The Once and Future Internet of...
Transcript of The Once and Future Internet of...
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The Once and Future Internet of EveryThing…
David E. CullerUniversity of California, Berkeley
NRC Symposium on Continuing Innovation in Information Technology
March 5, 2015National Academy of Sciences
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In 1999, we said “…… in 15 years we will have connected all the people on the planet and we will have the technology to connect all the things.”
3/5/15 NRC 2
Computers People Everything
Cost toConnect
ThingsConnected
$100
$1
1¢
10M
1B
10B
1T
100B
2000 2010 20201990
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The Internet in 1999
NRC
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2007 - The Internet of Every Body
NRC
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2013: Many Things
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WiFiLoWPAN
BLE
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A Device / $ Centric Perspective
SmartDustWeC
9998 00 01 0302 04
sens
ITE
xped
ition
NET
S/
NO
SS
CEN
S ST
C
NSF
Intelrene’
XBOWrene2
Intel/UCBdot
NE
ST
Mica
XBOWmicaZ
Dust Incblue cc-TI
XBOWcc-dot
XBOWmica2
Intelcf-mica
Boschcc-mica
digital sunrain-mica
XBOWmica
Rene
8 kB rom½ kB ram
48 kB rom10 kB ram802.15.4
trio
0605 07
Cyb
er-
Phys
ical
Epic
09
3/5/15 NRC
DS
N ‘7
8
DARPA
WINS
BLE
WIFI
Telos
LoW
PAN
/IPv6
IETF
RP
L
11 1513
512 kB rom64 kB ram802.15.4BTLE
Storm
PRIMARY SPI
2xIRQ
4xPWM
6xADCVREF +/-
USART+ FLOW CTL
USAR
T+ FLO
W C
TL
USAR
T+ FLO
W C
TL
I2C
I2C
USB
POWER CFG
PARALLEL IO +SYNC CAPTURE
GPIO
GP
IO
EX
T. A
NT
GP
IO
JTA
G
MCU
RADIOFLASH
EXT. ANT
XTAL
BLE
LoWPAN
sensoria
IEEE
802.
15.4
InteliMOTE
zeevo BT
IntelMOTE2
BTNode
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Leading Internet Research Perspective ~ 1999
• “Resource constraints may cause us to give up the layered architecture.”
• “Sheer numbers of devices, and their unattended deployment, will preclude reliance on broadcast communication or the configuration currently needed to deploy and operate networked devices.”
• “There are significant robustness and scalability advantages to designing applications using localized algorithms.”
• “Unlike traditional networks, a sensor node may not need an identity (e.g. address).”
• “It is reasonable to assume that sensor networks can be tailored to the application at hand.”
3/5/15 NRC
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Key WSN Research Developments• Event-Driven Component-Base Operating System
– Framework for building System & Network abstractions– Low-Power Protocols (do nothing well)– Hardware and Application Specific
• Idle listening– All the energy is consumed by listening for a packet to receive=> Turn radio on only when there is something to hear
• Reliable routing on Low-Power & Lossy Links– Power, Range, Obstructions => multi-hop– Always at edge of SNR => loss is common=> monitoring, retransmission, and local rerouting (routing diversity)
• Trickle – don’t flood (tx rate < 1/density, and < info change)
– Connectivity is determined by physical points of interest, not network designer.
– never naively respond to a broadcast– re-broadcast very very politely
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Internet of Things – Realized 2008
• Footprint, power, packet size, & bandwidth
• Open version 27k / 4.6k
ROM RAMCC2420 Driver 3149 272
802.15.4 Encryption 1194 101Media Access Control 330 9
Media Management Control 1348 206LoWPAN + IPv6 2550 0
Checksums 134 0SLAAC 216 32
DHCPv6 Client 212 3DHCPv6 Proxy 104 2
ICMPv6 522 0Unicast Forwarder 1158 451
Multicast Forwarder 352 4Message Buffers 0 2048
Router 2050 106UDP 450 6TCP 1674 50
(including runtime)
* Production implementation on TI msp430/cc2420
24038 ROM3598 RAM
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Storage ProcessingWireless SensorsWSN mote platform
Framework abstractions to emerge
Radio Serial
Flash ADC, Sensor I/F
MCU, Timers, Bus,…
Link
NetworkProtocols Blocks,
Logs, FilesScheduling,
ManagementStreaming
drivers
Over-the-air Programming
Applications and Services
Communication CentricResource-ConstrainedEvent-driven Execution
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NRC 11
3 Basic Solution Techniques• Scheduled Listening
– Arrange a schedule of communication Time Slots– Maintain coordinated clocks and schedule– Listen during specific “slots”– Many variants:
» Aloha, Token-Ring, TDMA, Beacons, Bluetooth piconets, …
» S-MAC, T-MAC, PEDAMACS, TSMP, FPS, …• Sampled Listening
– Listen for very short intervals to detect eminent transmissions
– On detection, listen actively to receive– DARPA packet radio, LPL, BMAC, XMAC, …– Maintain “always on” illusion, Robust
• Listen after send (with powered infrastructure)– After transmit to a receptive device, listen for a short
time– Many variants: 802.11 AMAT, Key fobs, remote
modems, …• Many hybrids possible
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NRC 12
Self-Organized Routing - nutshell
0
112
2
2
22
Receiver diversity through dynamic rerouting
Retrans. rate < 1/densityNeighbor table exceeds RAMDissem. rate < change
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NRC 13
Key IPv6 Contributions (???)• Large simple address
– Network ID + Interface ID– Plenty of addresses, easy to allocate and manage
• Autoconfiguration and Management– ICMPv6, zeroconf (???)
• Integrated bootstrap, discovery, proximity– Neighbors, routers, DHCP, FF00::2
• Protocol options framework– Plan for extensibility
• Simplify for speed– MTU discovery with min
• 6-to-4 translation
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To Here …• Much of IoT is cost/size reduced 802.11 + 386 PC equivalent
– everything with a plug or a person to charge it daily
• Transition of BT to promiscuous link opened G2G ecosystem– local link, yet-another-1-2-7 app profile mess– little useful research engagement in the design, only in usage
• Industrial Forums may retard development– Zigbee, zwave, ISA-100, wireless-HART, …– IETF ???, Industrial Internet ???, IoTC ???, IEEE P2413 ???, Thread ???
• 1-hop @ low power is constrained, but simple• Routing over “wireless mesh” is hard, largely “solved”, but
seriously broken– Good research & startup solutions, Zigbee (largely deprecated before
implemented), RPL (grossly complicated by IETF mess)
• Low-power listening, trickle, routing diversity, power-proportional design are critical
3/5/15 NRC 14
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… and beyond• Great networks are ‘uninteresting’ – and embedded
wireless networks are becoming that way too!• It’s about webs and ensembles (finally!)
– discovery, integration, scripting across things near and far– Physical mash-ups, its all about the metadata
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AC/HeatLighting
Societal Infrastructure
Web Environments
Personal Infrastructure
Person Environment
Big Things
Everyday Things
Repos and Services