The Ottoman Empire

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRMqZrjGNd8

The Ottomans: 1299 - 1922

Does anyone know the story behind how the croissant pastry got its shape?

The Ottomans: 1299 - 1922

During the Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1638, Viennese bakers discovered Turkish soldiers trying to tunnel beneath the walls. They alerted the defenders of the city, and the attempt was foiled. The siege soon ended.

To celebrate their victory over the Turks, these bakers created pastries in the shape of the Turkish crescent, their national symbol!

The Ottomans: 1299 - 1922

Ottoman Empire founded by Osman I, who ruled from 1280 to 1324.

Osman I was a Ghazi.Ghazi: Islamic warriors who would

conquer lands for plunder, glory, and to spread Islam

Ghazis took control of old Seljuk territories, and expanded into Christian-held lands

The Ottomans

Osman I and his Ghazi Warriors

Expansion

Under their leader, Mehmet II, the Ottomans besiege and capture Constantinople.

Constantinople is renamed Istanbul, and becomes the new capital of the Ottoman Empire.

This is a serious blow, as well as a threat, to Christian Europe.

Ottomans were the first to use large numbers of muskets and cannons, which gave them military and technological superiority

Siege of Constantinople

Expansion

The Ottomans then begin to expand eastward into Muslim-controlled territory

Selim the Grim comes to power in 1512 after murdering his father and brothers

Selim was an effective Sultan and General

Sultan: title of Ottoman rulers

Expansion

Selim captures Arabia, Palestine, Persia, Syria, and sections of Egypt.

Captures the holy cities of Mecca and Medina

Ottomans now control much of the territory of the original Umayyad and Abbassid Caliphates

Turkish Sultans would later take the title of caliph, giving them religious authority

Ottoman Expansion

Suleyman the Magnificent

Ottoman Empire reaches its height under Selim’s son, Suleiman.

Suleiman rules for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566

Suleyman the Magnificent

His was sometimes called Suleiman the Lawgiver or Suleiman the Magnificent.

Suleiman was also a great general. His armies conquered much of southern Europe (The Balkans) and North Africa

Expansion is finally stopped when he lays siege to Vienna, but fails to capture it.

Siege of Vienna: 1525

Achievements of Suleiman

Suleiman earns title of Lawgiver because he simplified the laws of the empire.

Promoted science and architectureHis chief architect constructed many

beautiful schools, libraries, mosques, and bridges

Ottoman Empire under Suleiman had an efficient civil service

Suleiman Mosque

Mostar Bridge

Civil Service and Social Structure

DevshirmePractice of taking Christian boys

between 10-20 years of age, forcibly converting them to Islam, and training them for positions in either:

a) military – “Men of the Sword”b) civil service – “Men of the Pen”

Civil Service and Social Structure

JanissariesChristian slaves captured during

warfare who were trained as elite infantry in the Ottoman military

VizierHigh-ranking advisor to the Sultan.

Often came from the devshirme system

Civil Service and Social Structure

MilletsProvinces of the empire were allowed

their own local government.Non-Muslim communities were loyal

to sultan but were ruled by own religious leaders

Included Jews, Armenians, Orthodox Christians

Strengths of Ottoman Empire

Strengths of Ottoman Empire

1. Control of Trade – controlled old Abbassid trade routes

2. Wealth – control of trade + taxation of provinces = great wealth

3. Military superiority – muskets, cannon, elite infantry and cavalry (Janissaries)

4. Political stability through millet system

Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry

Chief rival of the Ottoman Empire was the Safavid Empire, located in present-day Iran

Safavids were Shi’ite MuslimsFought with the Ottomans for religious

reasons, as well as control over Mesopotamia

Safavids tried to topple Ottoman Sultans through palace intrigue

Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry

Decline of Ottomans

Suleiman killed his oldest son Mustafa, who would have been an able successor

His vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, was also assasinated by Suleiman’s wife

His last son, Selim II, loses key battles to Europeans

Selim allows bureaucracy to become corrupt

Decline of Ottomans

During the reign of Selim, the empire begins a slow, steady decline:

1. Europeans are able to sail around Africa, bypassing old trade routes

2. Wealth from New World (gold and silver) makes European powers rich

3. Industrial Revolution never takes place for the Ottomans

Rise and Decline of Ottoman Empire

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