The Opportunity of Power Electronics on Improving the ... · The software NEPLAN is used to analyse...

Energy Procedia 50 ( 2014 ) 870 – 881

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

1876-6102 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD) doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.06.106

The International Conference on Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES14

The opportunity of power electronics on improving the quality of voltage and power flow in the west Algeria network

H .Guentria, F. Lakdjaa, M.Laouera* aUniversité docteur Moulay Tahar, BP 138 Route de Mascara, Saida 20000, Algérie

Abstract

The Flexible Alternate Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers improve quality of the supply power, enhance power system performance and also provide an optimal utilization of the existing resources. Especially the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and the Static Var Compensator (SVC) has been proposed to enhance the power transfer capability and improve the quality of the voltage by adjusting the line reactance. This paper, present a study of the west Algerian 2012 network. Furthermore, we will try to ask some problems encountered in practice, to find solutions and moving towards the FACTS devices in particular the TCSC and SVC controller, its application and technical advantage. The software NEPLAN is used to analyse the behaviour of the West Algerian electrical network without and with FACTS devices.

© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD).

Keywords: Power flow- Newton Raphson method- Flexible Alternate Current Transmission Systems (FACTS)-Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) - Static Var Compensator (SVC).

*Mohammed laouer . Tel.: +21348473979; fax: +21348473979.

E-mail address:[email protected]

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD)

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H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 ( 2014 ) 870 – 881 871

1. Introduction

In recent years, production, transport and consumption of electrical energy have been increasing due to industrialization, population growth and urbanization [1].

To face these problems and considering the ecological and economic difficulty of the construction of new lines, a

solution was adopted as from 1988 by American company EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). This solution is based on the launch of a project to study a new generation of devices classified under the label controller FACTS (Flexible Alternate Current Transmission Systems). FACTS use the opportunities of power electronics in the control, control of power transmission AC and with an only purpose of controlling the transit of power in transmission lines and improve the quality of the voltage at bus [2].

The concept of FACTS was born to answer the various increasing difficulties of power transmission in the

electrical network especially to control the power flow, the bus voltage and to enhance the stability of the system [3].

The static compensators are complex systems using electronic switches, circuit breakers, capacitors and

automatisms based on microprocessors. They are able to regulate the electric parameters of the network (voltage, impedance, phase…) in a wide range, for powers, and constraints of environment increasingly more important [4].

Nomenclature

FACTS Flexible Alternate Current Transmission Systems TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator SVC Static Var Compensator TCR Thyristor controlled reactor TSC Thyristor switched capacitor STATCOM Statatic synchronous condenser UPFC Unified Power Flow Controller

2. Typical applications of FACTS in electric power systems:

The application of FACTS controllers in the power system can obtain, one or more of the following benefits [4,5] : Control of power flow in the electric network ; To increase the possibilities of loading of the lines close with their thermal limits; Improve transient stability ; To compensate the reactive power; To improve the dynamic stability of voltage; Damping of the oscillations of the power; To attenuate the imbalance of voltage due to the single-phase loads.

Systems FACTS are usually known like new technology, but a hundreds of installations are in the world, more particularly the SVC since 1970 with a total power installed of 90000 MVAR; prove the acceptance of this kind of technology. The table.1 shows estimative numbers of devices FACTS installed in the world with the total powers installed [6] .

872 H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 ( 2014 ) 870 – 881

Table 1. Devices FACTS installed in the world and their total powers

Type of FACTS Number Installed power [MVA]

SVC 600 90000

STATCOM 15 1200

TCSC 10 2000

HVDC.B2B 41 14000

UPFC 23 250

Several work showed the effectiveness of the use of the FACTS. Although there exist many successful examples of installation [7].

2.1. SVC device

The static compensators are used in the networks in the form of elements shunts of reactive power (inductances, condensators) commanded by thyristors assembled in head-digs on each phase, each one of them being conducting during a half-period. The figure below gives a diagrammatic representation of a static compensator single-phase.

It is composed of a reactance XC whose provided reactive power which can be completely commanded or completely started and of an induction coil with inductive reactance XL whose absorptive reactive power between zero and its maximum value by thyristors assembled as quoted previously head-digs to ensure of the very fast inversions of the current [7,8].

Fig. 1. Single-phase diagrammatic representation of a compensator

The reactive power QSVC varies between an inductive value Qind and capacitive value Qcap. With:

C

SVCcap X

VQ2

(1)

We obtain the capacitive reactance XC necessary for the capacitor by using the relation:

C

SVC

L

SVCind X

VX

VQ22

(2)

I QSVC

XL QL

VSVC

XC

QC


Fig. 2. Requirements for power

A SVC device is generally composed of TCR: It is a reactance in series with a gradator and its value is continuously variable according to the angle of starting of the thyristors.

TSC: capacities controlled by thyristors functioning in full wave.

2.2. TCSC device TCSC it’s a device of series compensation, it uses the power electronic as basic element. It is connected in series

with the network for control transit of power, the damping of resonance subsynchrone and the oscillations of power. This type of compensator appeared in the middle of the Eighties [8].

The TCSC is composed of an inductance in series with a gradator of thyristors; all in parallel with a capacitor as

shown on the figure.3.

Fig. 3. The structure of the TCSC

Inductive Part Capacitive Part

Q

QS

Q

Q

Qin

I

L C

G

M

C

LS

T1

T2


As the basic components of the voltage and the current are controlled, the TCSC becomes similar to controllable impedance, which is the result of the parallelization of the equivalent reactance of a component TCR and a capacity.

Let us note by: [8]

(3) Equivalent impedance of the TCSC.

(4) Equivalent impedance of the TCR.

CC jXZ (5) Impedance of the capacity

Since:

TCRC

TCRCTCRCTCSC jXjX

jXjXZZZ .// (6)

LC

LC

XXXXj

)2sin)(2(

.. (7)

Where

(8)

The TCSC placed in series in transmission line makes it possible to control the flow of power and to raise the capacity of transfer of the lines while acting on the reactance XTCSC which varies according to the angle of firing delay

3. Application

The objective of this paper, is to apply the calculation of power flow by the Newton-Raphson method’s to the West Algeria 400 /220KV and 60KV network, while inserting to him controllers FACTS (TCSC and SVC) by using a tool for simulation of topicality (software NEPLAN).

NEPLAN is a very convivial tool for the users of information and planning system for the electrical networks. The network represented by the fig. (4) includes: 102 bus; 07 bus generation; 03 compensation bus ; 92 load bus ; 138 lines

TCSCTCSC jXZ

2sin)(2L

TCRTCRXjjXZ

LC

LCTCSC

XXXXX

)2sin)(2()(


1400 kV

TARGA

2400 kV

1-2

3400 kV

1-3

4400 kV

2-4

2-3

ATTAF

2-18

18220 kV

5400 kV

3-5

BOSS

BOS 3-23

8220 kV 6

220 kV

MH

9220 kV

10220 kV

23220 kV

6-10

12220 kV

6-12

RELI

17220 kV

6-17

OSLY

6-18

19220 kV

6-19

3060 kV

6-30

7220 kV

7-87-18

3160 kV

7-31

8-9

11220 kV

8-11

8-1825220 kV 8-25

3260 kV

8-32

3360 kV

8-33

15220 kV

9-15

16220 kV

9-16

9-23

9-34

10-23

3460 kV

10-35

11-15

27220 kV

11-27

11-36

12-17

21220 kV

12-2136

60 kV

3760 kV

12-37

3860 kV

12-38

13220 kV

14220 kV 13-14

13-17

3560 kV

13-39

14-23

26220 kV

24220 kV

14-24

3960 kV40

60 kV14-40

15-16

29220 kV

15-29

4160 kV

15-41

17-19

20220 kV18-20

22220 kV 18-22

5260 kV

18-52

28220 kV

19-28

19-77

7760 kV

6160 kV

21-61

24-26

8660 kV24-8687

60 kV26-87

TIAR

OUJDA

MOS

HA1HA2

NAA

HA3

MOS2

GHAZ2

PL2TLE1

TL

SBA

BENI

REL2

TIA2SAI TIA3

GHAZ3

HA5

MASMOS3

BECH

6-8

4260 kV

30-42

JUM2

4360 kV

30-43

GPL

4460 kV30-44

MHD

4560 kV

30-45

ARZ

4960 kV

30-49

D

5160 kV

31-51

BOS2

31-52

5460 kV

31-54

F

5560 kV31-55

G G157

60 kV

31-57

I99

60 kV

31-99

R

32-35

32-52

32-54

7460 kV

32-74

N

6260 kV

32-62

ZER32-99

6060 kV

K

6460 kV

6660 kV

7560 kV

ZBA

6560 kV

SEB

34-66

SIY

34-75

REM

34-64

6360 kV

34-63

L

6960 kV

34-69

6860 kV

35--68

K291

60 kV

Q

35-91

36-6336-69

Q1

7660 kV

10160 kV

36-76

ATE

36-101

SMTL

37-495960 kV

37-59

REL47060 kV

37-70

TIA438-60

39-70

7160 kV

39-71

SG

7260 kV

39-72

SNV

7360 kV

39-73

7860 kV

39-78

FR

7960 kV

39-79TIS

8060 kV 39-80

SMT

40-74

8160 kV

40-81

BY

8260 kV

40-82

BOG

10260 kV

40-102

6760 kV

41-67 MF

8360 kV

41-83MG

8460 kV

41-84

4660 kV

4760 kV

42-47

42-46

A

B

33-60

42-52

8960 kV42-89

090

60 kV42-90

P

43-47

43-52

4860 kV

43-48C46-48

49-77

5060 kV

50-77

SA

5660 kV

51-56

H

51-57

5860 kV

51-58

J

52-55

5360 kV 53-54

E

54-57

54-69

56-58

8860 kV

59-88

60-61

34-65

10060 kV

65-100S

80-71

9360 kV

9260 kV

8560 kV

81-85EASC

82-86

85-92MECH

86-9286-93

NAAM

9660 kV

9460 kV

87-94

BE1

9560 kV

87-95

BE2

87-96

BE3

9760 kV

87-97

BE4

9860 kV

87-98

BE594-95

94-96

RAH

Fig. 4. Diagram of the West-Algeria (2012) network, inserted in NEPLAN


3.1. Network without device FACTS analyzes

The analysis of our network is achieving using software. This last, we allow the calculation of the power flow. It includes also the operation and the order of devices TCSC and SVC.

The calculation of the power flow is a stage necessary to be able to compare our results. It is made initially for the

determination of the initial conditions of the system before the compensation. Indeed, it makes it possible to find the voltages of the various nodes and thereafter the powers transmitted, injected and losses Fig. (5) et Fig. (6).

Fig. 5. Bus Voltages of the network in West-Algeria (2012) without FACTS

Fig. 6. Active losses of the West-Algeria (2012) network without FACTS

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101

106

111

116

121

126

131

136

Sans FACTS


3.2. Problems of the West- Algeria network According to the results of the power flow preceding as indicated in figures 5 and 6, we can conclude that this

network suffers from two problems, the first it is the transit of power especially in the longest lines such as Bechar- Naama and Naama- Saida, the second problem it is the fall and overvoltage especially on the level of bus 4, 73,85 and 88.

It is necessary to solve these problems using the controllers FACTS containing the power electronic, we must use

the series compensation and the parallel compensation. We must insert a TCSC and a SVC in the network West-Algeria to solve these problems, but when we will install

these devices? Which are the parameters of adjustment of these devices?

3.3. Parameters with TCSC device To find the optimal site of this device, we must observe the following theoretical conditions: - This device must be placed in the longest lines. - This device must be placed in the lines which are far from the production. - That the site is profitable of point of considering cost. After a long research task of the optimal site of the TCSC, we found that the line (24-26) satisfied these conditions

seeing figure 7. There exist several strategies of operation or control. In our case, we chose the strategy of control by the angle of transmission of modulation because it is to regard as better strategy of adjustment.

The parameters chosen are as follows: The basic value is: Sb =100 MVA The parameters controller of the TCSC are : The frequency f= 50 Hz The inductive reactance XL = 0,391 Ohm The capacitive reactance XC = 1,414 Ohm

After we found the optimal site, it is necessary to also find the angle of optimal adjustment which records the least

quantity of losses in the network. After a long research task of this angle, we found the angle of adjustment as follows : The angle of adjustment The angle minimal min The angle maximum max

3.4. Parameters with SVC device We have choose to improve quality of the tension for two nodes most unfavorable overvoltage on the level of node

4 and the voltage drop at the level them bus 85 , see figure 7.

will absorb power reactivates it is the inductive effect of the SVC.

After a long research task we found: Qc=120 Mvar.

SVC. The same thing is made that the preceding one we found: Qc= - 18 Mvar.


1400 kV

TARGA

2400 kV

1-2

3400 kV

1-3

4400 kV

2-4

2-3

ATTAF

2-18

18220 kV

5400 kV

3-5

BOSS

BOS 3-23

8220 kV 6

220 kV

MH

9220 kV

10220 kV

23220 kV

6-10

12220 kV

6-12

RELI

17220 kV

6-17

OSLY

6-18

19220 kV

6-19

3060 kV

6-30

7220 kV

7-87-18

3160 kV

7-31

8-9

11220 kV

8-11

8-1825220 kV 8-25

3260 kV

8-32

3360 kV

8-33

15220 kV

9-15

16220 kV

9-16

9-23

9-34

10-23

3460 kV

10-35

11-15

27220 kV

11-27

11-36

12-17

21220 kV

12-2136

60 kV

3760 kV

12-37

3860 kV

12-38

13220 kV

14220 kV 13-14

13-17

3560 kV

13-39

14-23

26220 kV

24220 kV

14-24

3960 kV40

60 kV14-40

15-16

29220 kV

15-29

4160 kV

15-41

17-19

20220 kV18-20

22220 kV 18-22

5260 kV

18-52

28220 kV

19-28

19-77

7760 kV

6160 kV

21-61

24-26

8660 kV24-8687

60 kV26-87

TIAR

OUJDA

MOS

HA1HA2

NAA

HA3

MOS2

GHAZ2

PL2TLE1

TL

SBA

BENI

REL2

TIA2SAI TIA3

GHAZ3

HA5

MASMOS3

BECH

6-8

4260 kV

30-42

JUM2

4360 kV

30-43

GPL

4460 kV30-44

MHD

4560 kV

30-45

ARZ

4960 kV

30-49

D

5160 kV

31-51

BOS2

31-52

5460 kV

31-54

F

5560 kV31-55

G G157

60 kV

31-57

I99

60 kV

31-99

R

32-35

32-52

32-54

7460 kV

32-74

N

6260 kV

32-62

ZER32-99

6060 kV

K

6460 kV

6660 kV

7560 kV

ZBA

6560 kV

SEB

34-66

SIY

34-75

REM

34-64

6360 kV

34-63

L

6960 kV

34-69

6860 kV

35--68

K291

60 kV

Q

35-91

36-6336-69

Q1

7660 kV

10160 kV

36-76

ATE

36-101

SMTL

37-495960 kV

37-59

REL47060 kV

37-70

TIA438-60

39-70

7160 kV

39-71

SG

7260 kV

39-72

SNV

7360 kV

39-73

7860 kV

39-78

FR

7960 kV

39-79TIS

8060 kV 39-80

SMT

40-74

8160 kV

40-81

BY

8260 kV

40-82

BOG

10260 kV

40-102

6760 kV

41-67 MF

8360 kV

41-83MG

8460 kV

41-84

4660 kV

4760 kV

42-47

42-46

A

B

33-60

42-52

8960 kV42-89

090

60 kV42-90

P

43-47

43-52

4860 kV

43-48C46-48

49-77

5060 kV

50-77

SA

5660 kV

51-56

H

51-57

5860 kV

51-58

J

52-55

5360 kV 53-54

E

54-57

54-69

56-58

8860 kV

59-88

60-61

34-65

10060 kV

65-100S

80-71

9360 kV

9260 kV

8560 kV

81-85EASC

82-86

85-92MECH

86-9286-93

NAAM

9660 kV

9460 kV

87-94

BE1

9560 kV

87-95

BE2

87-96

BE3

9760 kV

87-97

BE4

9860 kV

87-98

BE594-95

94-96

RAH

TCSC-1076886324

SVC-1076886542

SVC-1076886561

Fig. 7. West-Algeria (2012) network with FACTS


The power flow calculation of the system with insertion of device TCSC in the line chosen according to the criteria of the line (24-26), and both SVCs in bus 4 and 85, the results obtained are in figures 8 and 9.

Fig. 8. Bus voltage of the West-Algeria (2012) network, with FACTS

Fig. 9. Active losses in the West-Algeria (2012) network, with FACTS

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101

106

111

116

121

126

131

136


4. Interpretation

Table 2. Results Comparison of series compensation

Results Without TCSC With TCSC Better Branch emplacement

Active losses [MW] 63,5531 58,1179 (24-26)

Table 3. Results Comparison of parallel compensation

Bus number Voltage Without

SVC [pu] Voltage With

SVC [pu]

04 1,09 1.00 85 0,63 0,99

According to the results obtained table.2 we notices that the total system losses decreased by 63, 5531 MW to 58,

1179 MW, That is to say a profit of 5, 4352 MW. This reduction is obtained with device TCSC between the lines (24-26) which corresponds to the optimal location. This last is not arbitrary because, we chose it among other sites by respecting the criteria of insertion of the controller.

We justified the criteria of the site choice of this device, because it is about a strategic line 220 kV in the West-

Algeria network, which feeds the south-west area. Then we will solve the problem of power flow for a whole area not only one point it is for that our choice is profitable.

With the parallel compensation, the results obtained in Table.3 show clearly that the voltages are improved, the

overvoltage of bus 04 decreases by 1,09 to 1,00 and voltage drop of node 85 increased by 0,63 pu to 0,99 and this has been achieved by the presence of the two SVC at these two bus.

5. Conclusion

This study presents and explains the control of the active power and the improvement of the quality of the voltage in a system of energy by controllers FACTS containing the power electronics. The FACTS chosen for this control are the TCSC and SVC devices. The TCSC is a powerful and flexible system that provides benefits especially for long distance power transmission systems and the SVC device permet to minimize the losses in the transmission system. The simulation carried out on west Algeria system validates the effectiveness of this FACTS. The simulation results show that by installing TCSC and SVC controllers at suitable locations, the system can be operated with voltage security even under severe line outages.

References

[1] Hamdaoui H. : Stabilisation des systèmes de puissance par des FACTS, Thesis of doctorat, Univ SBA, 2005. [2] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73. [3] I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New

York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350. [4] E.Acha ,C R Ferte-Esquivel,H Ambriz-Perez , Angles-Camacho,"FACTS modeling and simulation in power networks". John Wiley 2004,

p.171. [5] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press.


[6] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].

[7] G.MadhusudhanaRao, Dr.B.V.SankerRam, B.Sampath Kumar“TCSC designed optimal power flow using genetic algorithm“International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol.2(9), 2010, 4342-4349

[8] M. Young, The Technical Writer's Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.

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