The Origin Of Crustacean Eyes

By Paul Nethercott

August 2014

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The Evolution of Crustacean Compound Eyes

It’s obvious from the preceding discussion that crustacean compound eyes come in a bewilderingly diverse set of designs.

In addition, the optical principles of one type may not be easily compatible with those of a different design, so it is often difficult to envision the intermediates that link the fully developed eye designs encountered in today’s crustaceans.Evolution Education Outreach (2008) Volume 1, Page 463–475

Decapoda AppositionStomatopoda AppositionAmphipoda Apposition

Isopoda AppositionLeptostraca AppositionOstracoda AppositionAnostraca AppositionNotostraca Apposition

Conchostraca AppositionCladocera AppositionBranchiura AppositionRemipedia No Eyes As Adult

Cephalocarida No Eyes As AdultMystacocarida No Eyes As Adult

Decapoda Parabolic SuperpositionDecapoda Reflecting SuperpositionDecapoda Refracting Superposition

Euphausiacea Refracting SuperpositionMysida Refracting Superposition

Thoracica Simple Eyes OnlyCopepoda Simple Eyes Only

The Evolution of Crustacean Compound Eyes

Schematic diagrams of the three basic compound eye opticaldesigns found in crustaceans. A Apposition optics; B Refracting superposition optics; C Reflecting superposition optics.

Dashed grey lines represent typical light paths through the crystalline cones to the rhabdoms. cc crystalline cone, R rhabdom, cz clear zone

Evolution Education Outreach (2008) Volume 1, Page 463–475

The Evolution of Crustacean Compound Eyes

Evolution Education Outreach (2008) Volume 1, Page 463–475

AThe sessile, apposition compound eye of the beach amphipod Talorchestia longicornis. The eye is fixed to the cuticle of the animal, and each corneal facet seen in the photograph sends light to a separate photoreceptive rhabdom

BA zoeal larval stage of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii, showing its small and spherical apposition eye. Many crustacean larvae have eyes similar to this.

CThe double, apposition eyes of the marine hyperiid amphipod Phronima sedentaria. Each eye has two retinas, visible as dark, roughly bean-shaped patches of pigment on each side of the lower part of the head.

Photoreceptors in the upper retinas are fed by long fiber optics that lead from corneal facets on the upper, curved surfaces of the animal’s head.

These retinas sample only a patch of light overhead, probably searching for objects forming shadows or silhouettes against the dim, down-welling light.

The lateral retinas sample space in the remaining parts of the visual field, probably searching for bioluminescent objects. Photograph courtesy of T. Frank, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution.

D–FThe stalked apposition eyes of the fiddler crab Uca tangeri.

American Malacological Bulletin, Volume 26, 2008, Page 91

The Poly Phyletic Evolution Of PhotoreceptorsSorted By Taxon

Taxon Sub Taxon Photo Receptors StructureBivalvia Pteriomorpha Cerebral/larval ocelli RhabdomericBivalvia Arcoida Compound eyes at mantle edge CiliaryBivalvia Arcoida Pigment-cup ocelli at mantle edge RhabdomericBivalvia Limoidea Eyes at mantle edge MixedBivalvia Pectinoidea Eyes with two retinae at mantle siphons Rhabdomeric - CiliaryBivalvia Pandoroidea Eyes with one two retinae at siphons Both Retinae CiliaryBivalvia Cardioidea Eyes at siphons Ciliary or MixedBivalvia Myidae Phaosomes embedded in siphons Rhabdomeric

Caenogastropoda Cerithidea Pallial eye CiliaryGastropoda In general, adult Cerebral photoreceptor Rhabdomeric or MixedGastropoda Heteropoda Adult cerebral eves Ciliary or MixedGastropoda Telephanic Veligers Cerebral photoreceptors CiliaryGastropoda Anaspidea: Aplysia Abdominal neurons DiverticularGastropoda Onchidiidae Dorsal eyes CiliaryGastropoda Onchidiidae Lens cells of dorsal eves RhabdomericPlacophora Larvae Laterally innervated larval ocelli MixedPlacophora Adult Aesthetes in general RhabdomericPlacophora Adult Acanthochiton lateral aesthetes CiliaryPlacophora Adult Extra pigmental shell-eyes RhabdomericPlacophora Adult Shell-eye marginal cells CiliaryScaphopoda - Siphonopoda Cephalopods Cerebral photoreceptors RhabdomericSiphonopoda Photosensitive vesicle Rhabdomeric

Tryblidia -

American Malacological Bulletin, Volume 26, 2008, Page 91

The Poly Phyletic Evolution Of PhotoreceptorsSorted By Structure

Taxon Sub Taxon Photo Receptors StructureBivalvia Pandoroidea Eyes with one two retinae at siphons Both Retinae Ciliary

Placophora Adult Acanthochiton lateral aesthetes CiliaryPlacophora Adult Shell-eye marginal cells CiliaryGastropoda Telephanic Veligers Cerebral photoreceptors Ciliary

Caenogastropoda Cerithidea Pallial eye CiliaryGastropoda Onchidiidae Dorsal eyes Ciliary

Bivalvia Arcoida Compound eyes at mantle edge CiliaryGastropoda Heteropoda Adult cerebral eves Ciliary or Mixed

Bivalvia Cardioidea Eyes at siphons Ciliary or MixedGastropoda Anaspidea: Aplysia Abdominal neurons DiverticularPlacophora Larvae Laterally innervated larval ocelli Mixed

Bivalvia Limoidea Eyes at mantle edge MixedPlacophora Adult Aesthetes in general RhabdomericPlacophora Adult Extra pigmental shell-eyes RhabdomericGastropoda Onchidiidae Lens cells of dorsal eves Rhabdomeric

Siphonopoda Cephalopods Cerebral photoreceptors RhabdomericSiphonopoda - Photosensitive vesicle Rhabdomeric

Bivalvia Pteriomorpha Cerebral/larval ocelli RhabdomericBivalvia Arcoida Pigment-cup ocelli at mantle edge RhabdomericBivalvia Myidae Phaosomes embedded in siphons RhabdomericBivalvia Pectinoidea Eyes with two retinae at mantle siphons Rhabdomeric - Ciliary

Gastropoda In general, adult Cerebral photoreceptor Rhabdomeric or MixedTryblidia - - -

Scaphopoda - - -

American Malacological Bulletin, Volume 26, 2008, Page 91

The Poly Phyletic Evolution Of PhotoreceptorsSorted By Photo Receptors

Taxon Sub Taxon Photo Receptors StructureTryblidia - - -

Scaphopoda - - -Gastropoda Anaspidea: Aplysia Abdominal neurons DiverticularPlacophora Adult Acanthochiton lateral aesthetes CiliaryGastropoda Heteropoda Adult cerebral eves Ciliary or MixedPlacophora Adult Aesthetes in general RhabdomericGastropoda In general, adult Cerebral photoreceptors Rhabdomeric or MixedGastropoda Telephanic Veligers Cerebral photoreceptors Ciliary

Siphonopoda Cephalopods Cerebral photoreceptors RhabdomericBivalvia Pteriomorpha Cerebral/larval ocelli RhabdomericBivalvia Arcoida Compound eyes at mantle edge Ciliary

Gastropoda Onchidiidae Dorsal eyes CiliaryPlacophora Adult Extra pigmental shell-eyes Rhabdomeric

Bivalvia Limoidea Eyes at mantle edge MixedBivalvia Cardioidea Eyes at siphons Ciliary or MixedBivalvia Pandoroidea Eyes with one two retinae at siphons Both Retinae CiliaryBivalvia Pectinoidea Eyes with two retinae at mantle siphons Rhabdomeric - Ciliary

Placophora Larvae Laterally innervated larval ocelli MixedGastropoda Onchidiidae Lens cells of dorsal eves Rhabdomeric

Caenogastropoda Cerithidea Pallial eye CiliaryBivalvia Myidae Phaosomes embedded in siphons Rhabdomeric

Siphonopoda - Photosensitive vesicle RhabdomericBivalvia Arcoida Pigment-cup ocelli at mantle edge Rhabdomeric

Placophora Adult Shell-eye marginal cells Ciliary

Mantis Shrimp (Crustacea: Stomatopoda)

Stomatopod eyes are the most complex eyes in the animal kingdom, with 16 different photoreceptors, capable of seeing both Ultra Violet and circular polarised light.

Mantis Shrimp (Crustacea: Stomatopoda)

Mantis Shrimp (Crustacea: Stomatopoda)

Mantis Shrimp (Crustacea: Stomatopoda)

The picture above (Porter et al., 2010) shows four different eye types. A is the squilloid eye of Squilla, B is the Parasquilloid eye of Pseudosquilliopsis, C is the lysiosquilloid eye of Lysiosquillina and D is the gonodactyloid eye of Neogonodactylus.

Mantis Shrimp (Crustacea: Stomatopoda)

Taxon Sub Taxon Photo Receptors StructurePlacophora Larvae Laterally innervated larval ocelli MixedPlacophora Adult Aesthetes in general RhabdomericPlacophora Adult Acanthochiton lateral aesthetes CiliaryPlacophora Adult Extra pigmental shell-eyes RhabdomericPlacophora Adult Shell-eye marginal cells CiliaryTryblidia   -  

Gastropoda In general, adult Cerebral photoreceptor Rhabdomeric or MixedGastropoda Heteropoda Adult cerebral eves Ciliary or MixedGastropoda Telephanic Veligers Cerebral photoreceptors Ciliary

Caenogastropoda Cerithidea Pallial eye CiliaryGastropoda Anaspidea: Aplysia Abdominal neurons DiverticularGastropoda Onchidiidae Dorsal eyes CiliaryGastropoda Onchidiidae Lens cells of dorsal eves Rhabdomeric

Siphonopoda Cephalopods Cerebral photoreceptors RhabdomericSiphonopoda   Photosensitive vesicle RhabdomericScaphopoda   -  

Bivalvia Pteriomorpha Cerebral/larval ocelli RhabdomericBivalvia Arcoida Compound eyes at mantle edge CiliaryBivalvia Arcoida Pigment-cup ocelli at mantle edge RhabdomericBivalvia Limoidea Eyes at mantle edge MixedBivalvia Pectinoidea Eyes with two retinae at mantle siphons Rhabdomeric - CiliaryBivalvia Pandoroidea Eyes with one two retinae at siphons Both Retinae CiliaryBivalvia Cardioidea Eyes at siphons Ciliary or MixedBivalvia Myidae Phaosomes embedded in siphons Rhabdomeric

American Malacological Bulletin, Volume 26, 2008, Page 91

The Poly Phyletic Evolution Of Photoreceptors