The Old Testament (Hebrew Scriptures)The Exodus

'and there came a pharaoh who knew not Joseph'

Who was the Pharaoh?When did it happen?

Hebrews/Habiru

Oral Tradition and symbolic narrative

At the time of the Exodus these pyramids were over 1200 years old

The Old Testament(Hebrew Scriptures)

Seti I, Ramses II, Merneptah

Exodus vs exodus

2 parts to the book: the exodus narrative the wilderness narrative

The Old Testament(Hebrew Scriptures)

The Birth of Moses

OppressionPopulation reduction

The midwives, Shiprah and PuahMiriam and Moses' mother

Irony and Parody

The Old Testament(Hebrew Scriptures)

The Call of Moses

Jethro, a priest of Midian Zipporah, another maiden at

the well

Moses' responses to God'who shall I say sent me?'

The Divine Name

The Old TestamentThe Old Testament(Hebrew Scriptures)(Hebrew Scriptures)

The Nine Plagues The Nine Plagues and the Egyptian and the Egyptian pantheon pantheon

Hapi, god of the Nile Hapi, god of the Nile Nile to Nile to BloodBlood

Heket, fertilityHeket, fertility Frogs Frogs

Geb, 'dust of the earthGeb, 'dust of the earth GnatsGnats

Khepri, scarab-headed god Khepri, scarab-headed god FliesFlies Hathor, cow-headed goddessHathor, cow-headed goddess

Pestilence Pestilence Isis -healing Isis -healing BoilsBoils

Nut, sky goddess Nut, sky goddess Hail Hail

Osiris, cropsOsiris, crops Locusts Locusts Amon-Ra, sun, chief godAmon-Ra, sun, chief god DarknessDarkness

The Old TestamentThe Old Testament(Hebrew Scriptures)(Hebrew Scriptures)

The Death of the Firstborn and PassoverThe Death of the Firstborn and Passover

Pharaoh directly affectedPharaoh directly affectedInclusioInclusio

Institution of a TraditionInstitution of a TraditionBlood on lintelBlood on lintel

AzraelAzrael

Lamb, Bread, WineLamb, Bread, Wine

sacrifice of redemptionsacrifice of redemption

The Old Testament(Hebrew Scriptures)

Crossing the Sea of Reeds

Misidentification dates to Septuagint c. 200 BC

Pillar of Cloud/Column of Fire

At least 3 pre-textual traditionsYahwistPriestly

Song of Miriam

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