▪ Simian Immunodeficiency Virus– Multiple trans-specific crossover events over the past 200 years

(recent)▪ Largely associated with bushmeat practices

▪ Established foothold with increase in population and travel

– Crossover events occurred enough to establish HIV-1 and HIV-2, and multiple subgroups therein.▪ Demonstrates occurrence is not rare.

– Partly due to the high mutation rate of HIV/SIV, CRF ability▪ Imparts ability to develop ART resistance/hybridize ART resistance.

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– SIV shows in vitro growth within humans

– 31% of simians infected with SIV reacted to HIV antigens

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▪ Afran, L., Garcia Knight, M., Nduati, E., Urban, B. C., Heyderman, R. S., & Rowland‐Jones, S. L. (2014). HIV‐exposed uninfected children: a growing population with a vulnerable immune system? Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 176(1), 11-22.

▪ Apetrei, C., Robertson, D. L., & Marx, P. A. (2004). The history of SIVS and AIDS: epidemiology, phylogeny and biology of isolates from naturally SIV infected non-human primates (NHP) in Africa. Front Biosci, 9, 225-254.

▪ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). HIV Cost-effectiveness. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/ongoing/costeffectiveness.

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▪ Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (2014). The gap report. Geneva: UNAIDS.

▪ Ma, D., Jasinska, A., Kristoff, J., Grobler, J. P., Turner, T., Jung, Y., ... & Apetrei, C. (2013). SIVagm infection in wild African green monkeys from South Africa: epidemiology, natural history, and evolutionary considerations. PLoS Pathog, 9(1), e1003011.

▪ Ortblad, K. F., Lozano, R., & Murray, C. J. (2013). The burden of HIV: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. AIDS (London, England),27 (13), 2003.

▪ Peeters, Martine, et al. "Risk to human health from a plethora of simian immunodeficiency viruses in primate bushmeat." Emerg Infect Dis (2002).

▪ South African National AIDS Council (SANAC) and National Department of Health (DoH) (2012). Global AIDS Response Progress Report: Republic of South Africa (2012).

▪ Simbayi, L. C., Shisana, O., Rehle, T., Onoya, D., Jooste, S., Zungu, N., & Zuma, K. (2014). South African national HIV prevalence, incidence and behaviour survey, 2012. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.

▪ Shackleton, Charlie M., et al. "The importance of dry woodlands and forests in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa." Forest Policy and Economics 9.5 (2007): 558-577.

▪ Wouters, E., Heunis, C., Ponnet, K., Van Loon, F., Booysen, F. R., van Rensburg, D., & Meulemans, H. (2010). Who is accessing public-sector anti-retroviral treatment in the Free State, South Africa? An exploratory study of the first three years of programme implementation. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 387.