The organization of knowledge in mind - Chapter8, Cognitive Psychology, Sternberg

THE ORGANIZATION

OF KNOWLEDGE IN

MIND

Outline

1. Organization of Declarative Knowledge1. Concepts and Categories2. Semantic Network Models3. Schematic Representations

2. Representations of Procedural Knowledge3. Integrative Models for Representing

Declarative and Nondeclarative Knowledge

1. Combining Representations: ACT-R2. Models Based on the Human Brain3. Parallel Processing: The Connectionist Model

DECLARATIVE

PROCEDURAL

ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE

IN MIND


IN MIND

CONCEPTS

SCHEMAS

CATEGORIES

1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE

Natura l categoryArt ifi c ia l categoryAd Hoc category

1) THEORIES ON CONCEPT

ORGANIZATION



IN MIND



IN MIND

THEORIES ON CONCEPT ORGANIZATION

FEATURE-BASED

CATEGORIES: A DEFINING VIEW

EXEMPLARS

A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED AND PROTOTYPE

THEORIES

THEORY-BASED VIEW OF

CATEGORIZATION

PROTOTYPE THEORY:

A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW



IN MIND

EXEMPLARS


THEORIES


CATEGORIZATION

PROTOTYPE THEORY:


FEATURE-BASED



MUST have this to be considered a

member

*DEFINING FEATURES



IN MIND

FEATURE-BASED


EXEMPLARS


THEORIES


CATEGORIZATION


Category containing

salient features that

are true of most instances

Ideal representation

of the category

COKEXEROXCOLGAT

E

PAMPERS

*CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

PROTOTYPE THEORY:




IN MIND

FEATURE-BASED



THEORIES


CATEGORIZATION

PROTOTYPE THEORY:



EXEMPLARS



IN MIND

FEATURE-BASED


EXEMPLARS


THEORIES

PROTOTYPE THEORY:



CATEGORIZATION


#HUGOT#AngTunayNaLalake



IN MIND

FEATURE-BASED


EXEMPLARS


THEORIES


CATEGORIZATION


PROTOTYPE THEORY:


• Introduce the idea of the

“CORE”– Defining features that item

must have

• Prototype– Characteristics typical of

examples



IN MIND

2) SEMANTIC-NETWORK MODELS



IN MIND COLLINS & QUILLIAN’S MODEL

Has skin

Breathes

Eats

Animal

Salmon

Has fins

Has gills

swim

Is pink

Lays eggs upstream

Is edible

Has spots

4 legs

barks

Has fur

Fish

Black & white

Dalmatian

Dog

Skinny tail

1969



IN MIND COLLINS & LOFTUS

1975

Goldie

fish

swims

poodle

fur4 legs

pet

mutt

Lucy

dog



IN MIND

* S C H E M A* S C R I P T S• A structure that describes appropriate sequences of

events in a particular context • Scripts include default values for the actors, the

props, the setting, and the sequence of events

3) SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATIONS

2) REPRESENTATIONS OFPROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE


IN MIND

50 peso bill here



IN MIND

• Consciously think about steps to complete task

COGNITIVE STAGE

ACQUISITION OFPROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE



IN MIND

NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE

• Procedural knowledge• Associative conditioning• Simple nonassociative

knowledge• Priming



IN MIND

NON-DECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT)

Procedural Priming Simple Nonassociative(Skills & Habits) Emotional Skeletal

Responses Musculature

Striatum Neocortex Amygdala Cerebellum Reflexes

Pathways



IN MIND

NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE

• Procedural knowledge• Associative conditioning• Simple nonassociative

knowledge• Priming

SEMANTIC PRIMING

REPETITION PRIMING

3) INTEGRATIVE MODELS FOR REPRESENTING DECLARATIVE AND

NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE

IN MIND

Combining Representations: ACT-R (Anderson)

– Adaptive control of thought model of knowledge representation and information processing

– A model of information processing that integrates a network representation for declarative knowledge and a production-system representation for procedural knowledge

– Declarative network includes storing and retrieving of information; Procedural system implements the processes of proceduralization (automatization)



IN MIND

CONNECTIONIST MODEL

Parallel Processing Parallel Distributed

Processing (PDP) Models



IN MIND

DOMAIN GENERAL VS. DOMAIN SPECIFIC SYSTEMSHow domain general or domain

specific is cognition?

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