The Origins of the Cold War From Allies to Adversaries.
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Transcript of The Origins of the Cold War From Allies to Adversaries.
The Origins of the Cold War
From Allies to Adversaries
The Consequences of WWII• Staggering casualties and refugee problems• Rise of the USSR and US/decline of Europe• Decolonization worldwide• Discrediting of “scientific racism”
• Dachau, 1945
More Causes
• Failure to agree on compliance with Yalta Agreements– Stalinist elections: Poland
(1947), Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia (1947-48)
– Allied 2nd Front
• Containment of Communism
Founding of the United Nations
• Established immediately after WWII
• Military power, unlike the League of Nations
• Permanent council members (veto powers): U.S., U.S.S.R. (now Russia), France, Great Britain, China
Containment of Communism
• Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech (1946)
• George Kennan’s “Long Telegram” (1946)
• Truman Doctrine, 1947
• Marshall Plan, 1947
• Berlin Airlift, 1948-49
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization “NATO,” 1949
• Warsaw Pact, 1955
Truman Doctrine
• Triggered by communist insurrections in Greece and Turkey
• Promised US aid to any nation fighting communism
Marshall Plan • 1947-51: U.S. provided 9.4 billion to rebuild after WWII
• Stalin refused to allow East to take part
The Cold War: Division of E. and W. Europe
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
• Germany & Berlin divided at Potsdam into four zones
• 1948: Three zones united into West Germany
• Stalin blockaded West Berlin
• 321 day airlift
• Stalin withdrew blockade in 1949
• Result: two Germanys, East and West
Decolonization• India; Pakistan;
Palestine 1947
• Dutch E. Indies 1949
• Egypt 1956
• Africa 1950’s-80’s
• Vietnam 1940’s-70’s
• Caribbean 1950’s-60’s
Israel’s Turbulent
Birth • Palestine mostly Arab, minority Jewish population exploded after WWII (Holocaust survivors)
• 1947: British gave up, turned area over to U.N.
• U.N. partitioned Jewish and Arab areas1948: New state of Israel attacked by Arab neighbors. Israel won with U.S. aid.
• Refugees from war not allowed back in, still in camps ringing Israel
• Further wars in 1960s added more Jewish territory
Revolution in China 1945-49
• 1911 Revolution: overthrew monarchy
• Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang (KMT) est. by Sun Yat Sen, 1916
• Chinese Communist Party (CCP), est. 1921
• 1924: Chaing Kai-shek (KMT)
• War with Japan (1931-45)
• Civil War (1945-49)
• 1949: Communist China
China’s Cultural Revolution
• People’s Republic of China, under Mao Tse Tung 1950-60: Soviet Period
• 1960s-70s: worsening relations with Soviets“Great Leap Forward:” 1958-62
• Cultural Revolution, 1960s, Mao’s “Little Red Book”“Gang of Four” (1969-76)
• 1972: Nixon’s visit, diplomatic relations opened with U.S.1976: Deng Xiaoping
• 1981: population control
The Korean War 1950-1953
• Former Japanese colony, then divided North/South
• Northern invasion--June, 1950 (Pusan Perimeter)
• U.N.-led counter-invasion (Inchon) pushed to Yalu River
• Chinese invasion, MacArthur’s firing
• Stalemate
• 38th Parallel
India and Pakistan
• Freed from British control (since 1600s) in 1947
• Hindu majority, Muslim minority--resulted in two countries
• Fighting since over Kashmir contested region on border
• U.S. allied with India, Soviets supported Pakistan
Egypt, 1956• Nominally independent since
1922; British interest: Suez Canal
• Canal built 1869, connects Atlantic & Mediterranean, Indian & Red Seas
• 14% total world trade; 26% oil, 41% total trade from Gulf states
• Canal nationalized in 1956 by Egyptian President Abdul Nassar
• USSR announced support of Egypt
• U.S. forbid Israeli/European interference; Canal transferred to Egyptian control
Dutch East Indies
Dutch fought for control after WWII
Lost in 1949
Became modern day Indonesia
Sub-Saharan Africa (British)
• 1957: Ghana Nigeria, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Kenya freed without much fight
• Rhodesia (British settlers) was a different matter– 1965: white settlers declared independence,
internal warfare/Civil War– 1980: Africans won: Zimbabwe
Increasing Cold War Tensions, 1950’s – early 1960’s
• 1949: Chinese Revolution
• 1949: Soviets get atomic bomb
• 1950-53: Korean War
• 1959: Sputnik
• 1960: U-2 incident
• 1961: Bay of Pigs
• 1961: Berlin Wall
• 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
E. European Revolts, 1950’s
• 1953: Khruschev succeeded Stalin
• 1956: Poland strikers had a limited success
• 1956: more ambitious Hungarian revolt under Imre Nagy crushed by Soviet troops
Ruined statue of Stalin in Budapest
Soviet Tanks in Budapest
Tiananmen Square, China, 1989
• Student-led Chinese movement
• Attempted to use worldwide attention to force reforms (one of 1st movements to use internet)Crushed (on camera)
• Leaders now in exile, waiting for communists to die off
The Vietnam Conflict
• French colony (Indochina), then Vichy (Japanese control)
• Viet Minh (under Ho Chi Minh) started fighting against Japanese
• 2 cycles: French (1946-54), U.S. (1959-75)
• When French lost, divided North/SouthHo Chi Minh (North) and Ngo Dinh Diem (South)
• Johnson & Nixon: war
• Expansion & “Vietnamization” (‘73) war, ending 1975
The Cuban Revolution
• 1959: Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencio Batista
• Early support: instituted national education and medical reforms
• Nationalized large-scale landholdings, appealed to Soviets for aid
• Also preached revolution to other Latin • American nations
Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis, 1961-62
• Bay of Pigs: planned by Ike, carried out in 1961 by JFK
• Damaged Kennedy, scared Castro into arms of Soviets
• Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct. 1962: closest US and USSR came to nuclear war: 16 day standoff.
Cold War in Latin America• Latin American countries generally economically dependant on
U.S., gross economic inequalities, authoritarian governments
• 1960s: military dictators seized Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. Other states ruled by juntas--true democracies rare.
• 1950s-70s: Marxist revolts throughout Latin America. Generally crushed by right-wing governments, backed by U.S.
• 1954: CIA intervened covertly in Guatemala
• Directly in Dominican Republic (1965) and Grenada (1983)
• Largest conflict outside Cuba: Nicaragua, 1970s-80s: Contras vs. Sandinistas
The Berlin Wall, 1961-1989
• Built to stop the flow of refugees to the West
• Most visible symbol of the division of East and West
• “Checkpoint Charlie”
• 10, 315 days
October, 1961
August, 1961
Potsdamer Platz 1963
Prague Spring,1968
• Led by Alexander Dubcek—trying to get partial independence/free elections for local positions
• Result: Brezhnev Doctrine/Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Soviet-Afghanistan War• Client state toppled by internal
rebellion in 1978, Soviets sent in 5000 advisors.
• 1979-88 rebellion against Soviet control
• Resistance led by mujahidin (Islamic freedom fighters) backed by U.S.
• Soviets withdrew 1989, but civil war into the 1990s
• Taliban (from mujahidin) imposed government in late 1990s.
Cold War Society, East and West
• Eastern Bloc: low production, losing propaganda war with West, economic troubles after 1980s due to arms race
• Western Bloc: prosperous but politically tumultuous
• 1950s: McCarthy decade, stable and conservative
• Social Movements of 1960s: grew out of social and population changes as well as unhappiness with Vietnam
• Peace Movement
• Anti-Nuclear (European)
• Civil Rights Movement
• Feminist Revolution
Gorbachev’s Reforms, 1980’s• Soviet Union by late 1980s
weakened by Afghanistan, Chernobyl accident, and arms race
• Glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring)
• Gorbachev tried initially to work within Communist party, until attempted coup in Summer 1991
• Gorbachev placed under house arrest in Crimean, but Russian president Boris Yeltsin led massive protests
Collapse of Soviet Bloc, 1989• Poland’s Solidarity
Party (1981-89): Catholics and workers
• 1989: Poland gained right to multiparty elections; elected Lech Walesa, threw out communists
• Example led to revolts in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Albania, East Germany, Romania
• This monument, found currently in the city of Gdansk, honors the workers in the Gdansk shipyard who sacrificed their lives and careers to form the Solidarity Trade Union.
Vaclav Havel
• President Havel demonstrated key ringing. In 1989 protesters shook key rings to symbolize the end of the communist rule in the country.
• The Romanian flag with the communist logo cut out became the symbol of the 1989 Revolution
Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989
• Triggered by flood of refugees flowing east to west through Hungary
• Wall came down Nov. 9, 1989
• Germany began reunification process; completed Oct. 3, 1990.
Leipzig Demonstration, Oct. 1989
Nov. 9, 1989
Trabant Crossing Berlin Checkpoint
Nov. 14, 1989
German Reunification Celebration
Break-up of Soviet Union, 1991
• Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania left USSR 1991
• USSR dissolved Dec. 1991 “Commonwealth of Independent States,” led by Russia under Boris Yeltsin.
• By 1992, 17 republics had left
• Economic, religious, and crime problems
Post-Soviet Problems
• Economic dislocation
• Resurgence of ethnic tensions, anti-Semitism
• Limited political experience with democracy led to shaky governments, widespread corruption and crime
• Legacy of terror from worst dictatorships left scars
• Velvet divorce: Czech Republic & Slovakia split.– Official Jan. 1, 1993
The Former Yugoslavia
• Yugoslavia broke apart into Yugoslavia (Serbia), Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1990
• By 1991, civil between three main groups: Croats (Roman Catholic), Serbs (Greek Orthodox), and Bosnians (Muslim)
• 1991: Macedonia and Montenegro also broke away• 1991-95: Under Serb President Slobodan Milosevic,
“ethnic cleansing” practiced against Bosnians and Croats– over 200,000 civilians killed– only ended with 1995 NATO intervention
• Srebrenica, 1995; Serbs guard Bosnian prisoners within view of U.N. peacekeepers. These men and 6-8,000 others would be dead within a few hours
Kosovo Crisis
• Kosovars (ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo) declared their independence from Yugoslavia in 1998.
• After repeated Serbian incidents of “ethnic cleansing,” the UN sent troops to stop the killings.
• Kosovo is still part of Yugoslavia, today.
Kosovo Census Results
• Year Serbs Albanians
1948 171,911 498,2421953 189,869 524,5591961 227,016 646,6051971 228,264 916,168 1981 209,497 1,226,736 1991 194,190 1,596,072
• Kosovo under United Nations’ administration