The Operation Office of LERD Royal ProjectThe Operation Office of LERD Royal Project

Sufficient Economy in Perspective of Sufficient Economy in Perspective of Environment: A Case Study of the Environment: A Case Study of the

King’Innitiative Project on Laem Phak Bia King’Innitiative Project on Laem Phak Bia Environmental Research and Development in Environmental Research and Development in

Petchburi ProvincePetchburi ProvincePrepared ByPrepared By

Professor Dr. Kasem ChunkaoProfessor Dr. Kasem ChunkaoDean, College of EnvironmentDean, College of Environment

Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand y, g ,y, g ,LERD Royal Project DirectorLERD Royal Project Director

Environmental Advisor of The Office ofEnvironmental Advisor of The Office ofEnvironmental Advisor of The Office of Environmental Advisor of The Office of Chaipattana FoundationChaipattana Foundation

Sufficient EconomySufficient EconomyThe philosophy of sufficient economy has been developedThe philosophy of sufficient economy has been developed

and advocated for the past three decades by His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej based on HM’s accumulative experiences in rural development The emphasis of theexperiences in rural development. The emphasis of the philosophy is on the term “sufficiency”. According to His Majesty, sufficiency means “moderation, reasonableness, and the need for self-immunity for sufficient protection from y pimpact arising from internal and external changes. The philosophy of sufficiency economy includes three elements: moderation, reasonableness, and self-awareness and requires two conditions for the philosophy to work:requires two conditions for the philosophy to work: knowledge( knowledgeable, prudent, and careful) and virtues (loyal, honest, diligent, and share) in order to manage lives economy society balance stabilizationmanage ,lives, economy, society, balance, stabilization, and sustainability of people’s economic affairs.

Philosophy of Sufficient Economyp y y“middle path for day-to-day life and social processes”

moderation

bl self immunityreasonableness self immunity

k l d diti i t ditiknowledge condition(knowledgeable, prudent, careful)

virtues condition(loyal, honest, diligent, share)

take

to

lives/economy/society/balance/stable/sustainable

สรปปรชญาเศรษฐกจพอเพยง

ทางสายกลาง

พอประมาณ

มภมคมกนมเหตผล

มภมคมกน

ในตวทดเงอนไขความร เงอนไขคณธรรม(รอบร รอบคอบ

ระมดระวง)

(ซอสตย สจรต

ขยน แบงปน)

นาส

ชวต/เศรษฐกจ/สงคม/สมดล/มนคง/ยงยน

His Majesty the KingHis Majesty the Kingand Water Supplyand Water Supply t th P l fto the People of

Th il dThailand

7- Water Royal Projects11. Rain water.. Rain water. RainRain--making worksmaking works

7 Water Royal Projects gg

22.. Forest water.Forest water. Head watershed Head watershed

33. . LowlandLowland--flooded Water.flooded Water. DDugug--out pond or monkey cheek pondout pond or monkey cheek pond

44. Drought. Drought--storage water. storage water. PondPond33o, paddyo, paddy3030,upland,upland3030, housing, housing1010

55 Irrigated water Storage and diversion dams Irrigated water Storage and diversion dams55. Irrigated water. Storage and diversion dams. Irrigated water. Storage and diversion dams

66. Usable water.. Usable water. Storage and diversion damsStorage and diversion dams

77. Treated wastewater.. Treated wastewater. NatureNature--supportingsupporting--nature processes nature processes

EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration

TranspirationEvaporation

Precipitation

InfiltrationOcean

Percolation

Ground waterBase rock

Hydrologic cycle

ICE CRYSTALSICE CRYSTALS

thunderstormthunderstormICE CRYSTALSICE CRYSTALS

SOLARRADIATIONSOLARRADIATION

TURBULENCEANDINSTABILITY

TURBULENCEANDINSTABILITYINSTABILITYINSTABILITY

HIGH TEMPERATURESAND MOISTUREHIGH TEMPERATURESAND MOISTURE

CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATIONCONVECTIVE PRECIPITATIONCONVECTIVE PRECIPITATIONCONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION

Cyclonic PrecipitationCyclonic PrecipitationCyclonic PrecipitationCyclonic Precipitation

WARM FRONTWARM FRONTWARM AIRWARM AIR

COOLER AIRCOOLER AIRLOW INTENSITYLOW INTENSITY

FRONTAL SYSTEMFRONTAL SYSTEM

Cyclonic PrecipitationCyclonic Precipitation

COLDCOLD WARMWARM

COLD FRONTCOLD FRONT

COLDCOLD

AIRAIR

WARMWARM

AIRAIR

HIGH INTENSITYHIGH INTENSITY

FRONTAL SYSTEMFRONTAL SYSTEM

WINDWARD SIDEWINDWARD SIDE LEEWARD SIDELEEWARD SIDEWINDWARD SIDEWINDWARD SIDE LEEWARD SIDELEEWARD SIDE

WARMINGWARMINGANDANDANDAND

DRYINGDRYINGLIFTINGLIFTINGANDAND

COOLINGCOOLINGRAINRAINSHADOWSHADOW

OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATIONOROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATIONOROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATIONOROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION

Falling on Forested Falling on Forested Head WatershedHead Watershed

RainfallRainfall

Head WatershedHead Watershed

InterceptionInterception

ThroughfallThroughfall

StemflowStemflow

rainfall measurementrainfall measurementrainfall measurementrainfall measurement

stemflow measurementstemflow measurementthroughfall measurementthroughfall measurementthroughfall measurementthroughfall measurement

streamflowstreamflowstreamflowstreamflow

QQ

QQ1 1 = Q= Q2 2 + Q+ Q3 3 +……+……

QQ11

QQ22

11QQ33

WATER LEVEL RECORDINGWATER LEVEL RECORDINGระดบนา

1WATER LEVEL RECORDINGWATER LEVEL RECORDING

010

VERTICAL STAFF GAGEVERTICAL STAFF GAGE

V V –– NOTCH WEIR NOTCH WEIR ระดบนา

ลกษณะของลกษณะของ storm hydrographstorm hydrographลกษณะของลกษณะของ storm hydrographstorm hydrographPrecipitationPrecipitationCenter of massCenter of mass

Peak FlowPeak FlowTime ofTime ofConcentrationConcentration

Falling LimbFalling Limb

Time ofTime of

ConcentrationConcentration

e, c

fse,

cfs

Recession CurveRecession CurveStorm FlowStorm Flow

RiseRiseLagLagTimeTime

Rising LimbRising LimbDis

char

geD

isch

arge

Base FlowBase Flow

Separation CurveSeparation CurveRising LimbRising Limb

00TimeTime00

00

RAINFALLRAINFALL

CCBB

AA

DD DD

CCBB

QQ

PEAK DISCHARGEPEAK DISCHARGE

RAINFALLRAINFALL44

00

55

1010mm33 /s

ec)

/sec

)

nfal

l (m

m/h

r)nf

all (

mm

/hr)

RISING LIMBRISING LIMB

RECESSION LIMBRECESSION LIMBCC

22

331515

W D

ISC

HA

RG

E (m

W D

ISC

HA

RG

E (m

rain

rain

BASEFLOWBASEFLOW

AADD

BB

11

STR

EAM

FLO

WST

REA

MFL

OW

BASEFLOWBASEFLOW

00 11 22 33 44 5500

TIME (hrs)TIME (hrs)

Getting toGetting toGetting to Getting to U d t d thU d t d thUnderstand the Understand the

details of details of 77--water water Royal projectsRoyal projectsRoyal projectsRoyal projects

Royal Rain MakingRoyal Rain MakingPrecipitation Precipitation

y gy gpp

F WF WForest WaterForest Water

FloodFlood

d Wd WDry Period WaterDry Period Water

Irrigation Water Irrigation Water

Khun Mae Kuang Forest Development ProjectKhun Mae Kuang Forest Development Project

Phasak Multipurpose DamPhasak Multipurpose Dam

Huay Hong Krai Development CentreHuay Hong Krai Development Centre

U bl WU bl WUsable WaterUsable Water

Wastewater Wastewater

What Behind What Behind the Wastewater Treatmentthe Wastewater Treatmentthe Wastewater Treatment the Wastewater Treatment

by by NatureNature--AssistingAssisting--Nature ProcessesNature Processes

Human SettlementHuman SettlementHuman SettlementHuman Settlement

Floating Market

Water ConsumingWater Consumingate Co su gate Co su g

How Does the River Water How Does the River Water T b W ?T b W ?Turn to be Wastewater?Turn to be Wastewater?

1.1. Inorganic SaltsInorganic Salts2.2. Acid and AlkaliAcid and Alkali

7.7. Heated WaterHeated Water8.8. ColorsColors2.2. Acid and AlkaliAcid and Alkali

3.3. Organic MatterOrganic Matter44 S d d S lidS d d S lid

88 Co o sCo o s9.9. Toxic ChemicalsToxic Chemicals1010 Mi iMi i4.4. Suspended SolidsSuspended Solids

5.5. Floating SolidsFloating Solids10.10. MicroorganismsMicroorganisms11.11. Foam Producing Foam Producing

6.6. Grease and OilsGrease and Oils MattersMatters

11. Microorganism and digestion processes. Microorganism and digestion processes

2.2. Physical, chemical, biology, biochemical processes Physical, chemical, biology, biochemical processes

33 Photosynthesis ProcessesPhotosynthesis Processes

44. Thermo. Thermo--siphon processessiphon processes

33. Photosynthesis Processes. Photosynthesis Processes

55. Thermo. Thermo--osmosis processesosmosis processes

66. Oxygen diffusion of water flow over weir crest. Oxygen diffusion of water flow over weir crestygyg

88 Food Chain and Food Web theoriesFood Chain and Food Web theories

77. . Electron acceptElectron acceptor or theorytheory

88. . Food Chain and Food Web theoriesFood Chain and Food Web theories

C X H X

NH 3 CO 2

X X H 2 O

CH 3 SH CO S H 2 S DMS CS 2 CO 2 NO N 2 O N 2 C X H X NH 3 CH 4

(IGBP, (IGBP, 19901990))

rain

city, factories, crop cultivation,

livestock, aquaculture, etc.

forest crown, q ,

Throughfall Stemflow

wastewater Surface soil

soil + rock + minerals + water

riversSubsurface soil

il + k + i l + t

sea/oceansoil + rock + minerals + water

aquifer

watershed management for water management

Community Wastewater TreatmentCommunity Wastewater TreatmentSources

Pump/Drainage System

Wastewater Sump Pond

Wastewater Wastewater Combine Combine SystemSystem

Polishing Pond

Oxidation Pond

Sedimentation Pond

Sediment & Water Sediment & Water

Natural Water Resources

S di tS di tSedimentSedimentRecycle Using

Solid waste: garbage/refuse/rubbish/trash/litterSolid waste: garbage/refuse/rubbish/trash/litter

community garbagecommunity garbagey g gy g g

municipal wastemunicipal waste

commercial wastecommercial waste

institutional wasteinstitutional waste

biodegradable wastebiodegradable waste

agricultural wasteagricultural wasteagricultural wasteagricultural waste

hazardous wastehazardous waste

clinical waste/hospital waste/clinical waste/hospital waste/

recycling wasterecycling waste

chemical wastechemical waste

i d t i l ti d t i l tindustrial wasteindustrial waste

radioactive wasteradioactive waste

electronic wasteelectronic wasteelectronic wasteelectronic waste

junk wastejunk waste

3.1 มลฝอยทเนาเปอยงายไดแก ขยะทเปนสารอนทรย

(เศษอาหาร ซากพช ซากสตว กระดาษ ผา ไม เศษ(เศษอาหาร ซากพช ซากสตว กระดาษ ผา ไม เศษ

พชผก ฯลฯ

“Another Important problem concerns the environment. The matter of “Another Important problem concerns the environment. The matter of pollution and garbage has been studied Solutions are not difficult There ispollution and garbage has been studied Solutions are not difficult There ispollution and garbage has been studied. Solutions are not difficult. There is pollution and garbage has been studied. Solutions are not difficult. There is technology to do the job. It can be done in Thailand. …I am thinking of doing technology to do the job. It can be done in Thailand. …I am thinking of doing so, but still have to find the location for this…”so, but still have to find the location for this…”

“…I said earlier that wastewater could used in the agriculture sector. “…I said earlier that wastewater could used in the agriculture sector. However, it requires an area of about However, it requires an area of about 55,,000 000 rai to do it.. If someone donates rai to do it.. If someone donates 55,,000 000 rai of land closed to Bangkok for this purpose. It is possible to see the rai of land closed to Bangkok for this purpose. It is possible to see the project before retirement ”project before retirement ”project before retirement…project before retirement…

“…The project that will be undertaken can be done. The idea is “…The project that will be undertaken can be done. The idea is remove toxic such as heavy metals. There are ways to do it. Next concerns remove toxic such as heavy metals. There are ways to do it. Next concerns atmosphere, maybe aeration is not necessary. Wastewater can either be atmosphere, maybe aeration is not necessary. Wastewater can either be added in a pond or the grassland. Then turn grassland into grazing land. added in a pond or the grassland. Then turn grassland into grazing land. Part of that land is used for plantation…”Part of that land is used for plantation…”

The King’s speech The King’s speech 12 12 September September 19901990

Grass Filtration for Wastewater Treatment

Kala GrassCoscost Grass

Star Grass

oxidation pond for Wastewater Treatment

Natural Occurrence of

thermo-siphon process

AIR FLOW

Evaporation(583 gm-cal/gm-water)

AIR FLOW

OXYGEN

OXYGEN

Community Garbage Composting

by Concrete Box “the Royal Technology”

Separation TechniquesGarbage

Separation p q

t i t

Separation

organic waste recycle waste toxic wastes

hazardous waste clinic wasteclinic wastehazardous waste

การทาปยหมก

การฝงกลบตาม

การรไซเคล

การฝงกลบตาม การฝงกลบ การเผาดวย

clinic wasteclinic waste

หลกสขาภบาล หลกสขาภบาล แบบพเศษ อณหภมสง

In nature on the globeIn nature on the globeThe organic waste (the g (

same as community garbage) is digested by

i i thmicroorganisms, then turning to be the organicturning to be the organic

fertilizer for plant growingfertilizer for plant growing.

●● The microorganism liberated theThe microorganism liberated the●● The microorganism liberated the The microorganism liberated the enzymes to digest organic substance.enzymes to digest organic substance.

●● The microorganismThe microorganism absorbed into absorbed into the cells for growth and increasesthe cells for growth and increases..

Inorganic Substance

Organic Substance

MicroMicro--organism in organism in weather, waste etc.weather, waste etc.

Sediment + Gas OOGas OO22

Oxygen “Searching” Plant and Oxygen Plant and Oxygen

Transfers Transfers by Plantby Plant

yg gTechnology following The King’s initiated

by Plantby Plant

Organic substanceOrganic substanceOrganic substanceOrganic substance

MicroorganismsMicroorganismsMicroorganismsMicroorganisms

EnzymesEnzymesEnzymesEnzymes

Inorganic substance using by Inorganic substance using by plant and microorganismsplant and microorganismsInorganic substance using by Inorganic substance using by plant and microorganismsplant and microorganisms

The extraThe extra--cellular enzymes cellular enzymes

Organic debrisOrganic debris

must function in the environment must function in the environment outside the protection of the cell’s outside the protection of the cell’s wall and membranewall and membrane

EnzymesEnzymeswall and membrane. wall and membrane.

They could be to help in the They could be to help in the digestion large to small molecules digestion large to small molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, celluloses etc.celluloses etc.

Talaro, Talaro, 19931993

BB II OO CC HH EE MM II CC AA LL PP RR OO CC EE SS SS EE SS

FF aa tt ss CC HH OO NN SS CC aa rr bb oo hh yy dd rr aa tt ee

CC ee ll ll uu ll oo ss ee PP rr oo tt ee ii nn ss

com

posi

ng o

rgan

ism

ecom

posi

ngni

sm com

posi

ngni

sm

drat

e - d

ecom

posi

ngor

gani

sm

olyt

ic e

nzym

e

ic e

nzym

e

c en

zym

e

FF aa tt tt yy aa cc ii dd SS oo ll uu bb ll ee cc oo mm pp oo uu nn dd AA mm ii nn oo aa cc ii dd GG ll uu cc oo ss ee

Fat -

dec

Cel

lulo

se -

deor

gan

Prot

eins

- de

orga

n

Car

bohy

d

Lip

Cel

lulo

lyti

Prot

eoly

ti

SS oo ll uu bb ll ee OO rr gg aa nn ii cc

SS tt aa gg ee 11 HH YY DD RR OO GG EE NN EE SS II SS

AA cc ii dd ff oo rr mm ii nn gg bb aa cc tt ee rr ii aa (( ff aa cc uu ll tt aa tt ii vv ee bb aa cc tt ee rr ii aa aa nn aa ee rr oo bb ii cc ss ))

PP rr oo pp ii oo nn ii cc aa cc ii dd (( CC 22 HH 55 CC OO OO HH )) BB uu tt yy rr ii cc aa cc ii dd (( CC 33 HH 77 CC OO OO HH ))

++ HH 22 OO ++ HH 22 OO

AA c e tt ii c a c ii dd (( CC HH CC OO OO HH )) AA cc ee tt ii cc aa cc ii dd (( CC HH 33 CC OO OO HH ))

SS tt aa gg ee 22 AA CC II DD OO GG EE NN EE SS II SS

MM ee tt hh aa nn oo gg ee nn ii cc bb aa cc tt ee rr ii aa CC HH 33 CC OO OO HH ++ 33 OO 22 22 CC OO 22 ++ 22 HH 22 OO

CC HH 44 ++ CC OO 22

++ 44 HH 22 hh yy dd rr oo gg ee nn uu ll tt ii ll ii ss ii nn gg mm ee tt hh aa nn ee bb aa cc tt ee rr ii cc

CC HH 44 ++ 22 HH 22 OO SS tt aa gg ee 33 MM EE TT HH AA NN OO GG EE NN EE SS II SS

CarbohydrateCarbohydrateFatsFats C H O N SC H O N Sg

orga

nism

g or

gani

sm

nzym

enz

yme

CelluloseCellulose

osin

g os

ing

me

me

ProteinsProteins

osin

g os

ing

me

me

ate

ate

––or

gani

smor

gani

sm

ecom

posi

ngec

ompo

sing

Lipo

lytic

en

Lipo

lytic

en

e e ––

deco

mpo

deco

mpo

orga

nism

orga

nism

ulol

ytic

enz

yul

olyt

ic e

nzy

s s ––

deco

mpo

deco

mpo

orga

nism

orga

nism

eoly

tic e

nzym

eoly

tic e

nzym

Car

bohy

dra

Car

bohy

dra

com

posi

ng o

com

posi

ng o

Fat

Fat ––

dede

Cel

lulo

seC

ellu

lose oo

Cel

luC

ellu

Prot

eins

Prot

eins

oo

Prot

ePr

ote

dec

dec

Soluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compound Amino acidAmino acidAmino acidAmino acid GlucoseGlucoseGlucoseGlucoseFatty acidFatty acidFatty acidFatty acid Soluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compound Amino acidAmino acidAmino acidAmino acid Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose

Soluble OrganicSoluble Organic

Fatty acidFatty acidFatty acidFatty acid

A id f i b iA id f i b i (f l i b i bi )(f l i b i bi )Acid forming bacteriaAcid forming bacteria (facultative bacteria anaerobics)(facultative bacteria anaerobics)

Propionic acid (CPropionic acid (C22HH55COOH)COOH) Butyric acid (CButyric acid (C33HH77COOH)COOH)p (p ( 22 55 )) y (y ( 33 77 ))

+ H+ H22OO HH22O +O +Soluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compound Amino acidAmino acidAmino acidAmino acid GlucoseGlucoseGlucoseGlucoseFatty acidFatty acidFatty acidFatty acid

Acetic acid (CHAcetic acid (CH33COOH)COOH)Soluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compound Amino acidAmino acidAmino acidAmino acid Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose

Soluble OrganicSoluble Organic

Fatty acidFatty acidFatty acidFatty acid

Methanogenic bacteriaMethanogenic bacteria CHCH33COOH + COOH + 33OO2 2 22COCO2 2 + + 22HH22OO

CHCH4 4 ++ COCO22

++ 22HH OOCHCH

+ + 44HH2 2 Hydrogen ultilising Hydrogen ultilising methane bacteriamethane bacteria

Acetic acid (CHAcetic acid (CH33COOH)COOH)+ + 22HH22OOCHCH44

11. the project must be under the . the project must be under the p jp jprinciples of natureprinciples of nature--supportingsupporting--nature nature processes.processes.

22. Technology Simplicity . Technology Simplicity

pp

gy p ygy p yeveryone can make it.everyone can make it.

33. Low price and/or local . Low price and/or local materials being usablematerials being usablematerials being usable.materials being usable.

11 th j t t bth j t t b11.the project must be .the project must be d th i i ld th i i lunder the principles under the principles

of natureof nature assistingassistingof natureof nature--assistingassisting--nature processesnature processesnature processes,nature processes,

Photosynthesis ProcessesPhotosynthesis Processes

Photosynthesis Processes in NaturePhotosynthesis Processes in Nature

Chl h llChl h llChlorophyllChlorophyll

HH22OO ((โมเลกลนาโมเลกลนา))

COCO22 ((คารบอนไดออกไซดคารบอนไดออกไซด))

Nutrient (กลโคส)

O2 (ออกซเจน)

Principles of Nature-Supporting-Nature P

I i Di ti f

ProcessesInorganic

substances for aquatic plant

growth

Digestion of organic matters

in community wastewater

MicroMicro--organisms in organisms in community wastewatercommunity wastewater

OOOO22Aquatic plant with aerenchyma cells

Sediment + G

Aquatic plant Aquatic plant photosynthesisphotosynthesisGas photosynthesisphotosynthesis

oxygen products from naturally thermooxygen products from naturally thermo--siphon and siphon and phytoplankton photosynthesis processes as the energy phytoplankton photosynthesis processes as the energy

supply of bacteria for organic waste digestion in supply of bacteria for organic waste digestion in community wastewater community wastewater

ThermoThermo--Siphon ProcessSiphon Process

66COCO22 + + 66HH22O O →→ CC66HH1212OO66 + + 66OO2 2 + energy + energy

WindWind AirAir

ThermoThermo Siphon ProcessSiphon Process

Harvesting every 3 month

co2

OO22

Herbivore fished(3 fishes/sq.m)

co2

OO22 from Photosynthesisfrom PhotosynthesisBacteria

Organic Organic substancessubstances

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen products from naturally thermoOxygen products from naturally thermo--osmosis processes osmosis processes through the roots of aquatic plants and forms the rhizospherethrough the roots of aquatic plants and forms the rhizosphere

OO22 in atmospherein atmosphere

OO22 from Photosynthesisfrom Photosynthesis

Movement of OMovement of O O2 movement takes place Movement of OMovement of O22

RhizosphereRhizosphere

2 pthrough thermo-osmosis process

Water layerWater layerOxidized ZoneOxidized Zone

OO22

Soil layerSoil layer

RhizosphereRhizosphereRootRoot Reduce ZoneReduce Zone

22 TechnologyTechnology22.Technology .Technology Si li iSi li iSimplicity Simplicity

everyone can everyone can yymake it.make it.make it.make it.

ลกษณะบอบาบดทถกตอง(๑) สเหลยมผนผา (๒) ผนงทงสดานทามม 45 องศา (๓) ปรมาตรนาในบอ = LWD

W

45 องศาL D

D = d + h

d = depth of water

h = depth between water surface and top level of pond

ทองและฝาผนงอาจเปนดนอดแนนหรอกอซเมนตกไดและมทอนานาเขา-ออก

ปลอยปลากนพช

ตว ตอ ตร ม๓ ตว ตอ ตร.ม.

33 Low priceLow price33.Low price .Low price d/ l ld/ l land/or local and/or local

materials being materials being ggusable.usable.usable.usable.

Sketching of Oxidation Pond

W

45 degreesL D

D = d + h

d = depth of water

h = depth between water surface and top level of pond

BuiltBuilt--Earth Pond for Wastewater TreatmentEarth Pond for Wastewater Treatment

Three Herbivore Fi hFishes per

Square Meter

Rock Check Dam as Diversion Dam Rock Check Dam as Diversion Dam and Wastewater Treatmentand Wastewater Treatmentand Wastewater Treatmentand Wastewater Treatment

1 1 –– 2 2 m.m.

Flow DirectionFlow Direction

Flow DirectionFlow Direction

XX

XX33XX

Flow DirectionFlow Direction

1 1 –– 2 2 m.m.

Flow DirectionFlow Direction

ทศทางการไหลของนาทศทางการไหลของนา

XX

XX33XX

Flow DirectionFlow Direction

Rock Check Dam for Wastewater TreatmentRock Check Dam for Wastewater Treatment

Rock Check Dam for Community Rock Check Dam for Community Wastewater Treatment in Trang ProvinceWastewater Treatment in Trang Provincegg

Rock Check Dam for Wastewater TreatmentRock Check Dam for Wastewater Treatment

Shape of Rock Check DamShape of Rock Check DamShape of Rock Check DamShape of Rock Check Dam

Wooden Check DamWooden Check Dam Piggy diversion dam

U d t diUnderstandingth R l Lthe Royal Laem Phak Bia Project j

Backgroundg

11//99

This project was established in This project was established in 1991 1991 under under the initiation of His Majesty the King in a search the initiation of His Majesty the King in a search for solving environmental problems including for solving environmental problems including solid waste wastewater and mangrove forestsolid waste wastewater and mangrove forestsolid waste, wastewater, and mangrove forest solid waste, wastewater, and mangrove forest deterioration. deterioration.

22//99

The project area occupies the area approximately The project area occupies the area approximately p j p pp yp j p pp y160 160 hectares of former deserted salt farmlands and hectares of former deserted salt farmlands and deteriorated mangrove forests at Laem Phak Bia deteriorated mangrove forests at Laem Phak Bia SubSub district Ban Laem District Petchaburi Provincedistrict Ban Laem District Petchaburi ProvinceSubSub--district, Ban Laem District, Petchaburi Province.district, Ban Laem District, Petchaburi Province.

33//99

At LERD project science and knowledge to solve At LERD project science and knowledge to solve p j gp j gthe solid waste and wastewater problem were the solid waste and wastewater problem were researched and appropriate technologies were built researched and appropriate technologies were built based on disciplinarybased on disciplinarybased on disciplinary. based on disciplinary.

Physical MicrobiologyBotanical

Chemistry Education

SocialPublic Health

Ad i i t ti EconomicEngineering

Administration

44//99

There are four main technologies concerning g gwastewater treatment :

1) Lagoon treatment system1) Lagoon treatment system,

55//99

There are four main technologies concerning g gwastewater treatment :

2) Grass filtration system2) Grass filtration system,

66//99

There are four main technologies concerning g gwastewater treatment :

3) Constructed wetland system and3) Constructed wetland system, and

77//99

There are four main technologies concerning g gwastewater treatment :

4) Mangrove forest system4) Mangrove forest system.

88//99

There is one solid waste disposal technology: p gyconcrete box.

99//99

The Moreover, research projects at the project site also The Moreover, research projects at the project site also include assessment of environmental impact in the project include assessment of environmental impact in the project area and utilization of wastewater to grow plants and area and utilization of wastewater to grow plants and byproducts such as sludge from oxidation ponds to grow byproducts such as sludge from oxidation ponds to grow plants, fish farming in oxidation ponds, compost to restore plants, fish farming in oxidation ponds, compost to restore the environment of natural seashore, and paper pulp from the environment of natural seashore, and paper pulp from emergent plants harvested for system’s maintenance.emergent plants harvested for system’s maintenance.g yg y

11//33

11.. To study and research on science of solid To study and research on science of solid yywaste disposal and wastewater treatment by plant waste disposal and wastewater treatment by plant for the Phetchaburi municipality, to develop the for the Phetchaburi municipality, to develop the solid waste disposal and wastewater treatmentsolid waste disposal and wastewater treatmentsolid waste disposal and wastewater treatment solid waste disposal and wastewater treatment technologies from the findings, to construct technologies from the findings, to construct utilization means of the compost and treated utilization means of the compost and treated ppwastewater, and to study the impacts generated wastewater, and to study the impacts generated from the project,from the project,

22//33

22.. To study and research the social aspects of To study and research the social aspects of y py pthe Phetchaburi municipality including social the Phetchaburi municipality including social formation, public relations, and environment formation, public relations, and environment education The results are used for developmenteducation The results are used for developmenteducation. The results are used for development education. The results are used for development of models of society, public relation, and of models of society, public relation, and environmental education concerning separation of environmental education concerning separation of g pg pmunicipal solid waste and primary treatment of municipal solid waste and primary treatment of wastewater before being discharged into sewage wastewater before being discharged into sewage s stems stemsystem.system.

33//33

33.. To develop handbooks for dissemination of To develop handbooks for dissemination of ppdeveloped technologies of municipal solid waste developed technologies of municipal solid waste and wastewater treatment. These include and wastewater treatment. These include handbooks on making compost from solid waste;handbooks on making compost from solid waste;handbooks on making compost from solid waste; handbooks on making compost from solid waste; wastewater treatment systems of oxidation ponds wastewater treatment systems of oxidation ponds or lagoon treatment, grass and plant filtration, or lagoon treatment, grass and plant filtration, g , g p ,g , g p ,constructed wetland, and mangrove forest constructed wetland, and mangrove forest filtration; social formation, public relations, and filtration; social formation, public relations, and en ironmental ed cationen ironmental ed cationenvironmental education.environmental education.

11//33

19911991--1995 1995 The feasibility of the project and types of research needed The feasibility of the project and types of research needed

were conducted.were conducted.

22//33

1996 1996 -- 2000 2000 -- The project applied the research results to build the The project applied the research results to build the

concrete box solid waste disposal and wastewater treatment concrete box solid waste disposal and wastewater treatment using oxidation ponds and plants (grass filtration, water plant, using oxidation ponds and plants (grass filtration, water plant, constructed wetlands, and mangrove forest).constructed wetlands, and mangrove forest).

-- The studies of social characteristics, public relations, The studies of social characteristics, public relations, and environmental education to disseminate theand environmental education to disseminate theand environmental education to disseminate the and environmental education to disseminate the aforementioned technologies and knowledge and were also aforementioned technologies and knowledge and were also conducted during this period. conducted during this period.

- Development of models for research and study of social characteristics, public relations, and environmental education were conducted in order to implement the project p p jto other regions of the country.

33//33

2000 2000 -- The developed technologies have been widely The developed technologies have been widely

handed out to the public.handed out to the public.R i l h d d t ti t fR i l h d d t ti t f-- Regional research and demonstration centers for Regional research and demonstration centers for

dissemination of the technologies were designated to dissemination of the technologies were designated to seven provinces through out the country. seven provinces through out the country. g yg y

Layout of Concrete Box Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Layout of Concrete Box Municipal Solid Waste Disposal System.System.System.System.

3.00 m.

Leachate sump

0.40 x 0.40 m.

Leachate drainage pipe ∅ 2 inch.

1.50 m.

SIDE VIEW

Slope 1:100

3.00 m. 2.00 m.

1 50 m

Concrete block with cement coating

2.00 m.

1.50 m.

Fertilizer way outFertilizer way out

TOP VIEW FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW

Concrete box technology is Concrete box technology is a a municipal solid waste municipal solid waste disposal technology that scales down the system ofdisposal technology that scales down the system ofdisposal technology that scales down the system of disposal technology that scales down the system of sanitary landfill spatially and temporally.sanitary landfill spatially and temporally.

The distinction of this system is the utilization of The distinction of this system is the utilization of ddi h il l t t t h i bi lddi h il l t t t h i bi lreddish soil as electron acceptor to enhance microbial reddish soil as electron acceptor to enhance microbial

activities.activities.

Layout of Concrete Box Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Layout of Concrete Box Municipal Solid Waste Disposal System.System.System.System.

66) ) 100 100 liters of water is added initially and an liters of water is added initially and an additional additional 30 30 liters is added every liters is added every 7 7 days:days:

Inner concrete boxInner concrete boxInner concrete boxInner concrete box

55) Reddish soil cover ) Reddish soil cover 15 15 cm.cm.

11))

Inner concrete boxInner concrete boxInner concrete boxInner concrete box

33) Solid waste ) Solid waste 660660 670670 kk

44) Reddish soil ) Reddish soil 210 210 kg.kg.

99) Wood charcoal) Wood charcoal

11))77))

22)) Fine sand Fine sand 20 20 cm.cm.

660660--670 670 kgkg..

88) Leachate sump) Leachate sump

99) Wood charcoal) Wood charcoal

77) Leachate drainage pipe) Leachate drainage pipe11) Concrete block with cement coating) Concrete block with cement coating : : W x L x H = W x L x H = 2 2 x x 3 3 x x 11..5 5 m.m.

With and Without Adding Solid EM (Effective Microorganisms) With and Without Adding Solid EM (Effective Microorganisms) were Conducted, and Found That There is no Need to Add EM were Conducted, and Found That There is no Need to Add EM Because of All Species of Decomposing Bacteria are Living in the Because of All Species of Decomposing Bacteria are Living in the Tropical Solid Waste.Tropical Solid Waste.

Cellulose – decomposing microorganisms

Fat Fat –– decomposing decomposing microorganismsmicroorganisms

Carbohydrate – decomposing microorganism

Proteins – decomposing microorganisms

1%

The Municipal Garbage Contains :The Municipal Garbage Contains : 100100%%

44%

1%

1%

54%

2020%%Organic Recycling Hazardous Other

Max moisture of organic waste by weightMax moisture of organic waste by weight 7474 %%

2020%%

Max moisture of organic waste by weight Max moisture of organic waste by weight 74 74 %%

Wet Organics Waste Becoming to Compost Wet Organics Waste Becoming to Compost 2020% Wet Weight. % Wet Weight.

Maturity of Solid Waste Compost :Maturity of Solid Waste Compost :

Separated organic waste Separated organic waste 30 30 days.days.NonNon--separated solid waste separated solid waste 90 90 days.days.Maximum heat of fermentation Maximum heat of fermentation 7777°°C.C. ra

ture

(°C

)Te

mpe

Day

Compost Nutrients :Compost Nutrients :Day

N : P : K = N : P : K = 20 20 : : 1 1 : : 11If more fruits in solid waste, If more fruits in solid waste,

h h i dh h i dphosphorus increased.phosphorus increased.

The compost can be utilized as a substitute for chemicalThe compost can be utilized as a substitute for chemicalThe compost can be utilized as a substitute for chemical The compost can be utilized as a substitute for chemical fertilizer to grow flowers. fertilizer to grow flowers.

Aquatic Plant in Wetland EcosystemsAquatic Plant in Wetland Ecosystems

Emergent plantEmergent plant O2 is adding into water

WasteWaste

through thermo-siphon process

Water layerWater layerHorizontal Horizontal flowflow OO22

Soil layerSoil layerVertical flowVertical flow

RhizophereRhizophere

Sand layerSand layer

F t Z

Agricultural Industrial ZoneW tl d

Forest Zone

Wetland

AgriculturalAgriculturalForest Zone Human SettlementHuman Settlement

Industrial ZoneIndustrial Zone

AgriculturalAgricultural

Human SettlementHuman SettlementIndustrial ZoneIndustrial Zone

The natural selfThe natural self--purification processes or naturepurification processes or nature--

supportingsupporting--nature processes nature processes

Aeration ProcessesAeration Processes Aeration ProcessesAeration Processes

-- Water flow (velocity, distance, based surface)Water flow (velocity, distance, based surface)

Ph t th ti Ph t th ti -- Photosynthetic processesPhotosynthetic processes

Sedimentation ProcessesSedimentation Processes

The digestion organic substance by The digestion organic substance by

microorganisms processesmicroorganisms processes

The water transfer by wind and thermal processesThe water transfer by wind and thermal processes

Sources

Pump/Drainage System

Wastewater Sump Pond

Wastewater Wastewater Combine Combine SystemSystem

Polishing Pond

Oxidation Pond

Sedimentation Pond

Sediment & Water Sediment & Water

Natural Water Resources

S di tS di tSedimentSedimentRecycle Using

OO22 sunlightsunlight

aerobicaerobicAlgaeAlgae

OO COCO NHNH POPO HH OO

facultativefacultative

OO22

bacteriabacteria

COCO22, NH, NH33, PO, PO44, H, H22OO

anaerobicanaerobicWastewater inputWastewater input

Settleable solidSettleable solid

The Characteristic of Water Drainage The Characteristic of Water Drainage i Th L T t t S ti Th L T t t S tin The Lagoon Treatment Systemin The Lagoon Treatment System

InfluencesInfluencesSedimentationPond

OxidationPond

PolishingPond EffluencesEffluences

SedimentationSedimentationP dP d

OxidationOxidationP dP d

PolishingPolishingP dP dPondPond PondPond PondPond

InfluencesInfluences

EffluencesEffluencesEffluencesEffluencesNatural Water Natural Water ResourcesResources

Drainage Way Between PondDrainage Way Between Pond

Evaporation (Evaporation (583 583 gmgm--cal/gmcal/gm--water)water)

Air FlowAir Flow

OxygenOxygen

The cooler waterThe cooler waterThe cooler water would have weightless than hot water

The cooler water would have weightless than hot water

OxygenOxygen

Emergent plantEmergent plant O2 is adding into water

WasteWaste

through thermo-siphon process

Water layerWater layerHorizontal Horizontal flowflow OO22

Soil layerSoil layerVertical flowVertical flow

RhizophereRhizophere

Sand layerSand layer

OO22 in atmospherein atmosphere

OO22 from Photosynthesisfrom Photosynthesis

Movement of OMovement of O O2 movement takes place Movement of OMovement of O22

RhizosphereRhizosphere

2 pthrough thermo-osmosis process

Water layerWater layerOxidized ZoneOxidized Zone

OO22

Soil layerSoil layer

RhizosphereRhizosphereRootRoot Reduce ZoneReduce Zone

ThermoThermo--Siphon ProcessSiphon Process

66COCO22 + + 66HH22O O →→ CC66HH1212OO66 + + 66OO2 2 + energy + energy

WindWind AirAir

ThermoThermo Siphon ProcessSiphon Process

Harvesting every 3 month

co2

OO22

Herbivore fished(3 fishes/sq.m)

co2

OO22 from Photosynthesisfrom PhotosynthesisBacteria

Organic Organic substancessubstances

Carbon dioxide

Wastewater from Phetchaburi municipality is conveyed Wastewater from Phetchaburi municipality is conveyed to the project site for the distance ofto the project site for the distance of 1818 55 km from thekm from theto the project site for the distance of to the project site for the distance of 1818..5 5 km. from the km. from the pump station at Ban Klong Yang, Muang District pump station at Ban Klong Yang, Muang District through a through a 60 60 cm.cm.-- diameter high density polyethylene diameter high density polyethylene (HDPE) i li(HDPE) i li(HDPE) pipeline.(HDPE) pipeline.

The lagoon treatment serves as a wastewater treatment system of The lagoon treatment serves as a wastewater treatment system of the the 60 60 % municipality areas of Phetchaburi. % municipality areas of Phetchaburi.

EffluentOutlet

It is a facultative type It is a facultative type designed with treatmentdesigned with treatment

OxidationPond 1

StabilizationPond

Outlet

designed with treatment designed with treatment capacity capacity 1010,,000 000 mm33/day. /day. Oxidation

Pond 2

OxidationPond 3

Pond

SedimentationPond

Pond 3

InfluentThe system occupies an area ofThe system occupies an area of 154154,,178178..55 mm22Influent

InletThe system occupies an area of The system occupies an area of 154154,,178178..5 5 mm

Spillways are used as an outlet structure so that effluent wastewater overflows from one pond and enters to the next from the bottom

EffluentOutletO di t dO di t d 33 id ti did ti d Oxidation

Pond 1

StabilizationPond

Outlet

SpillwaySpillway

One sediment pond, One sediment pond, 3 3 oxidation ponds, oxidation ponds, and one stabilizing pond. and one stabilizing pond.

OxidationPond 2

OxidationPond 3

PondSedimentation Sedimentation pondpond

Oxidation Oxidation pond pond 11, , 22, , 33

Stabilization Stabilization pond pond

SedimentationPond

Pond 3

Influent

Influent Influent InletInlet

Effluent Effluent OutletOutlet

InfluentInlet

2121--28 28 days of hydraulic retention timesdays of hydraulic retention times

1)1) Treatment efficiency at Treatment efficiency at 85 85 -- 9090% for five% for five--oxidation ponds with oxidation ponds with detention time of detention time of 5 5 –– 7 7 days, and also no harm done with the days, and also no harm done with the mangrove forest by its effluent,mangrove forest by its effluent,g yg y

22)) Three oxidation ponds is recommended to apply in all parts of Three oxidation ponds is recommended to apply in all parts of the country.the country.

33)) Phytoplankton and algae consumers to be pertained in the Phytoplankton and algae consumers to be pertained in the oxidation ponds at oxidation ponds at 3 3 fishes per square meter (sq.m.).fishes per square meter (sq.m.).

44)) Under standard level of toxic elements in fish products, and Under standard level of toxic elements in fish products, and also withoutalso without

This system is designed and operated based on This system is designed and operated based on functions and structures of natural wetlands and functions and structures of natural wetlands and ecology systemsecology systemsecology systems. ecology systems.

That is, the natural settings of grassland areas is That is, the natural settings of grassland areas is scaled down to construct.scaled down to construct.

Two vegetation groups are planted.Two vegetation groups are planted.

11 G f ( )G f ( )11. Grass filtration (animal seed). Grass filtration (animal seed)

22. Plant filtration. Plant filtration

Layout and Cross Section View of the Grass Filtration SystemLayout and Cross Section View of the Grass Filtration SystemLayout and Cross Section View of the Grass Filtration SystemLayout and Cross Section View of the Grass Filtration SystemSetting pond (W x L x D = Setting pond (W x L x D = 1 1 x x 5 5 x x 00..3 3 m.)m.)

Cell (W x L x D = Cell (W x L x D = 5 5 x x 100 100 x x 11..20 20 m.)m.)Overflow Overflow spillwayspillway

InletInletOutletOutlet

B idthB idth 5050InletInlet

S tti dS tti d PVC perforated pipePVC perforated pipeBerm width Berm width 50 50 cm.cm.Water operation levelWater operation level

Setting pondSetting pond PVC perforated pipePVC perforated pipeOverflow spillwayOverflow spillway

Compact coarse Compact coarse sand sand 20 20 cm.cm.

Mixed soil and sand (Mixed soil and sand (3 3 : : 11) ) 50 50 cm.cm.

Compacted ground and Compacted ground and slope slope 1 1 : : 11,,000000

Substrate, Inlet, and Outlet Structures Operation of The Grass Filtration System.

Substrate, Inlet, and Outlet Structures Operation of The Grass Filtration System.

Inlet structure

Coarse sandMixed soil and sand (3 : 1) layar 50 cm.

Coarse sand layar 30 cm.

Coarse sand layar 10 cm.

Gravel size ½ - 1 inch. Gravel size

2 - 3 inch.

Outlet structure

Plant found proper species :Plant found proper species :

Typha, Thoop Reu Si Typha, Thoop Reu Si ((Typha angustifoliaTypha angustifolia Linn )Linn )

Cat Tail, Kok Klom Cat Tail, Kok Klom ((Cyperus corymbosusCyperus corymbosus Rottb.)Rottb.)((Typha angustifoliaTypha angustifolia Linn.)Linn.) ((Cyperus corymbosusCyperus corymbosus Rottb.)Rottb.)

Vetiver, Ya FaekVetiver, Ya Faek((Vetiveria zizanioidesVetiveria zizanioides Nash.)Nash.)

55 days of hydraulic retention timesdays of hydraulic retention times5 5 days of hydraulic retention timesdays of hydraulic retention timesThe water level storage at The water level storage at 30 30 centimeters centimeters The efficiency of system about The efficiency of system about 90 90 percentspercents

Grasses found proper species : Grasses found proper species :

Kalla grassKalla grass Dixie grassDixie grassKalla grass Kalla grass ((LeptochloLeptochloa fuscaa fusca))

gg((Sporobolus verginnicusSporobolus verginnicus))

Star grassStar grass((Cynodon plectostacyusCynodon plectostacyus))

5 5 days of hydraulic retention timesdays of hydraulic retention timesThe water level storage at The water level storage at 30 30 centimeters centimeters The efficiency of system about The efficiency of system about 90 90 percentspercents

gg

Thi i f f ll l d hThi i f f ll l d hThis system is a free water surface two cell wetland system that This system is a free water surface two cell wetland system that has been designed to handle a maximum of has been designed to handle a maximum of 3737..5 5 mm3 3 community community wastewater per day. wastewater per day.

Each cell is physically the same but operationally different. Each cell is physically the same but operationally different. This wetland is a shallow basin (This wetland is a shallow basin (3030 cm operating water depth)cm operating water depth)This wetland is a shallow basin (This wetland is a shallow basin (30 30 cm operating water depth) cm operating water depth) with with 25 25 x x 25 25 cm growing distance of vegetation.cm growing distance of vegetation.

Layout and Cross Section View of the Constructed Wetland SystemLayout and Cross Section View of the Constructed Wetland System

Setting pond (W x L x D = Setting pond (W x L x D = 1 1 x x 5 5 x x 00..3 3 m.)m.)

Cell (W x L x D = Cell (W x L x D = 5 5 x x 25 25 x x 11..20 20 m.)m.)Overflow Overflow spillwayspillway

InletInletOutletOutlet

Berm width Berm width 50 50 cm.cm.InletInlet

Setting pondSetting pond PVC perforated pipePVC perforated pipeWater operation levelWater operation level Overflow spillwayOverflow spillway

Compact coarse Compact coarse sand sand 20 20 cm.cm.

Mixed soil and sand (Mixed soil and sand (3 3 : : 11) ) 50 50 cm.cm.

Compacted ground and Compacted ground and slope slope 1 1 : : 11,,000000

There are two methods to operate this system. There are two methods to operate this system.

Closed system.Closed system.The influent overflows into the cell and no effluent is The influent overflows into the cell and no effluent is discharged out of the system. The volume of wastewater discharged out of the system. The volume of wastewater influent added daily equates to the volume evaporated. influent added daily equates to the volume evaporated. This operational method can handle This operational method can handle 22--22..5 5 mm33 /day (/day (1515--20 20

Th d ti l th d i i fl t t bTh d ti l th d i i fl t t b

persons/day)persons/day)

Continuous flow system.Continuous flow system.The second operational method requires new influent to be The second operational method requires new influent to be added at the flow rate of added at the flow rate of 75 75 liters per minute until the water liters per minute until the water level reaches level reaches 30 30 cm. When replaced by new influent the cm. When replaced by new influent the effluent is discharged at the rear end though the PVC pipeeffluent is discharged at the rear end though the PVC pipeeffluent is discharged at the rear end though the PVC pipe. effluent is discharged at the rear end though the PVC pipe. This operational method can handle This operational method can handle 3737..5 5 mm33/day (/day (200200--230 230 persons/day)persons/day)

Typha, Thoop Reu Si Typha, Thoop Reu Si ((Typha angustifoliaTypha angustifolia Linn )Linn )

Cat Tail, Kok Klom Cat Tail, Kok Klom ((Cyperus corymbosusCyperus corymbosus Rottb )Rottb )((Typha angustifoliaTypha angustifolia Linn.)Linn.) ((Cyperus corymbosusCyperus corymbosus Rottb.)Rottb.)

1 1 days of hydraulic retention timesdays of hydraulic retention times

Th t l l t tTh t l l t t 3030 ti tti tThe efficiency of system about at The efficiency of system about at 85 85 percents percents f ti fl t df ti fl t d 100100 tt

The water level storage at The water level storage at 30 30 centimeters centimeters

for continuous flow system and for continuous flow system and 100 100 percents percents for close system.for close system.

The mangrove filtration system is constructed based on the The mangrove filtration system is constructed based on the knowledge of the capability of mangrove to treat wastewater. knowledge of the capability of mangrove to treat wastewater.

The process is the combination of plant, aquatic lives, water and The process is the combination of plant, aquatic lives, water and soil, and microorganisms mechanisms. soil, and microorganisms mechanisms.

The special root systems that can fix and release The special root systems that can fix and release oxygen from the water.oxygen from the water.

EffluentEffluent

100 m. 100 m.

Natural mangroveNatural mangroveNaturalmangrove

Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora apiculata

Natural mangrovemixed with newplantation

EffluentInfluent

Avicennia spp.

Bruguiera cylindrical Bruguiera cylindrical

Avicennia spp.Newplantation

Ceriops tagal Ceriops tagal

Influent Influent

22) White Mangrove, Sa Mae () White Mangrove, Sa Mae (Avicennia spp.Avicennia spp.)) 1111) Red Mangrove, Khong Khang () Red Mangrove, Khong Khang (Rhizophora spp.Rhizophora spp.))

33) Tua Khaow () Tua Khaow (Bruguiera cylindricaBruguiera cylindrica) )

44) Prong Daeng () Prong Daeng (Ceriops tagalCeriops tagal))

223344

44) Prong Daeng () Prong Daeng (Ceriops tagalCeriops tagal) )

44

Mangrove Plants found proper species :Mangrove Plants found proper species :

Red Mangrove, Khong Khang Red Mangrove, Khong Khang ((Rhizophora spp.Rhizophora spp.))

White Mangrove, Sa Mae White Mangrove, Sa Mae ((Avicennia spp.Avicennia spp.))(( p ppp pp ))

The efficiency can only be provided the proportion The efficiency can only be provided the proportion between wastewater and Marine water with the ratio between wastewater and Marine water with the ratio ofof 5050 :: 5050 by volume for the research results.by volume for the research results.of of 50 50 : : 50 50 by volume for the research results.by volume for the research results.

The water quality of Petchaburi River were The water quality of Petchaburi River were changed from Surface Water Resource Typechanged from Surface Water Resource Typechanged from Surface Water Resource Type changed from Surface Water Resource Type level level 5 5 to level to level 22--33, (bad to good), (bad to good)

Non effective to the natural mangrove Non effective to the natural mangrove forest and aquatic live.forest and aquatic live.

11..2 2 Millions baht from fish aquaculture in lagoonMillions baht from fish aquaculture in lagoon

MammalsMammals 44 speciesspeciesMammals Mammals 4 4 speciesspecies

Reptile Reptile 7 7 speciesspecies

Amphibians Amphibians 4 4 speciesspecies

pp pp

Birds >Birds >210 210 speciesspecies

FishFish 2626 speciesspeciesFish Fish 26 26 speciesspecies

Crab Crab 12 12 speciesspecies

Shellfish Shellfish 7 7 speciesspecies

pp

The coastal area increased more thanThe coastal area increased more than 390390 rais orrais orThe coastal area increased more than The coastal area increased more than 390 390 rais or rais or 6262..4 4 ha. in ha. in 16 16 years ago.years ago.

“W t t B Cl“W t t B Cl“W t t B Cl“W t t B Cl“Wastewater Becomes Clean “Wastewater Becomes Clean through the Laem Phak Bia”through the Laem Phak Bia”“Wastewater Becomes Clean “Wastewater Becomes Clean through the Laem Phak Bia”through the Laem Phak Bia”through the Laem Phak Biathrough the Laem Phak Biathrough the Laem Phak Biathrough the Laem Phak Bia

Professor Dr.Kasem Chunkao Professor Dr.Kasem Chunkao Project DirectorProject Director