THE OUTBREAK OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (dates in the new style) 1903: The Russian Social Democratic...
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Transcript of THE OUTBREAK OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (dates in the new style) 1903: The Russian Social Democratic...
THE OUTBREAK OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (dates in the new style)
• 1903: The Russian Social Democratic Party splits between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
• 1905: Revolutionaries briefly seize power in most cities after defeat by Japan; creation of the Duma.
• August 1914: The leaders of each socialist party support their national war effort.
• March 15, 1917: Tsar Nicholas II abdicates.
• March-October 1917: DUAL SOVEREIGNTY (the Petrograd Soviet vs. the Provisional Government)
• September 9-14, 1917: Attempted coup by General Kornilov
• November 6-7, 1917: The “Great October Revolution” (Bolsheviks seize control of Petrograd and Moscow).
A Russian peasant village in 1910:80% of the population were still peasants, mostly
illiterate,and rural poverty was spreading
The government responded in 1906 by
abolishing all restrictions on foreign investment
and migration by peasants to cities
(LEFT: An oil field near Baku on the Caspian Sea)
Russian peasants newly arrived in
Moscow, looking for work
Anti-war demonstrators before the Winter Palace, Petrograd, January-February 1917
Funeral in Petrograd in
March 1917 for demonstrators killed on orders of Tsar Nicholas
II
Revolutionary soldiers and workers in power: Both the “Petrograd Soviet” and “Provisional Government” claimed
authority
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, i.e., “Lenin” (1870-1924), leader since 1903 of the “Bolshevik” faction of Russian
socialism
LENIN’S APRIL THESES
1.Transform the Imperialist War into Civil War!
2.All Power to the Soviets!
3.Land for the Village Poor!
War Minister Alexander Kerensky
addresses troops about to leave for the front in 1917; he always sought to honor Russia’s treaty obligations
to France and Great Britain
Machine gun fire disperses pro-Bolshevik demonstrators on Nevsky Prospect in Petrograd, July 4, 1917
General L.G. Kornilov waves to the crowd in Moscow in August 1917; he attempted a military
coup in September
Climax of the “Great October Revolution”:Painting of the Red Guards storming the Kremlin on November 2
Fraternization on the Eastern Front, November/December 1917
Kaiser Wilhelm II confers with the heads of the Supreme Army Command, Hindenburg & Ludendorff,
1917
The popular victors of Tannenberg insisted on the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare.
Europe at the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 1918
German troops moving through San Quentin to preparefor the “Ludendorff Offensive” launched on March 21, 1918
The Ludendorff Offensive,
March-July 1918
American troops disembark at Le Havre, July 12, 1918
German POWs captured in France, April 1918
The breach of the “Hindenburg Line” at St. Quentin, 2 Oct 1918
British troops line the banks of the St. Quentin
Canal
Their multitude of German prisoners
In October 1918 Ludendorff told the Kaiser to appoint Prince Max of Baden head of a “parliamentary”
government, but Max soon turned to Friedrich Ebert of the SPD
Social Democratic politicians address revolutionary sailors
at Kiel, November 5, 1918: Mutiny broke out when the admirals ordered a desperate attack
Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann (SPD) proclaim the Republic from the balcony of the Reichstag on 9
November 1918
Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg founded the Spartacus League in 1917 and the German Communist
Party in December 1918. They embraced Lenin’s slogan,
“All power to the Soviets!”
Communist insurgents in the newspaper district of Berlin,
January 1919
A Free Corps unit sworn to crush the Reds
Some Free Corps soldiers used the swastika as a symbol of Aryan
racial purity; many later joined the Nazis
They killed Luxemburg and Liebknecht on January 15, 1919
“Workers, burghers, farmers, soldiers of every German tribe: Unite in the National Assembly!” (The SPD joined with liberal and
Catholic democrats to write the Weimar constitution in 1919.)
The Big Four at Versailles: David Lloyd George,Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, & Woodrow
Wilson
ESTIMATED COMBAT FATALITIES IN THE GREAT WAR
Austria-Hungary 1,200,000
France 1,385,000
Germany 1,800,000
Great Britain 947,000
Italy 460,000
Ottoman Empire 325,000
Russia 1,700,000
Serbia 360,000
United States 115,000
RESULTS OF THE VERSAILLES CONFERENCE
National self-determination for Poles, “Czechoslovaks”, “Yugoslavs”, Latvians, Lithuanians, & Estonians
Formation of a “League of Nations” dedicated to “collective security”
Italy gains the southern Tirol but is forced to renounce Dalmatia; the status of Fiume remains disputed
Great Britain gains control of Germany’s African colonies, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq as “League of Nations Mandates;” France gains Syria and Lebanon
The Allies award Asia Minor to Greece, but that country suffers catastrophic defeat by Turkey in 1920/21
Postwar borders, 1921
The borders of the Weimar Republic (France occupied the Rhineland until 1930, the Saarland until 1935)
The Russian Civil War, 1918-21:
France intervened from Odessa; Britain & the USA, from
Murmansk & Archangel; the USA and Japan from Vladivostok
“Long live the three-million-man Red Army!” (1919)
“Capitalists of the World,
Unite!”(Soviet poster
from 1920, echoing
Bukharin’s theory of
imperialism)
“Long Live the Third Communist International!”(Soviet Poster, 1920)