfvnf; rdrdwdkY\tmEkabmfudk atmufyg twdkif;pkH prf; cJhMuay\/(1) ar@u ola|;BuD;/ / wpfaeYaomtcg ola|;BuD;onf rdrdtmEkabmfudk

pkHprf;vdkonfjzpf pyg;usDtvkH;aygif; (1250)wdkYudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;ap\/ ukd,f wkdifum; OD;acgif;aq;avQmfNyD;aemuf wHcg;0xdkifaevsuf xufaumif;uifodkYarmfMunfhav\/ xdkcP0,f pyg;usD tm;vkH;wdkYrSm oav;eDpyg;wdkYjzifh jynfhvsufom;jzpfMuavukef\/

(2) pEy'krm ola|;uawmfBuD;/ / wpfaeYaomtcg ola|;uawmfBuD;onftqifwefqmpkH0wfqifNyD; vltaygif;MunfhIaepOfyif qefwpfjynfcefYudkjcifap xdk qefjzifh xrif;csufcdkif;\/ xdkYaemuf wHcg;rkcfteD;0,fxdkif ]]xrif;tvdk&SdolwdkYonfvmMuukef}}[k a


45/220


&SdMuao;\/

0domcgwdkYrdom;pk aomwmyefwnfMujcif;

ar@uola|;BuD;onf ]]jrwfAk'onf b'd,NrdKYodkY


46/220


aomwmyefwnfonf}} [kqdkaom rlvyPmot|uxmvmpum;&yfwdkYudk axmufqaomf jrwfAk' b'd,NrdKUodkY yXrtBudrf


47/220


owdkYorD;&SmykHawmfc&D;

vlom;urmBuD;wGif tdrfaxmifjyKrI? om;orD;arG;zGm;rIwdkYr&SdbJ tu,f&yfqdkif;oGm;rnfqdkvQif urmavmuBuD;onf ESpfwpf&mumvtwGif;wGif toHwdkYrS

qdwfokOf;vsuf ysif;&dp&m bkHavmuBuD;wpfcktjzpfodkYom ajymif;vJoGm;rnfjzpf\/ vlom;urmBuD;aysmfTifzdkY? pnfyifzdkY? wnfwHhzdkYta&;twGuf tdrfaxmifom;arG;jyKvkyf&rnfhudp rSm rvTJra&Smifomaom wm0efyifjzpf\/ a&SUacwftcgu tdEd,jynfwGifvnf; rdrdwdkY\trsdK;tEG,fudk rqdwfokOf;&eftwGuf rdrdwdkY\om;orD;wdkYudktdrfaxmifjyKay;jcif;jzifh rdrdwdkY\rsdK;dk;wdkYudk rwdrfaum&ef tm;xkwfrIjyKMu\/

om0wdjynfvnf; rd*g&ola|;\om; ]ykP0keowdkYom;}onf tG,fodkYa&mufae\/ xdkYaMumifh rdbwdkYu 0w&m;&Sdonfhtwdkif; tdrf&mcsxm;ay;&ef ajymqdk

Muav\/ odkYaomf om;jzpfolu tdrfaxmifjyKzdkY&efjiif;cJh\/ rdbwkdYu twif;tMuyfwdkufwGef;aomtcgwGifrlum; aumif;jcif;ig;yg;ESifhjynfhpkHaomtrsdK;orD;udk&&SdyguvufxyfrnfjzpfaMumif;ajymqdkcJh\/

aumif;jcif;ig;yg;[lonf-(1) qHyif\aumif;jcif;?(2) tom;\aumif;jcif;?(3) tdk;\aumif;jcif;?

(4) ta&\aumif;jcif;?(5) tG,f\aumif;jcif;yifjzpf\/ aumif;jcif;ig;yg;rSm bkef;uH&Sdaom trsdK;o

rD;wdkYwGifom jynhfpkHay\/ ,if;aumif;jcif;ig;yg;udk tus,ftm;jzifh &Sif;vif;jyoygOD;rnf/

(1) qHyif\aumif;jcif;[lonf-qHyifonf a'gif;NrD;udk pnf;aESmifxm;ouJhodkY nDnm\/ ajzcsvdkufonf&Sd

aom qHzsm;onf zaemifhwdkifatmifxd aumhGwfaomqHzsm; &Sd\/ um; qHyif\aumif;jcif;wnf;/

(2) tom;\aumif;jcif;[lonf- EIwfcrf;onf yuwdtwdkif;(jyKjyifrIr&SdbJ) usD;tmoD;uJhodkY eDjref;aom

EIwfcrf;&Sd\/ EIwfcrf;onf aumif;pGmaphonfjzpfxd\/ um; tom;\ aumif;jcif;wnf;/

(3) tdk;\aumif;jcif;[lonf-

oGm;wdkYonf acgjcif;r&Sday/ ay:jcif;r&Sd? rpdyfrusJay/ GJudkpDxm;bdouJhodkYnDnm\/ ykvJvkH;uJhodkY oefY&Sif;jzLpif\/ aumif;pGm wnf;jzwftyfaom ckoif;uJhodkYtedrfhtjrifh r&Sd / yuwd nDGwf\/ tdk;tqpfwdkYvnf; racgrx ajyjypfacsmarGU\/


48/220


um; tdk;\ aumif;jcif;wnf;/ (4) ta&\aumif;jcif;[lonf-rnf;aomdkaomtqif;&Sdaom trsdK;orD;tm; dkaomtqif; tp&Sdonf

jzpf rwGefYrvdyfaomudk,fa& &Sd\/ udk,fa&onf acsmarGUajyjypf\/ MumdkyGifhyef;qdkif;ESifhwlaomtqif; &Sd\/ aTaomtom;&SdaomtrsdK;orD;tm; r[mavScg;yGifhtqif;uJhodkY 0g0if;awmufyaom tqif; &Sd\/ um; ta&\aumif;jcif;wnf;/

(5) tG,f\aumif;jcif;[lonf-q,fBudrfwdkifwdkif om;orD;wdkYudk zGm;jrifNyD;aomfjim;vnf; wpfBudrfom;zGm;

aomoluJhodkY t&nftqif; ,kwfavsmhysufpD;jcif;r&Sd/ um; tG,f\ aumif;jcif;wnf;/

ola|;ESifhola|;uawmfwdkYonf ykPm;&Spfa,mufwdkYtm; aumif;jcif;ig;jzmESifh jynfhpkHaom owdkYorD;udk&SmazG&ef apvTwfvdkuf\/ aumif;jcif;ig;jzmESifh jynfhpkHaom owdkYorD;udkawGUaomtcgvnf; yef;ukH;pGyfEdkif&ef tzdk;wpfodef;wef aTyef;ukH; udkvnf; ay;vdkufav\/ xdkykPm;wdkYonf NrdKUtoD;toD;odkYvSnfhvnf&SmazG&if;rawGUaomaMumifh omauwNrdKUqufvuf&SmazG&ef a&muf&SdvmMu\/

xdktcsdefonfum; omauwNrdKU ESpfpOfusif;yNrJjzpfaom ]0d0#euwfyGJobif}

qif,ifusif;yaecsdefvnf; jzpf\/ tjcm;tjcm;aomtcsdefwdkY tdrftjyifodkY

rxGufaomolwdkY aomfrSvnf; xdkeuwfyGJobif 0ifa&mufqifETJMuav\/ xdkaeYrif;? ykPm;? ol


49/220


a,mifwum;/(0domcg) ]]zcifwdkY.. oifwdkYonf tb,fudkjrif ajymqdkMuoenf;/(owdkYorD;&Smolrsm;) cspforD;ESifhtwlwuG upm;azmf jzpfMuonfh tjcm; trsdK;

orD;i,fwdkYonf rdk;pdkrnfudk aMumufMuaomaMumifhtvsiftjref ajy;vm Z&yftwGif;odkY0ifMu\/ oifonfum; tG,fBuD;&ifhaomrdef;rBuD;uJhodkY ajcvSrf;udkvGefrvmacs? t0wfudk rdk;pdkrnfudkvnf; oifra&wGufygay?tu,f oihfudkqifjzpfap? jrif;jzpfap vmcJhygvQif oifonf uJhodkYyif aESmifhaES; av;uefpGmjyKvkyfrnfavm/

(0domcg) ]]zcifwdkY.. t0wfqdkonfrSm &cJaomt&mr[kwfyg? orD;

\ tdrft0wfrsm;udk &vG,fygukef\/ tG,fa&mufMuonfh rdef;rwd kY[lonfum; a&mif;ukefESifhwlMuygonf/ajy;oGm;ojzifh rawmfwq vuf? ajcwdkYusdK;oGm;cJhygut*FgcsdKUwJhaomrdef;rudk a,mufsm;wdkYonf pufqkyfGH&SmpGmwHawG;axG;yif oGm;Muukefvdrfhrnf/ wpfzef trsdK;orD;onfvnf; ajy;roGm;oihfol av;OD;xJwGif wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ajy;roGm;yg/ jznf;jznf;pGm

omvQif vm&jcif;jzpfygonf}}[k &Sif;vif;ajym Mum;av\/

ae&m ajy;oGm;rwifhw,folav;a,muf &Sday\/ ,if;wdkYrSm-(1) tbdodufa&pifoGef;avmif;NyD;aomrif;onf rif;ajrmufwefqmESifh

cg;awmif;usdKufajy;roGm;oihfay/ tu,f ajy;oGm;cJhvQif ]]'Drif;[m omrefvlvdkyg yJ }}[k uJh&JUjypfwifjcif;cH&rnfom jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh

rif;onf ajy;oGm; rwifhw,fyg/ (2) &Sifbk&if\ r*Fvmqifawmfonf wefqmqif,ifvsuf vsifjrefpGm

oGm;jcif ;onf rwifhw,fyg/(3) &[ef;awmft&Sifjrwfonfvnf; vsifjrefpGm ajy;oGm;onf&Sdaomf rwifh

w,fyg/ ]]&[ef;onfum; vluJhodkYyif vsifjrefpGm ajy;oGm;bd\}}[kuJh&JUzG,fjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh jznf;jznf;oGm;vmjcif;jzifhom wifhw,fygonf/

(4) rdef;rwdkYrnfonf jznf;jznf;om oGm;oifhygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ]] rdef;ronfum; a,mufsm;uJhod kY vsifjrefpGm ajy;oGm;avonf}}[k uJh&JUIwfcsjcif;udkcH&Edkif\/ xdkYaMumifh rdef;rwdkYtm; jznf;jznf;


50/220


oG m;jcif;onfom wifhw,fay\/

ykPm;wdkYonfvnf; 0domcgtrsdK;orD;i,f\ pum;qdkaomtcg oGm;

(tdk;)\ jynfhpkHjcif;udkjrif& ]]odkYoabm&Sdaom aumif;jcif;ig;jzmESifhjynfhpkHaomowdkYorD;udk igwd kYonf wpf&HwpfcgrS rawGUjrifbl;ay}}[k tcsif;csif;ajymqdkvsuf0domcgtm; aumif;csD;ay;av\/ toifh,laqmifvmaom aTyef;ukH;udkvnf; 0domcgtm; yefqif&ef tyfESHukef\/

aphpyfyGJtcrf;tem;

xdktcg 0domcgonf ]]igonf a&S;tcgu odrf;ydkufrcH&ao;ol jzpfacsonf/

,cktcgum; odrf;ydkufcH&NyD;oljzpfacsonf}} [k qifjcifum ,Ofaus;aom tjcif;t&mjzifh ajrxdkifav\/ xdkowdkYorD;&SmolwdkYonf 0domcgudk xdkae&myifuefYvefYumjzifh0ef;&HMuav\/ 0domcgonf uefYvefYumjzifh vTrf;NcHtyfonf\tjzpfudk od&SdNyD;vQiftrsdK;orD;i,f taygif;NcH&Hvsuf tdrfodkY jyefoGm;av\/ rd*g&ola|;vlrsm;onfvnf;0domcgESifhtwlwuGvQif "e,ola|;\tdrfodk Y vdkufygoGm;Muav\/

"e,ola|;u ]]tarmifwdkY.. oifwdkYonf tb,fGmaeolrsm; jzpfMuygoenf;}}[k ar;av\/ xdkolwdkYu ]]uREfkyfwd kYonf om0wdjynf&Sd rd*g&ola|;\

vlrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ uREfkyfwdk Y\ ola|;u t&Sifola|;wdkY\tdrf0,f tG,fa&muf aom orD;unm&Sdonf[k owif;pum;Mum;& uREfkyfwdkYudkapvTwfcJhygonf...}}tp&Sdonfjzihf taMumif;pkHukd ajymMum;av\/ "e,ola|;u ]]aumif;NyDtarmifwdkY.. oifwdkY\ ola|;onf pnf;pdrfOpmtaetm;jzifh igwdkYESifhrwlnDaomfvnf; trsdK;Zmwftm;jzifhum; wlnDay\/ pnf;pdrf a&m? trsdK;Zmwf yg tvkH;pkHtjcif;t&mESif h jynfhpkHoludkum; &cJvSay\/ oifwdkYonf jyefMuukefavm? oifwdkY\ola|;tm; igwdkYuvufcHvdkufaMumif;udk jyefajymMuukefavmh}}[k rSmMum;vdkufav\/

rd*g&ola|;\vlrsm;onf "e,ola|;\pum;udk Mum;emMuNyD;vQifom0wdodkYjyefcJhMu\/ rd*g&ola|;tm;vnf; ]]t&Sifola|;.. uREfkyfwdkYonf omauw NrdKU "e,ola|;\tdrf0,f owdkYorD;udk &tyfcJhygNyD}}[k ajymqdkMuav\/xdkpum;udkMum;& rd*g&ola|;onf ]]jrwfaom trsdK;BuD; igwdkYonf owdkYorD;udk&tyfcJhNyDwJh}}[k 0rf;omaompdwf&Sd&um; xdkcPyif "e,ola|;txHodkY ]],cktawmtwGif;yif owdkYorD;ud k vma&muf,laqmifygrnf/ jyKoihfjyKxdkufaom udprsm;udk jyKvkyfxm;Muapcsifygonf}} [k owif;pum; o0PfvTmyg;vdkufav\/ "e,

ola|;uvnf; rd*g&ola|;xHodkY ]]jyKoihfjyKxdkufaomudp rsm;udk jyKvkyfxm;&efigwdk YtzdkY&m 0efrav;yg/ pifppfaomfum; oifola|;onfom rdrdjyKvkyfaqmifGuf&rnfhudpudk jyKvkyfaqmifGufapcsifygonf}}[k twkHYowif;pum; o0PfvTmjyef


51/220


vdkufav\/ txufazmfjyygwdkYudk axmufqaomf tdEd,"avhxkH;pHt& Zmwfudkom

tav;xm;aMumif;awGU&\/ rdrdwkdYESifh bmomt,l0g'wlrwludkum; tav;rxm;

ay/ xdkacwfu EdkifiHa&; bmoma&;a&m,SufrIr&Sd BuD;BuD;us,f us,f jyemrjzpfjcif;aMumif hvnf; jzpfEdkifay\/om0wdjynfrS rd*g&ola|;onf owdkYorD;&SmolwdkYjyefvm taMumif;pkHudk

od&aomtcg rdrdxufcsrf;om


52/220


vufcwpfodef; ay;&\/rQavmuftzdk;xdkufwefaom r[mvwmwefqmudk 0wf

qifEdkifolwdkYrSm jrwfAk' vufxufawmfu (3)OD;om&SdaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifay\/,if;okH;OD;rSm

(1) 0domcg?(2) AEKvppfolBuD;\ZeD ; rvdum?(3) Am&mPoDola|;orD;

wdkYjzpf\/

uJhodkY 0domcgtwGuf r[mvwmwefqmudk 0wfqif&jcif;rSm uyjrwfAk'vufxufawmfu oHCmawmfESpfaomif;udk ouFef;vSLcJhrIaMumifhomvQif jzpfay\/ rdef;rwdkYtwGuf ouFef;vSL&jcif;\ txG#ftxdyftusdK;onf r[mvwmwefqmudk 0wfqif&jcif;yif jzpf\/ a,mufsm;wdkYtwGuf ouFef;vSL&jcif; txG#ftxdyf

tusdK;rSm {[dbduKjzpf&jcif;yifjzpf\/

onfudkaxmufqaomf]{[d bduK}omvQifomoemawmf &SdEdkifay\/ ]{[d bduKeD}[k omoemwGif r&SdEdkifyg/ tb,faMumifhqdk aomf trsdK;orD;wdkYtwGuf ouFef;vSLjcif;\txG#ftxdyftusdK;onf r[mvwmwefqmudkom 0wfqif &jcif;omjzpfaomaMumifhyif jzpf\/

{[dbduK[lonf ouFef;vSLcJhjcif;wnf;[laom a&S;aumif;rI&SdNyD;uRwfxdkufaom a,mufsm;jzpfaomoludk jrwfAk'u ]]{[d bduK}}[k ac:vdkufkHrQjzifh wpfNydKifeufomvQif oydwf? ouFef;wdkYonf tvdktavsmufjynfhpkH 0g-60^70

&aom rax&fBuD;rsm;uJhodkY jzpfoGm;jcif;yif jzpf\/

0domcg\ r*FvmyGJBuD;

xdk0domcg\r*FvmyGJBuD;odkY om0wdESifh omauwNrdKUwdkYrS rdom;pkwdkYESifha>c&Hoif;yif; rsm;? aumovrif;BuD;ESifh aemufygrsm;wdkYu


53/220


xdkYjyif tarT;eHYomzdk;twGuf aiG (540)oef;udkvnf; ay;vdkuf\/ olydkifqdkifaom uRefGm(14)GmrS GmolGmom;tm;vkH;onfvnf; rdrdwdkY\qEtavsmuf vdkufyg

oGm;Mu\/ 0domcg\ a&S;aumif;rIt&Sdeft[kefaMumifh wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;onfhMum;rSyif owfrSwfxm;onfh EGm;rsm;xufydk EGm;aygif;wpfodef;ESpfaomif;wdkYvnf;vdkufygoGm;Muay\/ odkYjzpfjcif;rSm uy jrwfAk'vufxufawmftcgu oHCmESpfaomif;tm; ]]awmfNyD? jynfhpkHNyD}}[k wm;jrpfonfhwdkifatmif EGm;EdkYt&omig;rsdK;udkay;vSLrIaMumifhyif jzpf\/

txufazmfjycJhaomypnf;rsm;onf rNrJaomtedpoabmomjzpf&um;vlrIaygif;oif; qufqHa&;wGiftokH;0ifap&eftwGufvnf;arQmfudk; "e, ola|;BuD;

onf orD;0domcgtm; Mo0g'q,fcsufudk ajymqdkqkH;rvdkufao;\/ ,if;q,fcsufrSmatmufygtwdkif;jzpf\/(1) twGif;urD;udk tjyifrxkwf&/(2) tjyifurD;udk tdrfwGif;odkYroGif;&/(3) jyefay;olwd kYtm;om ay;&rnf/(4) jyefray;olwdkYtm; ray;&/(5) jyefay;onfjzpfap? ray;onfjzpfap ay;&rnf/

(6) csrf;ompGm aexdkif&rnf/(7) csrf;ompGm pm;&rnf/(8) csrf;ompGm tdyf&rnf/(9) rD;udk dkaopGm vkyfauR;&rnf/

(10) tdrfwGif;ewfud k &Sdcdk;&rnf/,if;Mo0g' (10)csuf\t"dym,ftjynfhtpkHudkum; t&d,mjzpfaom 0domcg

onfum; od&Sdem;vnfay\/ wpfxGmjyvQif wpfawmifjrif\/ xdkYaMumifhyif zcif

"e,ola|;BuD;u ,if;Mo0g'wdkYudk tus,f&Sif;vif;rjyjcif;om jzpf\/ ,if;Mo0g'wdkYudkMum;&aom rd*g&ola|;tzdkY rSmum; ya[VdqefqefomvQif rSwfxifrd\/ vQdKU0Sufcsuf[kyif,lq\/ xdkodkYMo0g'pum;udk ajymMum;NyD;aemuf "e,ola|;BuD;onfrif;y&dowftv,f ol


54/220


aemifwpfcgjyefvnfzsufjcif;iSgcufcJaMumif; vlBuD;olrrsm;u om;orD;wdkYudk qkH;r ay\/ jrefrmvlrsd K;trsm;pk\ ,Ofaus;rItpOftvmwdkYonf Ak'bmomudk tajccH ay\/ tajctaet& bmomjcm;tm;aygif;zufrnfqdkaomf rdrdwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rI

tpOftvmudkxdef;odrf; rdrdwdkYouf0if,kHMunfonfh Ak'bmomxJodkY0ifa&mufrnfhvufwGJazmfudk &SmazGoihfay\/ tcsufonf trsdK;om;rsm;tzdkY&m trsdK;orD;wdkYxufvG,ful aumif;vG,fulEdkifay\/ odkYaomfvnf; jrefrmAk'bmom0ifwpfa,muf taejzifhum; t,lonf; bmomjcm;wpfa,muftm; Ak'bmomodkYul;ajymif;atmif pnf;kH;&rnfhta&;rSmum; vG,fulrnfhvrf;pudk vkH;0rjrifygay/ pnf;kH;onfholom rsm;aomtm;jzifh vufwGJazmfaemufodkY ygoGm;onfom rsm;ay\/ xdkY aMumifh bmomjcm;tm;rpnf;kH;Edkifrnfhtwlwl rdrdESifhbmomwlaom jrefrmtrsdK;aumif;om;? trsdKaumif;orD;

wdkYudk &SmazG aygif;zufoihfay\/ ]apmifhavrsdK;EG,f}[laomusifh0wf t*FgESifhavsmfnDpGm bmomjcm;udk ta0;ua&Smif&Sm; jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmwdkYudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufoihfay\/

0domcgtzdkY&m bmomjcm;ESifh,l&jcif;\'kursm;

r*FvmyGJBuD;NyD;aomtcg 0domcgonf omauwudkcGJcGgNyD; cifyGef;onf\om0wdod kY vdkufygcJh&av\/ om0wdodkYa&mufvmcsdef0domcgonf rdrdwdkYtm;

BudKqdkaomolrsm;tm; jrifap&eftwGuf r[mvwmwefqmudk0wfqifvsuf tumt&Hrygaom &xm;udkpD;um om0wdNrdKUwGif;okdY 0ifav\/ BudKqdkMuaom NrdKUolNrdKUom;wdkYonf 0domcgwdkYZeD;armifESHtm; vufaqmifypnf;rsm;udk ay;Muav\/ 0domcgwdkYuvnf; wpfzefjyef vufaqmifwdkYudkay;av\/ 0domcgonf taz tarwefonfhtG,fudk taztarac:\/ tpfudk tpfrwefonfudk tpfudktpfrac:av\/ odkYjzifh 0domcgonf tG,fESifhxdkufwefpGm qufqHwwf\/ aqGrsdK;&if;csmuJhodkY oabmxm;um cifrifap\/ odkYay;urf;jcif;jzifh pnf;kH;jcif; EIwfxGufcsdKomjcif;jzifh rdrd

bufodkYygatmif pGJaqmifEdkifjcif;wdkYonf 0domcg\*kPf&nfwdkY[kyif qdk&rnfjzpfacs\/

om0wdodkYa&mufonfhn\ nOfhOD;,mrftvGef olrtdrfwGif tmZmenf jrnf;rwpfaumifonf om;zGm;av\/ 0domcgonf uRefrrsm;tm; qDrD;wdkifudk udkifap xdktmZmenf jrnf;rzGm;&modkY oGm;cJh\/ xdkYaemuf jrnf;rudka&aEG;jzifha&csdK;ay;apav\/ qDjzifhvnf;vdrf;usH ay;apav\/ xdkYaemuf rdrdaexdkif&mtdrfodkYjyefvm\/

rd*g&ola|;onf om0wdNrdKU xyfrH0domcgwdkY\ r*Fvm{nfhcHyGJudkckepf&ufwdkifwdkif usif;ycJhav\/ ck epf&ufajrmufaomaeY t0wfr0wfaom wuwGef;wdkYudk zdwfrH ae&may;um {nfhcHauR;arG;av\/ xdktcsdefrSp 0domcgtzdkY&m


55/220


bmomjcm;ESifh,l&jcif;\ 'kuwdkYrSm pwifjzpf ay:cJhav\/ a,murjzpfol rd*g&ola|;onf acR;r0domcgtm; ]]&[EmwdkYtm; zl;jrif&ef vmcJhyg}}[k ac:cdkif;av\/ 0domcgonf aomwmyeft&d,mjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ]]&[Em}}[kMum;ojzifh Tifvef;wuf


56/220


ajymqdkav\/ rd*g& onfvnf; tmrcHol


57/220


(1) ]twGif;rD;udktjyifodkYrxkwf&} [lonf a,mura,mufsm;?a,murrdef;r? cifyGef;onfwdkY\*kPfaus;Zl;rJhjzpfaom tjypfwdkYudk uRefrdef;r?uRefa,mufsm;tp&SdolwdkYtm; rajymoihfykHudk&nfG,f qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;

pum;rsm;onf us,fyGm;vmvQif cdkuf&efjiif;ckHrIjzpfvmwwfygonf/ yuwdrD;udk qdkvkd&if;r[kwfyg/ twGif;rD;udk &nf&G,f orD;\zcifu ]]twGif;rD;udk tjyifodkYrxkwf&}}[k Mo0g'pum;udk ajymMum;cJhjcif;omjz

The outstanding women in Buddha's Era

Documents

Transcript of The outstanding women in Buddha's Era