The Omak Creek Mouth Restoration - Keith A Watson · Web viewCollaboration: A Guide for...

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The Omak Creek Mouth Restoration

Complex habitat is critically important to all wildlife yet has become limited by

encroachments by humanity throughout the world. The Columbia river systems play a major

role in the ecosystem of the interior Pacific northwest and has been absolutely changed in the

effort to utilize and control the water. Deciding on actions to restore a more diverse availability

of habitat for threatened species are an important problem facing land managers and

communities.

Project Location:

The Omak Creek watershed is entirely contained on Colville Confederated Tribal (CCT)

land in Okanogan County, Washington state. Omak Creek is a tributary to the Okanogan River

which is a tributary to the Upper Columbia River, on the east side of the Cascade Mountains in

northern Washington. This restoration project intends to increase complexity of habitat available

to salmonids, including the Upper Columbia stocks of summer steelhead and Spring Chinook.

Both species are listed as threatened and targeted for recovery under the Endangered Species Act

since Mar 24, 1999 5. Omak Creek is one of very few tributaries of the Okanogan River with

confirmed natural steelhead reproduction 20. The project will excavate sediment from the mouth

of Omak Creek in order to significantly increase access for fish, especially at lower summer

flows, allowing Spring Chinook to enter potential spawning grounds. Large wood structures will

be installed at the mouth of Omak Creek and in the mainstem Okanogan River adjacent to the

creek to create juvenile fish rearing and over-wintering habitat in low water conditions and

provide velocity refuge under high flow conditions for all species and size class of fish.

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Figure 1: Regional View of Project Watershed

Figure 2: Omak Creek project site

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Need For Restoration:

The Okanogan River has a unique ecological distinction of being the last river accessible

to salmon in the Columbia River. Just upstream along the Columbia River is Chief Joseph Dam

which does not have fish passage 5. The Okanogan River is channelized and severely degraded

from over a century of significant human impact. In the current condition, it is difficult to

imagine that paddlewheel river boats once moved up this river.

The 5.7 acre property at the mouth of Omak Creek was acquired by Colville Fish and

Wildlife in 2006 18. This project site has been an area of concern for the tribal Fish and Wildlife

since a watershed plan and environmental assessment was done in 1995 5. Impediments to the

reestablishment of anadromous salmonids to the Omak Creek watershed identified by this

assessment included barriers to migration, elevated water temperature, and large amounts of

sediment 3. In response, the CCT modified a waterfall which acted as a fish barrier and replaced

11 culverts to increase fish passage. Additionally, two roads have been decommissioned to

decrease sedimentation 5.

Following these restoration actions, there has been a significant fish response. The CCT

F&W data indicate that in 2002, prior to restoration, there were 160 spawning steelhead of

almost entirely hatchery origin 18. In 2014 there were 393, with 207 of these being of wild

origin19. The additional restoration efforts on Omak Creek that I am proposing will allow for

increased steelhead access and increase total species richness by facilitating Spring Chinook

access.

Currently there is very little ability for the public to interact with restoration in this

watershed. A project feature designed to address this would be the construction of a public

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viewing platform. This could provide cultural benefits including possibilities for tribal members

to provide restoration and seasonal spawning tours for public education.

The target date to implement this project is 2019. Construction may begin in summer

after spring high water has abated, allowing for equipment access to the stream, and must be

finished by the end of July, before Spring Chinook spawning season begins.

Ecosystem Interactions

Engineered log jams are designed and intended to emulate the large, natural wood

accumulations historically found in forested river systems. Engineered log jams are intended to

modify the hydraulic function of river systems and to create improved habitat for aquatic

species1. A scour pool is expected to form adjacent to the log jam structures after several flood

events and is a desirable component of riverine habitat improvement 8.

This restoration effort will create a diverse and complex habitat from its current uniform

ecological state. This river is used variably by fish in different stages and seasons with

challenges to fish survival and movement at both high and low water conditions. The instream

wood structure placement will create a scour pool with complex cover at the mouth and in the

mainstem during all flows. The two engineered logjams, are designed to provide a missing

velocity refuge for fish in high flow events. Additionally, the wood structures will accumulate

wood naturally to increase net complexity over time 8. The structures are designed to facilitate a

deepening of the mouth of Omak Creek and increase low flow connection to the mainstem

Okanogan River.

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Figure 3: Example of an Engineered Log Jam: top level with riparian planting, and 2 additional levels of root-wads under water creating a velocity refuge for juvenile salmonids 4.

The Okanogan River is the border of Colville Confederated Tribal land, therefore, the

project site and all neighboring properties are on tribal land. A dozen residents live in small

farmhouses surrounded by generally abandoned fields and encroaching shrub-steppe habitat

dominated by Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). There is an improving riparian corridor along

Omak Creek. A limited amount of native riparian planting will be employed on top of the

engineered log structures, along the banks, and to revegetate an approximately 20-meter-long

excavator access road. Signage will be installed to explain restoration benefits and provide

salmonid information to public.

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Funding and Permitting

This project will be funded through the mechanisms of the CCT Fish Accord signed on

5/2/2008. This fund reportedly has $64,049,501 remaining as of Fiscal Year 2017 3. This fund

has completed 42 projects on Omak Creek since 2000, including land acquisitions, removing fish

impediments, livestock fencing, and purchase of irrigation rights to remove irrigation

diversions3. This project will seek any potential stakeholder input about access to additional

funding including long term maintenance and monitoring. By increasing fish passage at the

mouth of Omak Creek, this project will support previous upstream restoration efforts.

This project requires a contractor with experience with in-stream restoration work.

Heavy excavation equipment will be necessary, including a very specialized pile driving

implement to drive anchor logs vertically deep into the substrate. This will require an

engineering design analysis covering the hydrostatic forces and maximum possible scour the log

structure will experience in the river under flood conditions. Coffer dams will be in place

throughout the implementation phase to control turbidity and careful fish removal and screening

will occur in the project site during de-watering 3.

The Joint Aquatic Resource Permits Application (JARPA) will be required for this

action. This process synthesizes a number of stakeholder entities including the US Army Corps

of Engineers. This process includes following a State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA)

checklist. In-stream projects require a Water Quality Certification (WA Dept. of Ecology),

Hydraulic Project Approval (WA Dept. Fish & Wildlife), and an aquatic use authorization (WA

Dept. Natural Resources).

Restoration Goals and Assessment

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The Omak Creek watershed is the only remaining watershed on the Colville Indian

reservation capable of supporting ESA listed runs of steelhead trout and Spring Chinook salmon.

The direct project purpose is to increase habitat availability and complexity to these stocks at all

life stages. A key goal of the restoration is to ensure continued adult fish access to important and

very limited spawning grounds. An additional aquatic goal is to create cover and feeding habitat

for juvenile salmonid fish. A geo-physical goal is to prevent settling of sediment at the mouth of

creek by facilitating delivery of sediment to the Okanogan River.

These goals have been developed to support and reinforce the significant restoration

efforts that have already taken place in the Omak Creek watershed which are described below. A

remaining weak link in the watershed is a buildup of sediment at the mouth of the creek, acting

as an impediment to endangered and threatened fish species trying to access the creek in low

flow. Considering the likelihood of low water events that may occur in the future due to climate

change, restoration at the mouth of the creek is an important goal. Additionally, there are clear

social benefits intended in this restoration effort.

A framework has been developed for this project to accurately assess the goals and

criteria are stated for each goal. Indicators are established for inspecting on the ground

conditions in order to judge the implementation of criteria over time. These efforts will work in

conjunction with current Confederated Colville Tribal Fish & Wildlife monitoring efforts. This

criteria and indicators framework will produce a data driven monitoring program. This system

will allow for unbiased assessment of the results and track the fulfillment of objectives.

Objective 1: The first specific objective, Omak Creek fish access improvement, will be

functional upon completion of the project. The project action will excavate cobbles, gravel and

sediment in order to significantly open up the mouth of the creek. During ecologically critical

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low water conditions, this removal of material in the first one hundred meters of the creek will

enable Spring Chinook to access spawning gravels. Juvenile fish passage between the Okanogan

River and its tributary, Omak Creek, will also improve, significantly increasing the variety of

habitat available to them.

Criteria 1: Improved adult spawning fish access

Indicator: Current CCT spawning monitoring program will confirm adult access to creek

Future spawning numbers will be compared to historical spawning data for both target

species to determine trends and target the actual fish usage of the project.

Criteria 2: Improved juvenile fish access to river

Indicator: Current CCT program using a rotary screw trap to handle and tag out-migrating

juvenile fish will be an excellent monitoring tool.

Juvenile fish will be monitored using Passive Integrated Tag (PIT) technology and

existing fish detection sites built into the Columbia dam fish passage structures. Future

juvenile fish data will be compared with existing data sets to interrogate salmonid

responses.

Installation of a PIT tag detector at the mouth of Omak Creek will improve monitoring

efforts of fish passage into and out of the creek.

Criteria 3: Ensure fish access into the future

Indicator: Long term monitoring of engineered log structure will be necessary.

Initial topographical survey using Total Station equipment to fix monuments and create a

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) will enable for analyzing natural changes to the project

over the long term.

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Periodic surveys will be conducted on set years after project completion at low water

conditions. These will enable GIS analysis of the DEM models to track sediment

movement.

Figure 4. Example of an engineered root-wad structure of the type that will be placed in the

Okanogan River10.

Objective 2: The second project objective, creation of cover and feeding habitat, will

also be immediately functional upon completion of the project. Complex wood cover in

particular has been shown to increase density of juvenile salmonids, to protect them from

predators, provide visual isolation, and decrease territorial needs16. Stable wood jams create

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habitat diversity by forming pools, back eddies, side channels, and by increasing hydraulic

complexity.

Engineered root-wad wood structures such as that shown in figure 1 will be installed in

the mainstem Okanogan River at the mouth of Omak Creek to create juvenile fish rearing and

over-wintering habitat in low water conditions and to provide velocity refuge under high flow

conditions for all species and size classes of fish. Monitoring will ensure that habitat creation

features are not diminished over time.

Criteria 1: High water velocity refuge for juvenile fish

Indicator: Monitoring of structure via survey and photo points.

The survey DEM models will be analyzed to indicate the persistence of pool and root-

wad features.

Criteria 2: Low water cover habitat for all stages of fish.

Indicator: Positive habitat use by juvenile and adult salmonids will be indicated by seasonal

visual snorkel counts by fish and wildlife technicians.

Snorkel surveys will create a data stream to graph presence and abundance trends of

target species post project.

Use of the project area by adult salmonids as a refuge before or after spawning will be

recorded though the snorkel survey efforts.

Existing spawning survey efforts will visually inspect the project to record any use of

created habitat by adult fish.

Objective 3: The Okanogan river is very straight and therefore the engineered log jam is

not prone to undermining which is the most typical means by which a project of this type could

fail4. Therefore, the geo-physical goal of transporting sediment out of the tributary system will

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be the primary criteria for the long-term functioning of the project. The facilitation of sediment

delivery to the mainstem will counteract the historical deposition at the mouth of the creek.

Fine sediment run-off, primarily from unimproved road surfaces, have been identified as

adversely affecting water quality in Omak Creek16. In the past 10 years, as part of sediment

reduction techniques, CCT Fish & Wildlife have replaced over 25 culverts, installed stream

habitat restoration projects with riparian plantings, and decommissioned more than 80km of

roads1. This current proposed project, along with upper watershed riparian planting, is a working

comprehensive strategy to address the long-term sediment issue.

Criteria 1: Sediment transport

Indicator: Periodic topographical surveys based on initial survey points will be conducted.

Sediment loads and creek bottom levels will be monitored through topographical surveys.

Criteria 2: Adaptive management

Indicator: If a series of insufficient spring flows occur, and sediment continues to

accumulate, a plan will be developed to address sediment transport based on the conditions on

the ground. This will be aided by continued efforts of CCT Fish & Wildlife to purchase and

retire irrigation rights.

Objective 4: Finally, there are two goals for social benefit, education and harvest

potential. Salmon harvest is a significant aspect of tribal heritage for the Confederated Colville

Tribes (Figure 2). Salmon restoration into the Okanogan Basin will lead to the long-term goal of

providing more fish for harvest, with social and economic benefits.

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There can be feelings of skepticism from the local communities of Omak and Okanogan

towards many fish and wildlife projects. This project hopes in part to address this by proposing

new channels of interaction and education between the community and project partners. The

project will allow space for public access and viewing of the spawning grounds. Omak

elementary school is less than one half mile from the project site and educational field trips to the

site will be encouraged. Interpretive signs to describe the restoration project and salmon ecology

will be placed adjacent to a viewing area to encourage greater public understanding and support.

Criteria 1: Harvest levels have been set as a small percentage of returning adult fish in order to

perform ceremonies and to be shared with tribal members.

Indicator: Annual fish return and harvest numbers will be assessed.

Specific goal is an increasing number of fish available for the harvest

Tribal members will have space at the restoration site to perform annual fish returning

ceremonies.

Criteria 2: Community participation

Indicator: Public involvement will be assessed by recording public and school group use.

Field trip ecology programs will be established with the local elementary school.

Partnerships with local schools will indicate positive achievement of goals.

Establish public access route and interpretive signage.

Increasing public usage counts would indicate achievement of criteria.

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Long term strategies and planning

The Omak Creek Mouth Restoration Project has multiple aspects, each of which come

with strategies for long-term management. Removing the bed load at the mouth of Omak Creek

allows for improved passage to adult spawning fish and juvenile salmonids during periods of low

flow. Adaptive management strategies are in place to evaluate the potential need to improve this

aspect of the project if it is not functioning as it was designed to do. The project is budgeted and

planned for three years of adaptive management post project. Through topographical surveys,

visual assessment, and fish monitoring, project managers will determine if the removal of the bed

load was sufficient to allow for passage. Annual monitoring will also occur to ensure that

natural physical changes to the mouth of the creek don’t impede passage again. If so,

assessments will be made as to the potential need to pursue adaptive management strategies,

potentially removing the sediment again or looking at other alternatives.

Similarly, the construction of the engineered log jam will be monitored for function in the

three years following project completion. Fish monitoring will determine if fish are using the

structure as planned and topographical surveys will determine if the structure responds to

different flow levels as planned. If natural processes change cause unforeseen changes to the

structure, adaptive management might be utilized to make adjustments. After the initial three

years of monitoring, no further adaptive strategies will take place, and the structure and function

of the log structure will be left to natural processes.

There will be an active educational component for three years post-project. Tribal

employees will organize with teachers and will lead stream and salmon ecological programs for

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school groups on field trips to the sites. With outreach to the tribal community and local schools,

the project managers hope that the project site becomes a recognized and regularly used public

space lasting beyond the three years of active educational outreach.

The project site, being entirely on tribal lands, has very low risk of being sold to a private

group or dismantled.

Collaborative Planning Model

Step 1: Resource Advisory Council

The Resource Advisory Council has come together to provide input into the Omak Creek

Mouth Restoration project. The various groups provide a breadth of knowledge and experience

regarding salmon restoration, project implementation, and Okanogan River history and ecology.

The RAC discussions provide invaluable feedback to the Colville Confederated Tribe regarding

the design and purpose of the restoration project. Table 1 outlines the potential stakeholders

involved in the RAC, their category of interest, type of representation, and their role in the RAC.

Resource Advisory Council

Potential Stakeholders Category of Interest

Type of Representation Role in RAC

Colville Confederated Tribe Fish and Wildlife Project sponsor Tribal Convenor, voter20Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Salmon recovery Government Voter

19Upper Columbia Salmon Recovery Board

Salmon recovery/funding source Environmental Voter

9Trout Unlimited Salmon recovery Environmental Resource5Cascade Columbia Fisheries Enhancement Group Salmon recovery Environmental Resource15Okanogan County Conservation District

Watershed health Government Resource

Omak Creek watershed farmers and ranchers Agriculture Private Resource

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1Bonneville Power Administration Funding source Government Voter

Table 1: Stakeholders in the resource advisory council (RAC)

Step 2: Process guidelines

It is important to have key process guidelines established in order for the RAC to have

clear objectives during meetings and discussions. 13 One process guideline that should be

followed is that the legitimacy of scientific information and the role it plays in project decision

making should be agreed upon by the RAC group. The project elements of gravel excavation and

log structure placement must be supported by scientific research that is respected by the RAC.

Another process guideline to follow is that the RAC agrees to the goal of protection and

enhancement of Omak Creek for salmon use. Understanding that man-made changes to the

creek led to the decline of fish populations should be background knowledge understood by the

group and used as a guide for decision-making.

A third process guideline is that the RAC will recognize that the group consists of

relevant and significant interests to the project and will respect each other’s opinions. A fourth

process guideline will allow for the inclusion of other groups that are recommended by the RAC

into the RAC if it appears the RAC is not diverse enough in its interests regarding the restoration

project.

Finally, the RAC should agree to decision making processes so as to have clear and

consistent means of moving forward with discussions.

Step 3: Implementation Plan for RAC

The meetings attended by the RAC are critical for the development of a robust and effective

restoration plan. Having objectives in place for each meeting will help to guide the process.

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Meeting 1: Discussion of the natural history of Omak Creek as well as the processes

(man-made or natural) that have occurred over time to create the current ecological conditions.

Discuss the various restoration projects that have already occurred and their successes and

failures.

Meeting 2: Discussion of the plan to excavate the sediment build-up at the mouth of

Omak Creek in order to allow for improved fish passage between Omak Creek and Okanogan

River. Discuss the current state of fish passage to the creek and the benefits to allowing for

increased passage. Brainstorm reasons why this project design or elements of it might succeed

or not and what other alternatives could be.

Meeting 3: Discussion of the plan to install an engineered log structure in the Okanogan

River at the mouth of Omak Creek. Discuss the potential benefits to fish habitat at various flows

and get feedback regarding these benefits. Discuss the project design elements, what seems like

it will work, what could go wrong, what alternatives there are.

Meeting 4: Discuss the topographical survey and fish monitoring (both snorkel and PIT

antenna monitoring) that will occur and decide if it is sufficient to determine project success or

failure. Talk with partners about their role in the fish monitoring effort. Discuss adaptive

management strategies if the project doesn’t function as intended. Determine if three years of

post-treatment surveys are sufficient to provide a picture of success or failure.

Meeting 5: Discuss the goal of having the restoration site be a public meeting space for

tribal and non-tribal members. Discuss the value of having this in the community and the

likelihood that it will be used. Brainstorm the most effective way to design a public space and to

reach out to the community regarding the access. Discuss the design of the interpretive sign and

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brainstorm alternatives. Include community and tribal members in this meeting and ask for their

input.

Meeting 6: Discuss the benefits, challenges, and processes of creating and implementing

an education program for school children. Discuss the logistics and invite teachers and parents

in to the meeting to discuss the program.

Budget

The project manager and other tribal employees write applications for funding from the

Salmon Recovery Funding Board of the Upper Columbia Salmon Recovery Board and the

Bonneville Power Administration, the primary funders for the project. The project manager is

responsible for ensuring the implementation of all aspects of the project - the development,

planning, construction, and post-project monitoring. Along with partner agencies and

organizations, objectives are determined, then an engineering firm is hired and communicates

directly with the project manager. Permit applications are written by the project manager and

other tribal employees. Bid packets are written and contractors hired by the project manager.

The bulk of the budget will be spent in the initial year of the project, for engineering

designs, and construction. The remaining funds for post construction seasonal fish monitoring,

and annual topographical surveys will last for three more years of monitoring.

Work Element Equipment and labor Budget Timeline Details

Engineer plans

Surveys and engineer designs: $12,400 $12,400

30% design completed within one year of project

Engineering firm hired to draw up design plans for Omak

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implementation, 90% design within six months.

Creek mouth and engineered log structure projects.

Gravel removal from creek mouth

Construction crew and equipment: $35,000 Fish salvage crew: $350 $35,350

Will take 3 days to complete between construction window of …

Excavate mouth of Omak Creek after establishing coffer dam for sediment control and conducting fish salvage from site.

PIT antenna array to monitor movement of tagged fish

Double array allflex PIT antenna system $10,860; Installation crew: $960 $11,820

One day for installation shortly after construction

Equipment purchase and installation of PIT tag detector

Topographical surveys

Crew, once a year for three years = $3200 $3,200

One day to complete annual survey, when flows have reduced in summer

Survey crew with equipment will complete topographical survey at mouth of creek and at engineered log structure one year pre-construction and 3 years post construction

Engineered log structure

Construction crew and equipment: $44,000 Logs purchased: $5,430 Fish salvage crew: $350 $49,780

Will take 3 days to complete between construction window of …

Logs delivered to site. Structure construction after establishing coffer dam for sediment control and conducting fish salvage at site.

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Fish Monitoring

Snorkel crew: 2 technicians, three days a year for 4 years = $5760 $5,760

Snorkel surveys will occur in spring (before high water), summer (after high water), and fall. Surveys will occur for one year pre-treatment and 3 years post treatment.

Snorkel surveys will occur at mouth of Omak Creek and in engineered log structure.

Adaptive Management $30,000 $30,000

For up to 3 years after project implementation

Funds reserved for adaptive management if monitoring shows that mouth of creek is filling in with gravels unexpectedly, or if engineered log structure is not functioning as expected post treatment.

Project manager $30,000 $30,000

Works consistantly pre and post project

Oversees planning, implementation, monitoring, and annual reporting

Permitting

Permit fees: $ 4000 Permit writing: $8500 $12,500

Applications written one year prior to project implementation. Permits in hand by construction day.

A Colville Tribal employee writes applications for permits

Interpretive Sign Design and Installation $3,400 $3,400

Sign installed shortly after construction

Sign design and construction

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done by contracted business.

Education and outreach $9,800 $9,800

Annual school field trips to project site organized for three years post-construction

Colville tribal employees will reach out to local schools and organize field trips to the site, providing salmon and stream ecology educational programs.

TOTAL COSTS:$204,01

0

Table 2: Project budget

Resources

1Anchor QAE, LLC. 90 Percent Final Basis of Design Report, Whitefish Island Habitat Improvement Project. Prepared for U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Bellingham (WA). 2012 April.2Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). Omak Creek acquisition to protect summer steelhead habitat. Fact Sheet. 2006 Aug.3Bonneville Power Administration. Portland OR [Internet]. c2017 [Cited 2017 July 24]. Available from https://www.bpa.gov/news/Pages/default.aspx

4Brudevold K. Improvement of Anadromous Fish Habitat and Passage in Omak Creek – 2012 Annual Report. Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy. Bonneville Power Administration. Colville Confederated Tribes. 2014 Aug.

5Cascade Columbia Fisheries Enhancement Group. Wenatchee WA. c2017 [Cited 2017 July 24]. Available from http://www.ccfeg.org/6Division of Fish and Wildlife. Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). Omak Creek Anadromous Fish Habitat and Passage. Statement of Work Report. 2017 June 20. 7Dukes, E.F. and Firehock, K. (2001). Collaboration: A Guide for Environmental Advocates. Report prepared for The Wilderness Society and the National Audubon Society. Charlottesville, Virginia, University of Virginia.

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8Fisher B. M2 Whitefish Island year one project report. Prepared for Washington Department of Natural Resources. Methow Salmon Recovery Foundation, Twisp (WA). 2015.9Fisher C, Arterburn J. Steelhead Surveys in Omak Creek, 2002 Annual Report. Prepared for Bonneville Power Administration. Colville Confederated Tribes. Fish and Wildlife Department. 2003 April.10 Interfluve. Twisp Horseshoe Side Channel Project. Prepared for Yakama Nation Fisheries. Hood River (OR). 2017.11Miller BF, Hathaway DT, Miller JL, Schaller ST, Arterburn JA. 2014 Okanogan Subbasin Steelhead Escapement and Spawning Distribution. Prepared for Bonneville Power Administration. Colville Confederated Tribes. Fish and Wildlife Department. 2015 Feb.12Natural Resources Conservation Service. Salmon, Traditions Return to Colville Tribe, Omak Creek Watershed, Washington State. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2009 Sept.13Norris W. Methow River M2 3R – Final Design Report. Technical Memorandum. Interfluve. 2014, May 29.14Nichols R. Natural Resources Conservation Service. A place to come home to: Ceremony marks return of salmon, tradition to Colville Reservation. Conservation Showcase. Washington. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2006 Feb.15Okanogan County Conservation District. Okanogan WA [Internet]. c2017 [Cited 2017 July 24]. Available from http://www.okanogancd.org/16Pess GR, Liermann MC, McHenry ML, Peters RJ, Bennett TR. Juvenile Salmon Response to the Placement of Engineered Log Jams (ELJS) in the Elwha River, Washington State, USA. River Research and Applications. 28: 872-881. 2012.

17Southerland B. Performance of engineered log jams in Washington state – post project appraisal. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2nd Joint Federal Interagency Conference. Las Vegas, NV. 2010, June 27-July 1.

18Trout Unlimited. Twisp WA [Internet]. c2017 [Cited 2017 July 24]. Available from http://www.tu.org/tu-programs/western-water19Upper Columbia Salmon Recovery Board. Wenatchee WA. [Internet]. c2017 [Cited 2017 July 24]. Available from http://www.ucsrb.org/20Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Wenatchee WA. c2017 [Cited 2017 July 24]. Available from http://wdfw.wa.gov/

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