Nematol. medito (1990), 18: 199-207.

Scottish Crop Research Institute - Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, U.K.Faculty 01 Biology, University 01 Solia - Sofia, Bulgarial

Laboratory 01 PlanI Nematology - G.E.L.A.N. Moscow 117 071, U.S.S.R.2

THE OCCURRENCE OF LONGIDORIDAE (NEMA TODA:DORYLAIMIDA)IN WESTERN USSR WITH FURTHER COMMENTS ON LONGIDORID

NEMA TODES IN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN

byD.I.F. BROWN, C.E. TAYLOR, B. CHOLEVAl and N.D. ROMANENKO2

Summary. In£ormation on the occurrence and distribution o£ longidorid nematodes and their association with nepoviruses in western USSRis compiled as an annotated list £rom the published literature and £urther comments, including re£erence to recently described species, afemade o£ longidorids in Europe and the Mediterranean basino

doridae. None was found in the regions above 60° latitudein the European region and in the Kamchatka. In compil-ing this annotated list of longidorid species from thesesources it has been assumed that the published reports areof correctly identified species. Some misidentification are,however, likely especia1ly of early records of what are nowregarded as species complexes i.e. X. americanum-group.

Severa! new species of Longidoridae bave been de-scribed from Europe since the publication of Brown andTaylor (1987) and these are listed bere, together with fur-ther comments on some of the species previously cited.

USSR

When reporting the occurrence and distribution oflongidorid nematodes in Europe and the Mediterraneanbasin, Brown and Taylor (1987) excluded the USSR be-cause of paucity of data. Some records of Longodoridae inthe USSR afe those of Micoletzky (1923, 1927) who iden-tified Longidorus elongatus (subsequently synonymisedwith L. caespiticola by Sturhan (1963a), and Xiphinema di-versicaudatum from alluvium associated with tributaries ofthe.river Volga. Other early records afe those of Tulaga-nov (1937, 1938, 1949) who originally described Paralongi-dorus georgiensis and X. pachtaicum from southern USSR,Kiryanova (1951) who described P. nudus, aIso from south-ern USSR, and Merzkeevskaya (1951, 1953) who de-scribed L. tardicauda from centrai USSR.

Kiryanova and Krall (1969, 1971) cite a total of nearly3000 nematological papers published in the USSR up to1970. Skarbilovich (1978) cites 4966 references in a com-prehensive bibliography of Russian literature on nema-todes published between 1874 and 1975. Several refer-ences to Longidoridae afe given in these three yublicationswhich together with others in HelminthologicaI Abstractsand English Translations of Selected Taxonomic Papers inNematology, Volume 5 (Brown, Fortuner and Creamer,1989) have provided the main sources far the compilationof this annotated list of longidorid nematodes occurring inthe western part of the USSR (Fig. 1). AIso, Romanenko(1973, 1985) surveyed fruit plantations, vineyards, arablecrops and some forests throughout the European part ofthe USSR, regions of north Caucasus, middle Asia, westSiberia, Kolski peninsula and Kamchatka during 1967-79and identified the occurrence of 15 species of Longi-

The distribution of Longidoridae in the USSR reflects,even more than in Europe, the distribution of nematolo-gists with a particular interest in these nematodes. Most ofthe relatively few records are tram cultivated crops whichprobably indicates that in the USSR, as in other developedcountries, man has been responsable far the disseminationof severa! of the commonly occurring and widely distrib-uted species e.g. X. americanum, X. diversicaudatum, X. in-dex, L. elongatus. However, where natural, undisturbedbiotopes bave been sampled, new species bave been dis-covered e.g. X. aceri, X. artemisiae, L. arenosus and Roma-nenko (unpublished results) has recently identified a fur-ther five previously undescribed species belonging to theLongidoridae tram various locations in the WesternUSSR.

199

Xiphinema currant in the Voronezh region, Tajikistan (Kankina andMetlitskava, 1983).

X. aceri Chizhov, Tiev et Turkina, 1986 was describedtram specimens obtained tram the rhizosphere of Acercampestris growing in a broad-leaf forest near the riverAgadan in the northern Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkarya.The species is most closely related to X. neovuittenezi andX. pyrenaicum.

X. diversicaudatum (Micoletzky, 1927) Thorne, 1939was £irst described £rom specimens obtained £rom alluviumassociated with tributaries o£ the river Volga, Byelorussia.It has also been recorded £rom vineyards in Moldavia (Po-linskovskii, 1979; Stegarescu, 1966, 1972), £rom raspberryin the Voronezh region (Kankina and Metlitskaya, 1983;Milkus, 1974; Milkus etal., 1975), £rom wild strawberry inthe Voronezh region and Krasnodarskiy Kray (Roma-nenko, 1985) and £rom black currant and raspberry in Pol-tasa, and near Moscow. Populations o£ this species at sev-eral sites bave been record ed' in association with arabismosaic and strawberry latent ringspot nepoviruses (Roma-nenko, unpublished results).

X. americanum Cobb, 1913 has been recorded in sev-era! localities including Kazakhstan, Moldavia, Moscow,Tajikistan and Turkmenistan but doubt is attached tosome of the identifications which should perhaps be re-ferred to X. pachtaicum or other species in the X.americanum-group (Lamberti and Bleve Zacheo, 1979; Ro-manenko, 1985). However, in the Moscow area tornatoringspot virus, transmitted by X. americanum sensu lato(possibly X. brevicolle or X. pachtaicum) was found to becausing damage in a raspberry plantation (P.D. Waister inlitt.). The report by Koev et al. (1970) that X. americanumwas transmitting leaf crinkle to black currant is now con-sidered to be incorrect (Romanenko, unpublished results).Boldyrev and Bozykh (1983) transmitted raspberry leafcurI (tomato ringspot nepovirus) to raspberry with nema-todes identified as X. americanum but Milkus and Kudin-skaya (1980) failed to transmit the virus with nematodesthey identified as X. americanum. Thus, whilst present ev-idence suggests that many of the records of X. americanumfrom the USSR should be attributed to other species (X.brevicolle, X. pachtaicum, X. paramonovi, X. rivesi), the oc-currence and spread of tornato ringspot nepovirus in fruitplantations in severallocalities is indicative of the presenceof virus-vector species in the X. americanum-group viz. X.americanum sensu stricto, X. californicum and X. rivesi.

X. incognitum Lamberti et Bleve Zacheo, 1979 has beenidentified from the rhizosphere of raspberry (Metlitskaya,1983).

X. artemisiae Chizhov, Tiev et Turkina, 1986 was de-scribed tram specimens obtained tram the rhizosphere ofArtemisia campestris in a pasture in the upper reaches of theriver Chevek, northern Caucasus. It most closely resem-bles X. diversicaudatum, X. ingens, X. phoenicis and X. vuit-tenezi.

X. index Thorne et Allen, 1950 has been recorded manytimes from vineyards in Moldavia, Tajikistan, Turkmeni-stan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Polinkovskii (1980) foundit in 14 of 21 districts when sampling vineyards in Molda-via and it has been demonstrated as a vector of grapevinefanleaf nepovirus, including the yellow mosaic variant, invineyards. In a survey of fruit plantations at the VarzobMountain Botanica! Station, Tajikistan, X. index wasrecorded as damaging black currant (Kankina andMetlitskaya, 1983). It has also been found in vineyards inthe Caucasus (Romanenko, unpublished results).

X. italiae Meyl, 1953 has been recorded from vineyardsin Moldavia (Polinkovskii, 1979) and from wild raspberryin Moscow province (Romanenko, 1985).

X. pachtaicum (Tulganov, 1938) Kiryanova, 1951 wasoriginally described from specimens from southern USSR.It has subsequently been found to be widespread through-out most southern European countries. In the USSR it hasbeen recorded from fruit orchards in Kabardino-Ba!karya(Tiev, 1981, 1983), from vineyards in Uzbekistan (Roma-nenko, 1985) and Moldavia (Polinkovskii, 1979), fromwild strawberries and lucerne in Krym, from apple andpeach in the Ukraine (Romanenko, 1985) and from rasp-berry and otherplants in western USSR (Romanenko, un-published results).

X. attorodorum Luc, 1961 has been reported only fromKuybyshev, Armenia and Krym, on wild strawberry andcherry, respectively (Romanenko, 1985). It is a tropicalspecies and has not been recorded from Europe (Brownand Taylor, 1987).

X. brasiliense Lordello, 1951 was recorded as X. itan-haense Carvalho, 1962 £rom the rhizosphere of citrus cropsin Abkhazskaya, Georgia (Tskitishvili, 1983) which is theonly record o£ the occurrence of this species in the USSR.

X. paramonovi Romanenko, 1981 was first recorded asX. paramericanum from the rhizosphere of arpIe and peartrees in the UzIovaya district, Tula Province (Romanenko,1973). Subsequently it has been found at the lnstitute ofZooIogy Academy of Sciences, Moldavia in experimentalpIots of raspberries, black currants and wiId strawberries.After re-examination of specimens Romanenko (1981)concluded that although there were similarities to X. ame-

X. brevicolle Lordello et Da Costa, 1961 has been re-corded in association with deciduous fruit crops, berrycrops, vineyards and other plants in the western USSR andwestern Siberia (Romanenko, 1973, 1985) and from black

200

ARCTIC OCEAN

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J

LITHUANIA~LATVIABYEL,

.MOSCOWMOLDA VIA

UKRAINE USSR

GEORGIA

-KAZAKHSTAN

~

500 KIRGIZIAo ~miles

T r\JIKIST A-N~l_~~ ~

Fig. The republics cf western USSR.

- 201 -

ricanum and other closely related species, especially X.brevicolle, the specimens should be recognised as a newspecies.

X. rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 has been recorded from wildstrawberries in Kaluzhskaya (Romanenko, 1985).

X. turcicum Luc et Dalmasso, 1963 has been recordedwith other Xiphinema species from vineyards in severallo-calities in Moldavia (Polinskovskii, 1979; Stegarescu,1967, 1972).

X. vuittenezi Luc, Lima, Weischer et Flegg, 1964 ap-pears to be widespread in vineyards in Moldavia and theUkraine (Kozhokaru and Korolchuk, 1976; Milkus, 1974;Milkus eta!., 1975; Polinskovskii, 1979; Stegarescu, 1972)and has been found in fruit orchards in Kabardino-Balkarya (Tiev, 1983) and the Ukraine (Romanenko,1985).

perimental Station (Degtyarev et al., 1985). It has alsobeen recorded from Kabardino-Balkaskaya (Tiev, 1981),from fruit orchards in Moldavia (Polinkovskii, 1979),vineyardsin the Ukraine (Milkus et al., 1975), flood plainsin the Moscow area (Kiryanova, 1959; Romanenko, 1971;

Teploukhova, 1974; Orekhova, 1985) and from Estonia(Krall, 1965), Latvia (Eglitis et al., 1962), Tajikistan(Ivanova, 1972) and Uzbekistan (Kiryanova, 1951).

L. leptocephalus Hooper, 1961 has been recovered fromthe rhizosphere of arpIe (Prikhodko, 1988).

L. lutosus Heyns, 1965 was identified by Romanenko(1976) from specimens from fruit crops in Moldavia butsubsequently these specimens were described as Paralongi-dorus maximus (Romanenko, 1985).

Longidorus

L. macrosoma Hooper, 1961 has been recovered fromgrapevine in Tajikistan and from raspberry and wild straw-berry in Voronezh region (Romanenko, 1985).

L. martini Merny, 1966 was recoveréd from brown car-bonate soils at an altitude of 1500 to 2200 m in Tajikistan(Kankina and Ivanova, 1986).

L. olegi Kankina et Metlitskaya, 1983 was first identi-fied from specimens recovered from the rhizosphere ofberry bushes at the Varzob Mountain Botanica! Station,Kondar district, Tajikistan and subsequently describedfrom specimens from raspberry cv. Newbury growing atthe Rossoshanski Berry-Fruit Experimental Station, Vor-onezh region. The species is morphologically similar to L.macrosoma, L. goodeyi and L. apulus.

L. profundornm Hooper, 1966 has been recovered fromsoiIs associated with apples (Prikhodko, 1988).

L. sylphus Thorne, 1939 has been recorded from a vine-yard in Moldavia (Polinkovskii, 1979). Merzheevskaya(1953) described L. striata from Byelorussia but Lamberti(1975) subsequently synonymised it with L. sylphus.

L. tardicauda Merzheevskaya, 1951 is widespread incentra! T ajikistan where it has been found in associationwith raspberry crops at the Varzob Mountain Botanica!Station, Kondar district (Ivanova, 1972; Ivanova andKankina, 1972; Kankina and Metlitskaya, 1983).

L. vineaco/a Sturhan et Weischer, 1964 has been re-corded parasitising peppermint and fIax in Moldavia(Lisetskaya, 1968; Polinkovskii, 1979).

L. africanus Merny, 1966 has been recorded tram wood-land at altitudes of 1500 to 2200 m in centrai Tajikistan(Ivanova, 1972; Ivanova and Kankina, 1972; Kankina andIvanova, 1986).

L. arenosus Kankina et Ivanova, 1986 was describedtram specimens obtained tram the rhizosphere of Calligo-num microcarpum growing with Populus prunosa andHaloxylon persicum in an undisturbed biotope at Karadum,Tajikistan. The species is morphologically similar to L. at-tenuatus, L. cohni, L. proximus and L. vineacola.

L. attenuatus Hooper, 1961 has been recorded tram therhizosphere of black currant in the Voronezh region(Kankina and Mitlitskaya, 1983) and Tambov province(Romanenko, 1985) and tram wild strawberry, raspberryand Canadian maple in Tula province and Mordovskaya(Romanenko, 1973, 1985).

L. caespiticola Hooper, 1961 was first recorded by Mi-coletzky (1927) as L. elongatus tram alIuvium associatedwith tributaries of the river Volga but Sturhan (1963a)subsequently identified the specimens as L. caespiticola. Ithas aIso been recorded tram Byelorussia (Merzkeevskaya,1951, 1953) and tram the rhizosphere of arpIe(Prikhodko, 1988).

L. distinctus Lamberti, Choleva et Agostinelli, 1983 hasbeen recorded tram the rhizosphere of raspberry (Roma-nenko, unpublished results).

L. elongatus (de Man, 1976) Thorne et Swanger, 1936 isregarded by Romanenko (1973, 1985) as the most wide-spread longidorid species in the USSR. Large populationsbave been recorded on sugar beet in the Sumii region(Sigareva and Filenko, 1983) and at the Ivanovskaya Ex-

Paralongidorus

P. georgiensis Tulganov, 1937 was described tram fe-male specimens found in the rhizosphere of tomato at theNeurne Collective Farm in thePotii region, Abkhazia.

202

X. diversum Roca, Lamberti, Santos et Abrantes, 1988was described from specimens collected from Cupressuslusitanica at Cruz Alta, Bucaco, Portugal and has alga beenidentified from several other localities in that cauntry.

P. nudus Kiryanova, 1951 was described from speci-mens collected in Uzbekistan which is the only record ofits occurrence.

P. maximus Buetschli, 1874 was recovered from therhizosphere of grain crops in Kazakhstan. It was originallyidentified as L. lutosus (Romanenko, 1976) in Moldavia,where it was found in association with raspberry (Roma-nenko. 1985).

Europe

The following are new species described since those re-ported by Brown and Taylor (1987) together with furthercomments on some of the species previously recorded.

X. exile Roca, Lamberti, Santos et Abrantes, 1988 hasbeen recorded only from its type locaIity, from Pinus pin-aster at Sameiro, Braga, Portugal. Of the 31 nominai spe-cies belonging to the X. americanum-group only X. pachy-dermum Sturhan, 1983, also first identified from Portugal,and X. exile may be regarded as being bisexual with maIesbeing common.

X. hygrophilum Southey et Luc, 1973 specimens fromIsrael were originally identified as X. ensiculiferum (Cohnand Sher, 1972) but subsequently Southey and Luc (1973)redefined X. ensiculiferum and identified the specimensfrom Israel as X. hygrophilum.Xiphinema

X. incertum Lamberti, Choleva et Agostinelli, 1983 wasidentified as a single female specimen tram the rhizosphereof grapevine at Ferenci, Yugoslavia (Barsi, 1989) and alsoas seven speciÌnens tram raspberry at Sadovp, Bulgaria(Choleva et al., 1990).

X. italiaeMeyl, 1953 was erroneously reported to occurin Switzerland (Brown and Taylor, 1987) and this specieshas not been identified in scii samples from Switzerland(Klingler, perso comm.). In Israel X. italiae is a vector ofgrapevine fanleaf nepovirus (GFLV) (Cohn et al., 1970)and in Nigeria, where it was found in 57% of samples fromvineyards, it was recovered from 13 of 32 vineyards in-fected with GFLV. However, it has not been demon-strated to be a vector of the virus in Nigeria (Khan, 1988).In Libya this species has been recovered from the rhizo-sphere of olive trees growing in the coastal regions (Edon-gali, 1989) and in deciduous fruit orchards (Siddiqi andKhan, 1986).

X. macroacanthum"t'amberti, Roca et Agostinelli, 1989differs from X. ingens in having a well developed Z-pseudoorgan and large uterine spines. Previous records of X. in-gens identified from severallocalities in ltaly (Martelli andLamberti, 1967; Lamberti etal., 1975; Roca and Lamberti,1978, 1985; Lamberti et al., 1985) afe now referred to X.macroacanthum.

X. aequum Roca et Lamberti, 1988 was described fromspecimens collected from the rhizosphere of Olea europaeatrees al Palagiano, Taranto, Italy which is the only reportof its occurrence.

X. diversicaudatum (Micoletzky, 1927) Thorne, 1939was reported by Franz (1942) from Austria (from the Ad-mont region, centrai Austria and not the Vorarlberg re-gion, western Austria, as reported by Brown and Taylor,1987). However, Sturhan (1963b) considered the speciesidentification as of doubtful validity. Furthermore,Klinger et al. (1990) consider this species to be absent fromeastern Switzerland, southern Germany and probably alsofrom the Vorarlberg region of Austria. In Switzerland thisspecies seems to be associated with soils rich in silicatesderived from deposits in the centrai and western Alps(Klinger et al., 1990). X. diversicaudatum is rarely recov-ered from vineyards in northern Switzerland but has beenidentified as the vector of arabis mosaic nepovirus infect-ing grapevines in the Terrier canton in which area X. indexis absent (Vallotton and Perrier, 1990).

Choleva et al. (1990) recovered this species in 66% ofsamples collected from raspberry crops in Bulgaria, and inthe Ustovo region X. diversicaudatum was associated withvirus degeneration in the raspberry crops. Arabis mosaicand grapevine fanleaf nepoviruses were recovered from re-spectively 38 and 17 of 55 vineyards surveyed in the viti-culture areas of the Moldavia and Dobrudscha regions ofRomania (Eppler et al., 1989). AIso, strawberry latentringspot nepovirus was recovered from 2 of 49 vineyards.X. diversicaudatum was thought to bave been identifiedfrom preliminary soil sampling but this requires confirma-tion as the species was not detected in subsequent samples.X. index and X. brevicolle were present in these samplesalso a species resembling X. pachtaicum. As a reswt of somedivergence from X. pachtaicum in stylet length and the po-sition of the guide sheath these specimens were tentativelyidentified as X. simile (Eppler et al., 1989).

X. pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kiryanova, 1951 isthe most frequently occurring species found in vineyardsin Serbia, Yugoslavia. Two morphometricallydistinguish-able forms occur and afe separated by differences in body,odontostyle and odontophore lengths. The smaller formwas found in nurseries of grapevine cuttings whilst speci-mens of the larger form were recovered tram the rhizo-sphere of grapevine rootstocks. Both forms were found insoils samples tram vineyards used far scion production (J 0-vicic, 1988). In Bulgaria, low densities ofX. pachtaicum

203

were recovered from one third of the samples collectedfrom raspberry plantations (Choleva et al., 1990) and inLibya the species was recovered from the rhizosphere ofolive trees growing in coastal regions (Edongali, 1989).

Bulgaria since the originaI record by Stoyanov (1964) (B.Choleva, unpublished results).

L. congoensis Aboul-Eid, 1970 has been recorded tramtwo soil samples collected tram the rhizosphere of halo-philous vegetation at Almeria, Spain (Andres and Arias,1988b).

X. rotundatum Schuurmans Stekhoven et Teunissen,1938 specimens tram Hungary (Andrassy, 1973) were ex-amined by M. Luc (Lab. des Vers, MNHN, Paris, France)who confirmed thé originai identification by Andrassy(1973). Specimens nominaIly of this species were not ob-tained tram Y ugoslavia and therefore the identification ofX. rotundatum tram Yugoslavia (Hrzic, 1978) stili requiresconfirmation.

L. distinctus Lamberti, Choleva et Agostinelli, 1983 hasbeen recovered tram the rhizosphere of grapevine andparlar in the Senta and Zrenjanin regions, respectively, inYugoslavia (Barsi, 1989).

L. euonymus Mali et Hoop~r, 1973 has been found insoi! samples collected tram the rhizosphere of grasses andparlar in the Novi Sad and Zrenjanin regions, respec-tively, in Yugoslavia (Barsi, 1989).

X. grande Steiner, 1914; X. krugi Lordello, 1955 (= X.denoudeni) , X. radicicola Goodey, 1936; X. surinamenseLoof et Maas, 1972 and X. vulgare Tarjan, 1964 all werereported as present in Spain in a doctoral thesis by Palomo(1975). Arias et al. (1985b) subsequently suggested thatthe identification of these tropical species in Spain be re-garded as cf doubtful validity especially as the originaispecimens upon which the identifications were based arenot available. Aiso Sturhan (1963b) reported that the in-dividuaI female specimen found by Gà:dea (1955) in a peatditch near Vigo, Galicia was undoubtedly a representativeof the genus Xiphinema but was not, as stated, X. grande.X. coxi (europeum) and X. pseudeocoxi bave each been re-covered from soil samples collected in centrai Spain and inone sample both species were present (Arias et al., 1987).

L. intermedius Kozlowska et Seinhorst, 1979 occurs inPoland (Szczygiel and Brzeski, 1985) and has also been re-covered from several soli samples collected in centraI Italy(Roca and Lamberti, 1985).

L. juvenilis Dalmasso, 1969 was recovered from sciIsamples taken around the roots of Mahonia aquifolia andgrapevine in the Novi Sad and Ormoz regions of YugosIa-via (Barsi, 1989).

L, macrosoma Hooper, 1961 has been recorded as a vec-tor of Pfeffinger disease (raspberry ringspot nepovirus)which is an irnportant pathogen of sweet cherry in Swit-zerland (Klingler and Kunz, 1985). AIsoin Switzerland L,matrosoma has been associated with the presence of rasp-berryringspot nepovirus in grapevines (Vallotton and Per-rier, 1990). In the Plovdiv region in 'Bulgaria, L. mac-rosoma in association with L. elongatus has been recoveredfrorn the rhizosphere of raspberry affected by raspberryringspot and tornato black ring viruses (B. Choleva, un-published results).

Longidorus

L. alvegus Roca, Pereira et Lamberti, 1989 which re-semb1es L. euonymus, was described £rom specimens co1-1ected in the rhizosphere o£ sweet pepper (Capsicum an-nuum) at A1vega (Abrantes) Ribatejo, Portugal.

L. belloi Andres et Arias, 1988 was originally identi£iedas L. profundorum tram the rhizosphere o£ cereals near To-ledo, Spain (Andres and Arias, 1982, 1985, 1988a; Bleve-Zacheo et al., 1984; Andres and Bello, 1985; Arias et al.,1985a). Subsequently, specimens o£ this species were re-covered £rom soil samples £rom several sites in Spain. Theresults o£ a statistical analysis o£ morphometric data £romthree populations together with several morphological di£-£erences were used to di££erentiate the specimens £romthose o£ L. profundorum tram England and these di££er-ences were used to describe specimens as L. belloi (Andresand Arias, 1988a).

Lo pini Andres et Arias, 1988b has been described onlyfrom five uncultivated sites in Spain where it was found inthe rhizosphere of Pinus sylvestris Lo, Quercus pyrenaica L.,Juncus sp. and natura! pasture.

L. pisi Edward, Misra et Singh, 1964 and L. latoceph-alus Lamberti, Choleva et AgostineI1i, 1983 afe consideredconspecific, with L. latocephalus a junior synonym of L. pisi(Choleva etal., 1991). AIso, the male specimen of L. lato-cephalus described by Lamberti et al. (1983) is now con-sidered to possibly be a male of an undescribed Longidorusspecies similar to, but not identical with, L. attenuatus(Choleva et al., 1991). Edongali and Ben-Othman (1988)reported L. pisi, which they incorrectly named as Paralongi-dorus pisi, from soil samples taken in home gardens in Tri-politania, Libya where Arabian jasmine (fasminum sambae)and rose geranium (Pelargonium odoratissimum) were grow-ing poorly.

L. closelongatus Stoyanov, 1964 was recovered tramseveral samples collected in northeastern Italy (Coiro et al.,1988) which suggests that the distributions of L. ;uvenilisand L. closelongatus are similar being southern France andnorthern Italy. L. closelongatus baso not been recovered inextensive sampling of the type location or other areas in

204

Paralongidorus

P. rex Andrassy, 1986 has been described only tram itstype locality in a Quercus forest at Feketehegy in the PilisMountains, Hungary.

Acknowledgements

We thank the many colleagues who bave supplied in-formation and data especially Drs. J. Klingler, Switzerlandand M. Luc, France. We are also indebted to Mrs LesleyCreamer far va!uable assistance with translations of sev-era! Russian texts. The senior author gratefully acknowl-edges financial assistance provided by the British Counciland the Bulgarian Academy of Agricultura! Sciences re-search exchange scheme.

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Accepted far publicatian an 16 July 1990.

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