The olfactory system - Dottorato in Neuroscienze · The olfactory system insights into the...
Transcript of The olfactory system - Dottorato in Neuroscienze · The olfactory system insights into the...
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The olfactory systemThe olfactory system
insights into the perception of the chemical worldinsights into the perception of the chemical world
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Mucosa olfattiva
Ca. 5 cm2
25 milioni di neuroni olfattivi, vita media di 30-60 gg.Assoni amielinici di 0,2 µm, attraversano la lamina cribrosa dell’etmoide per raggiungere il bulbo olfattivo (lesioni traumatiche anosmia)
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GABAGABA
GlutamateGlutamate
Mitral cell dendriteMitral cell dendrite
Granule cellGranule cell spinespine
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NR1NR1
Sassoè-Pognetto and Ottersen, J Neurosci 2000
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Nucleo olfattivo anteriore al b.o. omolaterale e a quello controlaterale. Amigdalaa ipotalamo (effetti viscerali e comportamentali)Tubercolo olfattivoa aree limbiche.Corteccia piriformea nucleo dorsale mediale del talamo e a corteccia orbitofrontale (discriminazione odori, integrazione con stimoli gustativi)Corteccia entorinale rostraleall’ippocampo (memoria olfattiva).
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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
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Aliphatic aldehydes
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Methods for demonstrating odor maps
2-DeoxyglucoseVoltage-sensitive dyesElectrophysiological recordings of single units/of local field potentialsC-fos mRNACa-sensitive dyesIntrinsic optical signal imagingHigh-resolution f-MRI
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The spectrum of odor molecules that can activate a given cell represents its molecular receptive range
Mori and Yoshihara, Progr. Neurobiol. 1995
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Lateral inhibition enhances the contrast between the activity of
mitral cells transmitting information about different odor stimuli
Yokoi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995
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Nature 2001
1. Mappa coricale bilaterale simile in individui diversi
2. Convergenza di diversi stimoli olfattivi sugli stessi neuroni corticali (integrazione di diversi codici glomerulari)
3. Divergenza delle proiezioni dei moduli glomerulari a più aree corticali (analisi in parallelo di aspetti diversi dell’informazione olfattiva)
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P2 mapping after olfactory nerve transection
Costanzo, Chem. Senses, 2000
P2 olfactory receptor – control mouse
2.5 months 4.5 months
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Pheromones: substances that are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species, in which they release a specific reaction, for example, a defined behavior or a developmental process (Karlson and Luscher, 1959)
Bruce effect
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Movie1.mov Movie2.mov Movie3.mov
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McClintock (Nature 1971): sincronizzazione del ciclo in donne che vivono insieme
Russell et al. (1980): la sincronizzazione può essere semplicemente ottenuta facendo annusare secrezioni ascellari di donne “donatrici” a donne “riceventi”
Stern e McClintock (1998): odori di donne in fase follicolare anticipano l’ovulazione in donne riceventi, mentre odori di donne in fase postovulatoria ritardano l’ovulazione
Jutte 1996: i livelli di testosterone nella saliva aumentano del 50% in uomini esposti a acidi grassi presenti nelle secrezioni vaginali al momento dell’ovulazione (rispetto ad altri momenti del ciclo)
Il sistema olfattivo principale ha un ruolo essenziale nella regolazione dei comportamenti riproduttivi
Deficits in sexual and aggressive behaviors in Cnga2 mutant miceVidya S Mandiyan, Jennifer K Coats & Nirao M ShahNature Neuroscience 8, 1660 - 1662 (2005)
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“I woke to an infinitely redolent world – a world in which all the other sensations, enhanced as they are, paled before smell.” “I went into the clinic, I sniffed like a dog, and in that sniff recognized, before seeing them, the twenty patients who were there. Each had his own olfactory physiognomy, a smell-face, far more vivid and evocative, more redolent, than any sight face”
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (Oliver Sacks, 1985)